Journal articles on the topic 'UNESCO heritage'
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Jang, Hanbyeol, and Jeremy Mennis. "The Role of Local Communities and Well-Being in UNESCO World Heritage Site Conservation: An Analysis of the Operational Guidelines, 1994–2019." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137144.
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UNESCO’s world heritage program aims to protect sites of cultural and natural heritage worldwide. Issues of local communities and well-being have been given increasing attention by heritage conservation scholars, but a systemic review of UNESCO guidelines has not been performed. Here, we examine the evolution of the ‘Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,’ documents representing the heritage conservation policies of UNESCO over the period 1994–2019. Using keyword analysis and document analysis, the findings show evidence of an increasing emphasis on local communities, growing primarily since 2005. However, the theme of well-being only first emerged in the operational guidelines in 2019. Political, economic, and environmental challenges idiosyncratic to specific places often complicate the role of local communities and well-being in heritage conservation priorities. Future research should investigate the potential implementation and implications of these changes for the guidelines at specific UNESCO world heritage sites.
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B. Khyade, Vitthalrao. "Silk Route: The UNESCO World Heritage." International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering 06, no. 01 (June 4, 2019): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajse/v6i1/1910014.
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Kochieva, A. A. "UNESCO Activities for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Territory of Partially Recognized and Unrecognized States." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 6, no. 3 (September 27, 2022): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2022-3-23-50-67.
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UNESCO is the leading international organization of the UN system for the development of international humanitarian cooperation and the protection of historical and cultural heritage throughout the world. The organization has a unique institutional capacity to carry out core activities in relation to disputed states. However, today the problem of insufficient representation of the organization in unrecognized and partially recognized states remains. The relevance of this study lies in the absence of works that systematically analyze the problems that UNESCO faces in countries that have the status of unrecognized states. The subject of the work is the UNESCO’s policy for the protection of cultural and natural heritage in the disputed territories. In each case, episodes of interaction or attempts of cooperation between the leadership of the above-mentioned countries with UNESCO are considered from a historical perspective. The article uses the case study method, for the analysis the cases of unrecognized states with a rich tangible and intangible cultural heritage — Kosovo, Taiwan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Palestine, Abkhazia and South Ossetia — were selected. In each case, episodes of interaction or attempts of cooperation between the leadership of the above-mentioned countries with UNESCO are considered in a historical perspective. The novelty of the study lies primarily in the identification of obstacles UNESCO missions face and in the adjustment and improvement of conventional mechanisms and methods for the harmonious coexistence of different cultures, in the development of strategies and canons for the protection of cultural heritage in each of the cases mentioned above. The author comes to the conclusion that one of the most significant factors is the international context in which UNESCO's work is carried out in relation to each of the unrecognized and partially recognized states. In the process of implementing its activities in the context of acute collisions, UNESCO faces obstacles in the form of politicization of the issue of preservation and ownership of cultural heritage sites. At the same time, UNESCO provides an extremely constructive platform that contributes to the establishment of cooperation in the field of preserving the cultural heritage of these territories based on common humanistic values.
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Davidov, Veronica. "Heritage-scape: UNESCO, World Heritage, and tourism." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 7, no. 2 (June 2009): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766820903141501.
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Pilkevych, Viktoriia. "Cultural and Natural Sites in China on the UNESCO World Heritage List." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 68 (2022): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.13.
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The protection and popularization of culture becomes actual because there are danger of wars, armed interventions, natural disasters, large tourist flows, active reconstruction of cities. The preservation of the world heritage is one of the main directions of UNESCO’s activity. Organization adopted Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972. According this Convention the World Heritage Committee was founded which compiles updates and publishes World Heritage List. China has joined the cooperation work to protect the world heritage of humanity. The state adopted Convention in 1985. The country was a member of the World Heritage Committee (1991–1997, 1999–2005, 2007–2011, 2017–2021). Special attention was given Chinese cultural and natural sites in the UNESCO World Heritage List in article. Today there are 56. They are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List according to criteria. Chinese cultural and natural sites are unique, special, beautiful cultural, natural and mixed sites. Heritage represents the history, philosophy, religion, identity of country. Chine introduces the world to its own culture, draws attention to the problems of heritage protection. The author studies the cooperation between China and UNESCO in the direction of world heritage preservation, which includes different projects, activities, exchange of experience with other countries. Protection, conservation, authenticity, integrity, principles and process of preservation, cultural diversity, reconstruction, management, presentation, tourism management, and training are important problems in relationship between China and UNESCO. Author outlines China’s contribution to the preservation of cultural and natural heritage, measures to improve the protection of sites, activities with other countries to protect world heritage. The perspectives of cooperation between the China and UNESCO of the nomination of new objects to the World Heritage List have been determined.
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Patzak, Margarete, and Wolfgang Eder. ""UNESCO GEOPARK" A new Programme - A new UNESCO label." Geologica Balcanica 28, no. 3-4 (December 30, 1998): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.28.3-4.33.
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UNESCO promotes through the creation of a world network of natural “parks” with significant geological features, labeled ”UNECO GEOPARK”, the twin goals of conserving a healthy environment and enhancing socio-economic development. GEOPARKS are designed to become a tool for a better understanding of the geological heritage and “wise use” of the Earth’s crust, by increasing public awareness for a balanced relationship between humankind and the Earth. They are areas of special geological significance where the geological heritage of the Earth is safeguarded and sustainably managed.
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DUMPER, MICHAEL, and CRAIG LARKIN. "The politics of heritage and the limitations of international agency in contested cities: a study of the role of UNESCO in Jerusalem's Old City." Review of International Studies 38, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051100026x.
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AbstractThis article problematises international heritage interventions in divided cities through exploring UNESCO's role in Jerusalem's Old City. It examines the tension between universal heritage values and protocols and nationalist agendas which often involve politicised archaeological responses. Drawing on comparative case studies of UNESCO-affiliated projects in Fez and Aleppo, and in the violently divided cities and regions of Mostar and Kosovo, it assesses future challenges and possibilities facing UNESCO in Jerusalem. While the article confirms an increased need for an international arbitrator and protector for the city's sacred sites and divided cultural heritage, it also underscores the limitations of UNESCO's legal remit and the political sensitivities which hinder its praxis.
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Ruggles, Clive, and Anna Sidorenko. "Focus Meeting 2, “Astronomical Heritage: Progressing the UNESCO–IAU Initiative” Introduction and overview." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131600243x.
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AbstractMarking seven years of formal cooperation between the IAU and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre to implement UNESCO's “Astronomy and World Heritage” Thematic Initiative, this Focus Meeting reviewed achievements, challenges, and progress on particular World Heritage List nomination projects.
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Melko, Liudmyla, Ganna Uvarova, and Volodymyr Antonenko. "THE UNESCO HERITAGE: ESSENCE, STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS, TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 69 (2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2022.69.3-10.
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The objective of the study is to provide arguments for the structural components of the UNESCO heritage, reveal their tourism opportunities and improve the conceptual and terminological apparatus. The research methodology is based on using scientific methods of system-structural analysis, comparison, classification, statistical processing of information, scientific generalization. A significant number of international documents and electronic resources was processed, which allowed to expand the idea of UNESCO heritage as a tourism resource. Results. The conceptual and terminological apparatus of the UNESCO heritage was generalized. The structural scheme of the UNESCO heritage components, that consists of two blocks, namely, heritage components and legislative, was proposed and provided arguments for. The main structural components of the UNESCO heritage were identified and analyzed. The abovementioned components are as follows: the world cultural and natural heritage, documentary, underwater and intangible cultural heritage, which are regulated by relevant international regulations. The tourism opportunities of the main structural components of the UNESCO heritage were revealed. The "UNESCO network" with regards to the legal framework and the possibility of its use in tourism was analyzed. It was concluded that there is an urgent need to review international institutions to protect the heritage during the period of military aggression. Scientific novelty. The structural components were generalized, the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the UNESCO heritage was improved. The definition of a "UNESCO heritage as a tourist resource" concept was offered. Practical significance. Research materials can be used in tourism in the process of developing a tourism product, a tour program, as well as in educational activities when training tourism experts, tourism managers, culturologists and others.
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Rossler, Mechtild. "The heritage‐scape: UNESCO, world heritage, and tourism." International Journal of Heritage Studies 16, no. 4-5 (July 2010): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527251003775703.
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Ong, Chin-Ee. "The heritage-scape: UNESCO, World Heritage, and tourism." Journal of Heritage Tourism 5, no. 3 (August 2010): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17438731003696339.
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Adie, Bailey Ashton. "Franchising our heritage: The UNESCO World Heritage brand." Tourism Management Perspectives 24 (October 2017): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.002.
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Prelovšek, Mitja, Franci Gabrovšek, Peter Kozel, Janez Mulec, Tanja Pipan, and Stanka Šebela. "The Škocjan Caves – UNESCO World Heritage Site." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 62, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2021/0690.
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Celis Estrada, Diego. "UNESCO World Heritage. Hwaseong Fortress." Devenir - Revista de estudios sobre patrimonio edificado 7, no. 14 (October 31, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/devenir.v7i14.1047.
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Por lo general cuando uno piensa en construcciones militares imagina castillos con torres, murallas y portones, o tal vez puede pensar en fortalezas coloniales con baluartes. Es decir, piensa en edificaciones de uso bélico propios de la cultura europea, pero no pensaría en un “Gongsimdon” o en un “Jangdae”. John Keegan en su libro Historia de la guerra sustenta que la forma de conducir la guerra es una manifestación de una sociedad.
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Bell, Jonathan. "Forum UNESCO — University and Heritage." Museum International 52, no. 3 (July 2000): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0033.00272.
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Hayajneh, Hani, and Giorgia Cesaro. "The UNESCO Contribution to Safeguarding and Preserving Jordan’s Cultural Heritage." Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 16, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.665.
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UNESCO seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture and contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in the 2030 Agenda. The present paper explores how UNESCO, the Jordanian government, and the local communities work together in the design and implementation of plans aimed at developing a knowledge-based economy, protecting Jordan’s natural environment and rich cultural heritage, promoting intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity, and in strengthening the institutionalization of culture for development. The present contribution is divided into two parts, the first covers the institutional/legislative framework; financial capacities of Jordanian institutions and describes the activities undertaken by UNESCO over the past years for the preservation of Jordan’s tangible heritage. The section shows UNESCO’s approach towards the conservation of sites from a more resilience-based perspective in an attempt to realize employment opportunities in the heritage sector and heritage as a vehicle for socio-economic resilience and sustainability. The second part of the present paper covers the collaborative efforts by UNESCO and the Jordanian Government in safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in the context of the UNESCO 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, including the inscription of ICH elements into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the establishment of certain Jordanian institutions related to ICH safeguarding, and UNESCO’s support for Safeguarding ICH in Jordan on the national and international levels. This includes capacity building, raising awareness on the importance of ICH, managing and supporting projects for drawing community-based inventories of ICH elements in Jordan, and integrating ICH into the Jordanian educational arena. Some recommendations towards safeguarding ICH in Jordan on both the governmental and societal levels are given, e.g., involving museums, enhancing media and information channels, developing educational plans, investmenting in ICH in the sustainable tourism sector, and modifying existing legislation and constitutional provisions to protect ICH and its bearers.
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Yuliati, Dewi, Endang Susilowati, and Titiek Suliyati. "Manajemen Berbasis Komunitas untuk Pengembangan Kota Lama Semarang Berwawasan World Heritage." Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/endogami.3.1.107-120.
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This article contains the discussion on Semarang community based management to endorse the development of the Site of Semarang Old City which has been already proposed to UNESCO to obtain the world heritage status. One of the UNESCO requirements for obtaining the world heritage status is community involvement in conservation and developing the cultural heritage, so this study is focusing on the involvement of the Old City communities in the developing of Semarang Old City cultural heritages toward the world heritage status. The communities involved are namely: AMBO (Asosiasi Masyarakat Bangun Oudestad), Oen Semarang Foundation, Monod Diephuis, dan KPS (Komunitas Pegiat Sejarah). The result of this research shows that these communities have the great involvements in developing Semarang Old City to welcome its status as a world heritage.
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Majhoshev, Darko, and Cane Koteski. "UNESCO LISTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE WORLD AND THEIR IMPACT ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051265m.
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UNESCO was founded in 1946 as a UN specialized organization for the protection of the world's natural and cultural heritage, whose main mission is to protect, promote and promote education, science and culture at the global level, ie to promote and respect human freedoms and rights. UNESCO has 195 member states and 8 associate members. UNESCO operates in five major programs: education, natural sciences, sociology, culture and communications. UNESCO, in its activities related to the protection of the world natural and cultural heritage, maintains separate Lists for specific areas. The most famous lists run by this organization are: World Heritage List; List of World Heritage in Danger; World Heritage List Nominations; List of UNESCO Global Geoparks; List of Creative Cities; List of Intangible Cultural Heritage; UNESCO Atlas of the Worlds Languages in Danger (Atlas Map). These lists are important for the protection of the world's natural and cultural heritage, but they also have some impact on the sustainable development of tourism in the world. The Republic of Northern Macedonia, a member of UNESCO since 1993 with its natural beauties and cultural and historical heritage, is on some of the lists listed. The Ohrid region has been on the World Heritage List since 1979 and 1980 with its universal values, and in 2017 was nominated by the World Heritage Committee on the World Heritage List in danger of uncontrolled expansion. tourism, unplanned urban development and environmental destruction in the Ohrid region. The basic research question to be answered in the paper is "Are there natural or cultural heritage sites originating in the Republic of Northern Macedonia on the UNESCO Lists and does this affect the protection of the world's natural and cultural heritage and the development of sustainable tourism?".
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Beidyk, O., and B. Semenko. "NATIONAL AND WORLD HERITAGE AS A FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.11.
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The article analyzes the hierarchy of fundamental world recreational and tourist resources. The qualitative-quantitative characteristics, the spatial distribution of UNESCO objects and the systematized data are presented. The structure of the UNESCO World Heritage sites is analyzed. Created schematic map of the structure and territorial distribution of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ukraine. The advantages obtained by states when making their objects to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites are established. It is indicated that it contributes to the organization of monitoring and control of the state of conservation of natural and cultural objects. It is emphasized that UNESCO objects fall into the tourist guides of the world, and hence to the proposed routes of travel agencies. The factors that determine the presence of UNESCO objects in the country were analyzed. The geographic distribution of UNESCO World Heritage sites in the world and Ukraine is analyzed. The geographical distribution of the objects “Seven Wonders of Ukraine”, which were selected during the all-Ukrainian contest, was highlighted. An analysis of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ukraine was conducted, their preliminary list. The attention is focused on the fact that the entry into the national list of intangible heritage in Ukraine is a necessary step for the objects to obtain the status of the “intangible heritage of UNESCO. The objects, which are included in the national list of intangible heritage in Ukraine, are analyzed. The map “The most significant recreational and tourist resources of Ukraine” was developed. It is noted that four of the seven Ukrainian objects of the UNESCO World Heritage Site are entirely within the territory of Ukraine. The remaining 3 objects are partly in the territory of other states. It was indicated that during the time of cooperation with the Organization Ukraine initiated many international programs and projects. Seven Ukrainian cultural-architectural and natural objects are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is noted that the large volume of quantitative and qualitative data obtained when selecting UNESCO objects contributes to the formation of informed cultural policies and the integration of culture in the development strategy, thereby contributing to the implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The analysis made it possible to establish that the largest number of UNESCO World Heritage sites is concentrated in the European macroregion, thus Ukrainian entities that are part of the UNESCO World Heritage have to withstand significant competition in attracting international tourist flows. It is stated that the Asian market has the world’s largest tourism industry, and the number of objects of the World Heritage is second only to Europe.
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Zarakhovskyі, Olexander, and Serhii Neilenko. "UNESCO'S WORLD HERITAGE IN UKRAINE: OBJECTS AND INCLUSION APPLICANTS FOR THE LIST." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 49 (2019): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.49.14-23.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and geography of the Ukrainian UNESCO World Heritage, and potential sites for the inclusion into the World Heritage List. Methods: The study used logical methods, methods of analogy and comparison, the cartographic method. Results: The current state, geography of the Ukrainian UNESCO World Heritage and potential sites for the inclusion into the World Heritage List have been analyzed. Ukrainian UNESCO sites are not widely represented in the World Heritage List, also they are distributed irregularly on territory of the state. It was determined that the largest number of potential UNESCO sites in Ukraine are historical fortification sites. Scientific novelty: The results of the reserch expand the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the structure and geography of UNESCO World Heritage, and of the potential for replenishing it with Ukrainian historical and cultural sites. Practical implications: The results of the reserch can be used as a theoretical basis for expanding the UNESCO World Heritage List in Ukraine.
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Hochberg, Gil. "From Heritage to Refugee Heritage." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8186027.
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Abstract As a contemporary concept, heritage bridges legal discourse and ethical discourse, national affiliations and a global imaginary, colonial pasts and neocolonial presents. The term often circulates beliefs in cultural authenticity, collective memory, and historical merit under the logic of neoliberal markets and legitimate capital gain, hence the tight connections between cultural heritage, industry, and tourism. While the concept developed as early as the nineteenth century in postrevolutionary France, its expansive political, juridical, and symbolic use has matured only after the Second World War, primarily as a reaction to the mass destruction experienced in European cities. Managing “heritage” in the context of the global political imagination created after the war, UNESCO has become the key player, lead actor, and sole orchestrator of all things/sites/memories—tangible and intangible—defined as World Cultural Heritage. This article looks at recent critical engagement with heritage, and with UNESCO's role in identifying heritage sites, by exploring Refugee Heritage, a recent project of DAAR (Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency).
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Stiefel, Barry Louis. "Rethinking and revaluating UNESCO World Heritage Sites." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-02-2017-0006.
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Purpose Having more than 1,000 sites on the World Heritage List raises questions regarding what world heritage means. The re-evaluation of heritage sites within the USA will be conducted as a case study, where similar issues of historical designation has taken place. Within recent decades there has emerged a policy of revisiting designations that occurred prior to 1990, when the nomination process was less rigorous. These re-evaluations do not necessarily remove the property from heritage designation, but the process has been valuable from a qualitative standpoint because a better understanding of significance has been achieved. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Within recent decades there has emerged a policy of revisiting designations that occurred prior to 1990 in the USA, when the nomination process was less rigorous. Should a similar approach or policy be made to the properties placed on the World Heritage List during the first decades, since the expectations for demonstrating outstanding universal value have since increased? The result could be that we end up with a more robust World Heritage List that provides a better definition of what the common heritage of humanity is. Findings The way we approach and conceptualize World Heritage needs to evolve accordingly, considering how much it has evolved since the Convention in 1972. The experiences of re-evaluating historic places in the USA since the 1990s has much to offer. Research limitations/implications Only the perspective of the USA is given, as a case study. Contributions from practitioners in other countries experienced in heritage site re-evaluation best practices would be meaningful. Practical implications Re-evaluating World Heritage Sites is something to consider as a management prospect for places on or under consideration for the World Heritage List since it could bring a more comprehensive understanding of outstanding universal value. This type of re-evaluation may help in addressing the meaning of place(s), contextualization of multiple locations of common heritage, and the political elitism of the World Heritage List, where some countries are over represented due to sites listed through a less-experienced process from earlier decades. Social implications Revisiting the World Heritage List in respect to policy and the meaning of world heritage may be in order. For example, should every nation be entitled to list at least one property to the list regardless of its heritage value? Originality/value Since the 1970s, coinciding with the establishment of the World Heritage List through the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the USA has dealt with dynamic and complex logistical problems regarding the recognition and interpretation of its cultural heritage.
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Cleere, Henry. "The 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention." Heritage & Society 4, no. 2 (September 2011): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/hso.2011.4.2.173.
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Puleo, Thomas J. "Parasitizing landscape for UNESCO World Heritage." Geoforum 45 (March 2013): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.11.024.
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Rico, Trinidad. "Muslim Heritage Preservation Stewardship Under Unesco." Change Over Time 11, no. 2 (September 2022): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cot.2022.0006.
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Lushchyk, Mariya V. "Geographical systematization of UNESCO World Heritage Sites." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 31, no. 2 (August 4, 2022): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112233.
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The article presents the results of inventory checking of objects of natural and cultural heritage of mankind. Preservation of cultural heritage has been noted as an important task during any period in history. The article specifies what objects can be considered cultural or natural heritage of mankind. We describe what advantages the status of world heritage site give to the site itself and to the country as a whole. The existence of the UNESCO World Heritage List allows one to identify a number of unresolved issues regarding the protection and preservation of cultural heritage in the countries. Despite the fact that the UNESCO World Heritage List is the object of scientific attention of many authors, the data presented in their publications are outdated and therefore unable to provide current coverage of the geographical structure of the World Heritage, as it is quite dynamic and changing every year. We analyzed researches on the chosen subject by domestic and foreign authors, finding that the main array of scientific publications for the query “UNESCO World Heritage” offers studies of the effects of UNESCO sites on tourist flows or the tourist brand of the region or country. At the same time, there is a range of scientific publications criticizing the very existence of the UNESCO World Heritage List, as well as the current criteria for nomination and inclusion of sites in the UNESCO World Heritage, uneven distribution of sites between developing and developed countries – geopolitical axis “North – South” and the lack of effective protection and conservation mechanisms in the UNESCO and even in the UN, even for places already included in the List of Sites. At the same time, there is a lack of geographical research on the distribution of the UNESCO World Heritage sites and complete absence of research on the territorial organization of intangible cultural heritage sites. A historiographical analysis of UNESCO World Heritage sites has been carried out, and the dynamics of changes in the number of sites has been analyzed. The article presents structural-territorial analysis of the distribution of objects : we determined absolute and relative indicators of the number of objects by macroregions and types, analyzed the typological ratio of objects within the regions, and identified the leading and outsider countries of each region. A cartographic model of the distribution of objects by the planet is presented. The expediency of regular monitoring of the current state of recreational and tourist resources of world importance and analysis of the tendency of deterioration or improvement of the related situation regarding non-compliance with the norms of protection and preservation of cultural and natural monuments is substantiated. We also analyzed the territorial distribution of the “Under threat” list, which includes 53 objects from 33 countries. The article contains our ideas about the prescriptive rather than the recommendatory nature of the remarks of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, which could radically effect the elimination of all processes that threaten UNESCO sites. Territorial analysis of the distribution of intangible cultural heritage of mankind has been carried out.
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Nuraeni, Nuraeni, and Rona Ikram Putri. "The International Dimension of Communal and Traditional Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Indonesia." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 2, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v2n1.6.
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This article discusses the international dimensions of communal intellectual property rights protection in Indonesia. In this context, UNESCO as an international actor has been actively involving in cultural heritage preservation, including in the case of Batik and Wayang. Nevertheless, the most important issue is how to encourage policymakers to provide an appropriate system in conserving and protecting traditional communities and their heritages. Through the literature review, this study has found that international actors such as UNESCO have contributions in formulating policy framework regarding the efforts of protecting cultural heritage and traditions as part of communal intellectual property rights in Indonesia, especially to provide international legal instruments.
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Joncheere, Ayla. "Intangible Inventions." Archiv orientální 83, no. 1 (May 15, 2015): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.83.1.71-93.
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Despite the creation of the Kalbeliya (Kālbeliyā) dance form in the 1980s, it was recognized as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage in 2010. Rajasthani “Gypsy” performances, featuring a dance designed by the nomadic Kalbeliya community, have quickly become popular among tourists in India as well as on Western world music stages. The state of Rajasthan, where the Kalbeliyas hail from, is celebrated as “India’s heritage state” by the Indian government as it seeks to promote tourism and the international dissemination of Indian culture through performances and festivals. In this paper, I sketch the history of the Kalbeliya dance form from its origins in the 1980s through to the UNESCO nomination in 2010. Moreover, I discuss the effects of its recognition as a world heritage dance tradition. The official approval of the Kalbeliya dance form as a heritage activity further highlights the challenges to UNESCO’s candidate selection process. This paper aims to explain the reasons for the nomination of the Kalbeliya dance form (how and why UNESCO was persuaded to recognize it as a suitable candidate) by connecting this to the continued processes of nationalism and romanticism, the economic strategies adopted by the cultural tourism industry and the commodification and commercialization of Indian folk arts.
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MacKinnon, Richard. "Heritage Conservation, UNESCO and Intangible Cultural Heritage in Eastern Canada." Ethnologies 36, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2016): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037614ar.
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Since Canada has signed the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, it has had some eighteen cultural and natural sites selected for the World Heritage List that represent internationally significant nature reserves and natural wonders, significant Canadian architectural history, important sites representing Canadian aboriginal culture and geological treasures of world-wide importance. These internationally significant sites have put Canada on the world stage in both the heritage conservation field and in the national and international tourism sector. What Canada has decided to inscribe on this list has had a major impact at the local, regional, national and international arenas. The author of this paper reflects on some of the ancillary guiding charters and conventions since the World Heritage Convention was implemented that have led to where we are today in the field of heritage conservation in Canada. He goes on to predict some areas where heritage conservation will be going in Canada in the near future. He argues that Canada could likewise have its rich intangible culture play a similarly significant role if the Canadian government signed the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage of 2003. Last, he discusses some of the recent developments in eastern Canada in intangible cultural heritage, conservation and the sustaining of traditions.
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Munawar, Nour A. "UNESCO Experts’ Meeting on the Safeguarding of Syria’s heritage." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (December 31, 2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.393.
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Armed conflicts are one of the primary reasons that endanger heritage and the symbolic value of cultures. Both the protection of cultural legacy and the promotion of the plural interests and identities that intersect and construct heritage in times of war should be reinforced with an effi-ient strategy and effective actions. The unprecedented destruction of renowned cultural heritage sites in Syria has not remained unnoticed. The contentious violations that occurred during the hostilities of Syria’s ongoing conflict have drawn the attention of international organisations such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM, and ICOM.
Following the constant media reports and aerial photos of heritage destructions in Syria, UNESCO held an experts’ meeting in Berlin to discuss its safeguarding. The meeting was envisioned as a follow-up to the implementation of the UNESCO action plan for the Emergency Safeguarding of Syria’s Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2014). The three-day conference (2 - 4 June 2016) aimed to continue the work of the 2014 Paris conference, supported by the three-year EU-funded project on the Emergency Safeguarding of the Syrian Cultural Heritage.
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Shulgin, P. M., O. E. Shtele, and S. I. Murashkina. "Astronomical observatories included in the UNESCO World Heritage List." Heritage and Modern Times 4, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-3-343-355.
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The article analyses the World Heritage Center activities in the implementation of the pilot project "Astronomy and World Heritage. Thematic Initiative", which was launched in 2003. As part of this project, in 2010, 2019 and in 2021 five objects, related to the astronomical heritage were added to the World Heritage List. However, a detailed study of the UNESCO World Heritage List shows, that it already contains astronomical heritage objects (usually historical observatories), which fit there as part of complex nominations, for example, centers of historical cities or groups of architectural structures, concentrated on historical and cultural territory. Examples of astronomical heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List are described.
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Belekova, Aysur. "The Growing Role and Responsibilities of UNESCO in the Field of Preserving Historic and Cultural Heritage." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-1-1-9.
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UNESCO is the world's largest intergovernmental forum on humanitarian cooperation and offers an alternative way of maintaining bonds among nations. The article examines its growing role and responsibility in the protection and preservation of cultural and historic monuments. The research objective was to determine the role of UNESCO in preserving such monuments, developing measures for their protection, and sustaining historical truth. The research methods included a system-based analysis with its functional and empiric methods. The system-based analysis made it possible to consider interrelated aspects of UNESCO's functioning, approach the matter as a range of problems within a single process, and identify the basic characteristics of UNESCO's policy evolution in the sphere of world heritage conservation. The research also used achievements of political science, diplomacy, history, and international relations. The approach also allowed the author to examine the main tools used by UNESCO, as well as to highlight its current priorities and directions. To analyze the political reality, the author employed such empirical methods as monitoring and study of documents. The author focused on the matters of international cooperation and mutual responsibility of the members the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The research attempted to identify the most important tasks of Russia in this direction. In the current challenging context, UNESCO has to find a conceptual niche and respond without compromise to any attempts to destroy its basic principles or to politicize its work.
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Jagielska-Burduk, Alicja. "Cultural heritage law in the UNESCO Chairs’ activities. The 30th anniversary of the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme (Prawo dziedzictwa kultury w działalności Katedr UNESCO. 30. rocznica programu UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs)." Santander Art and Culture Law Review 8, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.007.16397.
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The UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks are recognized as UNESCO’s “extended family” (Doc. 207 EX/11) and their membership brings a wealth of knowledge and expertise to UNESCO Programmes, while serving as an important dimension of UNESCO’s comparative advantage for other potential partners. The UNESCO Chairs Programme celebrates its 30th anniversary this year. The main celebrations for this achievement will be held in Paris in November 2022. The international conference is organized by UNESCO with the support of the French national commission for UNESCO. At the national level, more events will be held online and in person.
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Aykan, Bahar. "How Participatory is Participatory Heritage Management? The Politics of Safeguarding the AleviSemahRitual as Intangible Heritage." International Journal of Cultural Property 20, no. 4 (November 2013): 381–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739113000180.
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Abstract:This article addresses the shortcomings of UNESCO’s intangible heritage program in developing effective mechanisms for community participation in heritage management. Contrary to its original intentions, by prioritizing national perspectives and interests on heritage, UNESCO’s program inadvertently allows for strengthening the control of the state over the heritage of minorities and other marginalized groups. This article explores the complexities of state-led intangible heritage management, using theSemahritual of Turkey’s Alevi religious groups as a case in point. I first detail how Alevi voices were silenced duringSemah’s intangible heritage nomination process, despite those documents submitted by Turkey to UNESCO that claim Alevis’ active engagement and full support. Then I discuss in what ways the heritage making ofSemahplays into the ongoing efforts of the Turkish government to integrate Alevis into dominant Sunni majority. I conclude by arguing that UNESCO’s intangible heritage program, though unintentionally, assists nondemocratic countries in their efforts to force marginalized groups to adopt the mainstream culture.
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Kovacheva, Stefka, and Ludmila Dimitrova. "Realization of a Collection of Digital Resources for Cultural Heritage Sites as a Basis for Formation of Skills and Competencies." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 12 (September 7, 2022): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2022.12.18.
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We describe the web based application “ Me and UNESCO ” for the realization of the database “Bulgarian cultural and historical heritage under the protection of UNESCO”. It follows a learning strategy based on the Understanding by Design pedagogical approach. In a multimedia environment, study content is provided from Bulgarian cultural and historical heritage sites under the protection of UNESCO as a basis for formation of skills and competencies.
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Akintayo, John Oluwole A. "Regional Workshop on the UNESCO Conventions Protecting Cultural Property: Abuja, Nigeria, November 3–5 2003." International Journal of Cultural Property 12, no. 4 (November 2005): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739105050344.
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The closing years of the twentieth century and the early years of twenty-first century witnessed remarkable developments in the international attempts to protect the world's cultural heritage. For instance, in 1999 the Second Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was adopted. In 2001, the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted whilst 2003 witnessed the adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The United Nations declared 2002, as the UN Year for Cultural Heritage and appointed UNESCO as its Cultural Agent. There is no gainsaying that the UNESCO was faithfully committed to this mandate and discharged its responsibilities satisfactorily. However, the acknowledgment of the fact that lack of information and inadequate appreciation of the UNESCO Conventions on the protection of cultural property remained a formidable obstacle to the realisation of the aspiration of the UN and UNESCO informed the 2003 Abuja Workshop convened primarily to promote the UNESCO Conventions protecting Cultural Property. What follows is report on the 2003 Abuja Workshop.
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Roders, Anna Pereira, and Anna Beatriz Grigolon. "UNESCO TO BLAME: Reality or Easy Escape?" International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 9, no. 1 (March 19, 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.681.
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“UNESCO to blame” is a trend often observed in scholarly works. In those studies UNESCO is accused to privilege Eurocentric standards on heritage conservation. Is this reality or an easy escape? Can this trend be noted in other UNESCO reference texts? This article seeks to answer this question by studying the two main inscription-based conventions and their contribution to heritage management, while performing a data analysis on the countries behind these conventions, and their roles over time. The 1972 World Heritage Convention and the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage are, therefore, taken as case studies. Based on the results, this paper elaborates on a critical analysis, distinguishing what UNESCO, as well as, Europe can eventually be blamed for and what may be used by the countries as an easy escape. This paper ends setting a research agenda to raise awareness and generate factual knowledge on the role of supranational governance in setting standards in global ethics, in particular, to guideline heritage conservation.
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Gaillard, Bénédicte. "UNESCO World Heritage Sites and renewable energies in Spain: current trends in the legislations." Tájökológiai Lapok 16, Suppl. 1 (October 20, 2018): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3591.
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Renewable energies, in particular wind power, represent a large part of the energy production in Spain. At the same time, Spain hosts a large number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Although the development of renewable energies represents a necessity, the installations often have a great impact on the landscape. In the case of an impact of these installations on UNESCO World Heritage Sites, a conflict might arise if the UNESCO World Heritage Committee considers this impact as a threat to the UNESCO World Heritage Site in question. In this context, the legislations on heritage protection, nature conservation and renewable energies should regulate this kind of possible situation in order to avoid potential conflicts. This article aims at offering an overview of the current trends in these three legislations (heritage protection, nature conservation, renewable energies) in Spain at the national and regional levels. In order to conduct this research a legal in-depth analysis of the legislations at national and regional levels has been implemented. The results show a great disparity among the autonomous communities legislations and also between the national level and the regional level. Finally, some recommendations are elaborated upon the most advanced legislations.
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Belekova, А. "NESCO World Heritage Sites as a key for intercultural dialogue, humanist ideals and interfaith harmony." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 2 (2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-2-74-82.
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The article focuses on promoting intercultural cooperation and strengthening international community on the example of UNESCO World Heritage sites, inscribed into the World Heritage List that is being formed on the basis of the World Heritage Convention of 1972. UNESCO is a universal intergovernmental UN structure responsible for international cooperation in the sphere of education, science, culture and communication. One of the main activities of the Organization is the world heritage conservation and intercultural dialogue. The article analyzes the UNESCO role in the geopolitical architectonics of Eurasia in which the World Heritage gains a qualitatively new meaning. In the context of a sustainable development the integration of promoting intercultural interaction and heritage safeguarding becomes particularly urgent. The article deals with several initiatives aimed at enhancing the cultural component of the Eurasian integration, including the goals and perspectives of discussion platforms set up for experience exchange in the sphere of World Heritage sites’ conservation and their management. The article seeks to identify the most important challenges and goals of the cooperation strategy between UNESCO and the institutions concerned in the field of the intercultural dialogue promotion in the Eurasian area that seems to be very important both for Russia and the CIS countries, and for the perspectives of the emerging global civilization of the future
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Aggarwal, Monika, and Paramita Suklabaidya. "Role of Visitor Management for Enhanced Visitor Experience atUNESCO World Heritage Sites:A Case Study of QutubMinar andHumayun’s Tomb." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.17.2.
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The World Heritage Sites identified by UNESCO are popular with the tourists globally looking for Cultural Heritage Tourism experience. These heritage sites serve as powerful motivators in tourists’ journeys as their significance is universal and it transcends cultural values across the nations. In modern times, increased awareness of the popular UNESCO World Heritage Sites through publicity, word of mouth, pulls visitors to these resources and in the process increases the expectation level of prospective visitor from the site.
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Skowron-Markowska, Stefania, and Marta Nowakowska. "Chinese Destinations Related to Martial Arts Tourism from the UNESCO Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 7581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147581.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the authenticity of Shaolin Temple and Chenjiagou Village in the context of intensified martial arts tourism and UNESCO documents. Desk research, structured interviews and participant observation were used to investigate the issue. The issue of cultural and natural heritage has become part of the modern image of a powerful new China. They particularly use these resources in cultural tourism, where boasting of heritage listed on UNESCO’s tangible and intangible heritage list is certainly an appropriate impression. The UNESCO intangible and tangible heritage list also includes objects related to martial arts tourism (Shaolin Temple, Chenjiagou Village). The article presents how Western (American, European) preferences and expectations are visible in the way of preserving and using these objects with an attempt to maintain UNESCO standards. It has been noticed that the added objects/events/shows are accepted by the Chinese as increasing the attractiveness of the place, even if they are not thematically and historically related to it. The authors checked whether a certain cultural compromise is possible or whether these places are a completely Westernized product, taking the form of theme parks or ethnoparks. For Western tourists, such phenomena are often synonymous with the commercialization and falsification of the authenticity of a place, which is why the role of cultural education is very important, both in China and in Western countries.
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Jagielska-Burduk, Alicja, Mateusz Pszczyński, and Piotr Stec. "Cultural Heritage Education in UNESCO Cultural Conventions." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063548.
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The aim of the article is to analyse UNESCO conventions dealing with culture and assess the visibility and importance of cultural heritage education in these conventions and their implementation. First, it briefly presents the role of UNESCO in the area of culture and education, together with the UN Agenda 2030 and the challenges faced currently. Next, it discusses the existing UNESCO cultural conventions and their educational dimension with reference to the conventions’ provisions and aims. Each convention refers to education in the activities undertaken by States Parties, providing various tools and measures tailored to the scope of the convention. The article concludes that despite a lack of synergy and creation of education-related programs in convention-related siloes, UNESCO has managed to create a uniform and evolving system of educational measures aimed at various stakeholders and focus on various levels of awareness. Cultural heritage education is an imminent part of activities undertaken within States’ obligations and should involve various stakeholders, building networks and existing in synergy with other actions or campaigns based on different conventions.
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Cozma, Elena. "Elena Cozma, Media Monitoring of the World Heritage Sites in Romania." 2 8, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v8i2_7.
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Both the general public and the specialists (archaeologists, historians, etc.) that are concerned with the cultural heritage, are most often informed about their state or about the latest archaeological discoveries in the written or TV press. The present study focuses on articles published in the press and television during 2017 and 2018 ( January - November) on the issue of the cultural and archaeological heritage of Romania included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. For a better follow-up to this study, we will provide you with a table below with each UNESCO heritage objective, along with the LMI code, UNESCO registration code, year of listing and geographic location. Also, the study will contain a brief presentation of the report drawn from the media for each monument.
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Kovacheva, Stefka, and Ludmila Dimitrova. "Web based Application for Presentation of Bulgarian Cultural and Historical Heritage under the Protection of UNESCO." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 9 (September 13, 2019): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2019.9.22.
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The paper briefly describes the web based application “Me and UNESCO” for the realization of the database “Bulgarian cultural and historical heritage under the protection of UNESCO”, developed in IMI (BAS). The web based application follows a modern learning strategy based on the Understanding by Design approach. In a multimedia environment, additional content is provided on study topics commenting on the Bulgarian cultural and historical heritage sites under the protection of UNESCO.
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Jung, Soyoon, Seonhwa Jeong, and Kyungju Jang. "Comparative Analysis of Korean, Chinese and Japanese Traditional Paper Making Technology for Registration of Korean Paper(Hanji) as UNESCO." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 655–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.11.44.11.655.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide baseline data that can be used for inclusion in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of Korea's Hanji culture and to suggest directions for its implementation. To this end, Xuan paper and Washi, which were registered on the Representative List of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009 and 2014, were investigated. The contents of the investigation include the origin, Historicity, raw materials, and manufacturing process of paper making. In addition, prior research was conducted through interviews and field visits. In addition, the origin and historicity of Hanji was verified through ancient documents and relics. And it has been investigated that traditional Hanji’s culture is an intangible cultural heritage that has been maintained, protected, inherited and developed. Finally, the development of traditional Hanji’s culture and the direction to be taken were presented. Therefore, it is expected that this study can be used as a research material for the inclusion of Hanji as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
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Sinibaldi, Elena, and Antonio Parente. "UNESCO’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage: Sustainable development perspectives." Pravovedenie 64, no. 1 (2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.104.
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage has not only introduced a conceptual and applicative expansion of the interdisciplinary subjects applied to cultural heritage, but it has also increasingly encouraged an integrated planning of sustainable development policies for territories and communities that convey and shape their relative cultural and anthropomorphic identity, along with the re-thinking of the collective dimension of heritage in terms of rights to creation and fruition as well as the related cultural management. This article presents a reflection on the opportunity to identify and develop the relationship between tangible and intangible heritage as resources that are essential to one another. To this purpose, two illustrative UNESCO application paths are examined. The first relates to the recognition of The Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato as a Cultural Landscape of World Heritage, pursuant to the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, while the second concerns the inscription of the intangible element The Celebration of Celestinian Forgiveness in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of the UNESCO 2003 Convention. Due to differences in paradigms and application criteria under the two UNESCO Conventions, which are also detectable in the Italian regulatory context, these case studies offer the opportunity to advance an interdisciplinary reflection aimed at rethinking safeguarding contexts, as well as enhancement and increasing accessibility of cultural heritage. As a result of the reflection, an analysis of the concept of living in relation to the anthropological definition of organic landscape, representation of collective identities (community-based heritage), inclusive places and sociability (public policy), communicative restitution (universal ethical values), participatory management (participative brand making), and integrated sustainability is derived.
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Cellini, Roberto, and Tiziana Cuccia. "UNESCO SITES AS PUBLIC GOODS: COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCES IN ITALY." Revista de Economia Contemporânea 20, no. 3 (September 2016): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/198055272037.
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ABSTRACT The inclusion of a site in the UNESCO World Heritage List is a "recognition" that can be interpreted as alocal public good. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the UNESCO recognition in promoting tourism and, more generally, local economic development. We document relevant performance differences across Italian UNESCO sites. We argue that the relevant key factor is the ability of generating additional public goods, starting from the process of recognition. The most recent approach of UNESCO in selecting the sites to include in its list underlines the importance of the immaterial culture embedded in the sites, and the role of local communities in their relationships with the environment and heritage: this is interpreted as a sign of the importance which has to be due to the generation of common goods for making the UNESCO recognition an effective tool to preserve heritage and to use it to promote economic, social and cultural development.
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Saletta, Morgan. "“Astronomical Heritage: Progressing the UNESCO– IAU Initiative”." Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.v2i1.30039.
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SPIVAK, Dimitry L. "Intangible Heritage in Cultural Strategy of UNESCO." International Journal of Cultural Research, no. 3 (2021): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52173/2079-1100_2021_3_114.
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Kurin, Richard. "UNESCO Votes New Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention." Anthropology News 44, no. 9 (December 2003): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.2003.44.9.21.
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