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1
Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368.
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Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently increases the risk of union dissolution. While a strong association is observed between male unemployment and separation at the micro level, no association is found between male unemployment and union dissolution at the macro level. The results for female unemployment are mixed, and the size of the impact of female unemployment is smaller in magnitude than that of male unemployment. In Germany and Italy, where until very recently work is less compatible with family life than in other countries, female unemployment is not significantly associated with union dissolution.
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Economou, Athina, and Iacovos N. Psarianos. "Revisiting Okun’s Law in European Union countries." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2013-0063.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Okun’s Law in European countries by distinguishing between the transitory and the permanent effects of output changes upon unemployment and by examining the effect of labor market protection policies upon Okun’s coefficients. Design/methodology/approach – Quarterly data for 13 European Union countries, from the second quarter of 1993 until the first quarter of 2014, are used. Panel data techniques and Mundlak decomposition models are estimated. Findings – Okun’s Law is robust to alternative specifications. The effect of output changes to unemployment rates is weaker for countries with increased labor market protection expenditures and it is more persistent for countries with low labor market protection. Originality/value – The paper provides evidence that the permanent effect of output changes upon unemployment rates is quantitatively larger than the transitory impact. In addition, it provides evidence that increased labor market protection mitigates the adverse effects of a decrease in output growth rate upon unemployment.
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Kudła, Janusz. "Determinants of Public Indebtedness in European Union Countries." e-Finanse 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2018-0021.
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AbstractThe paper strives to determine the impact of fiscal variables on factors determining the dynamics of public debt in European Union countries. Based on the literature, the dynamics of public debt are determined by changes of three elements: the primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and the change of government assets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to estimate the dynamics of these three values to find the variables crucial for limiting the growth of public debt. Three groups of dynamic panel regressions were estimated based on the one-step Generalized Method of Moments. The data was collected for the 1995-2015 period for 27 EU countries. Dependent variables included: primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and change of government assets. Independent variables consisted of: interest payable to GDP ratio, unemployment rate, squared unemployment rate, FDI stock to GDP, net FDI inflow to GDP, general government expenditures to GDP, share of social security expenditures and openness of the economy measured by the ratio of export and import to GDP. On the basis of statistical data, three components of debt changes were distinguished, and estimations of the dynamic panel regressions were applied to find the impact of independent variables. According to the basic models, the primary balance is lower for: countries with higher unemployment, greater FDI stock and higher general government expenditures. The interest-rate-growth-differential is lower in the case of: high subsidies and for a more open economy. However, unemployment and FDI remain the most important determinants of this variable. The change of government’s assets ratio decreases as FDI net inflows or the share of expenditures to GDP increase as well as in the case of very high unemployment.
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Espuelas, Sergio. "FALLOS DE MERCADO Y SEGURO DE PARO EN ESPAÑA ANTES DE 1936." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 3 (November 29, 2013): 387–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000189.
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ABSTRACTBefore 1936, private insurance against unemployment was mostly run by trade unions. Commercial companies, meanwhile, did not penetrate into this insurance branch, which is probably due to the advantages that trade unions had when dealing with adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Nevertheless, union-based unemployment insurance reached a lower level of development than other private social insurance schemes, like sickness insurance, perhaps because of the financial difficulties that economic crisis involved for unemployment funds. Also, unemployment insurance spread specially among urban and high-wage workers, although coverage rates in Spain were below those of other European countries with higher income levels. However, even in the latter private coverage against unemployment did not reach 10% of the working population. As in other European countries, Spanish unemployment union-funds implemented strict economic incentives to deal with moral hazard, but precisely this hindered the spreading of private unemployment insurance.
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Sulaiman, Saqer. "Arab Youth Migration to the European Union." Pro Publico Bono - Magyar Közigazgatás 8, no. 4 (2020): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2020.4.8.
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Migration from Arab countries to European countries started many decades ago. It has been driven by a variety of push–pull factors. The two main factors are economic deterioration and political instability. Many young people migrated to escape unemployment, poverty and poorworking conditions. Others fled the effects of war and conflicts. This paper reviews Arab youth migration to European countries, its drivers, and the way it impacts the origin countries, host countries and the immigrants. Despite some negative implications of migration on the origin countries such as education cost and deprivation of the country from the potential capacity of skilled people, the benefits of these countries are rather clear and include remittances, knowledge and experience transfer. However, mitigation of Arab youth migration challenges is not an easy task; it needs new governmental approaches to reduce unemployment rates, as well as the active involvement of youth in economic and political life.
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Kwiatkowska, Walentyna. "The Structure of Unemployment in Poland and the European Union Between 2000 and 2012." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 3 (October 3, 2014): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0023.
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This paper has two main objectives. The first is to show changes in the levels of unemployment and unemployment rates in Poland and other European Union countries and to explain why the Polish rates are relatively high. The second is to analyse the structure of unemployment by gender, age, levels of education, and duration of unemployment. In order to assess the Polish unemployment structure it is compared with the analogous structures in the other European Union countries.
The analysis will indicate the groups of the labour force with high risk of unemployment. Among the groups of high risk of unemployment are women, youth, people with low skills, and the long-term unemployed.
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Kuhn, Theresa, and Aaron Kamm. "The national boundaries of solidarity: a survey experiment on solidarity with unemployed people in the European Union." European Political Science Review 11, no. 2 (May 2019): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000067.
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AbstractAmidst the European sovereign debt crisis and soaring unemployment levels across the European Union, ambitions for European unemployment policies are high on the political agenda. However, it remains unclear what European taxpayers think about these plans and who is most supportive of European unemployment policies. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a survey experiment concerning solidarity towards European and domestic unemployed individuals in the Netherlands and Spain. Our results suggest that (1) Europeans are less inclined to show solidarity towards unemployed Europeans than towards unemployed co-nationals, (2) individuals with higher education, European attachment, and pro-immigration attitudes show more solidarity towards unemployed people from other European countries, but (3) even they discriminate against foreigners, and (4) finally, economic left-right orientations do not structure solidarity with unemployed people from abroad.
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Trpkova-Nestorovska, Marija. "FACTORS OF EMIGRATION: ANALYSIS OF COUNTRIES FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij320133t.
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The past decade was a period that was characterized by massive migration flows in European Union countries, a situation like none other before. Different migration flows contributed to inflow of working force from conflict areas of the Middle East, countries from the Western Balkans, and also migration within the European Union. While immigration is dominant, emigration also has large impact in the migration flow in the EU. The purpose of this paper is to determine the main factors that contribute to emigration in the 28 EU countries. The panel regression model with random effects is used where seven factors were examined in order to determine their influence on the emigration. Macroeconomic determinants include GDP per capita and unemployment rate, demographic factors include total population, young male population and young female population and other factors include level of corruption and enrollment in tertiary education. Analysis includes 28 EU countries, while the analyzed period is 1999-2017 (19 periods), and the total number is 560 observations. The results confirm that emigration is driven by unemployment rate, total population, young male and young female population. When the unemployment rate increases, the emigration also increases, which is logical. If the national labor market cannot provide vacancies for the increasing supply of work force, the next option would be emigration in another country due to eligible working positions. Population, as demographic factor, also influences emigration. The bigger the population, the larger emigration is expected. Also, young female and male population have statistically significant effect on the emigration, yet the direction of the relationship is different. Increase in young male population can contribute to increase in emigration. On the other side, increase in young female population reduces the number of emigrants. From the results it would seem that demographic factors dominate over macroeconomic and other factors. Policy makers in the countries with accentuated emigration component should be concerned that young male population is leaving, and this labor force is or soon will become deficitary. Also, unemployment is another issue that should be addressed. National governments should create policies that contribute to increased economic growth that produces vacancies. Otherwise, the high unemployment rate would soon drain the country out of its working source. Other factors such as level of corruption, GDP per capita and enrollment in tertiary education seem not to have statistically significant impact on emigration in the countries of the European Union.
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Dimian, Gina Cristina, Liviu Stelian Begu, and Josef Jablonsky. "Unemployment and labour market mismatch in the European Union Countries." Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 13–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2017.1.13.
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Faďoš, Marina, and Mária Bohdalová. "Unemployment gender inequality: evidence from the 27 European Union countries." Eurasian Economic Review 9, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40822-018-0107-3.
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Lambovska, Maya, Boguslava Sardinha, and Jaroslav Belas, Jr. "IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/ems.2021.1.55-63.
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Youth unemployment is a problem in each member country of the European Union (EU). The EU seeks to alleviate this problem by implementing various programs to support young people in finding and keeping a job, thus contributing to economic growth. In 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The countries have introduced many strict measures to prevent its spread, but they have caused a significant increase in unemployment, including among young people, and thus harmed economic growth. In this paper, we analyze the unemployment of people under the age of twenty-five in the EU. We also point out how unemployment rates have increased in individual countries. This problem concerns not only countries where the youth unemployment rate had been high already, such as Greece, Spain, and Italy, but also countries with previously lower rates, for example, the Czech Republic, Netherland, Poland, and Slovenia. In the latter group of countries, the youth unemployment rate has doubled in some cases due to anti-pandemic measures. We found that the most affected countries in this regard are the aforementioned Czech Republic, where the unemployment rate at the end of 2020 rose to 2.19 times above the level at the end of 2019, and Estonia, where year-over-year youth unemployment rose by a factor of 2.5. However, unfavorable developments occurred also in Lithuania, Latvia, and Ireland. According to our results, in 2020, youth unemployment increased the least in Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. In general, however, as the situation is now much more urgent, measures to alleviate this problem need to be put in place in each country to help young people find employment and, thus, stimulate economic growth.
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Qineti, A., E. Matejková, M. Pietriková, R. Serenčeš, M. Tóth, and M. Dvořak. "Looking for the evidence of socio-economic convergence within the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 8 (August 23, 2011): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/93/2011-agricecon.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evidence and impact of the EU integration between 1999 and 2009 on the EU regional economic growth and the socio-economic convergence. A regional convergence analysis is performed in order to examine if the EU overall aim of convergence is reached. The main growth- and convergence theories are used as the theoretical framework and form the study's hypothesis. The results show that an absolute β-convergence exists between the EU member states as well as regions. However, the σ-convergence is not confirmed, meaning that that the disparities between the regions are rather increasing than decreasing. Perhaps a possible reason why the σ-convergence does not occur at the EU level is that it is easier for smaller regions which are more similar to each other to converge than for larger regions which tend to be more dissimilar to each other. This reasoning is in line with the convergence theories which state that smaller regions within a country are more likely to converge towards each other in the absolute sense than countries. On the other hand, the EU countries and regions tend to convergence in the tasks like unemployment rate, showing that they are not successful in resolving this difficult task. One of the main reasons of the high unemployment in all EU member states is their structural problem in the respective economies, consequently reflected in the long-term unemployment. The EU countries tend to convergence in terms of inequality as well, showing that they are egalitarian in character.
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Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, and Justinas Čekanauskas. "The Research of the Causal Relationship Between Unemployment and Emigration in Lithuania." Business: Theory and Practice 15, no. 4 (December 19, 2014): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2014.516.
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This paper aims to investigate the causal relationship between unemployment and emigration in Lithuania using Granger – causality test. The research is based on annual data spanning the period of 2004–2012. The investigation encompasses two steps. Firstly, the authors have analyzed the Lithuanian position regarding relationship between unemployment rate and emigration in the context of the European Union countries; secondly, the causality between unemployment and emigration has been determined in the case of Lithuania. On the basis of the European Union countries statistical data, results of the research have revealed a weak correlation between unemployment rate and emigration. On the contrary, evidence has suggested the existence of a strong relationship between unemployment and emigration in Lithuania. Results of the Granger – causality test have showed that unemployment impacts on emigration in Lithuania.
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Dimian, Gina Cristina, Mirela Ionela Aceleanu, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, and Andreea Claudia Șerban. "UNEMPLOYMENT AND SECTORAL COMPETITIVENESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES. FACTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 19, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 474–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2018.6581.
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This article addresses the problem of the main factors driving sectoral unemployment in the Mediterranean countries most affected by this phenomenon. The choice of the four countries (Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal) relies on the fact that they are dealing with the highest unemployment rates in the European Union and a certain typology of the economic structure. The originality of our research is offered by its direction, less tackled until now, namely the focus on the particularities of the economic sectors, trying to capture differences between them. The importance and the impact of the results are supported by the methods used to produce them, indicators and econometric models that are on trend and bring extra information to available studies. Descriptive statistics and mismatch indexes are used to outline the economic and labour market structure, while the econometric models built on panel data capture the impact of factors such as GVA growth, specialization and labour market mismatches on the unemployment rate at six economic sectors level. Our paper makes three contributions to the literature. First, we have demonstrated that agriculture is the sector of activity less sensitive to output fluctuations in terms of unemployment and can become a buffer for the jobless in times of recessions. Second, we have proved that industry, as a whole, is highly responsive to economic developments and bad specialization could worsen unemployment situation in this sector. Third, we showed that educational mismatches have a significant impact on unemployment in those sectors of activity that employ low educated workforce.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Dovgal, Olena. "The Role of State Policy in the Formation of Food Security in the Countries of the European Union." Modern Economics 33, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v33(2022)-17.
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Abstract. Introduction. The correlation between inflation and unemployment is a very relevant topic for both Ukraine and other countries. The connection between them is so strong that they are like a natural disaster with severe socio-economic consequences directly for the population of the countries on whose territory these processes are taking place. The level of food supply in modern conditions is one of the priority areas of state policy in the vast majority of countries in the world. The categorical apparatus of the sphere of food supply was formed in the 70s of the 20th century, when the problem of hunger acquired special importance for most countries of the world. The main priorities in this field at that time were quantitative satisfaction with food products and their financial availability for each person. And although almost half a century has passed since that time, this question has not only not lost its relevance today, but has also become one of the most important and priority ones. Purpose. The aim of this study is to thoroughly analyze the current trends of inflation in the countries of the European Union and the impact of these factors on the level of unemployment and the sustainable development of agro-food production as a component of food security in the region. Results. The results of empirical and regression analysis have shown that there is a direct causal relationship between inflation and unemployment, with inflation being the cause and unemployment being the effect. This made it possible to assert that the maintenance of macroeconomic stability in the EU countries should, first of all, consist in ensuring stable prices and a stable exchange rate. Maintaining the stability of the country's economic condition will prevent violations of the system of sustainable development of enterprises and contribute to the strengthening of food security trends. Conclusions. Inflation and unemployment threaten the economy of any country. However, as a rule, the most vulnerable strata of the population suffer, which affects food security. The relationship between inflation and unemployment exists and is legally regulated by the state administration. As practice shows, modern analytical software tools are used in various states, which are based on macro-, regional, and micro-level statistical data for modeling socio-economic situations, which helps to make the most realistic forecasts of the economic situation. In the future, it will be expedient for the EU government to set the following key tasks: first, use the entire arsenal of measures aimed at further suppressing inflationary factors; secondly, optimization of the nature and structure of public expenditures, while not abandoning the state's duties to protect socially vulnerable segments of the population, which is necessary for successful state regulation of food security processes; to establish the mechanisms and algorithm for achieving national food security, which will include scientific support, the formation of a regulatory and legal framework, increasing production volumes and increasing food security.
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Çiftçioğlu, Serhan, and Murad A. Bein. "The Relationship between Financial Development and Unemployment in Selected Countries of the European Union." European Review 25, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000600.
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This article empirically examines the relationship between alternative measures of financial development and the unemployment rate in a selected group of ten EU countries. Using annual data for the sample period of 1991–2012, we first perform different panel regressions (using averaged and non-averaged versions of data) for unemployment rate. These panel regressions are based on a regression equation that includes inflation rate and growth rate of GDP, in addition to the level of financial development, as explanatory variables. Secondly, we apply Granger causality tests to investigate the nature of the causality between financial development and the unemployment rate for each country in our sample. The empirical findings suggest that unemployment rate and financial development are negatively correlated, and there is a statistically significant causal effect of financial development on unemployment in certain countries. However, the results are not robust to the choice of proxy measure for financial development.
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Palát, Milan. "International migration and unemployment in established member countries of the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072603.
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The objective of the paper is to evaluate relationships of the rate of migration and the unemployment rate in established member countries of the European Union covering also the period of the last financial and economic crisis and using statistical methods. To determine parameters of a regression function were used methods of regression and correlation analysis including testing the statistical significance. Nearly all countries (except Luxemburg and Austria) show a negative linear relationship between tested indicators however not always statistically significant. Based on these results, the existence of correlation is evident between the crude rate of net migration and the unemployment rate in more than a half of the monitored countries. Calculated correlation indices show highly statistically significant results for typically immigrant’s destination countries, e.g. Germany, United Kingdom, Luxembourg, and Belgium but we can find statistically significant results also in countries which are facing enormous economic problems during the last financial and economic crisis, esp. in Ireland, Spain and Italy. With an exemption of Belgium, the selected type of regression function doesn’t play a role as it regards the statistical significance of correlation indices and the use of polynomials of higher degrees doesn’t improve those results significantly. The analysis of the crude rate of net migration and the unemployment rate presented in this paper can be further used and developed when other variables would be added to the model.
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Siljak, Dzenita, and Sándor Gyula Nagy. "Do Transition Countries Converge towards the European Union?" Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0007.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze if the Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership countries converge towards the twenty-eight members of the European Union. The relationships between the selected macroeconomic variables and per capita GDP growth rate are econometrically tested to support this research. The analyzed period is 2004–2017, with two sub-periods: 2004–2008 and 2009–2013. The subdivision is made to test whether the recent financial crisis affected the absolute and conditional convergence process in the analyzed group of countries. The empirical findings support the economic convergence hypothesis. The results show that the recent financial crisis negatively affected the absolute and conditional convergence process, when economic variables are included in the analysis. The negative effects of the crisis on conditional convergence with economic and socio-political variables are not identified. The poorer countries in the analyzed group should do more to attract investment and open their economies, as gross fixed capital formation and economic openness have a positive impact on per capita growth, and keep low inflation or stabilize it, while general government debt and unemployment should be decreased in the examined sample of countries.
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Łachacz, Tomasz, and Sylwester Zagulski. "Unemployment as a threat to society – an analysis of the situation in Poland and selected countries of the European Union." Internal Security 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20805268.1231599.
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Unemployment is classified today as one of the main threats to society. The phenomenon affects the lives of individuals, the functioning of families and society and development of the state. It is often the source of other social problems such as poverty, violence, or social pathologies. The article presents the scale and nature of unemployment occurring after 1989 in Poland and in selected European Union countries, i.e. the Netherlands, Spain, Slovakia and Latvia. It attempts to show the characteristic trends of the phenomenon over a period of more than two decades. Examples from the European countries analysed show that the situation in the labour market and the approach to employment are radically different. Individual countries are characterised by very different unemployment rates, which reflect their different size, economic and demographic potential, or are associated with the tradition of employment. The existence of differences seems to be normal, but their scale may give rise to concern. A characteristic feature of unemployment in the period analysed is its regional diversity, both in Poland and in the whole of the European community. Important factors that determine the level of unemployment are age, sex, education and people’s qualifications. The effects of long-term unemployment are very painful for the whole of society. Such a situation can lead to, amongst others, poverty, societal antagonism, violence and migration. The latter is an issue that the whole of Europe is currently struggling with. The uncontrolled influx of immigrants, including those migrating for economic reasons, causes fear of losing their job among Europeans, which in turn translates into the radicalisation of society. A role of the state and the EU institutions is to create an effective mechanism for the protection and support of the unemployed. This is a prerequisite for Europeans to continue the project which is a common united Europe.
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Zieliński, Mariusz. "Economic crisis and situation on the labor market in countries of European Union in the years 2007-2011." Oeconomia Copernicana 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2012.009.
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The article analyses influence of prosperity conditions on the labor market. The principal aim of the article is to determine the main trends on the labor market in Poland and other chosen countries in European Union. The research problem has been formulated as follows: economic crisis have an major influence on changes in level and structure of employment and unemployment. The theoretical part of the article presents characteristics changes on the labor market from the macro-economical point of view and personal strategies of companies, at the time of economic crisis. The practical part of the article is based on method of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis embraces changes in: level and structure of employment (especially level of part time employed, temporary employed, self-employed) and level and structure of unemployment (especially level of long-term unemployment and unemployment of the young). Statistical data show that economic crisis in European Union caused: fall in level of employment, increase in level of unemployment, major changes in structure of employment and very small changes in structure of unemployment.
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Lydeka, Zigmas, and Akvile Karaliute. "Assessment of the Effect of Technological Innovations on Unemployment in the European Union Countries." Engineering Economics 32, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.2.24400.
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Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment.
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Jelena, Mladenovic, Ilic Ivana, and Kostic Zorana. "Modeling The Unemployment Rate At The Eu Level By Using Box-Jenkins Methodology." KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.643.
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<p>Unemployment, as a measure of market conditions, appears as a crucial economic problem and a phenomenon with considerable negative social consequences, and, as such, requires attention and adequate approach to finding solutions. Enormous unemployment rates are a reality not only in developing and transition countries, but also in some developed countries. Inadequately conducted privatization, unsuccessful transfer of workers from the public to the private sector, inefficiency in attracting foreign direct investment, and the world economic crisis of 2008 have made unemployment a universal disease of modern society. The paper presents economic models in which the unemployment rate is the central analyzed phenomenon. In this context, an important task of European economic policy-makers is to project future unemployment rates. <em>Box-Jenkins</em> methodology, i.e. the seasonal ARIMA model, is one approach to the modeling of time series, or, more specifically, for forecasting future values. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the evolution of the unemployment problem on the basis of the values in the period from 2000 to 2015, based on the case of 28 countries of the European Union. Building on the research subject, the purpose of the paper is to create the statistical model for forecasting the values of the monthly unemployment rates in the European Union for the future and establishing its trend.</p>
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Nergaard, Kristine, and Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke. "The puzzles of union density in Norway." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 4 (November 2007): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300409.
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The level of union density in Norway is medium high, in contrast to the other Nordic countries where high density levels are supported by unemployment insurance funds. Developments in union density over time are stable in Norway, contrary to developments in most western European countries outside the Nordic region. This article traces the effects of unemployment insurance funds by comparing density levels in Norway with those in Finland and Sweden. In addition, the stability witnessed in union density in Norway over time is a particularly puzzling phenomenon, and the authors seek to explain it on the basis of specific institutional and labour market factors.
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Hoogenboom, Marcel. "Transnational Unemployment Insurance: The Inclusion and Exclusion of Foreign Workers in Labour Unions’ Unemployment Insurance Funds in the Netherlands (c.1900–1940)." International Review of Social History 58, no. 2 (June 7, 2013): 247–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000199.
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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, like many of their European counterparts, labour unions in the Netherlands established mutual unemployment insurance funds for their members. Various funds made agreements with labour unions in a number of European countries to recognize each other's insurance schemes, enabling union members to work in the Netherlands without losing their entitlement to benefits accumulated in their home countries, and vice versa. Whereas up until the 1930s some of the alliances between Dutch and foreign funds had flourished, in the 1930s the number of non-Dutch workers in the Netherlands making use of such agreements decreased drastically. This article analyses those transnational alliances and explores various causes for their demise, concluding that in the 1930s formal regulation of foreign labour by the Dutch government substantially reduced the number of potential foreign members of insurance funds while government interference in unemployment insurance abroad, and especially in Germany, made the transnational agreements effectively void.
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MALAKHOVA, Tat'yana S. "Assessing the socio-economic situation in European Union member states in the implementation of new strategies and forms of interaction." National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 566–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.3.566.
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Subject. The article addresses problems related to development of strategies, programs, and forms of interaction between the countries of the European Union. Objectives. The purpose is to analyze socio-economic condition of European Union member States and explore individual strategies, programs, and approaches, aimed at reducing the inequality in the integration group. Methods. The study employs tools of statistical analysis, the historical and logical method, and the method of scientific abstraction. Results. I analyzed indices of the physical volume of GDP per capita, consumer price indices for food products, the level of employment and unemployment. The paper pays particular attention to assessing the level of youth unemployment in the European Union. It investigates the main principles and specific features of the European Pillar of Social Rights. Conclusions. The identified trends can be taken into account in the implementation of new development strategies and programs of the European Union.
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Palát, Milan. "Analysis of labour market in the Czech Republic with respect to unemployment considering other countries of EU." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 6 (2009): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957060189.
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The paper deals with the analysis of labour market in the Czech Republic with respect to unemployment considering other countries of EU and existing economic development. Evaluation has been carried out of the specific development of labour market, employment and unemployment in the Czech Republic in the period 1993–2008, incl. possible causes and trends of the development and international comparison of selected characteristics of labour market using adequate quantitative methods. Analysis of the Czech labour market during the period of its existence includes the evaluation of supply and demand in the labour market. The most important causes were monitored of changes in the supply in the labour market affected by the demographic development and social environment and substantial causes of changes in the demand in the labour market, which were affected by the performance of the given economics, by the growth of labour productivity and the number of available jobs. This is followed by assessing the development of unemployment in the Czech Republic and European Union. Substantial aspects were identified of the development of labour market and unemployment in the Czech Republic and EU as a whole and trends of the future development were indicated in the studied area. The international comparison of selected characteristics of labour market in the member countries of EU carried out by means of quantitative methods allowed to assess high differences among unemployment rates in this community and created another information source regarding the position of the Czech Republic in the European Union during the selected reference period. Significant differences in unemployment between all member countries point out to marked structural or institutional differences in labour markets in particular countries. Only a negligible percentage out of the total economically active population in the European Union migrates over the border of its member countries. This situation only augments a durable long-term unemployment growth in particular countries. Beside the insufficient labour force movement throughout Europe a next important problem in structural unemployment presents e.g., the incongruity in qualifications between supply and demand on the labour market. The current financial and economic crisis has cut at all previous positive unemployment development during a few months.
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BLANCO, Miguel, Mar MUÑOZ, and Julia RANCHAL. "Have the European Funds been able to reduce the differences in the level of unemployment between the countries of the Euro area? A reflection on the past, present and future of European programs." Espacios 41, no. 50 (December 30, 2020): 270–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n50p19.
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One of the fundamental objectives of the Maastricht Treaty is the sustainable development of the European Union (EU) countries. Since its entry into force, large investments have been approved to finance convergence programs. The aim of this article is to determine if the investments made to date have managed to reduce the differences in unemployment rates among the EU countries. The Theil index has been calculated on the unemployment figures of the countries of the Eurozone during the period 2008-2019.
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Krilytė, Karolina, and Kristina Matuzevičiūtė-Balčiūnienė. "RESEARCH OF THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS CYCLES ON THE UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 14 (March 17, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2022.15812.
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This paper examines the impact of business cycles on unemployment rates in EU countries. The relationship between changes in gross domestic product and changes in the unemployment rate is referred to in the academic literature as Okun’s law. This law is of particular importance and the relationship has been extensively investigated in the scientific literature, but there are not many studies that analyse the European Union countries. This paper examines the relationship between the unemployment rate and real GDP in the EU-27. The data used for the study cover the period 2007–2019. The results of a correlation regression analysis provide evidence of the inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and real GDP as established by theory. The results also show that the relationship between business cycles and unemployment varies from country to country: in Lithuania and the UK, there is a very strong inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and real GDP. In Lithuania, the coefficient was –0.9377, and a similar coefficient was found in the United Kingdom (–0.9337).
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Palát, Milan. "Recent migration developments in the European perspective." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020245.
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The aim of the paper is to evaluate the development of international migration in relationship to the recent economic situation in member countries of the European Union using quantitative methods including cluster analysis. The number of immigration in Europe has declined since the start of the global recession. The main reason was the decrease of demand in many sectors of the national economy, for instance the demand for retail and construction workers. Despite the drop in new immigration, labour markets of the EU countries were hit very severely. Unemployment rates in the most of European countries increased much more in the category of migrants than among natives. Despite the general decline in immigration in Europe during the economic crisis, the number of immigrants employed in educational sector and health care has increased. Also the number of female immigrants has been growing. The cluster analysis uses a multidimensional variable that includes GDP, unemployment, inflation rate and also net migration. We can distinguish two main clusters in 2010. The majority of highly developed West European countries are a part of the first cluster; the second cluster includes the group of post-communist countries. The latter countries form two sub-groups. A relatively independent sub-cluster is formed by some of the EU15 countries that were hit by the financial crisis the most. In general, the main two clusters illustrate that the economic division of established and new member countries of the European Union is still present.
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Nagy, Sándor Gyula, and Dženita Šiljak. "Is the European Union still a convergence machine?" Acta Oeconomica 72, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2022.00003.
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Abstract We investigate whether the European Union can be considered as a convergence machine after the 2008/2009 financial crisis. To do so, we econometrically test the relationship between the per capita GDP growth rate and macroeconomic variables in the period of 2004–2018, further subdivided into three periods: 2004–2008, 2009–2013 and 2014–2018. We hypothesize that the 2008/2009 financial crisis had a negative effect on the σ and β-convergence process. Our results support the convergence hypothesis, namely that the poor countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries. The convergence rates ranged between 1.71% and 4.51%. The negative effects of the crisis on convergence have been identified only for the absolute convergence. Our findings demonstrate that economic openness, inflation and government integrity have a positive impact on growth. The effects of unemployment have not been identified.
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Kawalec, Stefan, and Ernest Pytlarczyk. "Controlled Dismantlement of the Eurozone: A Strategy to Save the European Union and the Single European Market." German Economic Review 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12003.
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Abstract The problems with a single currency in Europe are neither temporary nor curable. Any persistent defence of the euro will result in a long-lasting recession and high unemployment in countries using fiscal austerity to pursue ‘internal devaluation’. It may lead to a revival of populist and nationalist movements, political collapse and disorderly eurozone break-up. This article argues for a controlled segmentation of the eurozone via the exit of the most competitive countries and an agreement on a new European currency coordination system.
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Vanthemsche, Guy. "Unemployment Insurance in Interwar Belgium." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900001004x.
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SUMMARYIn 1900, a special type of unemployment insurance was set up in Belgium: the so-called “Ghent system”, which had some influence on the development of unemployment insurance in many European countries. This particular system was characterized by the important role played by the trade-union unemployment societies. The public authorities (in Belgium, from 1920 onwards, the central government next to the towns and provinces) encouraged the affiliation of the labourers to these societies by granting different sorts of financial support to the unemployed society members and to the societies themselves. During the crisis of the 1930s, this led to an important growth of Belgian trade-union membership. On the other hand, the quantitative growth of the labour movement due to this particular organization of unemployment insurance, led to many negative sideeffects for the trade unions (administrative chaos, financial problems, loss of combativity). Moreover, the employers' organizations strongly opposed this system of unemployment insurance, because they thought it reinforced the labour movement's power in society (strengthening of union membership, influence on wage formation, obstruction of deflation policy). This article examines the heated debates waged in the labour movement itself and between this actor, the employers' organizations and the government, to solve the many important problems posed by this type of social insurance. The Belgian pre-Second World War debate concerning unemployment insurance was of great importance for the shaping of the Welfare State in Belgium, which took its present-day form in 1944.
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Grabia, Tomasz. "The Okun Misery Index in the European Union Countries from 2000 to 2009." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 14, no. 4 (May 11, 2012): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-011-0029-8.
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The aim of the article is to present alternative measures of the economic system’s efficiency, taking into consideration, in particular, the values of the so called Okun misery index being the sum of inflation and unemployment rates. The study is composed of four main parts and a summary. The first part, introduction, discusses various measures of the economic system’s efficiency that are used in practice. Part two emphasises that the GDP per capita according to purchasing power parity still remains the most popular among those measures. Further, it presents the ranking of the European Union countries taking that measure into account, the research period being 1999- 2009. Part three points out that it is also the level of poverty (misery) that determines the economic system’s efficiency. That level can be measured by means of various indicators, among others, the so called HPI-2 index calculated by the UN. It will be the Okun misery index, however, computed as the sum of inflation and unemployment rates that will be presented as an alternative being of interest from the macroeconomic point of view. The ranking of the European Union member states according to that measure in the 2000-2004 and 2005- 2009 periods will be provided in part four. The article will end in a summary containing synthetic conclusions drawn from earlier observations.
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Kučas, Andrius, Boyan Kavalov, and Carlo Lavalle. "Living Cost Gap in the European Union Member States." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218955.
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The living cost gap refers to the differential amongst income, expenditures, and poverty lines. It is important since it addresses a number of aspects that point towards historic and continued living standards. The purpose of this study is to identify, measure, and compare the living cost gap in the Europe Union member states. Twenty-nine indicators/criteria from Eurostat and World Bank, covering the period 2008–2017, are employed. In order to rank and compare living cost gap by countries, objective functions for each criterion are defined and applied. The importance of each criterion is assessed independently. The composite living cost gap indicator for each MS is calculated using multiple criteria decision support methods. The relationship between the compound annual growth rates of this indicator and each single criterion is estimated and evaluated. The findings of the study suggest that living cost gap is higher where unemployment rates and households’ expenditure on basic needs (housing, food etc.), are larger, while living cost gap is lower where households’ income and expenditure on optional needs are higher. The living cost gap in the majority of countries tends to narrow/decrease, along with the increase in the household income and expenditures. Our research highlights the need to mitigate unemployment and households’ low net income in order to alleviate living cost gap. The analysis and assessment of living cost gap might help identifying the most vulnerable social profiles and groups, and hence might contribute to the adequate formulation and implementation of targeted policy responses and interventions at European Union, national, and regional level.
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Rotar, Laura Južnik, and Sabina Krsnik. "Analysing the relationship between unemployment benefits and unemployment duration." Society and Economy 42, no. 3 (September 2020): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00009.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between unemployment benefits and durations of unemployment with respect to different approaches in social policy. The hypothesis of the research is that unemployment benefits negatively affect the duration of unemployment. An analysis of the relationship concerning unemployment benefits and duration of unemployment within the European Union Member States (EU-28) between 2006–2018 using panel data regression approach was conducted. The sample was split into sub-samples in order to get more homogeneous groups of EU-28 countries. Estimation results suggest that the more generous a social policy, the more prevalent the negative relationship between unemployment duration and unemployment benefits. Our results also revealed that the better the economic situation, the less pressure is put on unemployment benefits and on the duration of unemployment.
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Strohmeier, Dagmar, Martyn Barrett, Carmen Bora, Simona C. S. Caravita, Elisa Donghi, Edmond Dragoti, Chris Fife-Schaw, et al. "Young People’s Engagement With the European Union." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 4 (December 2017): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000314.
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Abstract. This study investigated whether demographic variables, efficacy beliefs, visions, and worries are associated with four different forms of (dis)engagement with the European Union (EU): intended voting in the 2019 EU elections, nonconventional political engagement, psychological engagement, and the wish that one’s own country should leave the EU. The sample comprised 3,764 young people aged 16–25 years living in seven European countries: Albania, Austria, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain, and the UK. Economic challenges, human rights, and the environment were the most important future visions; unemployment and poverty, climate change, civil unrests, and collapse of the EU were the most important future worries. The four forms of (dis)engagement with the EU were differentially associated with predictors, although internal efficacy and future vision of economic challenges predicted all forms. Implications for future EU policy are discussed.
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Pribac, Loredana, Dorina Ardelean, Lavinia Dudaș, Cristian Haiduc, and Andrei Anghelina. "Aspects of youth competencies in the 21st century in the European Union." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2017-0014.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to present the youth unemployment problem that the European Union countries are facing nowadays. To this end, we investigate the competencies and skills considered necessary in the 21 Century. We do this by presenting the competencies considered important by European employers versus Romanian employers. Not least, we reveal future directions in terms of skills required by employers.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey V., Svetlana V. Rusu, and Viktoriya A. Medved. "FACTORS OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES DURING THE 2015-2016 CRISIS." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-4-02.
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The article examines the key socio-economic aspects of the migration crisis and highlights the main causes of mass migration to the European Union from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The main characteristic of the economic situation in these countries is given and the significant problems faced by the donor States of migrants in the last few years are studied. Among the problems highlighted: high population growth rates, pressure on the environment by residents of Africa and the Middle East, limited access to resources, food and fresh water; the problem of unemployment; the problem of poverty and social inequality; high competition in the labor market; low salaries; difficult economic situation and problems in the financial sector. It is noted that these problem were the main cause of mass migration to Europe. Based on a detailed study of official statistics, special attention is paid to the level of unemployment and poverty, GDP level, the population growth rate, as well as the level of wages in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. These indicators are compared to indicators in the countries of Eastern Europe. Their analysis shows that the standards of living in these regions is below average, that is why residents are forced to leave these countries for the European Union in search of a better life for themselves and their relatives. Among the countries that are of the greatest interest to migrants are: Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and so on.
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Gradín, Carlos, Olga Cantó, and Coral del Río. "Unemployment and spell duration during the Great Recession in the EU." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 216–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2012-0152.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different dynamic characteristics of unemployment in a selected group of European Union countries during the current Great Recession, which had unequal consequences on employment depending on the country considered. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows Shorrocks’s proposal of a duration-sensitive measure of unemployment, and uses cross-sectional data reported by Eurostat coming from European Labour Force Surveys. Findings – The results add some evidence on the relevance of incorporating spells’ duration in measuring unemployment, finding remarkable differences in unemployment patterns in time among European countries. Research limitations/implications – In this paper unemployment is analyzed for all the labor force. Future research should investigate patterns across specific groups such as young people, women, immigrants or the low skilled. Practical implications – It is generally accepted that the negative impact of unemployment on individual welfare can be very different depending on its duration. However, conventional statistics on unemployment do not adequately capture to what extent the recession is not only increasing the incidence of unemployment but also its severity in terms of duration in time of ongoing unemployment spells. The paper shows an easy and practical way to do it in order to improve the understanding of the unemployment phenomenon, using information usually reported by statistical offices. Originality/value – First, the paper provides a tool for dynamic analysis of unemployment based on reported cross-sectional data. Second, the paper demonstrates the empirical relevance of considering spells’ duration when assessing differences in unemployment across countries or in unemployment trends. This is usually neglected or only partially addressed by most conventional measures of unemployment.
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Yuvalı, Ertuğrul, and Nihan Gizem Kantarcı. "Unemployment Insurance for Labour Migrants according to the European Court of Justice." Göç Dergisi 9, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/gd.v9i3.857.
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In the study, the decisions of the European Court of Justice regarding the unemployment insurance of migrant workers were examined. In decisions; It has been stated that migrating to benefit from unemployment insurance cannot be interpreted against the worker. It has been stated that immigrating from the country of citizenship to another country and residing there will not prevent him from receiving unemployment benefits. A migrant worker must be insured for a certain period of time to benefit from unemployment insurance. Each country regulates this period of employment with its own domestic laws. The length of service in different member states of the European Union, excluding the domestic law rules in the countries of employment, by the Court of Justice, It has been determined that it has been interpreted that it can be combined to benefit from unemployment insurance.
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Husz, Ildiko. ""It's so little money you could make as much at home" - options for work in an impoverished rural region of high unemployment." Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2013.01.02.
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Hungary has a higher unemployment rate than the member states of the European Union and even most former socialist countries. This rate for 15-64 year-olds has been around 56% since 1999, as against 66% in the European Union (OECD Employment Database). There is also a high degree of regional unevenness within the country. The situation is worst in North Hungary, an area of multiple economic and social deprivations. Several pieces of research have analysed the causes of long-term unemployment and have highlighted the main social, geographical and institutional factors behind it. People of low educational attainment who live in small villages and members of the Roma minority are particularly likely to have been without jobs for a long time.
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Van der Wielen, Nele, and Jakub Bijak. "Welfare participation: A comparison between immigrants and natives in the United Kingdom." Migration Letters 12, no. 2 (May 2, 2015): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i2.246.
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European migration is a hotly debated topic in the United Kingdom. Using the Labour Force Survey data for 2012 this study analyses benefit claims among Central and Eastern European immigrants, immigrants from the old European Union member states and UK natives. Results of logistic regression modelling show that, compared to natives, social benefit claims are higher among immigrants from the eight Eastern European countries that became member states of the European Union in 2004. However, those immigrants have a smaller probability than natives to claim unemployment related benefit or income support indicating that the decision to migrate is not likely related to potential benefit support.
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Alexiou, Constantinos. "Crafting a Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Framework to Explain European Unemployment: Econometric Evidence from the European Union Countries." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 24, no. 1 (September 2001): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2001.11490315.
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Rosa, Anna, and Agnieszka Jakubowska. "THREAT OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3256.
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Social exclusion concerns all social and economic groups; however, it concerns chiefly the residents of rural areas rather than the residents of towns. The aim of this paper is to present the problem of social exclusion in rural areas in the European Union Countries. The authors in the study used the data available from Eurostat for EU Member States (NUTS-1). For the purpose of this research, a synthetic index was also prepared. The characteristics of social exclusion were based on objective factors, such as the scale of poverty, the level of unemployment and education. Analysis showed that the problem of social exclusion couldn’t be considered from the point of view of the countries of the “old” and the “new” Union. The analysis indicates that countries in Central and Eastern Europe, with a relatively well-educated population, are much more at risk of poverty than those living in Western Europe.
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Stevkovski, Ljupcho. "The Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in European Union." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 17, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipcj-2015-0004.
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It is a fact that in the European Union there is a strengthening of right-wing extremism, radical right movement, populism and nationalism. The consequences of the economic crisis, such as a decline in living standards, losing of jobs, rising unemployment especially among young people, undoubtedly goes in favor of strengthening the right-wing extremism. In the research, forms of manifestation will be covered of this dangerous phenomenon and response of the institutions. Western Balkan countries, as a result of right-wing extremism, are especially sensitive region on possible consequences that might occur, since there are several unresolved political problems, which can very easily turn into a new cycle of conflicts, if European integration processes get delayed indefinitely.
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Gallie, Duncan, and Helen Russell. "Unemployment and life satisfaction: A cross-cultural comparison." European Journal of Sociology 39, no. 2 (November 1998): 248–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007633.
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The paper addresses the issue of the nature and determinants of variations between countries in the severity of the implications of unemployment for psychological well-being. It focuses on ten countries in the European Union over the period 1983 to 1994. It establishes that there are consistent differences between countries over time. It then examines a number of potential explanations, in particular relating to the level of unemployment, the social composition of unemployment, the strength of the work ethic in the society and the characteristics of welfare institutions. It concludes that such differences cannot be accounted for in terms of the level of unemployment or its composition in terms of age and sex. They are also unrelated to measures of employment commitment. Rather the severity of the impact of unemployment has to be understood in terms of the interaction between the characteristics of the welfare regime and the composition of the unemployed with respect to household position.
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Baccaro, Lucio, Rüya Gökhan Koçer, Jorge Galindo, and Valeria Pulignano. "Determinants of Indefinite Contracts in Europe: The Role of Unemployment." Comparative Sociology 15, no. 6 (November 23, 2016): 794–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341412.
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Using individual-level data from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey (ewcs), and country-level data on unemployment, employment protection legislation and union density for 21 European countries, this paper provides a comprehensive multi-level analysis of the determinants of indefinite employment contracts. The authors find that workers’ autonomy on the job, the intensity of computer use, and the presence of general and specific skills are associated with greater contract security. Perhaps more importantly, the authors find a strong negative effect of unemployment, particularly on workers cumulating multiple sources of labor market vulnerability, such as young age, low skill, low autonomy, and immigrant status, especially but not exclusively in the Mediterranean countries most affected by the crisis.
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Okunevičiūtė-Neverauskienė, Laima, Arūnas Pocius, and Sandra Krutulienė. "Assessment of the Unemployment Situation of Vulnerable Groups in the Labour Market of the Baltic States." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 23 (November 19, 2021): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2021.34.
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The study analyses the unemployment situation of socially vulnerable groups in the Baltic States in the context of the European Union. The analysis of the unemployment rate is based on gender, age and duration of unemployment. Statistical analysis identified the most vulnerable groups in the labour market and those most sensitive to economics fluctuations. The study also evaluated the relationship of economic growth with employment of these groups. The research highlighted that in the Baltic countries, the global financial crisis more significantly affected vulnerable groups, mainly because of the impact of the crisis in 2009–2010. Hence these results differ from the general trend in unemployment rate of the target groups in the countries of the European Union.
Unemployment rate at the EU level did not coincide with similar trends observed in the target groups in the Baltic States. In the Baltic States, the unemployment rate of the target groups started to grow earlier and faster than in the EU countries and it started to decrease much earlier than the EU unemployment rate indicators. In addition, in the Baltic countries, the growth of target group unemployment was significantly higher than the EU average. The fast and volatile growth of unemployment within the mentioned target groups shows that they had difficulties adapting to dramatically worsening conditions in the labour market in the Baltic States. The current pandemic situation in comparison to the global financial crisis of 2009–2010 has a less negative effect. The study revealed that unemployment rates in the Baltic States were close to the EU average. The research results also showed that men and the youth are sensitive to economic fluctuations in the Baltic States. On the one hand, unemployed men and the youth tend to more easily enter the labour market during economic upturns. On the other hand, in an economic downturn, these jobseekers face significant integration difficulties into the labour market and become more socially vulnerable.
It is important to note that long-term unemployed people belong to the most vulnerable groups. People with low skills or qualifications face multiple barriers to labour market integration. Long-term unemployment leads to a loss of income, an erosion of skills, a higher incidence of health problems and increased household poverty.
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Béresné Mártha, Bernadett. "Relationship of the employment policy with rural development in the European Union." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 34 (September 2, 2009): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2818.
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Employment policy has won primary attention both at national and EU levels for the past decade. Managing its problems has become one of the major social economic and political challenges. One of the problems is the aging of the continent’s population, which is in close relation with the slow increasing or decreasing economic trends.Comparing the EU’s unemployment, employment and labour productivity rates to those of ten years earlier a positive tendency can be traced. On of the other hand compared with the USA, Japan or the average of OECD countries the Community has still not been able to reduce its several decades lasting leeway. Difficulties of labour management are much more striking in rural territories than in urban districts. Not even the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy: the rural development has been successful in managing the employment of the labour supersededfrom the primer sector so far, which is significantly reflected in the unfavourable indicators of labour management and unemployment.