Journal articles on the topic 'Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models'
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Panichella, Nazareno. "Economic crisis and occupational integration of recent immigrants in Western Europe." International Sociology 33, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917742002.
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There are two models of inclusion of recent immigrants in Western Europe. In the Continental model immigrants are penalized in terms of both probabilities of being employed and job quality. In the Mediterranean one there is a stronger trade-off between a limited risk of unemployment and a lower job quality. Did the recession foster a convergence or a divergence between these two models? This article focuses on this issue and analyses the integration of immigrants in 10 countries, using EU-LFS data (2005–2012) and considering two occupational outcomes: the probability of being employed, and the probability of avoiding the unskilled working class. It also studies the turnover between unemployment and dependent employment. The crisis generated a partial and limited convergence between the two models, involving only male immigrants living in Southern Europe. In these countries immigrants experienced higher risks of unemployment because the crisis diminished their turnover between unemployment and dependent employment.
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Aurachman, Rio. "Model Matematika Dampak Industri 4.0 terhadap Ketenagakerjaan Menggunakan Pendekatan Sistem." Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 18, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v18.n1.p14-24.2019.
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The objective of this research was to provide a mathematical model that can explain the relationship between the unemployment rate, openness to technology, and people development initiatives to overcome technology development. These research discussions were carried out in the context of predicted technological developments related to Industry 4.0 which caused the loss of several jobs and formed new business models that will provide new jobs. The method used is to using system approach so that mathematical modeling can be obtained from Influence Diagrams which have been designed in previous research. Mathematical models illustrate that openness to technology is directly proportional to the number of unemployed. And the unemployment rate is inversely proportional to the level of human resource development. Development of human resources that are too large without being carried out with openness and technological progress, can also cause unemployment. This mathematical model can be used as a decision maker to understand and establish appropriate policies in the face of this Industry 4.0 change.
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Elhorst, J. P. "The Nonutilisation of Human Capital in Regional Labour Markets across Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 5 (May 1998): 901–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300901.
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In this paper the author investigates the extent to which regional Europe exceeds its minimum level of nonemployment by estimating a stochastic frontier model. This surplus is called the ‘inefficiency of regional labour markets’—the degree to which potential labour-force resources among the nonparticipants could be further mobilised given the actual unemployment rate. Starting with 130 regions across eight member states of the European Union, two nonemployment frontier models are estimated, one for men and one for women, with annual data derived from Eurostat, 1983–89. It turns out that, on average, 1.9% of the male and 4.8% of the female working-age population could be further mobilised, and that, consequently, the actual unemployment rate is underestimated by 2.8% overall. In addition, a test has been performed as to whether the inefficiency estimates are related to participation, employment, or unemployment figures. It appears that unemployment figures in particular are extremely bad predictors.
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Russell, Helen, Janine Leschke, and Mark Smith. "Balancing flexibility and security in Europe? The impact of unemployment on young peoples’ subjective well-being." European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119840570.
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We examine the relationship between ‘flexicurity’ systems, unemployment and well-being outcomes for young people in Europe. A key tenet of the flexicurity approach is that greater flexibility of labour supply supports transitions into employment, trading longer-term employment stability for short-term job instability. However, there is a risk that young people experience greater job insecurity, both objective and subjective, with less stable contracts and more frequent unemployment spells. Our research draws on data from the European Social Survey and uses multi-level models to explore whether and how flexibility-security arrangements moderate the effect of past and present unemployment on the well-being of young people. We distinguish between flexibility-security institutions that foster improved job prospects and those that provide financial security.
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UNGUREANU, Laura, Madalina CONSTANTINESCU, and Cristina POPÎRLAN. "Nonlinear Models Used to Analyze the Relation between Inflation and Unemployment." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/arle.v11.2(48).37.
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Many mathematical models have been developed in the last years in order to analyze economic phenomena and processes. Some of these models are optimization models, static or dynamic, while others are developed specially to study the evolution of economic phenomena. The topic of this paper is forecasting with nonlinear models. A few well-known nonlinear models are introduced, and their properties are discussed. The variety of nonlinear relationships is important both from the perspective of estimation and from the precision of forecasts in the medium and especially long term. Most nonlinear forecasting methods and all methods based on neural networks lead to predictions that have a better quality than the forecasts obtained by linear methods. The last section of this paper contains a detailed study of the relationship between inflation and unemployment and a numerical application with numerical data from Romania.
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Gil-Alana, Luis A. "The persistence of unemployment in the USA and Europe in terms of fractionally ARIMA models." Applied Economics 33, no. 10 (August 2001): 1263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840010007137.
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König-Castillo, Deirdre Maria, Johannes Ott, Daniel König, Marlene Hager, Maike Katja Kahr, and Georg Dorffner. "Influence of Obesity and Unemployment on Fertility Rates: A Multinational Analysis of 30 Countries from 1976 to 2014." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051152.
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Background: The rationale of a postulated decrease in fertility rate development is still being debated. Among the multiple influencing factors, socioeconomic variables and their complex influence are of particular interest. Methods: Data on socioeconomic and health variables from 1976–2014 of 30 countries within the OECD region were analysed for their respective influence on fertility rates by using mixed-effect regression models. Results: A significant negative influence of the increase in unemployment rate on the following year’s changes in fertility rate in Western (−0.00256; p < 0.001) as well as Eastern European (−0.0034; p < 0.001) countries was revealed. The effect of being overweight was significant for Western European (−0.00256; p < 0.001) countries only. When analysing the whole OECD region, an increase in unemployment retained its significant negative influence on the fertility rate (−0.0028; p < 0.001), while being overweight did not. Interestingly, divergent influences of time were revealed and fertility rates increased with time in Eastern Europe while they decreased in Western Europe. Conclusion: Importantly, a significant negative influence of increase in unemployment on the fertility rate was revealed—irrespective of the region and time analysed. Furthermore, an adverse effect of being overweight on the fertility rate in Western European countries was revealed. Interestingly, time was associated with a decreasing fertility rate in Western but not in Eastern Europe.
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BENNETT, JENNY, and KATJA MÖHRING. "Cumulative (Dis)advantage? The Impact of Labour Market Policies on Late Career Employment from a Life Course Perspective." Journal of Social Policy 44, no. 2 (November 11, 2014): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279414000816.
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AbstractWe investigate the labour market situation of older individuals in Europe in relation to their previous employment history as well as the regulations relating to employment protection legislation and early retirement. Specifically, we look at the competing risks of early retirement and late career unemployment. The central research question is whether policy effects differ according to the characteristics of an individual's previous work history. We employ data for twelve European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) and estimate multilevel regression models. The results show different mechanisms for the risks of unemployment and early retirement. Late career unemployment results from individual factors related to fragmented careers, marginal employment and short tenures. In the case of early retirement, we find the interplay of individual and policy factors to be crucial. Persons with consistent careers have an increased probability of early retirement, but only in countries with generous early retirement benefits. However, employment protection legislation appears to counteract early retirement for this group of individuals. We conclude that policy factors do not have uniform effects for older individuals, but should rather be viewed against the background of previous developments in individual career paths.
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Granitsa, Yu V. "Using distributed lag models to predict regional budget revenues." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.6.1154.
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Subject. The article addresses projections of regional budget revenues, using distributed lag models. Objectives. The purpose is to review economic and statistical tools that are suitable for the analysis of relationship between the revenues of the regional budget system and regional macroeconomic predictors. Methods. The study draws on statistical, constructive, economic and mathematical methods of analysis. Results. In models with quantitative variables obtained under the Almon method, the significant predictors in the forecasting of regional budget revenues are determined mainly by the balanced financial result, the consumer price index, which characterizes inflation processes in the region, and the unemployment rate being the key indicator of the labor market. Models with quantitative variables obtained through the Koyck transformation are characterized by a wider range of predictors, the composition of which is determined by the peculiarities of economic situation in regions. The two-year forecast provides the average lag obtained during the evaluation of the models. The exception is the impact of unemployment rate, which is characterized as long-term. Conclusions. To generate forecasts of budget parameters, the results of both the Koyck method and the Almon method should be considered, though the former is more promising.
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HÖGBERG, BJÖRN. "Transitions from Unemployment to Education in Europe: The Role of Educational Policies." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 4 (January 14, 2019): 699–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000788.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate cross-country variability in transition rates from unemployment to further education among young adults, as well as how barriers in educational systems affect these transition rates. Previous research on adult further education has largely neglected the role of policies, and has not taken unemployed people into account.Two dimensions of educational policies are investigated. (1) Barriers facing prospective students with regard to previous academic achievements (e.g. second chance opportunities); and (2) financial barriers (e.g. high costs). It is hypothesized that low barriers are associated with higher transition rates into education, especially for unemployed young adults with lower levels of education.The aim is approached by investigating how differences in transition rates across countries are linked to the design of educational policies. Cross-country standardised individual-level panel data from 29 European countries are taken from EU-SILC. Multilevel multinomial models are fitted.Results show that lower barriers in the education system are associated with higher probabilities that unemployed young adults leave unemployment to re-enter further education, although only partial support is found for the hypothesis that unemployed young adults with lower levels of education gain relatively more from low barriers. Low barriers are sometimes associated with lower transition rates into employment.
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Lee, R. "Look after the Pounds and the People Will Look after Themselves: Social Reproduction, Regulation, and Social Exclusion in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 10 (October 1995): 1577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a271577.
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In considering the nature of and route to a desired end point of transition, regulationist models may overlook or internalise the reproduction of labour. Against the background of growing and chronic unemployment in western Europe, an argument is made for the exogeneity of the social reproduction of labour. The conclusion makes a case for a return to considerations of moral, or the reconstruction of civil, economic geographies.
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Green, Anne, and Ilias Livanos. "Involuntary non-standard employment in Europe." European Urban and Regional Studies 24, no. 2 (December 29, 2015): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776415622257.
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In some countries in Europe the economic crisis starting in 2008 was marked not only by a rise in unemployment, but also by increases in individuals in part-time and temporary working, so emphasising the need to examine employment composition as well as non-employment. The promotion of non-standard forms of employment – such as part-time and temporary working – has been part of Europe’s employment agenda, but directives have also focused on raising the quality of such work. Using European Union Labour Force Survey data, an indicator of involuntary non-standard (part-time and temporary) employment (INE) is constructed, depicting a negative working condition. Descriptive analyses show important differences between countries in the incidence of INE, which is highest in Spain, Portugal and Poland, and also in the composition of INE. By contrast, INE tends to be lower in countries with Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare state models. Econometric analyses reveal that young workers, older workers, women, non-nationals, those with low education and those who were unemployed a year ago are at greatest risk of INE.
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Courtejoie, Noémie, Gina Zanella, and Benoît Durand. "Bluetongue transmission and control in Europe: A systematic review of compartmental mathematical models." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 156 (August 2018): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.012.
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Boyoukliev, Ivaylo V., Hristina N. Kulina, and Snezhana G. Gocheva-Ilieva. "Modelling and Forecasting of EUR/USD Exchange Rate Using Ensemble Learning Approach." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2022-0044.
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Abstract The aim of the study is to obtain an accurate result from forecasting the EUR/USD exchange rate. To this end, high-performance machine learning models using CART Ensembles and Bagging method have been developed. Key macroeconomic indicators have been also examined including inflation in Europe and the United States, the index of unemployment in Europe and the United States, and more. Official monthly data in the period from December 1998 to December 2021 have been studied. A careful analysis of the macroeconomic time series has shown that their lagged variables are suitable for model’s predictors. CART Ensembles and Bagging predictive models having been built, explaining up to 98.8% of the data with MAPE of 1%. The degree of influence of the considered macroeconomic indicators on the EUR/USD rate has been established. The models have been used for forecasting one-month-ahead. The proposed approach could find a practical application in professional trading, budgeting and currency risk hedging.
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Cheng, Qilong, Tiancheng Yu, Jingkai Yan, and Ru Wang. "Mathematical Models of Refugee Immigration and Recommendations of Policies." Journal of Mathematics Research 8, no. 6 (November 25, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v8n6p85.
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<p><span lang="EN-US">Over the past two years, <span>the refugee crisis resulted from the racial conflict, persecution, generalized violence and violations of human rights has forced an enormous </span>number of refugees to flee to Europe. Aiming to address the problem caused by the flow of refugees, we analyzed the actual procedure of their movement and divide it into three major stages. We designed the gathering model, the entering model, the transferring model, even the health and safety model. Finally, we used the models described above to complete our assigned tasks. Also we put forward seven major policy recommendations to the committee. We accompanied every policy with a straightforward explanation so that people without any technical background can easily understand our insights. The main strength of our model is that it can forecast the flow of immigration and provide meaningful suggestions policies for refugees. With the help of modern computing software, we can track the current tendency and make judges efficiently.</span></p>
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Dixon, Jeffrey C. "Understanding Perceived Worker Insecurity in Europe, 2002–2016: Economic Freedom and Neoliberalism as Alternative Theories?" Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419862233.
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This study engages theories of economic freedom and neoliberalism as alternative ways of understanding workers’ perceived job and labor market insecurity. The results of hierarchical ordered logit and linear models of multiple rounds/waves of European Social Survey and European Working Conditions Survey data between 2002 and 2016 reveal some support for one hypothesis derived from each set of theories in basic models: As theories of economic freedom anticipate, the levels of worker insecurity are generally lower in countries that are currently more “economically free”; as theories of neoliberalism anticipate, the levels of insecurity are higher in countries that have increased levels of economic freedom, or “neoliberalization,” in about the past five years, but this relationship is limited to pre-2010 survey data. Altogether, the findings, including of more complex models, suggest these theories account for worker insecurity in Europe, but neoliberalization’s effects are selective, unemployment also matters, and synthesis is needed.
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Ganic, Mehmed, and Agim Mamuti. "A Re-examination of the Validity of the Life Cycle Hypothesis (LCH): Evidence from Emerging Europe." Croatian Economic Survey 22, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15179/ces.22.2.3.
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The study aims to empirically explore the dependence of savings behavior on demographic changes in the context of the life cycle hypothesis (LCH) in a sample of 18 European transition and post transition countries. The empirical methodology is based on a multifactor modeling approach. The research estimates heterogeneous panel data models by employing three different heterogeneous coefficient estimators: mean group (MG) estimator, common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) estimator, and augmented mean group (AMG) estimator. The findings demonstrate that the LCH is confirmed in the case of European post-transition countries and rejected as inappropriate in European transition countries due to inconsistency of regression coefficients (age dependency, unemployment rate, urbanization, and health expenditure). The models and their findings presented in this study can be used in policymaking to predict dynamic interactions and variations among selected demographic variables in the determination of savings behavior.
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Brunetti, Irene, and Lorenzo Corsini. "School-to-work transition and vocational education: a comparison across Europe." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 8 (November 4, 2019): 1411–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2018-0061.
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Purpose Youth unemployment is one of the major problems that the economic systems face. Given this issue, the purpose of this paper is to assess whether school-to-work transition is easier for individuals with secondary vocational education compared to general secondary education. The authors want to explore which vocational systems across Europe produce better effects. Design/methodology/approach The authors use data from a module on “Entry of young people into the labour market” from the 2009 and 2014 European Labour Survey and they estimate multinomial probit models, allowing for violation of the irrelevance of the alternative assumption. Findings The authors find that in countries with the dual vocational system, vocational education improves employability both in the short and medium run, whereas in countries with a school-based vocational system, results are mixed and, only in some cases, the effect of vocational studies is significantly positive. Research limitations/implications Sample size for short-run analysis is a bit small in a few countries (Austria and Germany). Moreover, even if the authors have reason to believe that the methods adopted are mitigating the omitted heterogeneity issues and robustness checks are run on these aspects, these issues cannot be fully excluded. Practical implications The authors provide policy implications, showing that dual vocational systems can improve school-to-work transitions and that vocational structure is particularly effective in this case. Social implications The authors provide information on which education model may offer better chance in terms of labour outcomes. Originality/value Given the relevance of youth unemployment, the authors provide valuable information on how to mitigate this problem. The use of cross-country comparisons offers great insights on which vocational systems appear to be well-suited to enhance employability.
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Karpouzas, Dimitrios G., Stefano Cervelli, Hirozumi Watanabe, Ettore Capri, and Aldo Ferrero. "Pesticide exposure assessment in rice paddies in Europe: a comparative study of existing mathematical models." Pest Management Science 62, no. 7 (2006): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1216.
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Inanc, Hande, and Arne L. Kalleberg. "Institutions, Labor Market Insecurity, and Well-Being in Europe." Social Sciences 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060245.
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We examined the differences among seventeen European countries regarding the extent to which several key institutional and labor market characteristics affect the degrees of insecurity that people feel about their jobs and employment prospects, as well as their well-being (economic security and subjective well-being). We estimate how macrostructural factors affect well-being by fitting random-intercept multi-level models and decomposing the variance across national and individual levels, using data from the 2004 and 2010 European Social Surveys. We find that there is substantial country-level variation in labor market insecurity, economic security and subjective well-being. Active labor market policies, the generosity of unemployment benefits, and collective bargaining coverage explain a considerable portion of the identified differences among countries in labor market insecurity and well-being. The effects of employment protection legislation vary depending on whether the worker has a permanent or temporary contract. We did not find substantial differences between 2004 and 2010, suggesting that the effects of institutions and worker power on labor market insecurity and well-being reflect longer-term structural changes associated with the transformation of employment relations.
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Bihun, Roman, Vasyl Lytvyn, and Nazar Oleksiv. "Analysis of the State of Territorial Communities to Model Their Socio-Economic Development." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Ìnformacìjnì sistemi ta merežì 9 (June 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sisn2021.09.001.
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The problems of development of united territorial communities, in particular unemployment and economic problems, are considered. Communities, in most cases, lack the resources to address economic and other issues. Therefore, it is necessary to create self-sufficient communities in which there are enough financial instruments for their own development. The mathematical model of the decision support system for the development of territorial communities using the agro-industrial sector was considered. An important step in building a mathematical model of the agro-industrial complex is to take into account the specifics of agriculture. The article considers a mathematical model of linear multifactor regression, which describes the relationship between the number of resources expended and the volume of output. Since the processes of economics and production processes of agriculture are complex, it is difficult to describe them using only linear deterministic models. It is common for task variables to take some discrete values or values from a certain interval. This situation makes the search difficult.
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Simon, György. "The impact of the British model on economic growth." Ekonomski anali 52, no. 174-175 (2007): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0775045s.
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The paper is searching for an answer to the question how the British model affected economic development in its mother country, the United Kingdom. The statistical analysis, models of mathematical economics and econometric investigation make it probable to conclude that there was a substantial difference in success between the Thatcherite and the Blairite economic policies; the latter proved more effective. It is particularly remarkable that the Blairite model, connecting privatization with a successful employment policy, reduced unemployment and social sensitivity, has not only speeded up economic growth but also improved economic equilibrium, curtailing, among others, the budget deficit.
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Tasnim, Farah, and Md Kamrujjaman. "Dynamics of Spruce budworms and single species competition models with bifurcation analysis." Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal 9, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2020.09.00323.
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Choristoneura Fumiferana is perilous defoliators of forest lands in North America and many countries in Europe. In this study, we consider mathematical models in ecology, epidemiology and bifurcation studies; the spruce budworm model and the population model with harvesting. The study is designed based on bifurcation analysis. In particular, the results support population thresholds necessary for survival in certain cases. In a series of numerical examples, the outcomes are presented graphically to compare with bifurcation results.
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Bezverbny, Vadim A., and Sergey V. Pronichkin. "MODELING OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND LABOR POTENTIAL OF THE RYAZAN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4 (2020): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-4-03.
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The article is devoted to the assessment and forecasting of demographic indicators, gross regional product, employment, labor force and unemployment by industry in the Ryazan region until 2025-2050. The article analyzes the trends in the demographic development of the Ryazan region, including the dynamics of fertility, mortality and migration. The consequences of population aging and the peculiarities of changes in the age and sex structure of the region's population are also considered. To solve the problem of modeling and forecasting, economic and mathematical models have been developed that include the parameters of socio-economic development. The social component is based on a systematic approach to forecasting employment, depending on the anthropogenic load index, which takes into account life expectancy and standard of living, literacy of the population, crime rate, ecological state and other indicators of socio-economic development of the region. The economic component uses econometric analysis by types of economic activities in the Ryazan region, as well as time series analysis to predict employment in both the medium and short term. In terms of the labor market, the labor force is forecasted taking into account the socio-economic effect of hidden unemployment. In conclusion, forecasts are made about the dynamics of unemployment in the Ryazan region and the influence of demographic factors on the formation of the labor force.
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Vicente, Maria R., and Ana J. López. "Figuring Figures: Exploring Europeans’ Knowledge of Official Economic Statistics." Journal of Official Statistics 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1051–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2017-0049.
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AbstractEconomic issues have been a major concern for Europeans in the last few years. In this context, it is reasonable to suppose that people are aware of the main economic figures regarding Europe. But are they really familiar with them? Do they know what the rates of growth, unemployment and inflation are?The aim of this article is to explore the level of knowledge of these three economic indicators among Europeans. Several regression models are specified and estimated in order to identify the relationship between an individual’s knowledge and their socioeconomic profile, use of the Internet, perceived importance of economic issues and official statistics and trust in them. Cross-country differences are also assessed.
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Schweikert, Jochen, and Markus Höchstötter. "Epidemiological spreading of mortgage default." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2017-0047.
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Purpose This paper aims to introduce mathematical models to capture the spreading of epidemics to explain the expansion of mortgage default events in the USA. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the state of infectiousness and death to represent the subsequent steps of payment elinquency and default, respectively. As the local economic structure influences regional unemployment, which is a strong driver of mortgage default, the authors model interdependencies of regional mortgage default rates through employment conditions and vicinity. Findings Based on a large sample between 2000 and 2014 of loan-level data, the estimation of key parameters of the model is proposed. The model’s forecast accuracy shows an above-average performance compared to well-known approaches such as linear regression or logit models. Originality/value The key findings may be useful in understanding the dynamics of mortgage defaults and its spatial spreading.
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Zianis, Dimitris, Petteri Muukkonen, Raisa Mäkipää, and Maurizio Mencuccini. "Biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in Europe." Silva Fennica Monographs 2005, no. 4 (2005): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.sfm4.
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A review of stem volume and biomass equations for tree species growing in Europe is presented. The mathematical forms of the empirical models, the associated statistical parameters and information about the size of the trees and the country of origin were collated from scientific articles and from technical reports. The total number of the compiled equations for biomass estimation was 607 and for stem volume prediction it was 230. The analysis indicated that most of the biomass equations were developed for aboveground tree components. A relatively small number of equations were developed for southern Europe. Most of the biomass equations were based on a few sampled sites with a very limited number of sampled trees. The volume equations were, in general, based on more representative data covering larger geographical regions. The volume equations were available for major tree species in Europe. The collected information provides a basic tool for estimation of carbon stocks and nutrient balance of forest ecosystems across Europe as well as for validation of theoretical models of biomass allocation.
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Železník, Martin. "Labour Market in the Czech Republic: Dsge Approach." Review of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 225–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2018-0011.
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Abstract This paper deals with the comparison of two versions of the DSGE model, supplemented with labour market frictions, based on different data used. One of the data sets has been pre-filtered with the HP filter (lambda set to 1) to get rid of any noise and the other with the original data series with measurement errors allowed. I compare the models with the following tools: parameters estimation, impulse response analysis, standard deviation and cross-correlations and recursive forecast. I also present the historical shock decomposition of the labour market variables to provide the explanation of the development in the Czech labour market, which is considered the most efficient labour market in Europe of the last couple of years with the lowest unemployment rate.
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Pavel, M. D., M. White, G. D. Padfield, G. Roth, M. Hamers, and A. Taghizad. "Validation of mathematical models for helicopter flight simulators past, present and future challenges." Aeronautical Journal 117, no. 1190 (April 2013): 343–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000008058.
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Abstract At the heart of a flight simulator resides the mathematical representation of aircraft behaviour in response to control inputs, atmospheric disturbances and system inputs including failures and malfunctions. While this mathematical model can never be wholly accurate, its fidelity, in comparison with real world behaviour, underpins the usefulness of the flight simulator. The present paper examines the state of the art achieved in validating mathematical models for helicopter simulators, addressing the strengths and weaknesses of the present European standard for the qualification of helicopter flight simulators, JAR FSTD-H (previously JAR-STD-1H/2H/3H). Essential questions are examined, such as: What is the required model fidelity to guarantee a simulation is sufficiently representative to be fit for purpose? Are the tolerances set in the current standards fine enough that they lead to only minor changes in handling qualities? What is an acceptable tuning process for the simulation? What is the effect of modelling fidelity on the overall pilot control strategy? What is the relationship between the settings of the simulator cueing environment and the behaviour of the pilot? What is the industrial experience on qualification of flight simulators that might usefully inform developments? Many of these questions were addressed in Europe in a previous GARTEUR Action Group (AG) HC/AG-12 the results of which are documented in this paper. Solutions are proposed for improving the current JAR-FSTD standard with respect to validation of mathematical models.
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Grabusts, Peteris. "VISUALIZATION CAPABILITIES OF SIMULATION OF ECONOMIC PROCESSES." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 8 (October 24, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2016vol1.8.1479.
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Educational experience shows that during the research process researchers perceive graphical information better than analytical relationships. Many economic courses operate with models that were previously available only in mathematics and physics disciplines. As a possible solution, there could be the use of the package Matlab Simulink in the realization of different algorithms both for engineering disciplines and economic studies. The article substantiates the usefulness of implementing the simulation models during the early stage of the research, when in parallel to acquiring analytical relations, simulation models may be introduced. The aim of the article is to show Matlab Simulink suitability for the purpose of visualizing simulation models of various economic disciplines. To reach the aim, the following research tasks have been set: identification of Matlab Simulink possibilities for simulation of economic processes; demonstrate visualization models on the basis of examples; visualization of time series model using Latgale unemployment rate data. The article presents examples of using simulation modeling in the economic research processes - optimal tax rate searching and time series application. Common research methods are used in this research: descriptive research method, statistical method, mathematical modeling.
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Soon, Jan-Jan. "Flags and anthems: naturalisation effects on income and employment." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 4 (April 10, 2017): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2015-0179.
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Purpose Even though Europe has recently undergone a difficult time and is recovering from the aftermath of prevalent unemployment, immigrants are still flocking towards Europe and taking up citizenships of their host countries through naturalisation. The purpose of this paper is to look at the how naturalised immigrants fare in terms of income and employment chances, compared to immigrants. Design/methodology/approach Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and the 2008 European Values Study integrated data set with a final sample of 4,460 observations, this paper isolates the causal effect of naturalisation on the income and employment chances of immigrants by exploiting exogenous variations generated by the eligibility rules for naturalisation in 41 European countries. Findings Main findings show that the probability of being naturalised increases for eligible immigrants, income and employment chances increase for eligible immigrants, and income and employment chances increase for naturalised immigrants. Research limitations/implications This study has a data limitation, where in using the discontinuity design, there is an unbalanced number of observations to the left and right of the design’s threshold value. Originality/value There are limited studies using causal models or potential outcome frameworks to examine the effect of immigrant naturalisation on labour market outcomes in Europe. This study fills this gap.
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Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.
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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
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Strzelecka, Elżbieta. "Network Model of Revitalization in the Cittaslow Cities of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 16, no. 3 (December 18, 2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.350.
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The aim of this article is to present a network model of a revitalization of small towns unique in Poland and even in Europe . Fourteen small towns in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship, thanks to their membership in the Cittaslow City network and the establishment of the Polish Cittaslow Association, received significant funds for their development under the Supralocal Revitalization Program of the Network of Cittaslow Cities for 2014–2020. This program is based on a hybrid model of urban development, which was created from the overlap of financial models (ERDF, ESF funds, own funds) and the so-called “social” revitalization model on developing in Poland Cittaslow model oriented to a good quality of life. This is an example of the efficient use by the network of cooperating cities of economies of scale in competing with other urban centers for development measures. Thanks to the unified diagnosis of existing problems in the physical, economic and social space of these cities (delimitation areas, delimitation indicators: unemployment rate and share of people using social assistance in the area revitalized in relation to the entire city), differentiated urban activities were undertaken in integrated financial projects that concerned the restriction of various social dysfunctions, including the problem of unemployment.
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Zanasi, Francesca, Gustavo De Santis, and Elena Pirani. "Lifelong Disadvantage and Late Adulthood Frailty." Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jal2010002.
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Frailty is a complex state of objective and subjective vulnerability. It tends to increase with age, but the process is influenced by previous life course, especially previous disadvantages. The aim of this paper is to examine how the disadvantages suffered in adulthood (25 to 59 years) in four domains (unemployment, financial hardship, stress, and bad health) affect frailty in late adulthood (60 to 79 years). Using linear regression models on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (2004–2017), we estimate frailty levels for several age groups (60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79) accounting for both the persistence of these disadvantages over time and their coexistence, i.e., the number of years when they were simultaneously experienced. Results show that while frailty increases with age, as expected, there is also evidence of an accumulation of risks: the longer the periods of adult life affected by unemployment, stress, financial hardship or, most importantly, bad health, the frailer individuals are in their late years. Furthermore, periods of coexisting disadvantages in adulthood translate into additional frailty in late life. Our findings highlight the importance of fighting disadvantages early in life: long-term improvements in terms of reduced frailty (a concept interrelated with health) may be substantial.
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Ortenzi, Flaminia, Emiliano Albanese, and Marta Fadda. "A Transdisciplinary Analysis of COVID-19 in Italy: The Most Affected Country in Europe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249488.
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As of 27 March 2020, 199 countries and territories and one international conveyance are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As of the same date, Italy represents the third country worldwide in total number of cases and the first one in total number of deaths. The purpose of this study is to analyse the Italian case and identify key problem questions and lessons learned from the Italian experience. The study initially provides a general overview of the country’s characteristics and health care system, followed by a detailed description of the Italian epidemiological picture regarding COVID-19. Afterwards, all non-pharmaceutical measures adopted by the Government against COVID-19 are presented in chronological order. The study explores some estimations of the economic impact of the epidemic, as well as its implications for society, lifestyle, and social media reactions. Finally, the study refers to two types of mathematical models to predict the evolution of the spread of COVID-19 disease. Having considered all of the above-mentioned aspects, some significant issues can be raised, including the following: (1) the available epidemiological data presents some gaps and potential biases; (2) mathematical models always come with high levels of uncertainty; (3) the high number of deaths should be interpreted in light of the national demographic context; and (4) the long-term management of the epidemic remains an open question. In conclusion, the Italian experience definitely highlights the importance of preparedness and early action, effective interventions and risk communication.
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A. Bogatenkov, S., V. A. Belevitin, and M. L. Khasanova. "Risk Management Based on Model of Competences when Introducing Innovative Information Technology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24324.
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Economic expediency and attractiveness of life quality improving are accompanied by risks of increasing instability and possible collapse of the world system. Forecasts of the labour market change connected with automation of working places and mass unemployment cause concerns. The task of risk management in the personnel training system for introduction of new information technology is considered. The purpose of the research is development of the methodology based on the models of competences including requirements for safe application of information-measuring systems, as well as for an education level, work experience and permit-to-work documents in new conditions. A complex of new mathematical models, methods and technologies providing safety of the process of information technology introduction owing to the systemic approach to risk minimization is taken as a basis of the methodology. Invariant models provide economic effectiveness of processes of designing the system of safety and planning of educational paths. Models of personal paths of development and classes of competences provide didactic safety. Decision-making methods provide information, psychological, social and economic safety of the process of information technology introduction. The methodology is realised when introducing distance learning technologies in educational organisations of Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk region.
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Ghaffar Khan, Abdul, Imran -, Hayat Zada, Ansar Hussain, and Tariq Mahmood. "Mathematical Modeling and Review of Pine Wilt Disease." Energy and Earth Science 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v5n3p26.
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Pine Wilt Disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes significant losses in coniferous forests in eastern Asia, including Japan, China, and South Korea, as well as western Europe, including Portugal. The results of the research papers given at the International Symposium on Pine Wilt Disease (IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03) in Nanjing, China, in July 2009 are summarized in this article. The basic themes discussed included pine wilt disease (PWD), the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD, such as bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens). The majority of the papers are based on PWD-PWN research in East Asia and Russia. The following are some of the specific topics covered: 1) fundamental concepts of PWD development, 2) pathogenicity, 3) host-parasite relationships, including histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4) PWN life cycle and transmission, 5) B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6) associations (with other nematodes), 7) diagnostics, 8) quarantine and control of the PWN and 9) biocontrol of the PWN.
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Deshko, Valeriі, Inna Bilous, Dmytro Biriukov, and Olena Yatsenko. "Transient Energy Models of Housing Facilities Operation." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 23 (2021): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2021.038.
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Buildings are the main consumer of energy resources in the total energy balance of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the main energy consumption is allocated for heating. Efficient use of energy resources for heating needs to a large extent depends on the efficiency of regulation of heating systems. In the article, dynamic mathematical models of a two-room typical apartment in Ukraine, built in 2016, were developed in Matlab and EnergyPlus software environment. The simulations were carried out using IWEC hourly climate data for the city of Kyiv. The results of simulations of thermal energy consumption in Matlab are characterized by a larger range of fluctuations of the heating system load, which is typical for the real operating conditions of the system with the controller of ON/OFF type. In EnergyPlus it is assumed that the gas boiler operates continuously in the ON mode. In the research, the change of load on the apartment heating system was studied at different numbers and locations of air temperature control sensors installation, according to which the controller of the autonomous gas boiler operates.
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Strien, Hans-Christoph. "‘Robust chronologies’ or ‘Bayesian illusion’? Some critical remarks on the use of chronological modelling." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-13.
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The explanatory power of Bayesian chronological modelling is often overestimated, leading to an uncritical belief in the reliability of each isolated model without the necessary look at archaeological connections between different models. The methodical pitfalls of this approach, especially in combination with inaccurate use of typochronological methods, are highlighted for Linear Pottery Culture (ger. Linienbandkeramik – LBK) and Middle Neolithic chronological models from Central Europe (Jakucs et al. 2016; Denaire et al. 2017; Bánffy et al. 2018). A more critical approach to Bayesian modelling, considering possible mathematical artefacts and the deficits of the actual calibration curve as well as the inherent imprecision of the used typochronological dates, seems to be required.
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Strien, Hans-Christoph. "‘Robust chronologies’ or ‘Bayesian illusion’? Some critical remarks on the use of chronological modelling." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.13.
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The explanatory power of Bayesian chronological modelling is often overestimated, leading to an uncritical belief in the reliability of each isolated model without the necessary look at archaeological connections between different models. The methodical pitfalls of this approach, especially in combination with inaccurate use of typochronological methods, are highlighted for Linear Pottery Culture (ger. Linienbandkeramik – LBK) and Middle Neolithic chronological models from Central Europe (Jakucs et al. 2016; Denaire et al. 2017; Bánffy et al. 2018). A more critical approach to Bayesian modelling, considering possible mathematical artefacts and the deficits of the actual calibration curve as well as the inherent imprecision of the used typochronological dates, seems to be required.
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Seda, Pavel, Milos Seda, and Jiri Hosek. "On Mathematical Modelling of Automated Coverage Optimization in Wireless 5G and beyond Deployments." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 8853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248853.
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The need to optimize the deployment and maintenance costs for service delivery in wireless networks is an essential task for each service provider. The goal of this paper was to optimize the number of service centres (gNodeB) to cover selected customer locations based on the given requirements. This optimization need is especially emerging in emerging 5G and beyond cellular systems that are characterized by a large number of simultaneously connected devices, which is typically difficult to handle by the existing wireless systems. Currently, the network infrastructure planning tools used in the industry include Atoll Radio Planning Tool, RadioPlanner and others. These tools do not provide an automatic selection of a deployment position for specific gNodeB nodes in a given area with defined requirements. To design a network with those tools, a great deal of manual tasks that could be reduced by more sophisticated solutions are required. For that reason, our goal here and our main contribution of this paper were the development of new mathematical models that fit the currently emerging scenarios of wireless network deployment and maintenance. Next, we also provide the design and implementation of a verification methodology for these models through provided simulations. For the performance evaluation of the models, we utilize test datasets and discuss a case study scenario from a selected district in Central Europe.
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UZLAU, MARILENA CARMEN, NICOLAE MIHAILESCU, CORINA MARIA ENE, CONSTANTIN AURELIAN IONESCU, LILIANA PASCHIA, NICOLETA LUMINITA GUDANESCU NICOLAU, MIHAELA DENISA COMAN, and SORINA GEANINA STANESCU. "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMETRIC INDICATORS IN THE FIELD OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN SEVEN STATES OF EUROPEAN UNION." Journal of Science and Arts 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-20.3-a15.
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The mathematical analysis presented in this study identifies models of the dynamics of total tax collections and social contributions per inhabitant according to the gross domestic product per inhabitant from 2009 to 2018 for seven states in Eastern Europe by linear regression equations. The models are statistically confirmed as viable models because the required conditions for formulating this assessment are met. This study has the value and usefulness of preventive information for the correction and substantiation of individual governmental and community decisions, in order to homogenize both from the point of view of the fiscal behavior of each state and the point of view of economic development, in correlation with a financial and budgetary policy to maintain macroeconomic balances and economic stability.
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De la Poza, E., L. Jódar, and A. Pricop. "Mathematical Modeling of the Propagation of Democratic Support of Extreme Ideologies in Spain: Causes, Effects, and Recommendations for Its Stop." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/729814.
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This paper deals with the construction of a discrete population mathematical model for the short-term forecast until January 2016 of the electoral support of extreme ideology parties in Spain. Firstly, the nontrivial concept of extreme ideology is stated. Then, the electoral register is split in three subpopulations: supporters of extremist parties, abstentions/blank voters, and supporters of establishment parties. The model takes into account the following variables: economy measured throughout the Spanish unemployment rate; demography quantified in terms of birth and death rates and emigration; sociopolitical situation measured by the Spanish poverty indicator, trust on the Government labor indicator (GLI), and the indicator of political trust. By considering the dynamic subpopulations transits built throughout data obtained from public and private prestigious institutions and sociopolitical analysis, a system of difference equations models the electoral population behavior in Spain allowing us to compute the expected electoral support in the time horizon of January 2016. Sensitivity analysis versus uncertain parameters is performed in order to improve the reliability of the model results.
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Bihun, Roman, Vasyl Lytvyn, and Nazar Oleksiv. "Mathematical modeling and analysis of the development of territorial communities." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 2(59) (June 30, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.232788.
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This article examines the problems of the development of united territorial communities, in particular, unemployment and economic problems. The object of the research is the improvement of territorial communities on the example of the Lviv region (Ukraine). One of the most problematic areas is the fact that communities, in most cases, do not have enough funds to solve economic and other problems. The study uses the idea of the need to create self-sufficient communities with a sufficient number of financial instruments for their own development. The mathematical model of the decision support system for the development of territorial communities using the agro-industrial sector is also considered. An important step in building a mathematical model of the agro-industrial complex is taking into account the specifics of agriculture. The paper considers a mathematical model of linear and multifactorial regression, which describes the relationship between the amount of resources expended and the volume of output. Since the processes in the economy and production processes in agriculture are complex, it is difficult to describe them using only linear deterministic models. A common case is when task variables take some discrete values or values from a specific one. This situation makes the search difficult. To build a mathematical model for the development of territorial communities and study the fact that the development of agro-industry will improve the overall economic situation of the territorial community, correlation and regression analysis, the Farrar-Glauber method and the method of least squares are used. Thanks to the listed instruments, the statement is formed that the regulation of key factors of economic indicators of the agricultural sector can positively affect the growth of the economic component of territorial communities. The created mathematical model clearly forms the conclusion that agriculture in local communities can become an economic engine of community development, taking into account regional conditions.
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Speck, Olga, and Thomas Speck. "Biomimetics and Education in Europe: Challenges, Opportunities, and Variety." Biomimetics 6, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6030049.
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Biomimetics is an interdisciplinary field of science that deals with the analysis and systematic transfer of biological insights into technical applications. Moreover, the development of biomimetic products helps to improve our understanding of biological concept generators (reverse biomimetics). What does this mean for the education of kindergarten children, pupils, students, teachers, and others interested in biomimetics? The challenge of biomimetics is to have a solid knowledge base in the scientific disciplines involved and the competency to be open-minded enough to develop innovative solutions. This apparently contradictory combination ensures the transfer of knowledge from biology to engineering and vice versa on the basis of a common language that is perfectly understandable to everyone, e.g., the language of models, algorithms, and complete mathematical formulations. The opportunity within biomimetics is its ability to arouse student interest in technology via the fascination inherent in biological solutions and to awaken enthusiasm for living nature via the understanding of technology. Collaboration in working groups promotes professional, social, and personal skills. The variety of biomimetics is mirrored by the large number of educational modules developed with respect to existing biomimetic products and methods.
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Helena Božić. "THE PURPOSES AND METHODS OF ENERGY SYSTEM MODELING." Journal of Energy - Energija 55, no. 5 (January 20, 2023): 530–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2006555398.
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This article describes the purpose of energy system modeling and the classification of planning models according to approaches and methodologies. The advent of modern computers and computer programs has simplified the use of planning models. Such models employ powerful mathematical algorithms and databases which can solve highly complex problems in a relatively short time. This has led to energy-ecology-economy (E3) models, which are simultaneously able to consider questions in connection with energy supply, ecology and economics. The characteristics of a MARKAL model are presented separately through an example of integration with other planning models. It is demonstrated that the application of an optimizing MARKAL model for the planning of the energy supply system of the Republic of Croatia is of great significance for the analysis of the energy market of South Eastern Europe, the use of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and emission trading.
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Dvouletý, Ondřej. "Does the Self-employment Policy Reduce Unemployment and Increase Employment? Empirical Evidence from the Czech Regions." Central European Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0032.
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Abstract Empirical evidence related to the effectivity and outcomes of the self-employment programmes in the Central and Eastern Europe is still very rare, despite the important role of entrepreneurship in the economic development of post-communist economies. The main purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the impact of self-employment subsidy for unemployed in the Czech NUTS 3 regions for the period of years 2012–2015 to provide policy makers supportive material useful for policy adjustments. The study applies quantitative research framework, which is based on the construction of econometric models. Estimated regression models with region fixed effects supported the negative association between the amount of supported self-employed and unemployment rates in the Czech regions. This finding is theoretically framed by the theory of necessity entrepreneurship. Positive spillover of the programme (‘a double dividend’), was econometrically tested on the regional employment rates. Obtained estimates found that there is a positive contemporaneous relationship (weakly significant) between the number of supported self-employed and the employment rates but not in the lag. Analysis of the costs revealed that the costs of self-employment programme are not that high, if one takes into account the alternative costs of unemployment benefits paid to the unemployed and social insurance paid back to the state by the newly established self-employed. Therefore, this tool of active labour market policy has a potential of wider usage. Nevertheless, the applied empirical strategy was based on the regional level and has its limitations. Provided results need to be interpreted cautiously, without any causal inference, because the true outcomes of the programme could be analysed only on the level of supported individuals. Future research should therefore challenge the effectiveness of the start-up subsidy programmes in the Czech Republic on the level of individuals, with focus on the survival rates of subsidized businesses and incomes of their formerly unemployed owners.
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Smardzewski, Jerzy, Wojciech Batko, Tadeusz Kamisiński, Artur Flach, Artur Pilch, Dorota Dziurka, Radosław Mirski, Edward Roszyk, and Adam Majewski. "Experimental study of wood acoustic absorption characteristics." Holzforschung 68, no. 4 (May 1, 2014): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0160.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine normal impedance on the surface as well as sound absorption coefficients for several wood species from Europe and from the tropical zone. The mathematical models of Miki, Attenborough, and Allard – dealing with acoustic properties of porous materials – have also been compared. The air flow resistivity exhibits a distinct link between fiber dimensions and wood porosity. The highest sound absorption coefficient was found for oak, ash, sapeli, and pine woods at 2 kHz frequency. The Attenborough model provides results closest to laboratory measurements, although it still requires significant improvements. The Miki and Allard models have some drawbacks and should be applied with reservation for the determination of wood acoustic properties.
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Perekrest, Vladimir T., and Igor V. Perekrest. "REGIONAL FEATURES OF STATE REGULATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPLOYMENT SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RESULTS OF ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE SYSTEM OF REGIONAL LABOR MARKETS." Economy of the North-West: problems and prospects of development 1, no. 64 (2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/2411-4588-2021-1-50-59.
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The article considers the results of the analysis of the problem of state regulation of the sphere of employment-prevention, prevention and mitigation of unemployment as a key indicator of the state of the spatial economic system. The subjects of the study are the subject of the Russian Federation – the regional level, the federal district of the Russian Federation – the macro – regional level and Russia as a whole-the macro-level. The proposed approach for solving these problems is based on symmetric models of institutional interaction of supply and demand in regional labor markets and a conceptual scheme for selecting applicants in the system of basic competence modules. The main conceptual and technological tools are: typological modeling of the LM of Russia by methods of nonlinear nonparametric analysis in the R-scaling format, as well as multi-criteria balance technologies for representing and analyzing the interaction of supply and demand on RLM.Examples of the results of mapping the main objects of the constructed factor models in the form of typological planes, which depict the states of the observed objects-subjects of the Russian Federation in the corresponding system of integral indicators
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Marszk, Adam, and Ewa Lechman. "Application of Diffusion Models in the Analysis of Financial Markets: Evidence on Exchange Traded Funds in Europe." Risks 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8010018.
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Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are financial innovations that may be considered as a part of the index financial instruments category, together with stock index derivatives. The aim of this paper is to explore the trajectories and formulates predictions regarding the spread of ETFs on the financial markets in six European countries. It demonstrates ETFs’ development trajectories with regard to stock index futures and options that may be considered as their substitutes, e.g., in risk management. In this paper, we use mathematical models of the diffusion of innovation that allow unveiling the evolutionary patterns of turnover of ETFs; the time span of the analysis is 2004–2015, i.e., the period of dynamic changes on the European ETF markets. Such an approach has so far rarely been applied in this field of research. Our findings indicate that the development of ETF markets has been strongest in Italy and France and weaker in the other countries, especially Poland and Hungary. The results highlight significant differences among European countries and prove that diffusion has not taken place in all the cases; there are also considerable differences in the predicted development paths.