Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models'

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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models"

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Panichella, Nazareno. "Economic crisis and occupational integration of recent immigrants in Western Europe." International Sociology 33, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917742002.

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There are two models of inclusion of recent immigrants in Western Europe. In the Continental model immigrants are penalized in terms of both probabilities of being employed and job quality. In the Mediterranean one there is a stronger trade-off between a limited risk of unemployment and a lower job quality. Did the recession foster a convergence or a divergence between these two models? This article focuses on this issue and analyses the integration of immigrants in 10 countries, using EU-LFS data (2005–2012) and considering two occupational outcomes: the probability of being employed, and the probability of avoiding the unskilled working class. It also studies the turnover between unemployment and dependent employment. The crisis generated a partial and limited convergence between the two models, involving only male immigrants living in Southern Europe. In these countries immigrants experienced higher risks of unemployment because the crisis diminished their turnover between unemployment and dependent employment.
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Aurachman, Rio. "Model Matematika Dampak Industri 4.0 terhadap Ketenagakerjaan Menggunakan Pendekatan Sistem." Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 18, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v18.n1.p14-24.2019.

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The objective of this research was to provide a mathematical model that can explain the relationship between the unemployment rate, openness to technology, and people development initiatives to overcome technology development. These research discussions were carried out in the context of predicted technological developments related to Industry 4.0 which caused the loss of several jobs and formed new business models that will provide new jobs. The method used is to using system approach so that mathematical modeling can be obtained from Influence Diagrams which have been designed in previous research. Mathematical models illustrate that openness to technology is directly proportional to the number of unemployed. And the unemployment rate is inversely proportional to the level of human resource development. Development of human resources that are too large without being carried out with openness and technological progress, can also cause unemployment. This mathematical model can be used as a decision maker to understand and establish appropriate policies in the face of this Industry 4.0 change.
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Elhorst, J. P. "The Nonutilisation of Human Capital in Regional Labour Markets across Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 5 (May 1998): 901–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300901.

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In this paper the author investigates the extent to which regional Europe exceeds its minimum level of nonemployment by estimating a stochastic frontier model. This surplus is called the ‘inefficiency of regional labour markets’—the degree to which potential labour-force resources among the nonparticipants could be further mobilised given the actual unemployment rate. Starting with 130 regions across eight member states of the European Union, two nonemployment frontier models are estimated, one for men and one for women, with annual data derived from Eurostat, 1983–89. It turns out that, on average, 1.9% of the male and 4.8% of the female working-age population could be further mobilised, and that, consequently, the actual unemployment rate is underestimated by 2.8% overall. In addition, a test has been performed as to whether the inefficiency estimates are related to participation, employment, or unemployment figures. It appears that unemployment figures in particular are extremely bad predictors.
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Russell, Helen, Janine Leschke, and Mark Smith. "Balancing flexibility and security in Europe? The impact of unemployment on young peoples’ subjective well-being." European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119840570.

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We examine the relationship between ‘flexicurity’ systems, unemployment and well-being outcomes for young people in Europe. A key tenet of the flexicurity approach is that greater flexibility of labour supply supports transitions into employment, trading longer-term employment stability for short-term job instability. However, there is a risk that young people experience greater job insecurity, both objective and subjective, with less stable contracts and more frequent unemployment spells. Our research draws on data from the European Social Survey and uses multi-level models to explore whether and how flexibility-security arrangements moderate the effect of past and present unemployment on the well-being of young people. We distinguish between flexibility-security institutions that foster improved job prospects and those that provide financial security.
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UNGUREANU, Laura, Madalina CONSTANTINESCU, and Cristina POPÎRLAN. "Nonlinear Models Used to Analyze the Relation between Inflation and Unemployment." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/arle.v11.2(48).37.

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Many mathematical models have been developed in the last years in order to analyze economic phenomena and processes. Some of these models are optimization models, static or dynamic, while others are developed specially to study the evolution of economic phenomena. The topic of this paper is forecasting with nonlinear models. A few well-known nonlinear models are introduced, and their properties are discussed. The variety of nonlinear relationships is important both from the perspective of estimation and from the precision of forecasts in the medium and especially long term. Most nonlinear forecasting methods and all methods based on neural networks lead to predictions that have a better quality than the forecasts obtained by linear methods. The last section of this paper contains a detailed study of the relationship between inflation and unemployment and a numerical application with numerical data from Romania.
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Gil-Alana, Luis A. "The persistence of unemployment in the USA and Europe in terms of fractionally ARIMA models." Applied Economics 33, no. 10 (August 2001): 1263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840010007137.

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König-Castillo, Deirdre Maria, Johannes Ott, Daniel König, Marlene Hager, Maike Katja Kahr, and Georg Dorffner. "Influence of Obesity and Unemployment on Fertility Rates: A Multinational Analysis of 30 Countries from 1976 to 2014." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051152.

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Background: The rationale of a postulated decrease in fertility rate development is still being debated. Among the multiple influencing factors, socioeconomic variables and their complex influence are of particular interest. Methods: Data on socioeconomic and health variables from 1976–2014 of 30 countries within the OECD region were analysed for their respective influence on fertility rates by using mixed-effect regression models. Results: A significant negative influence of the increase in unemployment rate on the following year’s changes in fertility rate in Western (−0.00256; p < 0.001) as well as Eastern European (−0.0034; p < 0.001) countries was revealed. The effect of being overweight was significant for Western European (−0.00256; p < 0.001) countries only. When analysing the whole OECD region, an increase in unemployment retained its significant negative influence on the fertility rate (−0.0028; p < 0.001), while being overweight did not. Interestingly, divergent influences of time were revealed and fertility rates increased with time in Eastern Europe while they decreased in Western Europe. Conclusion: Importantly, a significant negative influence of increase in unemployment on the fertility rate was revealed—irrespective of the region and time analysed. Furthermore, an adverse effect of being overweight on the fertility rate in Western European countries was revealed. Interestingly, time was associated with a decreasing fertility rate in Western but not in Eastern Europe.
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BENNETT, JENNY, and KATJA MÖHRING. "Cumulative (Dis)advantage? The Impact of Labour Market Policies on Late Career Employment from a Life Course Perspective." Journal of Social Policy 44, no. 2 (November 11, 2014): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279414000816.

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AbstractWe investigate the labour market situation of older individuals in Europe in relation to their previous employment history as well as the regulations relating to employment protection legislation and early retirement. Specifically, we look at the competing risks of early retirement and late career unemployment. The central research question is whether policy effects differ according to the characteristics of an individual's previous work history. We employ data for twelve European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) and estimate multilevel regression models. The results show different mechanisms for the risks of unemployment and early retirement. Late career unemployment results from individual factors related to fragmented careers, marginal employment and short tenures. In the case of early retirement, we find the interplay of individual and policy factors to be crucial. Persons with consistent careers have an increased probability of early retirement, but only in countries with generous early retirement benefits. However, employment protection legislation appears to counteract early retirement for this group of individuals. We conclude that policy factors do not have uniform effects for older individuals, but should rather be viewed against the background of previous developments in individual career paths.
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Granitsa, Yu V. "Using distributed lag models to predict regional budget revenues." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.6.1154.

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Subject. The article addresses projections of regional budget revenues, using distributed lag models. Objectives. The purpose is to review economic and statistical tools that are suitable for the analysis of relationship between the revenues of the regional budget system and regional macroeconomic predictors. Methods. The study draws on statistical, constructive, economic and mathematical methods of analysis. Results. In models with quantitative variables obtained under the Almon method, the significant predictors in the forecasting of regional budget revenues are determined mainly by the balanced financial result, the consumer price index, which characterizes inflation processes in the region, and the unemployment rate being the key indicator of the labor market. Models with quantitative variables obtained through the Koyck transformation are characterized by a wider range of predictors, the composition of which is determined by the peculiarities of economic situation in regions. The two-year forecast provides the average lag obtained during the evaluation of the models. The exception is the impact of unemployment rate, which is characterized as long-term. Conclusions. To generate forecasts of budget parameters, the results of both the Koyck method and the Almon method should be considered, though the former is more promising.
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HÖGBERG, BJÖRN. "Transitions from Unemployment to Education in Europe: The Role of Educational Policies." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 4 (January 14, 2019): 699–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000788.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate cross-country variability in transition rates from unemployment to further education among young adults, as well as how barriers in educational systems affect these transition rates. Previous research on adult further education has largely neglected the role of policies, and has not taken unemployed people into account.Two dimensions of educational policies are investigated. (1) Barriers facing prospective students with regard to previous academic achievements (e.g. second chance opportunities); and (2) financial barriers (e.g. high costs). It is hypothesized that low barriers are associated with higher transition rates into education, especially for unemployed young adults with lower levels of education.The aim is approached by investigating how differences in transition rates across countries are linked to the design of educational policies. Cross-country standardised individual-level panel data from 29 European countries are taken from EU-SILC. Multilevel multinomial models are fitted.Results show that lower barriers in the education system are associated with higher probabilities that unemployed young adults leave unemployment to re-enter further education, although only partial support is found for the hypothesis that unemployed young adults with lower levels of education gain relatively more from low barriers. Low barriers are sometimes associated with lower transition rates into employment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models"

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Janiak, Alexandre. "Essais sur la mobilité géographique, sectorielle et intra-sectorielle en périodes de changement structurel : le rôle du capital humain, du capital social et de l'ouverture aux échanges." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210600.

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Résumé de la thèse d’Alexandre Janiak intitulée « Essais sur la mobilité géographique, sectorielle et intra-sectorielle en périodes de changement structurel »

Le changement structurel est un processus nécessaire qui améliore considérablement les conditions de vie dans nos sociétés. Il peut découler par exemple de l'introduction de nouvelles avancées technologiques qui permettent d'augmenter à long terme la productivité agrégée dans nos économies. En retour, la hausse de la productivité a un impact sur notre consommation de tous les jours. Elle nous permet notamment de vivre dans un plus grand confort. Les individus peuvent alors s'épanouir dans leur ensemble. Il est évident que le changement structurel peut prendre d'autres formes que celle du changement technologique, mais il est souvent issu d'une transformation des forces qui influencent les marchés et en général aboutit à long terme à une amélioration du bien-être global.

Mais le changement structurel est aussi un processus douloureux. Il peut durer plusieurs décennies et, durant cette période, nous sommes beaucoup à devoir en supporter les coûts. Comme nous allons l'illustrer dans ce chapitre introductif, le changement structurel a pour conséquence une modification du rapport aux facteurs de production, ce qui alors mène à modifier l'ensemble des prix relatifs qui caractérisent une économie. En particulier, la modification des prix est due à une transformation des demandes relatives de facteurs. Ces derniers se révèlent alors inutiles à l'exécution de certaines tâches ou sont fortement demandés dans d'autres points de l'économie.

Souvent, le changement structurel entraîne alors un processus de réallocation. Des pans entiers de travailleurs doivent par conséquent se réallouer à d'autres tâches. Les lois du marché les incitent ainsi à devoir s'adapter à un nouveau contexte, mais elles le font pour un futur meilleur.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à cette problématique. Elle suppose que tout processus de changement structurel implique un mouvement de réallocation des facteurs de production, notamment des travailleurs puisqu'il s'agit d'une thèse en économie du travail, mais qu'un tel processus engendre souvent des coûts non négligeables. Elle se veut surtout positive, mais la nature des questions qu'elle pose mène naturellement à un débat normatif. Par exemple, elle cherche des réponses aux interrogations suivantes: comment s'ajuste une économie au changement structurel? Quelle est la nature des coûts associés au changement? Ces coûts peuvent-ils en excéder les gains? Le processus de réallocation en vaut-il vraiment la peine? Les gains issus d'un tel processus sont-ils distribués de manière égale?

La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres qui chacun considère l’impact d’un changement structurel particulier.

Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact de l’ouverture internationale aux échanges sur le niveau de l’emploi. Il s’appuie sur des travaux récents en économie internationale qui ont montré que la libéralisation du commerce mène à l’expansion des firmes les plus productives et à la destruction des entreprises dont la productivité est moins élevée. La raison de cette dichotomie est la présence d’un coût à l’entrée sur le marché des exports qui a été documentée par de nombreuses études. Certaines entreprises se développent suite à la libéralisation car elles ont accès à de nouveaux marchés et d’autres meurent car elles ne peuvent pas faire face aux entreprises les plus productives. Puisque le commerce crée à la fois des emplois et en détruit d’autres, ce chapitre a pour but de déterminer l’effet net de ce processus de réallocation sur le niveau agrégé de l’emploi.

Dans cette perspective, il présente un modèle avec firmes hétérogènes où pour exporter une entreprise doit payer un coût fixe, ce qui implique que seules les entreprises les plus productives peuvent entrer sur le marché international. Le modèle génère le processus de réallocation que l’ouverture au commerce international suppose. En effet, comme les entreprises les plus productives veulent exporter, elles vont donc embaucher plus de travailleurs, mais comme elles sont également capables de fixer des prix moins élevés et que les biens sont substituables, les entreprises les moins productives vont donc faire faillite. L’effet net sur l’emploi est négatif car les exportateurs ont à la marge moins d’incitants à embaucher des travailleurs du au comportement de concurrence monopolistique.

Le chapitre analyse également d’un point de vue empirique l’effet d’une ouverture au commerce au niveau sectoriel sur les flux d’emplois. Les résultats empiriques confirment ceux du modèle, c’est-à-dire qu’une hausse de l’ouverture au commerce génère plus de destructions que de créations d’emplois au niveau d’un secteur.

Le second chapitre considère un modèle similaire à celui du premier chapitre, mais se focalise plutôt sur l’effet du commerce en termes de bien-être. Il montre notamment que l’impact dépend en fait de la courbe de demande de travail agrégée. Si la courbe est croissante, l’effet est positif, alors qu’il est négatif si elle est décroissante.

Le troisième chapitre essaie de comprendre quels sont les déterminants de la mobilité géographique. Le but est notamment d’étudier le niveau du chômage en Europe. En effet, la littérature a souvent affirmé que la faible mobilité géographique du travail est un facteur de chômage lorsque les travailleurs sans emploi préfèrent rester dans leur région d’origine plutôt que d’aller prospecter dans les régions les plus dynamiques. Il semble donc rationnel pour ces individus de créer des liens sociaux locaux si ils anticipent qu’ils ne déménageront pas vers une autre région. De même, une fois le capital social local accumulé, les incitants à la mobilité sont réduits.

Le troisième chapitre illustre donc un modèle caractérisé par diverses complémentarités qui mènent à des équilibres multiples (un équilibre avec beaucoup de capital social local, peu de mobilité et un chômage élevé et un autre avec des caractéristiques opposées). Le modèle montre également que le capital social local est systématiquement négatif pour la mobilité et peut être négatif pour l’emploi, mais d’autres types de capital social peuvent en fait faire augmenter le niveau de l’emploi.

Dans ce troisième chapitre, une illustration empirique qui se base sur plusieurs mesures montre que le capital social est un facteur dominant d’immobilité. C’est aussi un facteur de chômage lorsque le capital social est clairement local, alors que d’autres types de capital social s’avèrent avoir un effet positif sur le taux d’emploi. Cette partie empirique illustre également la causalité inverse où des individus qui vivent dans une région qui ne correspond pas à leur région de naissance accumulent moins de capital social local, ce qui donne de la crédibilité à une théorie d’équilibres multiples.

Finalement, en observant que les individus dans le Sud de l’Europe semblent accumuler plus de capital social local, alors que dans le Nord de l’Europe on tend à investir dans des types plus généraux de capital social, nous suggérons qu’une partie du problème de chômage en Europe peut mieux se comprendre grâce au concept de capital social local.

Enfin, le quatrième chapitre s’intéresse à l’effet de la croissance économique sur la qualité des emplois. En particulier, il analyse le fait qu’un individu puisse avoir un emploi qui corresponde ou non à ses qualifications, ce qui, dans le contexte de ce chapitre, détermine s’il s’agit de bons ou mauvais emplois.

Ce chapitre se base sur deux mécanismes qui ont été largement abordés par la littérature. Le premier est le concept de « destruction créatrice » qui dit que la croissance détruit de nouveaux emplois car elle les rend obsolètes. Le second est le processus de « capitalisation » qui nous dit que la croissance va créer de nombreux emplois car les entreprises anticipent des profits plus élevés dans le futur.

Alors que des études récentes, suggèrent que la destruction créatrice ne permet pas d’expliquer le lien entre croissance et chômage, ce chapitre montre qu’un tel concept permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre croissance et qualité des emplois.

Avec des données issues du panel européen, nous illustrons que la corrélation entre croissance et qualité des emplois est positive. Nous présentons une série de trois modèles qui diffèrent de la manière suivante :(i) le fait de pouvoir chercher un emploi ou non alors qu’on en a déjà un, (ii) le fait pour une entreprise de pouvoir acquérir des équipements modernes. Les résultats suggèrent que pour expliquer l’effet de la croissance sur la qualité des emplois, la meilleure stratégie est une combinaison entre les effets dits de destruction créatrice et de capitalisation. Alors que le premier effet influence le taux de destruction des mauvais emplois, le second a un impact sur la mobilité du travail des mauvais vers les bons emplois.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Sood, Premlata Khetan. "Profit sharing, unemployment, and inflation in Canada : a simulation analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34459.

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The thesis examines the impact of a partial switch to a share system in Canada on unemployment and inflation. Simulations with an independent Canadian macro model and Canadian data for the period 1973-1983 show that profit sharing will not always resolve unemployment and inflation, as claimed by Martin Weitzman. Some combinations of the share parameters resolve them, while others aggravate them. Thus, the combinations of the share parameters play a key role in terms of impact of the profit sharing on unemployment and inflation.
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Phipps, Shelley Ann. "An ethically flexible evaluation of unemployment insurance reform with constrained and unconstrained models of labour supply." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27509.

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The goal of this dissertation is to illustrate the importance and feasibility of conducting policy evaluations which pay attention to both efficiency and equity. Introducing an equity criterion necessarily involves introducing value judgements, but I suggest that objectivity can be maintained through the adoption of an 'ethically flexible' approach. That is, an analyst can avoid imposing his own particular values by explicitly conducting the evaluation from a number of different ethical positions. This dissertation illustrates the feasibility of an ethically flexible approach by carrying out an evaluation of the proposals for the reform of the Canadian Unemployment Insurance (UI) programme made by the Macdonald and Forget Commissions. The evaluation proceeds in four stages: 1. Behavioural models which take account of the existence of unemployment and UI are developed. 2. The models are estimated using an appropriate Canadian data set. 3. The estimated models are used to simulate behavioural responses to UI reform. 4. Estimation and simulation results are used to carry out the ethically flexible welfare evaluation. Two household labour-supply models are used. The first assumes that observed unemployment is the outcome of utility-maximizing choices. The second introduces the possibility that demand-side constraints may interfere with supply-side choices. A form of switching regression with sample separation unknown is developed to allow estimation of 'constrained' labour-supply functions. Additional problems for estimation include a budget constraint which is non-linear as a result of the UI programme and a dependent variable, weeks of leisure (unemployment), which is limited to values between zero and fifty-two. Both unconstrained and constrained models are estimated for single men, single women and couples, using linear expenditure systems and data from the 1982 Survey of Consumer Finance. Estimation results suggest that constrained labour-supply functions are less elastic than unconstrained functions, that there is no observable difference between the labour-supply behaviour of men and women in a constrained model, and that cross-effects are important in the determination of the labour-supply behaviour of couples. Estimated probabilities of constraint take an average value of (approximately) 80 percent. The simulation of behavioural responses to UI reform using the estimated unconstrained labour-supply functions suggests that large reductions in unemployment might be anticipated. Simulation using the constrained labour-supply functions suggests that responses may be negligible. Welfare evaluation measures are constructed for three ethical perspectives: The first is in the spirit of Utilitarianism; the second is in the spirit of John Rawls' theory of justice; the third is in the spirit of Robert Nozick's entitlement theory. The 'Utilitarian' measure is a mean of order r over the distribution of individual utilities. (Explicit interpersonal comparisons are required for these evaluations.) The 'Rawlsian' measure is a mean of order r over the distribution of individual incomes, censored at the poverty line to focus attention on the worst-off group. The 'Entitlement' measure is a measure of the distance between the distribution of individual costs (premiums) and benefits derived from UI. Three factors are important in the- determination of the welfare-evaluation results. First, the ethical position adopted matters. Both UI reform proposals appear welfare-reducing from a Utilitarian perspective and welfare-improving from an Entitlement perspective. Second, for the Rawlsian and Utilitarian evaluations, the assumed degree of inequality aversion is important. Finally, assumptions made about the nature of unemployment are critical. This is most clearly illustrated by the Rawlsian results. If unemployment is assumed to be the outcome of utility-maximizing choices, then both reform proposals appear welfare-improving: poor people choose to work more and their incomes increase. If unemployment may be the result of demand-side constraints so that increases in employment are not possible, then UI reform merely results in reductions in income for the worst-off group. These results illustrate the importance of both the equity and the efficiency dimensions of a policy evaluation. This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of conducting an objective policy evaluation which pays attention to both.
Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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Chicheke, Aaron. "Monetary policy, inflation, unemployment and the Phillips curve in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001202.

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Inflation and unemployment are perhaps the two most important challenges that face the South African economy of today. Firstly, the study examines the relationship between monetary policy and the two economic fundamentals (inflation and unemployment), using the VEC modeling technique. The model regresses the monetary policy variable against inflation and unemployment growth over the period 1980-2008. The results suggest that (1) there is a long run relationship between inflation and unemployment (2) monetary policy reacts more to variations in inflation compared to variations in unemployment. Secondly, the relationship between inflation and unemployment as explained by the Phillips curve is investigated. The results show that there is a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment.
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Cristini, Annalisa. "OECD activity and commodity prices." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670315.

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Horton, Wendy Elizabeth. "A vector autoregressive model of a regional Phillips curve in the United States." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30515.

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Butler, Ailsa R. "Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunisation programmes in Europe : analyses of the impact on the incidence of measles based on mathematical models of viral transmission dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249240.

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U, Sio Chong. "The applications of Fourier analysis to European option pricing." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2148263.

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Golab, Anna. "An investigation into the volatility and cointegration of emerging European stock markets." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/572.

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This dissertation examines the interaction between European Emerging markets including cointegration, volatility, correlation and spillover effects. This study is also concerned with the process of the enlargement of the European Union and how this affects the emerging markets of newcomers. The twelve emerging markets studied are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungry, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, which are all progressing very rapidly in their reforms and domestic economic stability. The majority of prior studies on stock market comovements and integration have concentrated on mature developed markets or the advanced emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland whilst the behaviour and interrelationship of other Central and Eastern European equity markets has been neglected. This study fills that gap. There are two key aspects investigated in this study. Firstly the cointegration between studied emerging markets and secondly the volatility and spillover effects. The cointegration analysis examines the short and long run behaviour of the twelve emerging stock markets and assesses the impact of the EU on stock market linkages as revealed by the time series behaviour of their stock market indices. The adopted time- series framework incorporates the Johansen procedure, Granger Causality tests, Variance Decompositions and Impulse Response analyses. The cointegration results for both pre- and post- EU periods confirm the existence of long run relationships between markets. Granger Causality relationships are indentified among the most advanced emerging markets. The Variance Decomposition analyses find evidence of regional integration amongst the markets. Furthermore, the Impulse Response function illustrates that the shocks in returns for all twelve markets persist for very short time periods. The volatility and spillover analysis applies several univariate models of Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, including GARCH, GJR and EGARCH. The models used in the analysis of cross market effects include CCC, diagonal BEKK, VARMA GARCH and VARMA AGARCH. Overall, the econometric analysis using these models shows stock market integration during the pre-EU period, however interdependence of the markets is established for the post-EU period. The results provide important information on the impact of the accession of new countries to the EU, with clear evidence of stability in Central and Eastern Europe markets and integration within the region. This study has important implications for investors wishing to diversify across national markets, such as the implications of growing asset correlations, if they are displayed, and whether investors should diversify outside the Central and Eastern European countries. It could be argued that the former Eastern block economies constitute emerging markets which typically offer attractive risk adjusted returns for international investors. Moreover, stock market comovement is of considerable interest to policy makers from a perspective of the effects on the macroeconomy, the planning of monetary policy and impact of the degree of stock market comovements on the stability of international monetary policy.
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Li, Wen. "Numerical methods for the solution of the HJB equations arising in European and American option pricing with proportional transaction costs." University of Western Australia. School of Mathematics and Statistics, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0098.

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This thesis is concerned with the investigation of numerical methods for the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations arising in European and American option pricing with proportional transaction costs. We first consider the problem of computing reservation purchase and write prices of a European option in the model proposed by Davis, Panas and Zariphopoulou [19]. It has been shown [19] that computing the reservation purchase and write prices of a European option involves solving three different fully nonlinear HJB equations. In this thesis, we propose a penalty approach combined with a finite difference scheme to solve the HJB equations. We first approximate each of the HJB equations by a quasi-linear second order partial differential equation containing two linear penalty terms with penalty parameters. We then develop a numerical scheme based on the finite differencing in both space and time for solving the penalized equation. We prove that there exists a unique viscosity solution to the penalized equation and the viscosity solution to the penalized equation converges to that of the original HJB equation as the penalty parameters tend to infinity. We also prove that the solution of the finite difference scheme converges to the viscosity solution of the penalized equation. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We extend the penalty approach combined with a finite difference scheme to the HJB equations in the American option pricing model proposed by Davis and Zarphopoulou [20]. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the theoretical findings.
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Books on the topic "Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models"

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Aghion, Philippe. On the speed of transition in Central Europe. London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1993.

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Aghion, Philippe. On the Speed of Transition in Central Europe. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Unemployment in open economies: A search theoretic analysis. Berlin: Springer, 2001.

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Arbeitslosigkeit, Produktion und Faktorentlohnung in heterogenen Wirtschaftsräumen. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1997.

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Lü, Ching. Why is aggregate unemployment so highly correlated with the industrial unemployment dispersion? Toronto, Ont: Dept. of Economics, York University, 1994.

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Ham, John C. Unemployment insurance and male unemployment duration in Canada. Toronto: Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1986.

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Tschernig, Rolf. Illusive persistence in German unemployment. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1992.

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Ma, Ching-to Albert. A signaling theory of unemployment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Aghion, Philippe. Growth and unemployment. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.

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Blanchard, Oliver. Ranking, unemployment duration, and wages. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models"

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Martín-Artiles, Antonio, Eduardo Chávez-Molina, and Renata Semenza. "Social Models for Dealing with Inequalities." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 35–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_2.

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AbstractThis chapter compares social models in Europe and Latin America. The goal is to study the interaction between two institutions: on the one hand, pre-distributive (ex ante) institutions, such as the structure and coverage of collective bargaining and, on the other hand, post-distributive (ex post) institutions, such as unemployment protection and social policy. Pre-distributive institutions are important for correcting inequalities in the labour market, because they introduce guidelines for egalitarian wage structures. Post-distributive institutions help to mitigate inequalities generated in the labour market.The methodology is based on statistical analysis of a series of indicators related to pre and post-distributive policies. The results present three types of model: (1) coordinated economies, typical of neo-corporatist Scandinavian countries; (2) mixed economies, typical of Mediterranean systems, and (3) uncoordinated economies, which equate to liberalism and the Latin American ‘structural heterogeneity’ model. It is neo-corporatist coordinated economies that generate the most pre and post-distributive equality. In turn, uncoordinated economies, and Latin American ones in particular, generate more inequalities due to highly informal employment and the weakness of their post-distributive institutions.
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Carracedo, Patricia, and Ana Debón. "Implementation in R and Matlab of Econometric Models Applied to Ages After Retirement in Europe." In Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Actuarial Sciences and Finance, 129–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78965-7_20.

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Di Iorio, Francesca, and Umberto Triacca. "Distance Between VARMA Models and Its Application to Spatial Differences Analysis in the Relationship GDP—Unemployment Growth Rate in Europe." In Time Series Analysis and Forecasting, 203–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96944-2_14.

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"Buffers and predictors of mental health problems among unemployed young women in countries with different breadwinner models." In Youth unemployment and social exclusion in Europe, 155–72. Policy Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/9781847425775.ch009.

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Jagannathan, Radha. "Grading the Implementation Prospects: Where Do We Go from Here?" In The Growing Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Europe & US, 233–50. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200102.003.0009.

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Radha Jagannathan authors this final chapter and begins with an examination of the disconnect that exists between knowledge/data on the employment policies with an empirical record of success and the motivation to implement these policies that could dramatically reduce the youth unemployment rates in southern Mediterranean countries. This apparent disconnect is explored through a cultural lens with the help of five, not necessarily mutually exclusive, hypotheses. The chapter then goes on to provide the reader with a scorecard of the feasibility of the German and American models for the southern Mediterranean countries featured in this book. This scorecard contrasts the rankings of chapter experts with assessments of each country’s (Spain, Portugal, Greece, France, Italy) prospects by the authors of the German and American chapters (chapters 7 and 8). Each chapter expert was asked to provide a brief rational for his/her ranking based on the data and discussion which appears in the chapter contributions. These rationales are presented unfiltered. The chapter concludes with a final word on technology transfer in an environment of renewed nationalism.
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Zatonatska, Tetiana, Olha Bobro, and Maksym Lavrentiev. "MODERN TRENDS OF THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE." In Economic development strategies: micro, macro and mesoeconomic levels. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-191-6-7.

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In the context of global digital transformations and COVID-19, the field of e-commerce is actively evolving and has a significant impact on the development of global and national economies. The aim of the study is to buildeconomic and mathematical models to assess the impact of e-commerce on economic development in Ukraine. The economic-mathematical models were constructed on the basis of Cobb-Douglas production function, regression analysis was performed using the computer program Excel. The obtained results testify to close interrelation and influence of e-commerce on the indicators of economic development of Ukraine. Namely, with the increase in the volume of Internet trade in Ukraine there is a decrease in unemployment rate and an increase in GDP per capita. The development of the e-commerce market will help reduce unemployment, as well as increase GDP in Ukraine. Thus, the spread of e-commerce will contribute to the development of national sectors of the economy and improve the economic development of Ukraine.
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Zagel, Hannah. "Social Policies for Lone Mothers in Europe." In The Oxford Handbook of Family Policy, 716—C33.P108. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197518151.013.34.

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Abstract This chapter examines how previous research on lone mothers in the welfare state contributes to understanding systematic differences in how welfare states structure life courses. It contributes both an analytic framework and its application in three countries: Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. Following a careful review of previous approaches, and building on Leisering’s model of life-course policies, the new analytical framework contains three core elements. First, the structuration mode of welfare states defines order, sequencing, and duration of employment-dominated and care-dominated episodes in lone mothers’ life courses. Age thresholds and work requirements in unemployment benefit systems are exemplar policy elements. Second, welfare states integrate lone mothers’ life courses by providing cash transfers or services for bridging economically difficult periods. Third, welfare states prescribe normative models of how motherhood and employment should be organized across the life course. These ideas are particularly obvious in parental leave regulations, and in whether lone mothers are addressed as a separate claimant category. Exploratory analysis shows a shift toward policies prescribing more employment-dominated life courses of lone mothers in all three countries, but distinct patterns in the modes of integration and normative modelling. Germany and the UK increasingly introduced childcare services for employment-care integration in lone mothers’ life courses, but a general shift in normative modelling of work-family trajectories was less visible in the UK. In the Netherlands, the work-focused life course structuration was not aligned by cash or service-based integration measures, and a care-focused motherhood norm prevailed in policies.
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Scandurra, Rosario, Kristinn Hermannsson, and Ruggero Cefalo. "Assessing young adults’ living conditions across Europe using harmonised quantitative indicators: opportunities and risks for policy makers." In Lifelong Learning Policies for Young Adults in Europe, edited by Marcelo Parreira do Amaral, Siyka Kovacheva, and Xavier Rambla, 171–98. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0009.

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This chapter uses harmonized quantitative regional data on the mediating role of LLL policies in the configuration of individuals living conditions. We focus our attention on four indicators: youth unemployment, tertiary education enrolment, early school leavers and NEET rates. To analyse the determinants of the contextual living conditions we fit persistence models, attempting to explain the status in 2014 with the observed conditions in 2006. We find strong evidence of path dependency. This indicates that the regional contextual living conditions of young adults are overwhelmingly dominated by a combination of the region’s history and developments at the national level. Looking forward, a historically prosperous region in a positive national context is likely to remain so, whilst equally a weak region within a weak national context is likely to remain so. If policy makers are intending to influence the contextual living conditions of young adults, they need to be aware of this inertia. Policies at the national level can be changed and they can be devolved. This could be one way of tackling the inertia, i.e. by providing more policy authority to NUTS-2 regions. Highlighting existing data gaps and improving the availability of territorial information are crucial steps to achieve better targeted policy that isn’t contingent up nation-state-based measures.
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Schmidt, Vivien A. "Policy Effectiveness and Performance in the Eurozone Crisis." In Europe's Crisis of Legitimacy, 223–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797050.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 examines the output legitimacy of Eurozone crisis governance, based in its policy effectiveness and performance. The chapter begins by showing that the crisis was misframed as one of public debt rather than private debt and misdiagnosed as resulting from bad behavior rather than the structure of the euro. The narratives did not reflect the periphery’s pre-crisis low deficits and debt (except for Greece) or account for the impact of competitive wage deflation and current account surpluses in Germany, as well as for bank-spurred wage inflation in the periphery (especially by German and French banks). The chapter then argues that EU actors chose the wrong remedies—budgetary austerity and structural reform instead of growth through stimulus and investment—and failed to devise adequate solutions. This is evidenced by the EU’s lack of effectiveness in monetary policy and investment compared to the US and by the increasing divergence in performance between Northern and Southern Europe. To blame is the failure to complete the architecture of the euro with the necessary economic instruments, not the fact that the Eurozone would never be an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). At fault were equally the excessive socioeconomic costs of austerity, reflected in levels of unemployment, inequality, and poverty, and the perversity of EU-led structural reforms. These “one size fits all” socioeconomic policies failed to take account of differences in national varieties of capitalism and growth models, while taking a tremendous toll on countries under conditionality—not just Greece but also Portugal, Spain, Italy, and even Ireland.
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Parshall, Karen Hunger. "Coda." In The New Era in American Mathematics, 1920-1950, 476–510. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197555.003.0011.

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This chapter outlines the initial contours of a postwar era in which the American mathematical community, through its engagement in the politics both of finally hosting the first postwar International Congress of Mathematicians and of setting up a new International Mathematical Union, began playing an active leadership role in mathematics internationally. Mathematicians in the postwar United States not only returned full time to their various prewar occupations but also found themselves in changed political environments both at home and abroad. Domestically, as the chapter highlights, the war had resulted in the creation of new bureaucratic models for science in general and for mathematics in particular. Abroad, the war had left much of Europe ravaged and many of its institutions crippled. The chapter also investigates how the United States began to demobilize its large armed forces after the war. Finally, the chapter considers how atomic research and its effects on free scientific inquiry impacted mathematicians. It then reviews the new geopolitics of mathematics.
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Conference papers on the topic "Unemployment – Europe – Mathematical models"

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Miskovic, N., Z. Vukic, and M. Barisic. "Identification of Coupled Mathematical Models for Underwater Vehicles." In OCEANS 2007 - Europe. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanse.2007.4302293.

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Andreev, Mikhail, Alexander Gusev, Almaz Sulaymanov, and Yury Borovikov. "Setting of relay protection of electric power systems using its mathematical models." In 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2017.8260093.

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Burlikowski, Wojciech, and Krzysztof Kluszczynski. "Comparison of different mathematical models of an electromechanical actuator." In 2012 9th France-Japan & 7th Europe-Asia Congress on Mechatronics (MECATRONICS) / 13th Int'l Workshop on Research and Education in Mechatronics (REM). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mecatronics.2012.6451040.

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Hedzyk, Nazarii, and Oleksandr Kondrat. "Low-Permeable Reservoirs as High Potential Assets for EGR." In SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208555-ms.

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Abstract Natural gas fields that are being developed in Ukraine, mainly relate to the high and medium permeability reservoirs, most of which are at the final stage of field life. In this situation one of the main sources of additional gas production is unconventional fields. This paper presents the analysis of challenges concerning development of low-permeable reservoirs and experimental results of conducted research, which provide the opportunity to establish technologies for enhance gas recovery factor. For this purpose, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on the sand packed models of gas field with different permeability (from 9.7 to 93 mD) using natural gas. The pressure in the experiments varied from 1 to 10 MPa, temperature – 22-60 °C. According to the features of low-permeable gas fields development the research of displacement desorption with carbon dioxide and inert gas stripping by nitrogen was conducted. These studies also revealed the influence of pressure, temperature, reservoir permeability and non-hydrocarbon gases injection rate on the course of adsorption-desorption processes and their impact on the gas recovery factor. According to the experimental results of relative adsorption capacity determination it can be concluded that the carbon dioxide usage as the displacement agent can lead to producing adsorbed gas by more than 30% than by using nitrogen. To remove the adsorbed gas just reservoir pressure lowering is not enough due to the nature of adsorption isotherms. Particularly at pressure decreasing by 8-10 times compared to initial reservoir pressure only about 30-40% of the total amount of initially adsorbed gas is desorbed. And at considerable reservoir pressure reduction the further deposit development is not economically profitable. According to the results it was found that in the case of nitrogen usage the most effective method is full voidage replacement at injection pressure of 0.8 of the initial reservoir pressure, and in case of carbon dioxide usage - full voidage replacement method at pressure of 0.6 of the initial reservoir pressure. Taking into account availability of N2 and CO2, N2injection is recommended for further implementation. The influence of displacement agent injection pressure on gas recovery was experimentally proved. The physical sense of the processes taking place during natural gas desorption stimulation by non-hydrocarbon gases was justified. The effect of temperature, pressure and reservoir permeability on methane adsorption capacity were determined. The mathematical model for estimating adsorbed gas amount depending on the reservoir parameters was developed. Obtained results were summarized and recommendations for practical implementation of elaborated technological solutions were suggested.
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Haynes, Mark D., Chih-Hang John Wu, Matthew Arnold, Naga Narendra B. Bodapati, B. Terry Beck, and Robert J. Peterman. "Bond Index Numbers of Prestressed Concrete Reinforcement Wires and Their Relationships to Transfer Lengths and Pull-Out Forces." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5787.

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The purpose of this research is to establish mathematical models that predicts the bond strength of a reinforcement wire in prestressed concrete members, given the known geometrical features of the wire. A total of nineteen geometrical features of the reinforcement wire were measured and extracted by a precision non-contact profilometer. With these mathematical models, prestressing reinforcement wires can now be analyzed for their bond strength without destructive testing. These mathematical models, based upon a large collection of empirical data via prestressing reinforcement wires from various wire manufacturers in US and Europe, have the potential to serve as quality assessment tools in reinforcement wire and prestressed concrete member production. Most of these models are very simple and easy to implement in practice, which could provide insight into which reinforcement wires provide the greatest bond strength and which combinations of geometrical features of the reinforcement wire are responsible for providing the bond strength. Our various empirical models have shown that the indent side-wall angle, which is suggested by the ASTM-A881/A881M, may not be the only significant geometrical feature correlated to the transfer length and bond strengths. On the contrary, features such as the indent surface area, indent width, indent edge surface area, indent volume, and release strengths do have significant correlations with the ultimate transfer lengths of the prestressed concrete members. Extensive experiments and testing performed at the Structures Laboratory in Kansas State University, as well as field tests at Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) and one Prestressed Concrete Railroad Tie manufacturing facility, have been used to confirm the model predictions. In addition, our experimental results suggest that the maximum pull out force in the un-tensioned pullout testing has significant correlation with the ultimate transfer length. This finding could provide reinforcement wire manufactures with a quality assurance tool for testing their wires prior to the production. The resultant mathematical model relating the wire geometrical features to transfer length is referred to as the Bond Index Number (BIN). The BIN is shown to provide a numerical measure of the bond strength of prestressing steel reinforcement wire, without the need for performing destructive tests with the reinforcement wire. We believe that with the BIN and the maximal pull-out forces from the un-tensioned pull-out tests, one can have better insight into the optimal reinforcement wire design by testing the performance of wires before they are put into production lines.
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Al-Ismael, Menhal Abdulbaqi, Ali Ahmad Al-Turk i, and Ali Husain Al-Saffar. "Multi-Parametric Optimization of Multilateral Wells for Optimum Reservoir Contact." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209647-ms.

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Abstract As the oil and gas industry is continuously pushing boundaries of exploiting resources, it becomes more of a mandate to model and optimize forefront technologies. Multilateral wells are one example of a prevalent technology to maximize reservoir contact and return on investment. Optimum design and placement of this type of wells is significant. This work presents a multi-parametric optimization approach that optimizes the design of multilateral wells and maximizes the contact with highly productive hydrocarbon zones in the reservoir. Given a number of input parameters, the design and placement of multilateral wells is modeled using the Graph Theory principles and is optimized using Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) algorithms. The objective function is defined in this work as maximization function of the Total Contact with Sweetspots (TCS). At first, multiple main wellbores are optimized globally across the field and then several local optimizations are performed around each main wellbore to place the laterals. This optimization is subject to a number of input constraints, such as the maximum number of laterals, minimum spacing between wells, and maximum lateral length. Different sets of uncertainty parameters are generated using Latin-Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique and used as input constraints in multiple well design realizations. In this work, the SPE10 benchmark model with 4 million grid cells and 10 existing producer wells was used. MIP was used in this work to optimize the initial geometry and placement of 20 new multilateral producers while LHS was used to fine-tune well configurations. Using TCS as the objective function in this multi-parametric optimization approach dramatically reduced the number of numerical simulation runs. The multi-parametric optimization generates multiple realizations with different sets of multilateral wells with different configurations. Numerical results from the benchmark model revealed the optimum solution with maximized hydrocarbon production. This resulted in a more practical approach to simultaneously optimize the placement of multilateral wells in large simulation models. In addition, the results reveal that the design, placement and performance of the new wells are highly sensitive to the sweetspot maps and reservoir heterogeneity. Using TCS as the objective function resulted in avoiding the excessive use of numerical simulation and cutting down the turnaround time for optimizing the design and placement of multilateral wells. In addition, the global and local optimizations used in this approach significantly simplified the mathematical formulation and avoided complex network modeling and optimization for multilateral wells.
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Milis, George, Matthew Bates, Maria Saridaki, Gaetana Ariu, Shirley Parsonage, Terry Yarnall, and David Brown. "ADDRESSING EARLY SCHOOL LEAVING AND DISENGAGEMENT FROM EDUCATION THROUGH SERIOUS GAMES' CO-DESIGN." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-101.

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The Europe 2020 strategy identifies drop out from i-VET or early school leaving (ESL) as a key challenge to meeting employment targets. The Code RED project (http://www.codered-project.eu) has been developed in response to the high levels of early school leaving, drop-out and exclusion from education that often lead to unemployment, poverty and social deprivation. In taking actions towards achieving its goals, the project has been experimenting with a (serious) games' co-design methodology [1] through a dedicated co-design workshops' series, run within 2014 in the UK, Greece, Italy and Cyprus. The objective of the workshops was to engage young people in an interactive (participatory) process of designing and implementing digital educational games' prototypes, aiming at paving the way towards adopting these paradigms in the education and skills' acquisition process, thus maximising the benefit of participants. During the four organised workshops, around 30 young students and 10 trainers (including researchers and facilitators) walked through the pre-defined co-design process, trying to maintain the facilitation at the level 6 of the Hart's ladder [2]. Participants had the opportunity to work as a team, exchange experiences, share roles and responsibilities in the team, see examples of digital (educational) games/products developed by others so as to establish expectations, learn how to deconstruct the rules of games, create and discuss their own game ideas using low-tech prototyping tools (e.g. LEGO models, pack of playing cards, paper, digital means of taking notes, etc.), and finally implement prototypes of their game ideas, using game authoring software such as "Stencyl" (http://www.stencyl.com) and ARIS (https://arisgames.org/). The experimenting offered the opportunity to researchers to collect some very interesting observations, analyse them across the four involved countries and extract useful knowledge towards expanding already available education and employability curriculums from previous projects (e.g. the GOET project, http://goet-project.eu/). References: [1] Bates, M., Brown, D., Cranton, W. and Lewis, J. (2010). Facilitating a games design project with children: a comparison of approaches. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Games-Based Learning (ECGBL), October 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp.429-437. [2] Hart, R. (1992). Children's participation: from tokenism to citizenship. Florence: UNICEF International Child Development Centre
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Litoiu, Nicoleta. "USING ICT IN APPROACHING CAREER COUNSELLING PROCESS AND CAREER MANAGEMENT SKILLS' DEVELOPMENT." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-122.

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Over the last two years, the E.U. Member States have adopted a series of policy documents that draw up priorities in the fields of schools, vocational education and training, higher education, adult education, employment, youth and social inclusion. These priorities highlighted by the policy documents set up a general framework for action at European and national levels, mainly referring to: reducing early school-leaving; increasing learning mobility; making VET system more attractive; modernizing higher education; promoting adult learning and validation of non-formal and informal learning; combating youth unemployment; implementing flexicurity policies; fighting poverty and social exclusion. In this context, the Europe 2020 Strategy is designed to create 'smart, sustainable and inclusive growth' over the decade 2010-2020. The three main objectives for 2020 all require effective and efficient lifelong guidance policies. Based on the need to provide lifelong career counselling and guidance services, the present paper is aimed to analyze the use of appropriate ICT tools in delivering specific interventions in career counseling process, closely related to the career management skills' development and practice. From this perspective, the paper's approach tries to emphasize the benefits and limitations in using ICT in career counselling process, the role of the practitioner and the role of ICT, taking into consideration the key concepts like distance career counseling, social media, virtual career centers, and integrated ICT-based career resources and services. On the other hand, the paper is addresses to all education experts, teachers and counselling specialists and practitioners in order to stimulate their personal reflection on the cross-cutting nature of career counseling and career management concepts and to encourage initiative and further analysis. From this perspective, we try to investigate the general context, models and principles for developing the career management skills, bringing examples and comments of relevant practice based on a transversal and comparative curricular approach of Romanian education system's levels, with a specific reference to the curriculum area "Guidance and Counselling". Not the last, the role of experts and practitioners in career counselling domain is to mobilize all available resources with a view to enhancing lifelong career guidance policies and services at national and local levels. In line with all mentioned above, using ICT tools in implementing career counselling process and the career management skills focuses on learning about the economic environment, personal and professional development, being able to evaluate oneself, being able to describe the competences one has acquired in formal, informal and non-formal education settings, understanding education, training and qualifications systems.
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Sanz Bobi, Juan de Dios, Álvaro Calvo-Hernández, Javier Gómez-Fernández, and Aranzazu Berbey-Alvarez. "Energy Simulation toolbox: Analysis from project design to railway operation." In VI CONGRESO INVESTIGACIÓN, DESARROLLO E INNOVACIÓN DE LA UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47300/978-9962-738-04-6-53.

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The commitment to the environment and climate change finds in rail transport lines a stimulus in the necessary social transformation. As an example, the 2030 Agenda of the European Union establishes clear objectives that are translated into courageous mobility plans and a commitment to research in the railway sector through the current Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking and the commitment to Horizon Europe as Europe's Rail, thereby a promising future is predicted for this sector. The energy technology in the railroad is no stranger to these plans. Challenges for improving efficiency, quality and use of energy in guided transport systems are the challenges facing the present and future railway. To achieve a greater acceleration in the technological proposals that lead to a more rational, economic, and systematic use, it is essential to use computational modeling tools based on mathematical models that allow us to understand the behavior of the railway system operation in a reliable and economical term. Thus, the modeling and simulation tools allow the calculation of the technical characteristics of the electrification system to adapt to the operational plans and the demand for services in the life cycle of the railway system.
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10

Ohazulike, Anthony, and Abdessamed Ramdane. "Robust disc and pad temperature estimation model – a machine learning / artificial intelligence approach." In EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-fbr-006.

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Abstract:
"Brake disc and pad temperatures are an important element in determining the clamping force needed to stop or hold a vehicle from moving or rolling off the hill. Accurate disc and pad temperature estimation is key to parking brake system. Further, real-time accurate estimation of the brake discs temperature is vital to finding the precise clamping force needed to stop an autonomous vehicle, which needs to decelerate or stop by itself. Installing physical sensors is expensive for mass production units and impacts the ecological footprint. To deal with these, Brake Thermal Models (BTMs) which estimate the discs/pads temperature using physical models have been in development and used for several years. Due to very high dimensionality of the brake disc/pad heating and cooling phenomenon, these thermal models fail to achieve a satisfactory accuracy level. BTMs tend to accumulate errors over time, leading to an enlarged error gap during driving. Brakes are unarguably one of the most important safety systems of a vehicle, and hence there is need for a more accurate model. Hitachi Astemo Brakes Systems in collaboration with Hitachi Europe Corporate R&D has developed a very robust and accurate virtual brake disc/pad temperature estimation model based on readily available vehicle data. We expanded the vehicle data using mathematical relations. Our solution is driven by data, and the model is driven by Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The model is trained on real driving data in real conditions, and the trained model is also tested on real data in varying real driving conditions. The robustness of the model comes from training and combining several machine learning / AI models such that the models support one another in making the final temperature estimation (the hybrid approach). The model error does not accumulate over time and easily recovers from erroneous previous prediction(s). The developed model by Hitachi requires minimal effort and results show that it outperforms a given BTM. "
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