Journal articles on the topic 'Unemployed – Housing'
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1
Farber, Henry S. "Unemployment in the Great Recession: Did the Housing Market Crisis Prevent the Unemployed from Moving to Take Jobs?" American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.520.
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The labor market in the Great Recession and its aftermath is characterized by great difficulty in escaping unemployment. I present two empirical analyses of a particular explanation for that difficulty, that the housing market crisis has prevented the unemployed from selling their homes and moving to take new jobs. First, I examine post-job-loss mobility rates by home ownership status using data from the Displaced Workers Survey. Second, I examine mobility rates for unemployed homeowners and renters from the month-to-month CPS match. Neither analysis provides any support for the idea that the housing market crisis has reduced mobility of the unemployed.
2
Cesarski, Maciej. "DWELLING AND LIVING IN THE IGS UNEMPLOYED MEMORIALS – THE YEARS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION." Polityka Społeczna 576, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8585.
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The aim of the article is to signal the structural features of the housing and inhabiting of the unemployed in Poland during the Great Depression on the basis of their diaries published by the Institute of Social Economy in 1933. To achieve this goal, a conceptual apparatus derived from the concept of settlement infrastructure was used. This apparatus made it possible to distinguish features related to: the availability of housing and other forms of shelter, social and spatial accessibility of basic services, mainly municipal and social, as well as higher-order services and related social and spatial mobility issues of the unemployed in the inhabited space and the wider living space in search of work and social assistance. Selected fragments of diaries illustrating these issues testify to a large extent to the general social exclusion of the unemployed. In connection with the obtained results, a postulate was formulated to continue research on the diaries of the unemployed collected and published by the IGS after 2000.
3
TAȘCĂ, Radu. "Main References in Financing the Construction of Dwellings in the Interwar Period in Romania." Anuarul Universitatii "Petre Andrei" din Iasi - Fascicula: Drept, Stiinte Economice, Stiinte Politice 28 (December 10, 2021): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/82.
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Housing is a vital necessity for every person and is a symbol of existence, identity, solidarity and social cohesion, contributing to the formation of stable communities. The way of living occupies a central place in the economic policies, having direct implications on the development and the standard of living of the people and in the consolidation of the democratic processes. Solving this problem goes beyond the strict concern of people, depending on political, economic and social factors and involves coherent strategies. The strategy in the field of housing construction aims to improve living conditions, by ensuring access to decent housing for citizens, pursuing social housing construction programs, in order to support low-income people, especially young people, the unemployed and the elderly.
4
Hsu, Joanne W., David A. Matsa, and Brian T. Melzer. "Unemployment Insurance as a Housing Market Stabilizer." American Economic Review 108, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140989.
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This paper studies the impact of unemployment insurance (UI) on the housing market. Exploiting heterogeneity in UI generosity across US states and over time, we find that UI helps the unemployed avoid mortgage default. We estimate that UI expansions during the Great Recession prevented more than 1.3 million foreclosures and insulated home values from labor market shocks. The results suggest that policies that make mortgages more affordable can reduce foreclosures even when borrowers are severely underwater. An optimal UI policy during housing downturns would weigh, among other benefits and costs, the deadweight losses avoided from preventing mortgage defaults. (JEL D14, E32, G21, J65, R31)
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Domènech, Antoni, Aaron Gutiérrez, and Josep-Maria Arauzo-Carod. "Scenarios post foreclosure crisis in Catalonia: accumulation of housing by banks as the first step for the rise of large private landlords." Erdkunde 75, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2021.02.03.
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The article analyses the uneven geography of foreclosed housing owned by large private landlords in Catalonia. A Negative Binomial Model is applied to identify the local determinants of the concentration patterns of 32,941 housing units in Catalan cities. Indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability, such as the percentage of foreign population or the percentage of unemployed residents, are identified as key explanatory factors of the regional geography of housing accumulated by banks which, in turn, correspond to areas in which global corporate landlords are focusing their business for profiteering from the rental market in the current expansionist phase of the housing cycle. Our findings demonstrate that the concentration of properties in the most vulnerable areas was fuelled by foreclosures responsibility of banks rescued with public funds. In tandem, we provide detailed information for the understanding of the new scenarios that have emerged during the post-crisis phase.
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Benjamin, Carrie Ann. "A Place to Breathe in the Dense City: Community Gardening and Participatory Urbanism in Paris." Sociální studia / Social Studies 17, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/soc2020-1-55.
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Community gardens have emerged in Paris as a way to create green spacesin the city’s densely populated working-class neighbourhoods. One such garden is the Goutte Verte,a temporary, nomadic community garden that, with the agreement of the city and its developers, occupiesvacant lots awaiting the construction of new-build social housing. The continued existence of the GoutteVerte is placed in opposition to much-needed housing in the city, with poor, unemployed, and middle-classgardeners alike caught between a desire for green space and a demand for comfortable housing. Drawingon participant observation and interviews conducted in 2013–14 and 2019, I demonstrate how communitygardens act as a material alternative to urban planning and governance that often fail to account for a rightto a “place to breathe” in the city – a situation that is increasingly fraught as city planners treat newconstruction as the primary solution for affordable housing in Paris.
7
Jover, Jaime. "The Housing Question a century and a half later: Notes from New York City." Radical Housing Journal 4, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/myyb9622.
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New York City serves as an entry point for a brief reflection on today’s housing question. Drawing on Friedrich Engels’ inspiring work in the late 19th century, it is argued that some issues he pointed out are still present and have become endemic to the capitalist city, while others have emerged amidst recent economic and health crises. In the US economic growth machine and in one of the global capitals, working-class, vulnerable, and unemployed populations still suffer precarious and unworthy dwelling conditions, and finding a place to live is gradually becoming more complex. With many people struggling after the pandemic, homelessness is also growing. The situation comes after decades of defunding public housing, dismantling rent regulations, and neglecting welfare protections in an increasingly financialized housing market that privileges profits over human rights. However, these issues are not unique to NYC; similar accounts can be found throughout urban geographies worldwide. We need to think locally and globally about the current housing question, improve cooperation across housing justice groups and social movements, and prompt a debate about ways to rethink the tenancy regime alongside the capitalist system that has proven incapable of providing housing for everyone.
8
Lipmann, Bryan. "Providing Housing and Care to Elderly Homeless Men and Women in Australia." Care Management Journals 4, no. 1 (March 2003): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmaj.4.1.23.57472.
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People who are unemployed and who lack the resources to buy adequate food, shelter, or basic health care services face an endless struggle to survive. It is frequently a degrading and humiliating experience. The elderly homeless, who are often frail and sick, are particularly disadvantaged in this struggle. Yet resources are often available to welfare providers to care for the aged homeless. All that is needed is a willingness for providers and government agencies to acknowledge the existence of homelessness among the elderly and be prepared to alleviate the problem.
9
Wood, Gavin A., Matthew Forbes, and Kenneth Gibb. "Direct Subsidies and Housing Affordability in Australian Private Rental Markets." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 5 (October 2005): 759–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0445.
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Many countries have undergone a broad retreat from the use of indirect (supply) subsidies to meet low-income housing-affordability problems, shifting to direct subsidies often linked to means-tested income-maintenance systems. Although the reasons for this change of direction are well documented, the efficacy of direct housing subsidies in terms of tackling affordability remains in question. The authors examine in detail one such system, Australia's Rent Assistance (RA) programme, making use of a microsimulation model of the Australian housing market linked to a model of the social security system. It is found that there is considerable targeting error because many low-income renters are ineligible for direct subsidies. It is also found that RA is relatively ineffective in overcoming affordability problems in high housing cost areas of Australia. Although RA does not of itself contribute much to poverty-trap problems, it may deter unemployed households from moving to areas where job vacancies exist. The authors conclude that future comparative work could usefully analyse the distributional and behavioural impacts of different forms of housing allowances. Moreover, alternative policies could be recalibrated within the microsimulation model in order to examine the first-round impacts of policy design change.
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Clair, Amy, Aaron Reeves, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler. "Constructing a housing precariousness measure for Europe." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718768334.
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There are concerns that the recovery from the Great Recession in Europe has left growing numbers of people facing precarious housing situations. Yet, to our knowledge, there is no comparative measure of housing precariousness in contrast to an extensive body of work on labour market precariousness. Here, we draw on a comparative survey of 31 European countries from the 2012 wave of European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions to develop a novel housing precariousness measure. We integrate four dimensions of housing precariousness: security, affordability, quality and access to services, into a scale ranging from 0 (not at all precarious) to 4 (most precarious). Over half of the European population report at least one element of housing precariousness; 14.7 percent report two dimensions and 2.8 percent three or more (equivalent to ~15 million people). Eastern European and small island nations have relatively greater precariousness scores. Worse precariousness tends to be more severe among the young, unemployed, single and those with low educational attainment or who live in rented homes and is associated with poor self-reported health. Future research is needed to strengthen surveillance of housing precariousness as well as to understand what policies and programmes can help alleviate it.
11
Lightner, Joseph S., Travis Barnhart, Jamie Shank, Debbie Adams, Ella Valleroy, Steven Chesnut, and Serena Rajabiun. "Outcomes of the KC life 360 intervention: Improving employment and housing for persons living with HIV." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): e0274923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274923.
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Housing and employment are key factors in the health and wellbeing of persons living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States. Approximately 14% of low-income PLWH report housing instability or temporary housing, and up to 70% report being unemployed. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of an intervention to improve housing and employment for PLWH in the Midwest. Participants (N = 87) were recruited from the Kansas City metropolitan area to participate in a one-year intervention to improve housing and employment. All individuals were living with HIV and were not stably housed, fully employed, nor fully engaged in HIV medical care. A series of generalized estimating equations were conducted using client-level longitudinal data to examine how housing, employment, viral load, and retention in care changed over time. Housing improved from baseline to follow-up, with more individuals reporting having stable housing (OR = 23.5; p < 0.001). Employment also improved from baseline to follow-up, with more individuals reporting full-time employment (OR = 1.9; p < 0.001). Viral suppression improved from baseline to follow-up, with more individuals being virally suppressed (OR = 1.6; p < 0.05). Retention in care did not change significantly from baseline to follow-up (OR = 0.820; p = 0.370). Client navigation seems to be a promising intervention to improve housing and employment for PLWH in the Midwest. Additional research is needed on the impact of service coordination on client-level outcomes. Future studies should be conducted on the scalability of client navigation interventions to improve the lives of low-income, underserved PLWH.
12
Gutiérrez, Aaron, and Antoni Domènech. "Identifying the Socio-Spatial Logics of Foreclosed Housing Accumulated by Large Private Landlords in Post-Crisis Catalan Cities." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050313.
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The article analyses the socio-spatial logic behind the accumulation of foreclosed housing in the hands of large private landlords in the neighbourhoods of all the Catalan cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. Spatial regression and clustering techniques are applied to identify the determinants of the concentration patterns of 10,725 housing units in these cities. The socioeconomic variables, such as income level, percentage of foreign population, level of studies or percentage of unemployed residents, are identified as key explanatory factors of clustering of foreclosures in working-class neighbourhoods. A high presence of previously mortgaged homes is a variable especially relevant in the case of working-class neighbourhoods, but it has no incidence in the case of the medium-high class neighbourhoods. Our findings provide a detailed urban geography of the housing accumulated by banks which, at the same time, correspond to areas in which the vulture funds are focusing their business in the present and in the forthcoming years. New evidences of the spatial logic of the housing crisis and detailed information for the understanding of the new scenarios that have emerged during the post-crisis phase are revealed.
13
Zhang, Linlin, Xiaobin Zhang, Huiling Huang, Liang Zhang, and Huan Li. "Spatial Accessibility of Multiple Facilities for Affordable Housing Neighborhoods in Harbin, China." Land 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111940.
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The spatial mismatch between affordable housing neighborhoods and public services/facilities significantly reduces the well-being of low-income dwellers, which has risen to a typical issue of spatial injustice. Previous studies on accessibility evaluation most focus on a single type of service, lacking empirical studies exploring the integrated spatial accessibility of multiple services for low-income residents. Taking Harbin City in northeast China as an example, this study assessed the spatial accessibility of transit, education, healthcare, shopping, and recreation facilities for affordable housing neighborhoods, using the Gaussian-based 2SFCA method. The pattern of accessibility for each type of facility in Harbin showed obvious spatial differentiation between the urban core and the city periphery, for both affordable housing neighborhoods and other neighborhoods. The sample household survey indicated that low-income households who were generally characterized as elderly, less-educated, under-employed or unemployed had extremely restricted and passive residence choices. In comparison to non-low-income households, the spatial accessibility of higher-level facilities for low-income households was relatively poorer. Particularly, affordable housing neighborhoods had much lower accessibility of subway stations, though more than 97% of low-income respondents living in affordable housing neighborhoods chose to solve the daily trip demand by taking a bus or the subway. With respect to equity-oriented urban planning, more importance should be attached to the spatial accessibility of public services and facilities when planning affordable housing projects for low-income households.
14
Konecný, Martin, and Dominik Stroukal. "Does housing market impair employment in The Czech Republic?" International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 318–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-09-2014-0039.
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Purpose – The main aim of this paper is to find whether homeownership can have detrimental effect on employment in The Czech Republic. Design/methodology/approach – Oswald’s conjecture is tested on the set of panel data across Czech regions between the years of 2005 and 2012. Findings – By testing a model similar to Oswald’s, this paper receives the similar result that the rate of homeownership leads to higher rate of unemployment in following years. The second model tested in the paper does not support previous findings that regional rate of homeownership has negative effect on individual’s probability of being unemployed. Research limitations/implications – Findings of this paper are valid only for The Czech Republic. Possible refinements to the model are presented as inspiration for further research. Practical implications – Results bring a powerful argument into debate about subsidization of homeowners through building societies. Originality/value – This paper is a first examination of Oswald’s hypothesis in The Czech Republic. It opens a debate about whether Oswald’s conjecture holds outside of the Western world.
15
Laeven, Luc, and Alexander Popov. "A Lost Generation? Education Decisions and Employment Outcomes during the US Housing Boom-Bust Cycle of the 2000s." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161085.
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We exploit regional variations in U.S. house price fluctuations during the boom-bust cycle of the 2000s to study the impact of the housing cycle on young Americans' choices related to education and employment. We find that in MSAs which experienced large increases in house prices between 2001 and 2006, young adults were substantially more likely to forego a higher education and join the workforce, lowering skill formation. During the bust years, the young, especially those without higher education, were more likely to be unemployed in areas which experienced higher declines in house prices.
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Sőrés, Anett, and Károly Pető. "Analysis of the objective indicators of quality of life in Hajdú-Bihar County." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 4, no. 5-6 (December 31, 2010): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2010/5-6/14.
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The rate of unemployment in Hajdú-Bihar County is several percent higher than the national average and the actual number of unemployed people is the highest, resulting in considerable social problems. The majority of families living under the minimum subsistence level cannot cover their housing maintenance costs. These costs include the rents of tenement flats, public charges, water, electricity, gas and district heating charges. Cutting the number of unemployed people and stimulating economic activity is a high priority. Important tools towards achieving these goals include the promotion of non-agricultural activities by households engaged in agriculture, incentives for rural micro-enterprises, the development of rural and agro-tourism and support for traditional arts and crafts. As for general subjective well-being, although its average value is positive, merely 50% of the population is contented. Naturally it does not mean that we are unhappy. 4 respondents out of 5 claim that they are rather happy.This may suggest that the picture is not so pessimistic as it is revealed by questions about living conditions.
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Sőrés, Anett, and Károly Pető. "Regional examination of certain factors influencing the quality of life." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 5, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2011): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2011/1-2/9.
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The rate of unemployment in Hajdú-Bihar County is several percent higher than the national average and the actual number of unemployed people is the highest, resulting in considerable social problems. The majority of families living under the minimum subsistence level cannot cover their housing maintenance costs. These costs include the rents of tenement flats, public charges, water, electricity, gas and district heating charges. Cutting the number of unemployed people and stimulating economic activity is a high priority. Important tools towards achieving these goals include the promotion of non-agricultural activities by households engaged in agriculture, incentives for rural micro-enterprises, the development of rural and agro-tourism and support for traditional arts and crafts. As for general subjective well-being,although its average value is positive, merely 50% of the population is contented. Naturally it does not mean that we are unhappy. 4 respondents out of 5 claim that they are rather happy.This may suggest that the picture is not so pessimistic as it is revealed by questions about living conditions.
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Poghosyan, Hermine, Erika L. Moen, Daniel Kim, Justin Manjourides, and Mary E. Cooley. "Social and Structural Determinants of Smoking Status and Quit Attempts Among Adults Living in 12 US States, 2015." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 4 (August 2, 2018): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118792827.
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Purpose: This study examined the relationships among intermediary determinants, structural determinants, and adult smoking status and quit attempts. Design: Secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data. Setting: Data come from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Social Context module. A national, representative sample from 12 US states (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Utah). Participants: A total of 64 053 noninstitutionalized US adults aged ≥18 years. Measures: Smoking status and quit attempts were outcome variables. Individual-level structural determinants (age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, and employment status) and intermediary determinants (housing insecurity, food insecurity, health insurance, binge drinking, and general health mental health) from BRFSS. Analysis: Weighted multivariate, multinomial logistic regression. Results: Current smoking was greater among men, respondents aged between 35 to 64 and 55 to 64, adults who reported food insecurity, housing insecurity, frequent mental distress, binge drinking, and who were unemployed. Current smokers had higher odds of making quit attempts in the past 12 months if they were non-Hispanic Black, graduated college, and reported food and housing insecurity. Conclusion: Multifaceted smoking cessation interventions that address food and housing needs also incorporate screening for potential comorbidities such as mental distress and/or hazardous alcohol use and may be needed to enhance smoking cessation rates among racially diverse adults.
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Oudejans, S. C. C., M. E. Spits, and J. van Weeghel. "A cross-sectional survey of stigma towards people with a mental illness in the general public. The role of employment, domestic noise disturbance and age." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 56, no. 9 (July 16, 2021): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02111-y.
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Abstract Introduction Stigmatization impedes the social integration of persons recovering from mental illnesses. Little is known about characteristics of the stigmatized person that lessen or aggravate public stigma. Purpose This study investigates which characteristics of persons with mental illnesses (i.e. with a depression or a psychotic disorder) might increase or decrease the likelihood of public stigma. Methods Over 2,000 adults read one of sixteen vignettes describing a person with a depressive disorder or a psychotic disorder and answered a set of items measuring social distance. Results The person who was employed (vs. unemployed), or whose neighbors did not experience domestic noise disturbance (vs. disturbance) elicited significantly less social distance. Also persons with a depressive disorder elicited less social distance, vs. persons with a psychotic disorder. Conclusion Employment and good housing circumstances may destigmatize persons coping with mental illnesses. Mental health and social services should encourage paid employment, quality housing and other paths to community integration.
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Husock, Howard. "Standards Versus Struggle: The Failure of Public Housing and the Welfare-State Impulse." Social Philosophy and Policy 14, no. 2 (1997): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001825.
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In considering the development and course of the American welfare state, there are some places which are better starting points than others. One such place is the State Street corridor, the series of high-rise Chicago Housing Authority public-housing projects which loom over Lake Michigan. Most Chicagoans, like their counterparts in other cities, have become inured to conditions there: a murder rate far in excess of that of the city as a whole, a society of unemployed single mothers, deferred maintenance that makes stairwells, plazas, and elevators places of danger. Author Alex Kotlowitz decribes the situation of a mother of two boys in Chicago's Henry Horner Homes: “She lived in daily fear that something might happen to her young ones.… Already that year, 57 children had been killed in the city, five in the Horner area, including two, aged eight and six, who died from smoke inhalation when firefighters had to climb the 14 stories to their apartment. Both of the building's elevators were broken.”
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Rudokas, Kastytis, Mantas Landauskas, Odeta Viliūnienė, and Indrė Gražulevičiūtė - Vileniškė. "Hedonic Analysis of Housing Prices and Development in Kaunas: Heritage Aspect." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 75, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.75.2.22823.
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The urban economists have stressed the importance of various amenities for the attractiveness of urban areas for residents and businesses and built cultural heritage can be considered as one of such amenities, the benefits of which should not be overlooked. This research was aimed to analyze the influence of heritage aspect including the heritage status or features of the building and the historic built environment in general on the real estate prices and development in Kaunas using hedonic price method. Two sets of data were collected for the analysis - general, including heritage buildings and including new construction since 2013. The research has demonstrated that heritage status and the year of construction (as older buildings can be considered having heritage features) have no significant positive influence on the real estate prices. Meanwhile, the location, heritage context and the architectural distinctiveness of new architecture have a direct influence on the real estate prices. The heritage context correlates with architectural quality of new construction as well. This reveals the benefits of heritage context both for the real estate developers and households; however, the study shows the unemployed social-economic potential of historic buildings as generators and maintainers of heritage context.
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Calnan, Ray, and Gary Painter. "The response of Latino immigrants to the Great Recession: Occupational and residential (im)mobility." Urban Studies 54, no. 11 (June 17, 2016): 2561–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016650567.
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During the Great Recession in the US, there were distinct housing and labour markets that were particularly hard hit. This was primarily due to the fact that the housing industry had fueled much of the recent economic growth. This article takes advantage of the shock to the construction industry to investigate the responses of Latino immigrants in metropolitan areas that were most heavily concentrated with Latino immigrants in the construction industry. As expected, there were large declines in the proportion of the Latino immigrant population that was working in the construction industry during the recession. There were some shifts of employment in the industry after the recession, but the biggest change was in the number of unemployed. While declines in construction jobs did predict moving out of a metropolitan area, decline in the overall job market had a larger impact on mobility. Finally, we find evidence that those who moved out of the metropolitan area were less likely to be employed, although it is not possible to determine whether they would have been employed in their previous location.
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Tahir, Nida, Saqib Amin, and Muhammad Tariq Rafiq. "Are Socio-Economic Determinants Important for Patient’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practice: Evidence from Hepatitis-C Patients." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 10, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v10i3.468.
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Background: Hepatitis C is one of the commonest and fatal diseases in Pakistan as well as around the World. There were around 17 million people all over Pakistan with infected Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Patient’s knowledge, attitude and practice are important determinants to combat this fatal disease. In this regard, socioeconomic factors including low income, low educational status and inadequate housing conditions may effect on patient’s knowledge, attitude and practice. The main objective of this study was to identify the impact of socio-economic determinants on patient’s knowledge, attitude and practice. Methods: The convenient sample technique was used to collect the data of 278 patients of HCV from Hepatitis C Clinic at Social Security Teaching Hospital Multan Road Lahore. Logistic regression was applied to identify the socioeconomic determinants that was crucial important regarding patient’s knowledge, attitude and practice Results: The results indicate that those patients who had low educational status, low income, unemployed, and inadequate housing conditions had poor performance regarding knowledge, attitude and practices towards Hepatitis C. There was a significant association between socio-economic determinants and its effects on patient’s knowledge, attitude and practice. Conclusion: Poor knowledge, negative attitude and bad practice towards HCV were the main reasons behind poor socioeconomic determinants. Poor knowledge, bad practices, helpless peoples, low income, low status, inadequate housing conditions and educational status effects on patient’s health.
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Hamnett, Chris. "Housing Inheritance and Inequality: A Response to Watt." Journal of Social Policy 24, no. 3 (July 1995): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400025186.
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Paul Watt's (1993) response to my article ‘A nation of inheritors?’ (Hamnett, 1991) raises some interesting and worthwhile questions about the class basis of housing inheritance which I would like to address and clarify. To recapitulate briefly, my article attempted to assess the validity of Saunders's (1986, 1990) arguments regarding the importance of home ownership and housing inheritance in the creation of a new consumption cleavage independent of social class. Using data from a survey of beneficiaries I argued that although housing inheritance is distributed across the class spectrum, the incidence of inheritance is far greater amongst home owners, higher social classes and those living in southern Britain (where home ownership is longer established) than it is among council tenants, the lower social classes and those living in the north. I argued that there is nothing inherent in a person's social class, housing tenure or location which makes inheritance more likely. On the contrary, the determinants of housing inheritance are influenced by the social characteristics of dying home owners. Because the structure of inheritance reflects the structure of property ownership a generation ago, current differences in the incidence of inheritance will reflect the class and tenure characteristics of the dying population and their relationship to the class and tenure characteristics of beneficiaries. The incidence of housing inheritance is higher among home owners and those in higher social classes because their parents are more likely to have been home owners. I went on to argue that because home ownership has become much more widely spread across the class spectrum over the last 40 years (Hamnett, 1984), the incidence of housing inheritance in 30–40 years' time is likely to be more widely spread than it is today. Thus, I concluded that whilst Saunders' arguments regarding the distribution of house inheritance are not empirically supported today, they may be more so in 30–40 years' time. I argued, however, that although housing inheritance was likely to be more widespread in future than it is today, the children of tenants were unlikely to inherit. Given the growing social residualisation of the council sector I argued that ‘the less skilled, the low income and the unemployed’ were likely to be excluded from inheritance.
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Rodríguez Hernández, José E., and Javier A. Barrios García. "¿Incide la forma de tenencia de la vivienda habitual sobre la situación de empleo en España?" Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i2.3550.
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The objective of this study is to provide more empirical evidence on the possible existence in Spain of causal relationships between housing tenure choice (ownership/rental) and the employment status of household head (employed/unemployed), separating this effect from the one generated by other covariates and unobservables which might affect, as well as from the reverse causal effect that might exist. With this aim, based on micro data from the Survey of Living Conditions for 2010 and the approach of the literature of treatment effects, we estimate switching probit models that relate these variables at the microeconomic level. The results obtained allow us to assert that owning the main residence, whether it is mortgaged or not, increases the probability of employment around 10%.
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Abdurrahim, Ahmad Fauzan, Hasan Basri, and Adli Azhari. "PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI ALAT OLAHRAGA TRADISIONAL KEPADA REMAJA RT013 KELURAHAN TELUK PUCUNG." An-Nizam 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/an-nizam.v1i1.4392.
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Many waste materials from housing, trade buildings, offices and similar facilities can be utilized and processed into something of value, including by utilizing wood waste as a traditional sports tool for beam running. Teenagers as the next generation must of course continue to innovate and work real for the greatness of the Indonesian nation. However, nowadays many teenagers who still do not get a job then become unemployed. The existence of this activity aims to invite teenagers to fill their spare time with positive and useful activities, namely by utilizing wood waste as a traditional sports tool for beam running. In addition to filling spare time, this activity is also useful for increasing economic empowerment, as well as increasing stimulus.
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Kapai, Sidhhant. "Evaluating the Web-Site & Digital Environment of Airbnb." International Journal of Online Marketing 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2019070103.
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What began as a company in San Francisco to aid unemployed Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia pay their housing rent and earn some extra cash, Airbnb today has disrupted and revolutionized the entire lodging industry by making provisions for additional rooms at the country's contemporaneous travel locations/destinations during peak seasons when hotel rooms are sold out and the remaining ones are available at skyrocketing prices In the following report, the current practices which have been implemented by Airbnb within the digital domain to enhance their brand recognition are discussed. The predominant sway of Airbnb's digital environment in a conventional, as well as new framework, have been previewed pertaining to focus on guest association and measurement of outcomes in digital interfaces.
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Seong, Eun Yeong, Nam Hwi Lee, and Chang Gyu Choi. "Relationship between Land Use Mix and Walking Choice in High-Density Cities: A Review of Walking in Seoul, South Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020810.
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This study confirmed the general belief of urban planners that mixed land use promotes walking in Seoul, a metropolis in East Asia, by analyzing the effect of mixed land use on the travel mode choice of housewives and unemployed people who make non-commuting trips on weekdays. Using binomial logistic regression of commuting data, it was found that the more mixed a neighborhood environment’s uses are, the more the pedestrians prefer to walk rather than drive. The nonlinear relationship between the land use mix index and the choice to walk was also confirmed. Although mixed land use in neighborhoods increased the probability of residents choosing walking over using cars, when the degree of complexity increased above a certain level, the opposite effect was observed. As the density of commercial areas increased, the probability of selecting walking increased. In addition to locational characteristics, income and housing type were also major factors affecting the choice to walk; i.e., when the residents’ neighborhood environment was controlled for higher income and living in an apartment rather than multi-family or single-family housing, they were more likely to choose driving over walking.
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Ngcamu, Bethuel Sibongiseni. "Disasters and vulnerabilities in the Foreman and Kennedy road informal settlements: Biographical influences." Journal of Governance and Regulation 1, no. 4 (2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v1_i4_p3.
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As the towards the end of the homelands in the post-apartheid South Africa, there was a scramble of poverty stricken African black youth to the most severe vulnerable and disaster prone urban areas in search for formal job opportunities. The main purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the extent in which how the biographical profiles (age, gender, marital status, education levels, occupation (males and females), children and tenure) can influence vulnerability and disasters in these informal settlements. A quantitative research design was adopted and a survey method was used, whereby questionnaires were administered by the researcher to a population of 240, whereby, 140 questionnaires were completed generating a response rate of 63.6%. The findings of this study reveals that the majority of the respondents in the Foreman and Kennedy Road informal settlements are black, poverty stricken, unemployed and who are suffered economic difficulties that make them highly vulnerable to disasters. This study will act an advisory role to the decision-makers as the research findings shows that in the foreseeable future in South Africa, informal settlements will be an intergral feature of formal housing, which requires urban planners to include such settlements to housing planning.
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HARYADI, Bambang. "MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF PASSENGERS’ SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON SATISFACTION WITH PUBLIC BUS SERVICES IN A DEVELOPING CITY: A CASE STUDY IN SEMARANG, INDONESIA." Transport Problems 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2022.17.2.13.
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The present study aimed to assess passenger satisfaction with bus transit services based on passengers’ socio-demographic characteristics, given the service quality. An ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to relate passengers’ sociodemographic characteristics to their satisfaction with public bus services. The sociodemographic characteristics studied were age, gender, marital status, occupation, income, housing type, family size, and motor vehicle ownership. Data were collected by administering an onboard survey to public bus passengers. In total, 580 completed a questionnaire asking about their socio-demographic characteristics and their satisfaction with bus transit services. The study reveals that significant differences exist in the levels of passengers’ satisfaction depending on their socio-demographic characteristics. Greater satisfaction was significantly associated with being married, unemployed, and young. The delivery of public bus services needs to consider different segments of passengers.
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Brooke, Deborah, Caecilia Taylor, John Gunn, and Anthony Maden. "Substance misuse as a marker of vulnerability among male prisoners on remand." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 3 (September 2000): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.3.248.
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BackgroundMore treatment for substance misuse should be provided within prisons.AimsTo examine differences between prisoners on remand with substance misuse problems and other prisoners on remand.MethodRandom selection and interview of unconvicted male prisoners (n=750, a 9.4% sample), plus examination of the prison medical record.ResultsOf the sample of 750, 253 subjects (33.7%) reported either drug- or alcohol-related health problems or dependency. Compared with other prisoners on remand, they reported more childhood adversity, conduct disorder, self-harm, past psychiatric treatment and current mood disorder, and had fewer qualifications, were more likely to be unemployed and have more housing difficulties.ConclusionsOne-third of unconvicted men in prison report substance-related problems, and these are a marker for vulnerability within a disadvantaged population. Health care providers should involve this group in treatment and rehabilitation, both inside prison and following release.
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Nagamatsu, Shingo. "Targeting Vulnerable People with a Social Safety Net: Lessons from the CFW Program for the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0926.
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The Emergency Job Creation (EJC) program in which unemployed people are hired for recovery works funded by the government was introduced after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster in Japan. The program is very similar to Cash for Work (CFW) programs that are often implemented as social safety nets (SSNs). This paper evaluates how the EJC program targeted those most in need. From four projects, 938 participants were sampled and simple selection bias tests were conducted among job applicants in the region where the project was undertaken. Participants of the EJC program included more single females and irregular workers than the population group, thus demonstrating the EJC’s self-targeting function. Around 80% of participants were without dependent family members implying that there are two types of potential participants: those who prefer limited responsibilities with relatively low wages, and those who prefer a larger burden of responsibility with relatively higher wages. Because the wages provided by the EJC program may be high enough for the former, but too low for the latter, the program eventually excluded the second group. Similar programs in future should provide other types of jobs corresponding to people’s preferences. Previously unemployed participants were likely to be those who lost their houses; that damage had pushed them into the labor market. Because of the relatively minor existing SSN for housing damage, the EJC program served as an important safety net for disaster-affected people without a private safety net such as insurance.
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Mangold, Mikael, Greg Morrison, Robin Harder, Pernilla Hagbert, and Sebastien Rauch. "The transformative effect of the introduction of water volumetric billing in a disadvantaged housing area in Sweden." Water Policy 16, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 973–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.105.
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Domestic water payment schemes are often a product of their time, place and what is perceived to be customary. Aspects that payment schemes can take into account include resource conservation, equity, maintainability, and profitability. In contemporary Sweden profitable environmentally sustainable solutions are promoted, such as the introduction of volumetric billing of water in rental apartments. This paper describes the detailed consequences of this change in the payment structure for domestic water in terms of reduced resource consumption, direct impact on household economies and perceptions of the system's change process. By combining high-resolution quantitative data on water usage and socio-economic household characteristics with qualitative data from semi-standardized interviews with residents, it is possible to identify the different impacts of the system's change and how the process was experienced. It was shown that while water usage decreased by 30%, 63% of the households had increased monthly costs, and unemployed residents were further disadvantaged and closer to social exclusion. Focusing on making environmental sustainability profitable, as posited in ecological modernization theory, may shadow negative impacts on social sustainability.
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Bowleg, Lisa, Jenné S. Massie, Sidney L. Holt, Cheriko A. Boone, Mary Mbaba, Wayne A. Stroman, Lianne Urada, and Anita Raj. "The Stroman Effect: Participants in MEN Count, an HIV/STI Reduction Intervention for Unemployed and Unstably Housed Black Heterosexual Men, Define Its Most Successful Elements." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 155798832094335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320943352.
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Interventionists often prioritize quantitative evaluation criteria such as design (e.g., randomized controlled trials), delivery fidelity, and outcome effects to assess the success of an intervention. Albeit important, criteria such as these obscure other key metrics of success such as the role of the interactions between participants and intervention deliverers, or contextual factors that shape an intervention’s activities and outcomes. In line with advocacy to expand evaluation criteria for health interventions, we designed this qualitative study to examine how a subsample of Black men in MEN Count, an HIV/STI risk reduction and healthy relationship intervention with employment and housing stability case management for Black men in Washington, DC, defined the intervention’s success. We also examined the contextual factors that shaped participation in the study’s peer counseling sessions. We conducted structured interviews with 38 Black men, ages 18 to 60 years ( M = 31.1, SD = 9.33) who completed at least one of three peer counseling sessions. Analyses highlighted three key themes: (a) the favorable impact of Mr. Stroman, the lead peer counselor, on participants’ willingness to participate in MEN Count and disclose their challenges—we dubbed this the “Stroman Effect”; (b) the importance of Black men intervention deliverers with relatable life experiences; and (c) how contextual factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic, needs for housing and employment services and safe spaces to talk about challenges, and absentee fathers shaped participation. We discuss the study’s implications for sustainable programs after funding ends and future multilevel health interventions to promote health equity for poor urban Black men.
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Davies, Luke Lewin. "Representing the Poor: Interwar Documentary Film, Mass Observation, and Victor Gollancz Ltd." Twentieth-Century Literature 68, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0041462x-9668871.
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This article explores the emergence of a new mode of representing the poor that became dominant in Britain in the early twentieth century—a mode in which the “point of view” of impoverished people themselves was increasingly foregrounded. Focusing on examples drawn from documentary film, Mass Observation, and the publications of Victor Gollancz Ltd., the article considers how, while marking a kind of formal shift away from a late Victorian discourse of poverty, this development maintains that earlier discourse’s disciplinary agenda. In examining three case studies—John Taylor, Arthur Elton, Edgar Anstey, and Ruby Grierson’s Housing Problems; Humphrey Jennings and Charles Madge’s Mass Observation Day Survey; and H. Beales and R. Lambert’s Memoirs of the Unemployed—it argues that the new point of view mode marked a continuation in the twentieth century of the outlook that shaped representations of poverty in the late Victorian era.
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Raj, Anita, Nicole E. Johns, Florin Vaida, Lianne Urada, Jenne Massie, Jennifer B. Yore, and Lisa Bowleg. "Evaluation of the Making Employment Needs (MEN) Count Intervention to Reduce HIV/STI Risk for Black Heterosexual Men in Washington DC." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 4 (July 2019): 155798831986949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319869493.
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The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of MEN Count, a race- and gender-tailored three-session counseling intervention, on HIV/STI incidence as well as housing and employment. A two-armed quasi-experimental design was used to compare MEN Count to an attention comparison condition focused on stress reduction, from March 2014 to April 2017. Participants ( N = 454) were Black heterosexual men in Washington DC, largely recruited from an STI clinic. Multivariate difference-in-difference regressions assessed whether the intervention was associated with significant changes in the outcomes set, which included nonviral STI incidence, sexual risk categorization, housing, and employment. Significant improvements over time were observed across both treatment arms for all outcomes ( p < .05). Reductions in unemployment were significantly greater for intervention than for control participants (AOR unemployment = 0.48, 95% CI [0.23, 0.99]). Improvements in other outcomes did not differ significantly by treatment group. In dose analyses, participants receiving all intervention sessions were significantly less likely than control participants to have experienced homelessness in the 90 days prior (AOR= 0.31, 95% CI [0.10, 0.96]) and to be unemployed (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.14, 0.96]). The MEN Count intervention offers a promising approach to address structural risk factors for STI, but not STI itself, among this largely STI clinic–based sample.
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Curtis, Sarah, Ben Cave, and Adam Coutts. "Is Urban Regeneration Good for Health? Perceptions and Theories of the Health Impacts of Urban Change." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 4 (August 2002): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c02r.
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An important issue for the geography of health in urban areas concerns how urban change arising from renewal of inner-city areas relates to health of urban populations. In this paper we examine ways in which urban regeneration schemes in Britain are attempting to incorporate consideration of health impact into their planning and development. It concentrates especially on diverse ways that different stakeholders perceive the outcomes of these schemes and the significance for health. The paper is based on two case studies of urban development projects, focusing on housing improvement and training for unemployed people, in a London borough where levels of deprivation are high and various forms of social exclusion affect large numbers of people. The methods used aimed to represent the views of different types of stakeholders, by means of interviews and focus groups with a range of stakeholders in these schemes. Health impact assessment needs to be evidence based. We discuss the evidence for potential health impact of regeneration projects through effects on housing and employment as determinants of health. We focus especially on the ways in which this evidence can be viewed and used by different stakeholders, and how far their perceptions seemed to match with research findings from public health. We consider the potential and the limitations for health improvement associated with urban regeneration in view of the case studies presented here.
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Dickerson, Josie, Brian Kelly, Bridget Lockyer, Sally Bridges, Christopher Cartwright, Kathryn Willan, Katy Shire, et al. "Experiences of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic: descriptive findings from a survey of families in the Born in Bradford study." Wellcome Open Research 5 (October 2, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16317.1.
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Background: Lockdown measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 virus may be increasing health inequalities, with families from deprived and ethnically diverse backgrounds most likely to be adversely affected. This paper presents findings of the experiences of the Covid-19 lockdown on families living in the multi-ethnic and deprived city of Bradford, England. Methods: Questionnaire surveys were sent during the Covid-19 UK lockdown (10th April to 30th June 2020) to parents in two prospective birth cohort studies. Cross tabulations explored variation by ethnicity and employment status. Text from open questions were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Of 7,652 families invited, 2,144 (28%) participated. Ethnicity of respondents was: 957 (47%) Pakistani heritage, 715 (35%) White British and 356 (18%) other. 971 (46%) live in the most deprived decile of material deprivation in England. 2,043 (95%) were mothers and 101 were partners. The results summarised below are based on the mothers’ responses. Many families live in poor quality (N=574, 28%), and overcrowded (N=364, 19%) housing; this was more common in families of Pakistani heritage and other ethnicities. Financial (N=738 (37%), food (N=396, 20%), employment (N=728, 37%) and housing (N=204, 10%) insecurities were common, particularly in those who were furloughed, self-employed not working or unemployed. Clinically significant depression and anxiety symptoms were reported by 372 (19%) and 318 (16%) of the mothers and were more common in White British mothers and those with economic insecurity. Open text responses corroborated these findings and highlighted high levels of anxiety about becoming ill or dying from Covid-19. Conclusions: The experiences of the Covid-19 lockdown in this ethnically diverse and deprived population highlight a large number of families living in poor housing conditions, suffering from economic insecurity and poor mental health. There is a need for policy makers and commissioners to better support these families.
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Jobodwana, Nomna Linda, and Rendani Tshifhumulo. "Experiences of Unemployed Black People Living with Disabilities in Soshanguve Township, South Africa - An Exploratory Study." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 24, 2021): 1604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.183.
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The promise of a better life for all made by the South African government in 1994 remains unfulfilled, as many South Africans are still living in the margins of the economy where unemployment and poverty are rampant. People living with disabilities (PLWDs) are the worst affected, as they are poor with no access to jobs and housing. Despite the enactment of the Employment Equity Act (EEA) Number 55 of 1988, employment opportunities for black PLWDs are scarce in South Africa. This is due to, among other reasons, the fact that employers are reluctant to employ disabled people. This narrative study examined the experiences of black people living with disabilities (PLWDs) in Soshanguve Township, Tshwane, South Africa. It employed the symbolic interactionist (SI) theory as a lens to gain insights into the experiences of black women and men living with disabilities in their quest to access employment opportunities. The study was exploratory qualitative in nature and employed the case study design approach. Data were collected using a purposive sample of 15 black men and women living with disabilities in the Soshanguwe Township with whom in-depth interviews were conducted. This was complemented by focus group interviews with 13 purposively selected respondents who met the selection criteria. Findings were that people living with disabilities (PLWDs) were discriminated against and marginalised in employment and the workplace before and after post–apartheid South Africa. This situation leaves them inactive, economically disadvantaged and poor. The study expands knowledge on the experiences of black men and women who live with disabilities, thereby contributing towards the design of public policies and other social security interventions meant to alleviate the plight of marginalised communities in general and people living with disabilities.
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Givental, Elena. "Addis Ababa Urbanism: Indigenous Urban Legacies and Contemporary Challenges." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n1p25.
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Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, has been experiencing rapid urbanization as the entire country has transformed into an emerging market economy featuring a spectacular average ten percent GDP growth rate over the last ten years. However, this economic growth has not provided a poverty elimination momentum for the city where over half of its residents still live in slum areas and over thirty percent are unemployed or involved in informal economic activity. This paper examines the factors behind Addis Ababa’s inhibited urban progress focusing on urban legacies stemming from the city’s one-hundred-thirty years of independent development as well as on the present-day economic challenges. The empirical evidence suggests that there is a correlation between Addis Ababa’s inadequate investment in urban housing and infrastructure and Ethiopia’s low levels of foreign direct investment. Further analysis indicates that the country’s service-driven growth model of development may be contributing to overurbanization and poverty production in Addis Ababa.
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Vanthomme, Katrien, Laura Van den Borre, Hadewijch Vandenheede, Paulien Hagedoorn, and Sylvie Gadeyne. "Site-specific cancer mortality inequalities by employment and occupational groups: a cohort study among Belgian adults, 2001–2011." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e015216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015216.
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ObjectiveThis study probes into site-specific cancer mortality inequalities by employment and occupational group among Belgians, adjusted for other indicators of socioeconomic (SE) position.DesignThis cohort study is based on record linkage between the Belgian censuses of 1991 and 2001 and register data on emigration and mortality for 01/10/2001 to 31/12/2011.SettingBelgium.ParticipantsThe study population contains all Belgians within the economically active age (25–65 years) at the census of 1991.Outcome measuresBoth absolute and relative measures were calculated. First, age-standardised mortality rates have been calculated, directly standardised to the Belgian population. Second, mortality rate ratios were calculated using Poisson’s regression, adjusted for education, housing conditions, attained age, region and migrant background.ResultsThis study highlights inequalities in site-specific cancer mortality, both related to being employed or not and to the occupational group of the employed population. Unemployed men and women show consistently higher overall and site-specific cancer mortality compared with the employed group. Also within the employed group, inequalities are observed by occupational group. Generally manual workers and service and sales workers have higher site-specific cancer mortality rates compared with white-collar workers and agricultural and fishery workers. These inequalities are manifest for almost all preventable cancer sites, especially those cancer sites related to alcohol and smoking such as cancers of the lung, oesophagus and head and neck. Overall, occupational inequalities were less pronounced among women compared with men.ConclusionsImportant SE inequalities in site-specific cancer mortality were observed by employment and occupational group. Ensuring financial security for the unemployed is a key issue in this regard. Future studies could also take a look at other working regimes, for instance temporary employment or part-time employment and their relation to health.
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Marques, Bebiana, Jorge Azevedo, Isilda Rodrigues, Conceição Rainho, and Carla Gonçalves. "Food Insecurity Levels among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study." Societies 12, no. 6 (November 26, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12060174.
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Background: University students may be vulnerable to food insecurity (FI) due to limited financial resources, lower purchasing power, and increasing housing and food costs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of FI and its associated factors among university students attending a public Portuguese university. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was designed, and data were collected using a self-reported online questionnaire validated for the Portuguese population. The study population included students from all levels of study and the assessments were conducted during the winter semester (December 2021 to February 2022). Chi-square tests were used to determine the associations between FI and sociodemographic variables. Bivariate logistic regression was further used to assess factors associated with FI. Results: From the 284 participants, 17.3% of students were classified as food insecure, consisting of 14.1% with mild FI, 2.1% with moderate FI, and 1.1% with severe FI. FI was significantly associated with nationality (p = 0.028) and the number of unemployed household members (p = 0.001). In comparison to Portuguese students, students of other nationalities were 4.1 times more likely to be food insecure (OR = 4.089, 95% CI:1.057–15.821, p = 0.041). Students in households with a higher number of members (OR = 2.537, 95% CI:1.231–5.230, p = 0.012) and a higher number of unemployed members (OR = 3.192, 95% CI:1.681–6.059, p < 0.001) were also 2.5 and 3.1 times more likely, respectively, to be food insecure. Conclusions: This study provides an insight into the FI levels of university students in a Portuguese university. Further future studies are needed to use objective measures of food insecurity (availability, access, and utilization of food) and explore interventions addressing food insecurity in this population.
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Saarento, O., M. Kastrup, and L. Hansson. "The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry: characteristics of repeat users of emergency outpatient services in two Nordic psychiatric services. A 1-year follow-up study." European Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (1998): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)86749-1.
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SummaryTo characterise frequent use of psychiatric emergency outpatients services, this paper reports results from a prospective investigation of use of psychiatric services by new patients in two Nordic psychiatric services, Frederiksberg in Denmark and Oulu in Finland. One year treated incidence cohorts were used. Total number of patients included was 1,055. The repeat user was defined as a patient having at least three emergency outpatient contacts during a 1-year follow-up. The repeat users constituted 15.8% of the sample and 70.8% of all the emergency contacts in Frederiksberg. In Oulu the respective figures were 9.3% and 33.8%. The number of planned outpatient contacts or the number of hospital admissions of the repeat users did not differ from the non-repeaters. Repeaters in Frederiksberg were more likely to be self-referrals, male, divorced or unmarried, living with their parents, without their own housing, unemployed, aged between 25 and 44 years, and to have a diagnosis of dependency or personality disorder. In Oulu they did not differ from the other patients with regard to sociodemographic or diagnostic characteristics.
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Bertolini, Sonia, and Valentina Goglio. "Job uncertainty and leaving the parental home in Italy." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 7/8 (August 22, 2019): 574–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-05-2019-0096.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether and to what extent the labour market situation of young Italians affects their chances of exiting the parental home, differentiating between leaving parental home with or without a partner. The paper also considers whether contextual factors, such as the occurrence of the economic crisis and family-related characteristics, might play a moderating role. The main focus is to understand if new modes of becoming adult are emerging in a country in which leaving home occurs relatively late and where family ties are at the same time a source of protection and a source of reproduction of inequalities. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses longitudinal data from European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the period 2007–2014 and applies Event History Analysis techniques for discrete time data. The analyses estimate the hazard rate of leaving the parental home for a sample of Italian individuals in the age range of 16–40 who, at the beginning of the observation period, were living with their parents. Findings The empirical analyses highlight a negative association between exclusion from the labour market and housing autonomy, robust and consistent across gender and across types of transition. On the contrary, a situation of objective job insecurity does not emerge as being associated to lower chances of housing autonomy, compared to individuals with job stability. Moreover, the educational background of the family of origin does not show any mediating role on the relative disadvantage of unemployed and inactive individuals, while the relative disadvantage of inactive individuals tends to further worsen in the period after the economic crisis (2010–2014). Originality/value The paper contributes to the study of transitions to housing autonomy by differentiating between two modes: in couple or alone. Moreover, by introducing information on the educational background of parents and the time effect, the paper aims to combine different traditions of research coming from the sociology of work, family and inequalities.
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Kurowski, Piotr. "ESTIMATES OF SOCIAL MINIMUM BASKETS FOR THE THIRD QUARTER OF 2021." Polityka Społeczna 574, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8319.
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This article presents estimates of the social minimum for conditions in the third quarter of 2021. They take into account the extent and pattern of need satisfaction under typical conditions. Due to the lack of data on changes in household consumption in 2021, the unusual conditions of Covid-19 have not yet been taken into account. When they appear and if there is a need to change the model assumptions, the value of the social minimum for this period can be estimated again. External conditions for households in the period under review were reasonably favourable (falling unemployment rate to 5.6%, decreasing number of registered unemployed). The increase in consumer prices amounted to 1%. The value of the social minimum increased modestly: by 0.6% in households without children, by 0.8% among households of pensioners, by 1.1% in a family with an older child (from 13 to 15 years of age). This insignificant increase was due to the lower valuation of food (a decrease from 0.4% to 0.5% depending on the type of household). Expenditure on housing and energy – the second important category in the model – increased from 0.8% in one-person households to 1% in four- and five-person families
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Graban, Marcin. "Unemployment and Homelessness in the City of Poznań in 1929-1939." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2014-0005.
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Abstract The Polish National General Exhibition (PWK, also known as “Pewuka”) was held in Poznań in 1929. It was meant to be and it did become a showcase of the economic, industrial, social and cultural achievements of the Polish State, newly reborn in 1918, in the aftermath of the Great War. Staging of the Exhibition coincided with the advent of the economic crisis. Preparations for the Exhibition required an enormous amount of work, and considerable investments were needed to build a suitable infrastructure. Poznań became a huge building site, with many labourers coming to the city in search of employment. After 1929 those labourers added to the large group of the unemployed in the aftermath of the great economic crisis. During the 1930s the unemployment and the related problems aggravated the housing crisis in Poznań. The city authorities attempted to resolve this problem by putting the homeless up in the former exhibition grounds recently vacated following the closure of the Polish National General Exhibition. It was only an interim measure. In search of a more permanent solution, the city started to redevelop allotments or community gardens by building purpose-built residential garden huts or sheds.
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Owoeye, Olabisi, Manzar Khawaja, Anthony Kinsella, and Vincent Russell. "Counter-urbanisation during Ireland's ‘Celtic Tiger’ period – mental health implications." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, no. 3 (September 2011): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700012088.
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AbstractObjectives: This study (a) describes the clinical and demographic profile of urban to rural migrants attending a psychiatric outpatient clinic and (b) explores the impact of the move on patients' mental health and lifestyle.Methods: A self-rated questionnaire distributed to 207 consecutive outpatients requested demographic and clinical information from migrant and non-migrant patients. A focus group study among a purposeful sample of 10 migrant patients explored participants perceptions of the move and its impact on mental health.Results: One hundred and one patients (48.8%) returned the questionnaire. Most migrant responders described housing affordability as influencing their decision and were generally satisfied with the move. However, half reported reduced access to social amenities. Over half of the migrant outpatients had a previous psychiatric history and were mostly unemployed despite being home-owners. Predominant focus group themes included the perceived need to leave the city for the relative safety and calm of rural living as well as post-migration concerns regarding future isolation and diminished levels of support.Conclusion: Clinicians and service providers in rural areas should be informed by an awareness of the potential mental health implications of counter-urbanisation.
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Gomez-Peralta, Fernando, Cristina Abreu, Manuel Benito, and Rafael J. Barranco. "Geographical clustering and socioeconomic factors associated with hypoglycemic events requiring emergency assistance in Andalusia (Spain)." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 9, no. 1 (January 2021): e001731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001731.
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IntroductionThe geographical distribution of hypoglycemic events requiring emergency assistance was explored in Andalusia (Spain), and potentially associated societal factors were determined.Research design and methodsThis was a database analysis of hypoglycemia requiring prehospital emergency assistance from the Public Company for Health Emergencies (Empresa Pública de Emergencias Sanitarias (EPES)) in Andalusia during 2012, which served 8 393 159 people. Databases of the National Statistics Institute, Basic Spatial Data of Andalusia and System of Multiterritorial Information of Andalusia were used to retrieve spatial data and population characteristics. Geographic Information System software (QGIS and GeoDA) was used for analysis and linkage across databases. Spatial analyses of geographical location influence in hypoglycemic events were assessed using Moran’s I statistics, and linear regressions were used to determine their association with population characteristics.ResultsThe EPES attended 1 137 738 calls requesting medical assistance, with a mean hypoglycemia incidence of 95.0±61.6 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. There were significant differences in hypoglycemia incidence between basic healthcare zones attributable to their geographical location in the overall population (Moran’s I index 0.122, z-score 7.870, p=0.001), women (Moran’s I index 0.088, z-score 6.285, p=0.001), men (Moran’s I index 0.076, z-score 4.914, p=0.001) and aged >64 years (Moran’s I index 0.147, z-score 9.753, p=0.001). Hypoglycemia incidence was higher within unemployed individuals (β=0.003, p=0.001) and unemployed women (β=0.005, p=0.001), while lower within individuals aged <16 years (β=−0.004, p=0.040), higher academic level (secondary studies) (β=−0.003, p=0.004) and women with secondary studies (β=−0.005, p<0.001). In subjects aged >64 years, lower rate of hypoglycemia was associated with more single-person homes (β=−0.008, p=0.022) and sports facilities (β=−0.342, p=0.012).ConclusionsThis analysis supports the geographical distribution of hypoglycemia in the overall population, both genders and subjects aged >64 years, which was affected by societal factors such as unemployment, literacy/education, housing and sports facilities. These data can be useful to design specific prevention programs.
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Dickerson, Josie, Brian Kelly, Bridget Lockyer, Sally Bridges, Christopher Cartwright, Kathryn Willan, Katy Shire, et al. "Experiences of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic: descriptive findings from a survey of families in the Born in Bradford study." Wellcome Open Research 5 (February 26, 2021): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16317.2.
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Background: Lockdown measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 virus have increased health inequalities, with families from deprived and ethnically diverse backgrounds most likely to be adversely affected. This paper describes the experiences of families living in the multi-ethnic and deprived city of Bradford, England.Methods: A wave of survey data collection using a combination of email, text and phone with postal follow-up during the first Covid-19 UK lockdown (10th April to 30thJune 2020) with parents participating in two longitudinal studies. Cross tabulations explored variation by ethnicity and financial insecurity. Text from open questions was analysed using thematic analysis.Results: Of 7,652 families invited, 2,144 (28%) participated. The results presented are based on the 2,043 (95%) mothers’ responses: 957 (47%) of whom were of Pakistani heritage, 715 (35%) White British and 356 (18%) other ethnicity 971 (46%) lived in the most deprived decile of material deprivation in England. and 738 (37%) were financially insecure.Many families lived in poor quality (N=574, 28%), overcrowded (N=364, 19%) housing. Food (N=396, 20%), employment (N=728, 37%) and housing (N=204, 10%) insecurities were common, particularly in those who were furloughed, self-employed not working or unemployed. Clinically important depression and anxiety were reported by 372 (19%) and 318 (16%) mothers. Ethnic minority and financially insecure families had a worse experience during the lockdown across all domains, with the exception of mental health which appeared worse in White British mothers. Open text responses corroborated these findings and highlighted high levels of anxiety and fear about Covid-19.Conclusions: There is a need for policy makers and commissioners to better support vulnerable families during and after the pandemic. Future work will use longitudinal data from before the pandemic, and from future surveys during the pandemic, to describe trajectories and the long-term consequences of the pandemic on vulnerable populations.
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Pollard, Booth, Jancey, Mackintosh, Pulker, Wright, Begley, et al. "Long-Term Food Insecurity, Hunger and Risky Food Acquisition Practices: A Cross-Sectional Study of Food Charity Recipients in an Australian Capital City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152749.
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Inadequate social protection, stagnant wages, unemployment, and homelessness are associated with Australian household food insecurity. Little is known about the recipients of food charity and whether their needs are being met. This cross-sectional study of 101 food charity recipients in Perth, Western Australia, measured food security, weight status, sociodemographic characteristics and food acquisition practices. Seventy-nine percent were male, aged 21–79 years, 90% were unemployed, 87% received social assistance payments, and 38% were homeless. Ninety-one percent were food insecure, 80% with hunger, and 56% had gone a day or more without eating in the previous week. Fifty-seven percent had used food charity for ≥1 year, and, of those, 7.5 years was the mode. Charitable services were the main food source in the previous week, however 76% used multiple sources. Begging for money for food (36%), begging for food (32%), stealing food or beverages (34%), and taking food from bins (28%) was commonplace. The omnipresence and chronicity of food insecurity, reliance on social security payments, and risky food acquisition suggest that both the social protection and charitable food systems are failing. Urgent reforms are needed to address the determinants of food insecurity (e.g., increased social assistance payments, employment and housing support) and the adequacy, appropriateness and effectiveness of food charity.