Relevant bibliographies by topics / UNDEX

Academic literature on the topic 'UNDEX'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "UNDEX"

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Hsu, Ching Yu, Tso Liang Teng, Cho Chung Liang, Hai Anh Nguyen, and Chien Jong Shih. "The Study on the Dynamic Response of Cylindrical Pressure Hull on the Different Shock Loading Empirical Formula." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.604.

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This paper focuses on the comparison between underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock loading empirical formulations. First, the numerical simulations for a cylindrical pressure hull subjected to UNDEX loading were conducted and the results are close to the failure modes shown in experiments of Kwon (1993). Second, the empirical UNDEX loading formula of Cole (1948), Keil (1961) and Shin (1994) used in cylinder subjected to underwater shock loading were compared. The simulation results by using three empirical formulas were compared and Shin’s (or Cole’s) empirical formula was shown to be better than the other empirical formulations when subjected to an UNDEX under the same conditions. The analytical results offer a valuable reference to the research of underwater explosion.
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Du, Zhi Peng, Yu Wang, Yong Chen, and Hong Xing Hua. "A New Type of Rubber Sandwich Coated Onto Ship for the Use of Underwater Explosion Shock Mitigating." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.291.

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How to moderate ship the damages caused by the underwater explosion (UNDEX) is of great interest to the modern ship designers. A new type of rubber sandwich with periodic honeycomb core was developed to mitigate the ship shock due to UNDEX. A ship with or without the rubber coat was tested under “near combat conditions” by igniting a 8 kg charge of TNT underwater at varying standoff distances from the ship. The effects of the shocks to ship systems were observed and the responses of the ship were monitored and recorded for each shot. The pressures in the water around the ship were also recorded to explore the fluid-structure interaction and UNDEX shock wave reflection with different targets. Acceleration and strain records indicate that the rubber coat is capable of moderating the high-frequency response excited by shock wave efficiently. Pressure records show that the core crushing and water cavitation promote superior energy absorption that yields an increased resistance to UNDEX.
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Wang, Yuhao, Hongxiao Dong, Tong Dong, and Xiangyun Xu. "Dumbbell-Shaped Damage Effect of Closed Cylindrical Shell Subjected to Far-Field Side-On Underwater Explosion Shock Wave." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121874.

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In naval warfare, underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock waves significantly influence the stability and safety of the pressure hull structure of the equipment. This study investigated the unique dynamic buckling of a closed cylindrical shell subjected to a far-field side-on UNDEX shock wave using a three-dimensional numerical simulation based on acoustic–structural arithmetic. In particular, the flow-field response characteristics, plastic deformation, and yield characteristics of the cylindrical shell were determined under the influence of the UNDEX shock wave. Subsequently, the failure mode of the cylindrical shell was analyzed to propose the dumbbell-shaped damage effect. The results revealed that when the UNDEX shock wave encounters a finite cylindrical shell, the fluid exhibits a perturbation such as pressure division, stress wave deflection, and flow in the surroundings of the circular cylinder. However, the fluid cannot produce a sizeable instantaneous displacement that yields certain strong constraints at both ends of the cylindrical shell. These constraints generate an irregular distribution of the flow field pressure, and the cylindrical shell tends to exhibit an “arch” deformation along the direction of shock wave propagation. Owing to the flow surrounding the circular cylinder, a negative pressure zone is generated in the flow field at both ends of the cylindrical shell, which induces a “sucking disc” shape at both ends of the cylindrical shell and ultimately produces a dumbbell-shaped damage effect. The present findings will aid in the structural design and impact resistance of submarines, unmanned undersea vehicles, and additional equipment under the impact load of the UNDEX.
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Sanders, Jacob, Girum Urgessa, and Rainald Löhner. "Literature Review on the Response of Concrete Structures Subjected to Underwater Explosions." CivilEng 2, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2040048.

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This paper presents a review of research on underwater explosions (UNDEX) with a focus on the structural response of concrete or reinforced concrete (RC) structures. First, the physical phenomena of UNDEX and its effects are discussed describing both the theory and considerations of the event. Then a brief description of the standard UNDEX experiment is followed by computational methods that employ governing equations that are used for verification of those methods. Lastly, a discussion on structural response for UNDEX is presented with a particular focus on concrete structures.
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O’Daniel, James L., Theodor Krauthammer, Kevin L. Koudela, and Larry H. Strait. "An UNDEX response validation methodology." International Journal of Impact Engineering 27, no. 9 (October 2002): 919–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(02)00014-3.

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Wang, Hao, Yuan Sheng Cheng, Jun Liu, and Lin Gan. "The Fluid-Solid Interaction Dynamics between Underwater Explosion Bubble and Corrugated Sandwich Plate." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6057437.

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Lightweight sandwich structures with highly porous 2D cores or 3D (three-dimensional) periodic cores can effectively withstand underwater explosion load. In most of the previous studies of sandwich structure antiblast dynamics, the underwater explosion (UNDEX) bubble phase was neglected. As the UNDEX bubble load is one of the severest damage sources that may lead to structure large plastic deformation and crevasses failure, the failure mechanisms of sandwich structures might not be accurate if only shock wave is considered. In this paper, detailed 3D finite element (FE) numerical models of UNDEX bubble-LCSP (lightweight corrugated sandwich plates) interaction are developed by using MSC.Dytran. Upon the validated FE model, the bubble shape, impact pressure, and fluid field velocities for different stand-off distances are studied. Based on numerical results, the failure modes of LCSP and the whole damage process are obtained. It is demonstrated that the UNDEX bubble collapse jet local load plays a more significant role than the UNDEX shock wave load especially in near-field underwater explosion.
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Nguyen, Anh-Tu. "A numerical research on the interaction between underwater explosion bubble and deformable structure using CEL technique." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002637.

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The dynamic process of an underwater explosion (UNDEX) bubble in the vicinity of deformable structures is a complex phenomenon that has been studied by many researchers. The dynamic process of a UNDEX bubble is a complex transient problem that results in a highly distorted bubble and large deformation of the structure. The previous work has introduced various solutions for studying the interaction between the UNDEX bubble and deformable structure. The interaction between the bubble and nearby structures has been widely solved by the combination of the boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM). However, this couple requires tight time-step controlling, long-time analysis, and large computer resources. Furthermore, this combination is not widely used as the FEM code in commercially available software for solving UNDEX bubble problems. This paper presents a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach in commercial software to deal with the fluid-structure interaction (FSI). The numerical model of a UNDEX bubble is first developed and verified by comparing results with experimental, BEM, and empirical data. Then both bubble behavior and structural deformation are examined in various case studies. The numerical results show that the stiffness of the structure has strongly influenced the bubble behavior and the water jet development. The pressure pulse becomes significantly large as the bubble collapse. Besides, this numerical approach also can reproduce crucial phenomena of a UNDEX bubble, such as the whipping effect and water jet attacks. Although the numerical model is developed using simplified boundary conditions, the proposed approach shows the feasibility of simulating the important features of a UNDEX bubble process as well as the response of nearby structures.
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Elsayed, Fathallah, Li Li Tong, Hui Qi, and Mahmoud Helal. "Finite Element Analysis of Deep Elliptical Submersible Pressure Hull Subjected to a Side-On Non-Contact Underwater Explosion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.256.

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Predicting the dynamic response of a floating and submerged structure subjected to underwater explosion is greatly complicated by the explosion of a high explosive, propagation of shock wave, bubble-pulse, complex fluid-structure interaction phenomena and the dynamic behavior of the floating structures. A numerical simulation has been carried out to examine the behavior of elliptical submersible pressure hull to non-contact underwater explosion (UNDEX) and take the effect of bubble-pulse. The finite element package ABAQUS was used to model the UNDEX and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) phenomena. The pressure wave resulting from an UNDEX was assumed to be a spherical wave. Plastic strain and the time histories of the wet-surface displacement, velocity and von Mises stress are presented. The analytical results are valuable for designing underwater vehicles to resist UNDEX.
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Nguyen, Anh Tu. "The Application of CEL Technique to Simulate the Behavior of an Underwater Explosion Bubble in the Vicinity of a Rigid Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 902 (September 2020): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.902.126.

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The dynamic process of an underwater explosion (UNDEX) is a complex phenomenon that involves several facets. After detonation, the shockwave radially propagates at a high speed and strikes nearby structures. Subsequently, bubble oscillation may substantially damage the structures because of the whipping effect, water jet impact, and bubble pulse. This paper presents an application of explicit finite element analyses to simulate the process of an UNDEX bubble in the vicinity of rigid wall, in which the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach was developed to overcome the difficulties regarding the classical finite element method (FEM), large deformations, and flow simulation of fluid and gas. The results demonstrate that the method is well suited to manage the UNDEX bubble problem and can be used to model the major features of the bubble dynamics. Furthermore, the behavior of an UNDEX bubble near a rigid wall was also examined in the present study, which showed that the migration of the bubble and the development of the water jet are influenced strongly by the standoff distance between the initial bubble position and the wall. This method can be used in future studies to examine UNDEX bubbles in the vicinity of deformable and complex structures.
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Biglarkhani, Masoud, and Keyvan Sadeghi. "Incremental Explosive Analysis and Its Application to Performance-Based Assessment of Stiffened and Unstiffened Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Underwater Explosion." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3754510.

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Incremental explosive analysis (IEA) is addressed as an applicable method for performance-based assessment of stiffened and unstiffened cylindrical shells subjected to underwater explosion (UNDEX) loading. In fact, this method is inspired by the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) which is a known parametric analysis method in the field of earthquake engineering. This paper aims to introduce the application of IEA approach in UNDEX in order to estimate different limit states and deterministic assessment of cylindrical shells, considering the uncertainty of loading conditions. The local, bay, and general buckling modes are defined as limit states for performance calculation. Different standoff distances and depth parameters combining several loading conditions are considered. The explosive loading intensity is specified and scaled in several levels to force the structure through the entire range of its behavior. The results are plotted in terms of a damage measure (DM) versus selected intensity measure (IM). The statistical treatment of the obtained multi-IEA curves is performed to summarize the results in a predictive mode. Finally, the fragility curves as damage probability indicators of shells in UNDEX loading are extracted. Results show that the IEA is a promising method for performance-based assessment of cylindrical shells subjected to UNDEX loading.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "UNDEX"

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Ahn, Sung (Dean) H. "Investigation of shallow UNDEX in littoral ocean domain." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42571.

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With recent delivery of littoral combat ships, the impact of operating in shallow or littoral ocean domain (LOD) during the duration of their life cycle is of interest, and a shock trial or hardening test and validation for this class is needed. For this study, the theories of underwater shock phenomena as applied within the boundaries of LOD, specific to the Eulerian fluid domain were conducted. The results of varying ocean depth show clear distinction in UNDEX characterization at depths shallower than 300ft. Varying charge size and depth showed that charge size of less than 300lbs of HBX-1 displayed a linear relationship while changing the charge depths to near water-air or water-bottom interface also resulted in amplified characteristics of UNDEX parameters. In addition, varying lateral boundary showed that as its distance is brought inside the radius of bulk cavitation, the UNDEX behavior also became increasingly chaotic due to similar effects seen in the shallower bottom depth. Lastly, adding blocked cells prior to a full scale coupled run showed that fluid behaves more erratically as these small rigid boundaries are situated within the radius of forming bulk cavitation.
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Sjöstrand, Edvin. "Structural Analysis of Underwater Detonations." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85099.

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The knowledge how an object withstand an underwater detonation is critical within the defense industry. This is mostly done today with physicals test which are both time consuming and connected with high costs. The aim of this thesis is to provide recommendations and guidelines on how to model and analyze a structural response of underwater detonations. This investigation are focused on firstly investigate several theoretical simulation methods and thereafter develop a model of the chosen method.  The simulation method was decided to be the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian Euler(MMALE) using the software LS-Dyna. To receive a model with functionality to simulate an explosion a method of six steps is developed to increase the complexity. The final step is to be able to analyze a structural response of an object.  The validation phase contained several convergence studies of the two Equations of states and a varying element size compared to analytical equations. The plan was to perform a validation test but because of travel restrictions due to the Covid-19 situation an alternative validation method was used. This method involved two external reports with specified measurement data.  The aim to develop a model is reached as the model performs well against the cylinder in the validation phase, however the element size is the most important parameter in an accurate model. The developed model shows good agreement regarding the structural response of an object when compared to well defined and reported experiments.
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Walters, Adam P. "Investigation of an explicitly modeled solid ocean floor on a shallow water UNDEX event." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5530.

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Current practices for modeling the ocean floor in underwater explosion simulations call for application of an inviscid fluid with soil properties. A method for modeling the ocean floor as a Lagrangian solid, vice an Eulerian fluid, was developed in order to determine its effects on underwater explosions in shallow water using the DYSMAS solver. The Lagrangian solid bottom model utilized transmitting boundary segments, exterior nodal forces acting as constraints, and the application of prestress to minimize any distortions into the fluid domain. Elastic materials were used, though multiple constitutive soil models can be applied to improve the accuracy. This method is unable to account for soil cratering effects, however it provides the distinct advantage of modeling contoured ocean floors such as dredged channels and sloped bottoms absent in Eulerian formulations. The dynamic loading effects of the investigated bottom contours were found to be negligible in the analyzed cases as a result of the bulk cavitation zone which dominates the chosen fluid field and serves as a buffer to the target. In addition to its utility in bottom modeling, implementation of the non-reflecting boundary along with realistic material models can be used to drastically reduce the size of current fluid domains.
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Mathew, Ajai Kurian. "Modeling Underwater Explosion (UNDEX) Shock Effects for Vulnerability Assessment in Early Stage Ship Design." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82531.

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This thesis describes and assesses a simplified tool for modeling underwater explosion shock effects during early naval ship concept design. A simplified fluid model using Taylor flat-plate theory is incorporated directly into the OpenFSI module code in Nastran and used to interface with the structural solver in Nastran to simulate a far-field shockwave impacting the hull. The kick-off velocities and the shock spectra captured in this computationally efficient module is compared to results from a high-fidelity CASE (Cavitating Acoustic Spectral Element) fluid model implemented with the ABAQUS/Nastran structural solver to validate the simplified framework and assess the sufficiency of this very simple but, fast approach for early stage ship design.
Master of Science
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Elder, David James, and d. elder@crc-acs com au. "Optimisation of parametric equations for shock transmission through surface ships from underwater explosions." RMIT University. Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080212.105012.

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Currently shock effects on surface ships can be determined by full scale shock trials, Finite Element Analysis or semi empirical methods that reduce the analytical problem to a limited number of degrees of freedom and include hull configurations, construction methods and materials in an empirical way to determine any debilitating effects that an explosion may have on the ship. This research has been undertaken to better understand the effect of hull shape on surface ships' shock response to external underwater explosions (UNDEX). The study is within the semi empirical method category of computations. A set of simple closed-form equations has been developed that accurately predicts the magnitude of dynamic excitation of different 2- D rigid-hull shapes subject to far-field UNDEX events. This research was primarily focused on the affects of 2-D rigid hull shapes and their contribution to global ship motions. A section of the thesis,
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Park, Jinwon. "A Runge Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin-Direct Ghost Fluid (RKDG-DGF) Method to Near-field Early-time Underwater Explosion (UNDEX) Simulations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28905.

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A coupled solution approach is presented for numerically simulating a near-field underwater explosion (UNDEX). An UNDEX consists of a complicated sequence of events over a wide range of time scales. Due to the complex physics, separate simulations for near/far-field and early/late-time are common in practice. This work focuses on near-field early-time UNDEX simulations. Using the assumption of compressible, inviscid and adiabatic flow, the fluid flow is governed by a set of Euler fluid equations. In practical simulations, we often encounter computational difficulties that include large displacements, shocks, multi-fluid flows with cavitation, spurious waves reflecting from boundaries and fluid-structure coupling. Existing methods and codes are not able to simultaneously consider all of these characteristics. A robust numerical method that is capable of treating large displacements, capturing shocks, handling two-fluid flows with cavitation, imposing non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBC) and allowing the movement of fluid grids is required. This method is developed by combining numerical techniques that include a high-order accurate numerical method with a shock capturing scheme, a multi-fluid method to handle explosive gas-water flows and cavitating flows, and an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) deformable fluid mesh. These combined approaches are unique for numerically simulating various near-field UNDEX phenomena within a robust single framework. A review of the literature indicates that a fully coupled methodology with all of these characteristics for near-field UNDEX phenomena has not yet been developed. A set of governing equations in the ALE description is discretized by a Runge Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) method. For multi-fluid flows, a Direct Ghost Fluid (DGF) Method coupled with the Level Set (LS) interface method is incorporated in the RKDG framework. The combination of RKDG and DGF methods (RKDG-DGF) is the main contribution of this work which improves the quality and stability of near-field UNDEX flow simulations. Unlike other methods, this method is simpler to apply for various UNDEX applications and easier to extend to multi-dimensions.
Ph. D.
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Webster, Keith Gordon. "Investigation of Close Proximity Underwater Explosion Effects on a Ship-Like Structure Using the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Finite Element Method." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31077.

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This thesis investigates the characteristics of a close proximity underwater explosion and its effect on a ship-like structure. Finite element model tests are conducted to verify and validate the propagation of a pressure wave generated by an underwater explosion through a fluid medium, and the transmission of the pressure wave in the fluid to a structure using the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian/Eulerian method. A one dimensional case modeling the detonation of a spherical TNT charge underwater is investigated. Three dimensional cases modeling the detonation of an underwater spherical TNT charge, and US Navy Blast Test cases modeling a shape charge and a circular steel plate, and a shape charge and a Sandwich Plate System (SPS) are also investigated. This thesis provides evidence that existing tools and methodologies have some capability for predicting early-time/close proximity underwater explosion effects, but are insufficient for analyses beyond the arrival of the initial shock wave. This thesis shows that a true infinite boundary condition, a modified Gruneisen equation of state near the charge, and the ability to capture shock without a very small element size is needed in order to provide a sufficient means for predicting early-time/close proximity underwater explosion effects beyond the arrival of the initial shock wave.
Master of Science
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Smith, James R. "Effect of fluid mesh truncation on the response of a Floating Shock Platform (FSP) subjected to an Underwater Explosion (UNDEX)." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA371731.

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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999.
"September 1999:. Thesis advisor(s): Young S. Shin. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72). Also Available online.
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Petrusa, Douglas C. "Evaluation and analysis of DDG-81 simulated athwartship shock response." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPetrusa.pdf.

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Didoszak, Jarema M. "Parametric studies of DDG-81 ship shock trial simulations." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FDidoszak.pdf.

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Books on the topic "UNDEX"

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R, Smith James. Effect of fluid mesh truncation on the response of a Floating Shock Platform (FSP) subjected to an Underwater Explosion (UNDEX). Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1999.

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Down Under milk wood. London: Timon Films, 2014.

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Six feet under: Nos vies sans destin. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2012.

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Conrad, Joseph. Joseph Conrad, selected works. New York: Gramercy Books, 1994.

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Six Feet Under. Zürich: Diaphanes, 2014.

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Six feet under: The unofficial guide. London: Contender, 2002.

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1957-, Ball Alan, and Poul Alan, eds. Six feet under: Better living through death. New York: Pocket Books, 2003.

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Under five, under-educated? Milton Keynes [England]: Open University Press, 1990.

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Bervin, Jen. Under What Is Not Under. Elmwood, USA: Potes & Poets Press, 2001.

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Under a killing moon: The official strategy guide. Roseville, CA: Prima Pub., 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "UNDEX"

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Raja Sekhar, B., and S. Gopalakrishnan. "Sandwich Structures Subjected to UNDEX Loading." In Blast Mitigation Strategies in Marine Composite and Sandwich Structures, 73–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7170-6_4.

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Costanzo, Frederick A. "A Closed Form Solution to the Early-Time Underwater Explosion (UNDEX) Response of a Rectangular Air-Backed Ship Hull Panel." In Topics in Modal Analysis II, Volume 6, 71–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2419-2_8.

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Lamm, Jacob. "The Rise of Governance." In Under Control, 1–13. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_1.

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Cooper, Nancy E., and Alan Srulowitz. "Governance and Finance." In Under Control, 143–55. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_10.

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Datskovsky, Galina. "Information Governance." In Under Control, 157–81. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_11.

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Boston, Steve. "Governance and Sustainability." In Under Control, 183–205. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_12.

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Lamm, Jacob. "Governance Today." In Under Control, 14–24. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_2.

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Blount, Sumner. "Policy Management." In Under Control, 25–34. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_3.

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Blount, Sumner. "Risk Management." In Under Control, 35–54. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_4.

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McCracken, William E. "Risk Governance and the Board of Directors." In Under Control, 55–71. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1593-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "UNDEX"

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Kim, Hyunwoo, Burak Can Cerik, and Joonmo Choung. "Prediction of Structural Damages and Armament Accelerations of a Surface Naval Ship due to Underwater Explosions." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80686.

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Abstract Underwater explosion (UNDEX) caused by torpedoes yields the largest subsurface load that can be applied to a naval surface ship. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the extent of structural damages and accelerations acting on major armament systems by UNDEX for a large naval surface ship. The hull of the naval surface ship was modeled using Abaqus, a commercial finite element analysis code. By applying the Geers and Hunter UNDEX model provided by Abaqus, the primary shock wave and the secondary bubble wave based on doubly asymptotic approximation were implemented. The DSSE-HC model (Hosford-Coulomb combined with a localized necking model) enhanced for strain-rate effect was applied to estimate the extent of structural damages caused by UNDEX. Since the DSSE-HC model is not supported by Abaqus, the material subroutine was independently developed. The range of structural damages predicted by the DSSE-HC model was compared with that predicted by the constant failure strain model, which is widely used for UNDEX problems, to identify a difference in the structural damage. As a result, it was confirmed that there is a large difference in resulting damage. That is, the constant failure strain model predicted overestimated the extent of damage depending on the assumed failure strains. In addition, the accelerations acting on the various armament systems also showed significant differences. To predict the structural damage and acceleration of the armament system due to a UNDEX in the future, it was found that it is necessary to apply a fracture model with an advanced mechanical background rather than a simple fracture model.
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CHURCH, PHIL, DOUG KIRKPATRICK, PHIL OTTLEY, MARCUS DEAR, and ROB KING. "DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE FOR UNDEX APPLICATIONS." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36047.

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This paper describes recent experimental development of high speed photography (HSP) applied to UNDer water Explosive (UNDEX) trials. The imaging technique adopted used overhead mirrors and a Perspex® plate on the surface of the water in a tank holding 11,000 litres of water. The HSP has identified the shock wave velocity, shape and timescales and the bubble dynamics as well as the interaction with the target (i.e. Glass reinforced panel (GFRP) composite panel). Charge sizes ranged from 40-140g of PE4 explosive and good images were obtained of the target response. Improvements to the technique will be higher fidelity to enable Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements for the panel as well as improved target fixings to prevent lateral motion so that damage could be induced in the panel. The technique can also be used on bigger scale UNDEX trials.
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Ogilvy, I. J. M., G. J. Birkhead, and J. D. McVee. "A Numerical Toolset To Study The Effect of Undex Loading On Naval Trimarans." In Design & Operation of Trimaran Ships. RINA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.tri.2004.08.

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Yin, Caiyu, Zeyu Jin, Yong Chen, and Hongxing Hua. "Transient Response of Coated Submersible Hull to Deep Underwater Explosion." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54165.

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Underwater explosion (UNDEX) can severely damage warships and submarines, so improving shock resistance ability of such weapons is of great importance. However, studies on enhancing shock resistance ability of submerged structures are limited. In this paper, the shock mitigation effects of cellular cladding coated on the submersible hull subjected to combined loads of hydrostatic pressure and shock wave are analyzed. First, one-dimensional analytical model is proposed to reveal the shock mitigation mechanism of cellular claddings. The pressure at fluid-structure interface and the thickness of cellular foam needed to fully dissipate shock energy are obtained. Then, the finite element method is employed to investigate the transient response of bare/coated submersible hull subjected to UNDEX. The results indicate that the cellular cladding coated on the pressure hull is very effective on reducing hull deformation, velocity and acceleration response if the cladding is not fully densified. Otherwise, the stress enhancement appears when the cladding is fully densified prematurely, which will weaken the shock mitigation effects. The research results are useful in designing surface shields for submersible hull so as to enhance its resistance to underwater shock damage.
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Wadadar, Debashis, Asokendu Samanta, and Vighnesh Ambetkar. "A Comparative Study on Displacement Response Between Air-Backed and Water-Backed Condition for Flexible Plate Structures Subjected to Underwater Shock Load." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54339.

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For ships operating in combat situations, estimating the response of the bottom and side shells subjected to non-contact underwater blast load is of paramount importance. The damage severity in underwater explosion (UNDEX) depends not only on the shock factor but also on the type of fluid behind the structure (air or water). The response of a free-standing air-backed (AB) and water-backed (WB) plate has already been studied analytically by Liu and Young [1]. However, analysis for AB or WB conditions for fixed flexible plate structures has not been given due importance. In the present study, the equation of motion for the generalized single degree of freedom (SDOF) model for AB or WB plate, which accounts for its flexibility, is formulated from the principle of virtual work. However, since this model is constructed to have a global overview of the present problem without taking account of its inherent complexities, a detailed numerical investigation using MSC.DYTRAN solver is carried out for bare and stiffened plates. The results obtained from both the analytical model and numerical simulations clearly show significant reduction in displacement in case of WB condition compared to AB condition for equal shock factors. This study emphasizes the fact that WB condition can be used to our advantage in order to reduce damage associated with UNDEX in case of doublebottom or double-hull naval vessels.
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Guzas, Emily L., Stephen E. Turner, Matthew Babina, Brandon Casper, Thomas N. Fetherston, and Joseph M. Ambrico. "Validation of a Surrogate Model for Marine Mammal Lung Dynamics Under Underwater Explosive Impulse." In ASME 2019 Verification and Validation Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/vvs2019-5143.

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Abstract Primary blast injury (PBI), which relates gross blast-related trauma or traces of injury in air-filled tissues or those tissues adjacent to air-filled regions (rupture/lesions, contusions, hemorrhaging), has been documented in a number of marine mammal species after blast exposure [1, 2, 3]. However, very little is known about marine mammal susceptibility to PBI except in rare cases of opportunistic studies. As a result, traditional techniques rely on analyses using small-scale terrestrial mammals as surrogates for large-scale marine mammals. For an In-house Laboratory Independent Research (ILIR) project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), researchers at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport (NUWCDIVNPT), have undertaken a broad 3-year effort to integrate computational fluid-structure interaction techniques with marine mammal anatomical structure. The intent is to numerically simulate the dynamic response of a marine mammal thoracic cavity and air-filled lungs to shock loading, to enhance understanding of marine mammal lungs to shock loading in the underwater environment. In the absence of appropriate test data from live marine mammals, a crucial part of this work involves code validation to test data for a suitable surrogate test problem. This research employs a surrogate of an air-filled spherical membrane structure subjected to shock loading as a first order approximation to understanding marine mammal lung response to underwater explosions (UNDEX). This approach incrementally improves upon the currently used one-dimensional spherical air bubble approximation to marine mammal lung response by providing an encapsulating boundary for the air. The encapsulating structure is membranous, with minimal simplified representation not accounting for marine mammal species-specific and individual animal differences in tissue composition, rib mechanics, and mechanical properties of interior lung tissue. NUWCDIVNPT partnered with the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (NSMRL) to design and execute a set of experiments to investigate the shock response of an air-filled rubber dodgeball in a shallow underwater environment. These tests took place in the 2.13 m (7-ft) diameter pressure tank at the University of Rhode Island, with test measurements including pressure data and digital image correlation (DIC) data captured with high-speed cameras in a stereo setup. The authors developed 3-dimensional computational models of the dodgeball experiments using Dynamic System Mechanics Advanced Simulation (DYSMAS), a Navy fluid-structure interaction code. DYSMAS models of a variety of different problems involving submerged pressure vessel structures responding to hydrostatic and/or UNDEX loading have been validated against test data [4]. Proper validation of fluid structure interaction simulations is quite challenging, requiring measurements in both the fluid and structure domains. This paper details the development of metrics for comparison between test measurements and simulation results, with a discussion of potential sources of uncertainty.
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Demir, Ozgur, Abdurrahman Sahin, and Tamer Yilmaz. "Investigation of charge weight and shock factor effect on non-linear transient structural response of rectangular plates subjected to underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock loading." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756666.

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Hu, Wei, Nicholas Wilson, Gregory J. Hiemenz, and Norman M. Wereley. "Magnetorheological Shock Absorber for Crew Seats in the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-542.

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A magnetorheological shock absorber (MRSA) system is designed and tested to integrate semi-active shock and vibration mitigating technology into the existing EFV (Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle) forward seating positions. Based on the operational requirements of the vehicle, the MRSA is designed so that it can not only isolate occupants from harmful whole body vibration (WBV) during normal operations but also reduce injury risk during extreme events such as a “rogue” wave or ballistic/UNDEX shock event. The MRSA consists of a piston with a circular flow-mode valve, a magnetorheological (MR) fluid cylinder, and a nitrogen accumulator. Piston motion forces MR fluids enclosed in the fluid cylinder to flow through the valve where it is activated by a magnetic field in the valve. Based on the Bingham-plastic constitutive relation and a steady state fluid motion model, the valve parameters are determined using a magnetic circuit analysis tool and are validated by electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA). The high-speed field-off viscous force of the MRSA is predicted using computational fluid dynamic analysis. To experimentally evaluate the damping performance of the MRSA and validate the design, the MRSA is tested under single frequency sinusoidal displacement excitation on a material dynamic testing machine for low piston velocities (up to 0.9 m/s) performance evaluation. For performance evaluation at high piston velocities (up to 2.2 m/s), the MRSA is tested under impact loading on a rail-guided mass-drop test stand. Equivalent viscous damping is used to characterize the controllable damping behavior of the MRSA. To describe the time response of the MRSA, a dynamic model is developed based on geometrical parameters and MR fluid properties.
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Zhang, Wenzheng, Zhipeng Feng, Xi Lv, Furui Xiong, and Haiyang Song. "Research on the Shock Resistance Optimal Design of Submerged Nuclear Power Plants Model Subjected to Underwater Explosions." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66317.

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The research on the linear and nonlinear responses of the plant structures, especially with internal equipment, subjected to underwater shock load make great significance in assessing the shock resistance ability of submerged nuclear power plants. In this paper, an optimal design of a small-sized submerged vehicle with internal components has been carried out to enhance the shock resistance. The dynamic responses and deformation mode of the vehicle subjected to underwater shock wave are firstly analyzed to determine the weak parts. The incident wave induced by UNDEX is equivalently replaced by half-sine shock wave, as the calculation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in the optimization process is very complicated. Based on the constraint condition of invariant weight, an optimization procedure is established by means of the commercial finite element code and optimization method. Numerical simulation is carried out to validate the effective of the optimal procedure. Compared with the original one, the maximum Mises stress of the submerged vehicle decreased from 426MPa to 359MPa, approximately reducing by 15.73%. The optimal result can be used to redesign the submerged vehicle with internal components suffered from underwater shock loading, as well as to enhance the anti-shock capability of submerged nuclear power plants.
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Hoo Fatt, M. S., and X. Ouyang. "The behavior of elastomers at high strain rates." In STRUCTURES UNDER SHOCK AND IMPACT 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/su060101.

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Reports on the topic "UNDEX"

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Ratcliffe, Colin P., and Roger M. Crane. Structural Irregularity and Damage Evaluation Routine (SIDER) for Testing of the 1/2-Scale Corvette Hull Section Subjected to UNDEX Testing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444357.

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Swiler, Laura, and Timothy Trucano. Calibration Under Uncertainty. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1143309.

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Halpern, Joseph Y. Reasoning Under Uncertainty. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada295372.

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Heal, Geoffrey, and Antony Millner. Discounting under Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18999.

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Anderson, Soren, Ryan Kellogg, and Stephen Salant. Hotelling Under Pressure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20280.

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Mills, Robin. Under the Mountains. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781784670498.

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Uhlig, Harald, Toru Kitagawa, and Raffaella Giacomini. Estimation Under Ambiguity. The IFS, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2019.2419.

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Tversky, Amos. Decision under Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada231109.

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Emmerson, Carl, Rowena Crawford, Robert Chote, and Gemma Tetlow. Public spending under Labour. Institute for Fiscal Studies, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2010.0092.

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Tang, Z. Silicon crystal under bending. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10138126.

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