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Journal articles on the topic 'Understory plants'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

Dávalos, Andrea, Victoria Nuzzo, Jordan Stark, and Bernd Blossey. "Unexpected earthworm effects on forest understory plants." BMC Ecology 13, no. 1 (2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-13-48.

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2

Pearcy, RW. "Photosynthetic Utilisation of Lightflecks by Understory Plants." Functional Plant Biology 15, no. 2 (1988): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9880223.

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The light environment in forest understories is highly dynamic because the weak shade light is period- ically punctuated by lightflecks lasting from a second or less to tens of minutes. Although present for only a small fraction of the day, these lightflecks can contribute more than two-thirds of the photosynthetically active radiation. Several factots are of importance in determining the capacity of a leaf to utilise lightflecks. Following long low-light periods the induction state of the photosynthetic apparatus is limiting. During induction, 20-60 min may be required before maximum assimilation rates are reached due first to a light activation requirement. of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylasel oxygenase and later to the light-induced stomatal opening. Continuous light is not required and induction occurring during a series of lightflecks results in higher carbon gain for later as compared to earlier lightflecks. Post-illumination CO2 fixation resulting from utilisation of metabolite pools built up during the lightfleck can significantly enhance carbon gain during short (5-20 s) lightflecks. The carbon gain of a leaf in response to a lightfleck is a consequence of the limitations imposed by induction state plus the enhancements due to post-illumination CO2 fixation. In the field, this will depend on the frequency and duration of the lightflecks and the duration of the intervening low-light periods.

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3

Uemura, Shigeru. "Patterns of leaf phenology in forest understory." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-055.

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Foliar phenologies of forest understory plants were categorized, and the distribution pattern of leaf habit was examined among different forest environments. Various patterns of foliar phenology were found, especially in herbaceous plants. In addition to the seasonal light regime controlled by the phenology of canopy trees, differences in the length of period with snow cover led to the divergence. Perennial-leaved plants predominate in intensely shaded habitats while annual-leaved plants are more abundant in less shaded habitats. The shade tolerance of perenniel-leaved plants can be considered a preadaptation to snow tolerance. In contrast with the perennial-leaved plants, biennial-leaved plants with leaves overwintering 1 year appear to be favored in euphotic habitats with high insulation both in spring and in autumn. These species are effective competitors in spring because of rapid emergence of current leaves, probably through retranslocation of resources accumulated in the previous year. Another adaptive trait is found in heteroptic plants simultaneously having summer-green leaves and overwintering leaves; these types of leaves seem to function in predictable and quite different environments in a year. Key words: foliar phenology, growth form, light resource, overwintering leaf, snow cover.

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4

Chazdon, Robin L., and Robert W. Pearcy. "The Importance of Sunflecks for Forest Understory Plants." BioScience 41, no. 11 (December 1991): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311725.

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5

Anderson, Steven M., Emily A. Ury, Paul J. Taillie, Eric A. Ungberg, Christopher E. Moorman, Benjamin Poulter, Marcelo Ardón, Emily S. Bernhardt, and Justin P. Wright. "Salinity thresholds for understory plants in coastal wetlands." Plant Ecology 223, no. 3 (November 24, 2021): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01209-2.

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6

Gui, Yu, Jiayi Li, and Jinghui Yang. "Species and Distribution of Understory Plants in Parks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 598 (November 25, 2020): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/598/1/012023.

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7

Chen, Bin, Ying She Luo, and Yan Feng. "Development of Briquetting Machine for Understory Forage Plants in the South." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4342.

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The classification of the understory industries, the developing significance of the understory forage plants and the researching status quo at home and aboard on forage plants briquetting machine are introduced briefly. On this basis, the development of briquetting machine for understory forage plants in the southern hilly region is introduced emphatically. The pressure is applied stationary with two cylinders and feed quality can be guaranteed perfectly, Constant temperature system is installed in the box then the feed with paste flavor; at the same time the developing prospects of the briquetting machine and understory economy are also well expected.

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8

Zobel, Donald B., and Joseph A. Antos. "Survival of Prolonged Burial by Subalpine Forest Understory Plants." American Midland Naturalist 115, no. 2 (April 1986): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425865.

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9

Smith. "High Species Diversity in Fleshy-Fruited Tropical Understory Plants." American Naturalist 157, no. 6 (2001): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3079305.

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10

Smith, James F. "High Species Diversity in Fleshy‐Fruited Tropical Understory Plants." American Naturalist 157, no. 6 (June 2001): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320625.

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11

Dai, Dong, Ashfaq Ali, Xin Huang, Mingjun Teng, Changguang Wu, Zhixiang Zhou, and Yu Liu. "Soil Available Phosphorus Loss Caused by Periodical Understory Management Reduce Understory Plant Diversity in a Northern Subtropical Pinus massoniana Plantation Chronosequence." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020231.

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Clearing of understory plants is a common management method in plantation forests, but its long-term impact on soil properties and understory plant diversity is still poorly understood. In order to uncover the potential relationship between understory diversity and soil properties, we categorized understory plants into herbs and shrubs, and took soil depth into consideration. We measured the soil variables and investigated the understory plant diversity in four stand age-classes (9-year-old for young, 18-year-old for intermediate, 28-year-old for near-mature, and 48-year-old for mature) in a Pinus massoniana plantation. We aimed to examine how the diversity of herbs and shrubs changed with stand succession and to determine which of the three soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm) had the strongest explanation for the understory plant diversity. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to assess the direct and indirect effect of understory clearing and stand age on understory diversity. We found that understory clearing influenced the trend of diversity of herbs and shrubs with stand age, and understory diversity showed a strong correlation with soil physical properties in all three soil layers. The soil properties in the 10–20 cm soil layer related with the diversity of herbs and shrubs most, while the 20–40 cm soil layer properties related with them the least. Understory clearing reduced soil available phosphorus (AP). Understory clearing and stand age were found to benefit understory plant diversity directly and decreased the understory diversity indirectly via AP. Consequently, to improve our understanding of the impact of understory clearing and stand age on biodiversity, we should take into account its direct and indirect effects.

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12

Saltykov, A. N., and A. I. Repetskaya. "Causes and consequences of deformations of vascular tissues of Crimean pine understory." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 135 (August 6, 2020): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-135-38-49.

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A characteristic feature of the spatial structure of Crimean pine understory (Pinus pallasicma D. Don) coenopopulations is the uneven density of population fields, which has a fairly strong influence on the plants growth and development. As a rule, on the understory biogroup periphery there are individuals noticeably lagging in growth. With a significant density of plants and a high level of intraspecific competition in the biogroup center, the opposite effect is observed by the researchers. So far, there is no explanation for the mechanism of such differentiation of plants confined to different, sometimes diametrically opposite environmental conditions. Therefore we studied the anatomical and morphological structure of plants confined to diffuse competition zones, as well as non-closed canopy cultures of Crimean pine with low capacity for survival. The results of microscopic studies allowed us to discover deformed vascular tissues of the understory confined to the diffuse competition zones of existing cenopopulations. In each case, the level of vascular tissues deformation will depend on the features of cenopopulations mutual influence, the autoregulation of its structure in accordance with the capacity of the ecological niche.

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13

Anderegg, William R. L., Leander D. L. Anderegg, Clare Sherman, and Daniel S. Karp. "Effects of Widespread Drought-Induced Aspen Mortality on Understory Plants." Conservation Biology 26, no. 6 (August 14, 2012): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01913.x.

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14

Moser, Barbara, and Martin Schütz. "Tolerance of understory plants subject to herbivory by roe deer." Oikos 114, no. 2 (February 23, 2006): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14386.x.

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15

Xie, Junyi, Haifu Fang, Qiang Zhang, Mengyun Chen, Xintong Xu, Jun Pan, Yu Gao, Xiangmin Fang, Xiaomin Guo, and Ling Zhang. "Understory Plant Functional Types Alter Stoichiometry Correlations between Litter and Soil in Chinese Fir Plantations with N and P Addition." Forests 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090742.

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Research Highlights: This study identifies the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition on stoichiometry correlations between understory plants and soil in subtropical Chinese fir plantations. Background and Objectives: Nitrogen and P are two nutrients limiting forest ecosystem production. To obtain more wood production, N and P are usually applied in plantation management. Changes in soil N and P will generally alter the stoichiometric characteristics of understory plants, which control carbon (C) and nutrient cycles between plants and soil. However, different correlations between plant and soil stoichiometry among functional groups of understory plants have not been investigated, which also impacted element cycling between plants and soil. Materials and Methods: Subtropical Chinese fir plantations were selected for N (100 kg ha−1 year−1) and P (50 kg ha−1 year−1) addition study. We collected fresh litter and the corresponding soil of four understory plants (Lophatherum gracile Brongn., Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm., Dryopteris atrata (Kunze) Ching and Dicranopteris dichotoma (Thunb.) Berhn.) for study of C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios. Results: Nitrogen and P addition affected C, N, and P concentrations and stoichiometric ratios in litter and soil as well as correlations between litter and soil stoichiometric ratios. Understory plant species with different functional types impacted the correlations between plants and soil in C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios, especially correlations between litter C and soil C and N. Conclusions: Changes in soil N and P affect the stoichiometric ratios of understory plants. Functional groups impacted the correlation in C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios between plants and soil, indicating functional groups varied in their impacts on element cycling between plants and soil in plantations with exogenous nutrient addition, which should be considered in future management of plantations with intensive fertilization practice.

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16

Wang, G. Geoff, and Kevin J. Kemball. "Effects of fire severity on early development of understory vegetation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-177.

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Four boreal mixedwood stands burned by the 1999 Black River wildfire in southeastern Manitoba were sampled to examine the effects of fire severity on early regeneration dynamics of understory vegetation. In each stand, three fire severity classes (scorched, lightly burned, and severely burned) were identified based on the degree of forest floor consumption, and six plots per severity class were randomly selected. Variation in fire severity significantly affected the initial regeneration of the understory plant community. Regeneration response after fire was largely controlled by interactions between fire severity and species' regeneration strategy. Establishment of invaders, seed bankers, and sprouters was best on severely burned, lightly burned, and scorched plots, respectively. Species richness and Shannon's diversity index was reduced by severe fire only in the first postfire year. However, the effects of fire severity on species abundance and composition persisted through the entire study period (19992002). Rapid changes in the understory plant community were only observed during the initial 3 postfire years, regardless of fire severity. At the end of the study, herbaceous plants were the most dominant component, with woody plants being a codominant component on scorched plots, and nonvascular plants being a codominant component on severely burned plots.

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17

Zobel, Donald B., Joseph A. Antos, and Dylan G. Fischer. "Community development by forest understory plants after prolonged burial by tephra." Plant Ecology 223, no. 4 (January 16, 2022): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01216-3.

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18

Tng, David Y. P., Deborah M. G. Apgaua, Claudia P. Paz, Raymond W. Dempsey, Lucas A. Cernusak, Michael J. Liddell, and Susan G. W. Laurance. "Drought reduces the growth and health of tropical rainforest understory plants." Forest Ecology and Management 511 (May 2022): 120128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120128.

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19

Gonzalez-Hernandez, M. P., and F. J. Silva-Pando. "Nutritional Attributes of Understory Plants Known as Components of Deer Diets." Journal of Range Management 52, no. 2 (March 1999): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003506.

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20

Stoddard, Michael T., Christopher M. McGlone, Peter Z. Fulé, Daniel C. Laughlin, and Mark L. Daniels. "Native Plants Dominate Understory Vegetation Following Ponderosa Pine Forest Restoration Treatments." Western North American Naturalist 71, no. 2 (August 2011): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.071.0207.

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21

Dobson, Annise M., Bernd Blossey, and Justin B. Richardson. "Invasive earthworms change nutrient availability and uptake by forest understory plants." Plant and Soil 421, no. 1-2 (October 9, 2017): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3412-9.

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22

Tang, Yijie, Zhanqiang Fang, Kang Chen, Zaiwang Zhang, Yanting Zhong, Dong An, Xiongbang Yang, and Baowen Liao. "Ecological influence of exotic plants of Sonneratia apetala on understory macrofauna." Acta Oceanologica Sinica 31, no. 5 (September 2012): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13131-012-0242-8.

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23

Kimball, Bruce A., Aura M. Alonso-Rodríguez, Molly A. Cavaleri, Sasha C. Reed, Grizelle González, and Tana E. Wood. "Infrared heater system for warming tropical forest understory plants and soils." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 4 (January 15, 2018): 1932–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3780.

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24

Behm, Anna L., Mary L. Duryea, Alan J. Long, and Wayne C. Zipperer. "Flammability of native understory species in pine flatwood and hardwood hammock ecosystems and implications for the wildland - urban interface." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 3 (2004): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03075.

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Six understory species from five pine flatwood sites and six understory species from five hardwood hammock sites were harvested for biomass analyses to compare potential flammability between two ecosystems in the south-eastern coastal plain of the United States. Plant components were separated into live and dead foliage, accumulated litter on and under the plant, and small and large stems. Foliar biomass was further analysed for moisture content, volatile solid content, and energy content. Statistical analyses revealed differences among species and between ecosystems. Serenoa repens plants present a wildfire hazard because they contain greater biomass than other species studied. Ilex glabra and Lyonia ferruginea are also hazardous to wildland–urban interface (WUI) structures because they have greater foliar energy content than other species studied. Callicarpa americana plants present the least wildfire hazard to WUI structures. We conclude that differences in flammability among species exist, but the causes of flammability are different among species. In addition, species in the same genus do not always have the same flammability. Based on measured characteristics, understory plants in pine flatwoods have greater ignitability, sustainability and combustibility than understory plants in hardwood hammocks. However, the measurements for consumability were similar between ecosystems.

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25

WITHANINGSIH, SUSANTI, CLARISA DITY ANDARI, PARIKESIT PARIKESIT, and NURULLIA FITRIANI. "The effect of understory plants on pollinators visitation in coffee plantations: Case study of coffee plantations in West Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190231.

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Withaningsih S, Andari CD, Parikesit, Fitriani N. 2018. The effect of understory plants on pollinators visitation in coffee plantations: Case study of coffee plantations in West Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 554-562. West Java is one of the excellent producers of the most expensive coffee in the world (Kopi Luwak). Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the crops that require insect pollination for fruit formation. Coffee production in Indonesia is declining in recent years despite the expansion of coffee cultivation area that increases by 2-5 times. The decline in coffee production has been associated with fewer visitations of pollinator insects. Visitations of pollinator insects can improve the quality and quantity of coffee, mainly from the abundance and diversity of pollinator insect. Abundance and diversity of pollinator insects can be improved by to providing them with flowering plants such as understory plants. This study aimed to prove the effect of the existence of flowering plants on the visitation of pollinator insects. Pollinator insects visiting coffee flowers were observed with an observation method in two observation units. The first unit was the location with understory plants while the second was the location without understory plants. The results showed that the abundance of pollinator insects visiting coffee flowers in unit 1 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in unit 2. However, the diversity of pollinator insects between the two locations did not differ significantly (P> 0.05).

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26

Fournier, Anick R., André Gosselin, John T. A. Proctor, Louis Gauthier, Shahrokh Khanizadeh, and Martine Dorais. "Relationship between Understory Light and Growth of Forest-grown American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 3 (May 2004): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.3.0425.

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Our objective was to determine the relationship between daily and seasonal changes in understory light, and growth of 1- and 2-year-old american ginseng plants cultivated in a broadleaf forest. Using hemispherical photography and spectroradiometry, understory light [total, direct, and diffuse photon flux density (PFD), and sunfleck durations] and light quality [ultraviolet (UV) and red to far red (R:FR)] were evaluated during two consecutive growing seasons. While shoot and root dry weight (DW), and taproot area of 1-year-old american ginseng plants were related to sunfleck durations, accounting for up to 56% of the variation, the relationship reached a plateau at 2 h·d-1 sunfleck durations for growth. In September, growth of 1- and 2-year-old plants exposed to <2 h·d-1 sunfleck durations was positively related to diffuse PFD (and total PFD for 1-year-old plants), accounting for up to 69% of the variation. In mid-season (July 2000), shoot and root growth, and leaflet area of 2-year-old american ginseng were correlated with light PFD and light quality (UV and R:FR), accounting for up to 88% of the variation. Generally, the results suggest that exposing 1- and 2-year-old american ginseng plants to higher diffuse PFD and <2 h·d-1 sunfleck durations increases yield.

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27

Chen, Han YH, Sonia Légaré, and Yves Bergeron. "Variation of the understory composition and diversity along a gradient of productivity in Populus tremuloides stands of northern British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-086.

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Although various conceptual models exist to explain the pattern of diversity along a productivity gradient, studies of forest understory vegetation along a natural gradient of productivity are often confounded with changes in overstory cover types. We investigated how understory vegetation composition, cover, structure, and diversity change along a productivity gradient in 60 monodominant Populus stands in northeastern British Columbia. A partial canonical correspondence analysis indicated that understory vegetation composition was significantly related to aspen site index dominant aspen tree height at breast-height age 50 years and several climate and soil variables, but not to stand basal area, density, or aboveground biomass, values that served as an index of light availability to forest understory. Indicator species analysis showed that Cornus sericea, Galium trifidum, and Equisetum pratense were associated with the higher productivity class, while Geocaulon lividum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium myrtilloides, and bryophytes like Polytrichum juniperinum and Pleurozium schreberi occurred only on poor sites. Total cover of all understory plants, woody plants, and herbaceous species did not vary, but that of bryophytes and lichens decreased from poor to intermediate sites, and diversity indices of total, woody, and herbaceous plants increased significantly with the site index. The greater diversity on more productive sites may be associated with greater spatial and resource heterogeneity.Key words: trembling aspen, forest productivity, site index, understory vegetation, species composition, diversity index.

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28

Levey, Douglas J. "Tropical Wet Forest Treefall Gaps and Distributions of Understory Birds and Plants." Ecology 69, no. 4 (August 1988): 1076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941263.

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29

Kudo, Gaku, Takashi Y. Ida, and Tomokazu Tani. "LINKAGES BETWEEN PHENOLOGY, POLLINATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AND REPRODUCTION IN DECIDUOUS FOREST UNDERSTORY PLANTS." Ecology 89, no. 2 (February 2008): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-2131.1.

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30

Six, Laura J., and Charles B. Halpern. "Substrate effects on distribution, biomass allocation, and morphology of forest understory plants." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-086.

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Relationships between rooting substrate and the distribution and performance of forest plants are inadequately understood. We tested whether understory species in a dense coniferous forest were associated with coarse woody debris (CWD) or forest floor. In addition, for three species with differing substrate associations ( Vaccinium parvifolium Smith, Tiarella trifoliata L., and Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) Nels. and Macbr., we excavated individuals rooted in CWD and forest floor, and compared biomass allocation and plant morphological traits. Substrate samples were also tested for moisture content. Of 29 species tested, 18 (62%) showed positive associations with forest floor and 6 (21%) with CWD. Forest floor is a more predictable and stable substrate; in these forests it also supports lower moss cover that can inhibit seedling establishment. As expected, plants rooted in forest floor (which was drier) allocated greater biomass to belowground structures. Root-system traits, however, did not suggest plasticity in response to resource availability. Instead, the physical structure of logs may constrain root systems in CWD. In addition, total plant biomass did not differ between substrates suggesting that under low light, species may be incapable of responding to differences in belowground resources. Alternatively, substrate associations may develop earlier in the life histories of these plants via differential germination and survival.

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31

Jakobsson, Anna, and Ove Eriksson. "Seed size and frequency patterns of understory plants in Swedish deciduous forests." Écoscience 9, no. 1 (January 2002): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2002.11682692.

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32

Watkins, Radley Z., Jiquan Chen, Jim Pickens, and Kimberley D. Brosofske. "Effects of Forest Roads on Understory Plants in a Managed Hardwood Landscape." Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (April 2003): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01285.x.

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33

Frank, Steven D. "Bad neighbors: urban habitats increase cankerworm damage to non-host understory plants." Urban Ecosystems 17, no. 4 (April 29, 2014): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0368-x.

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34

Shouse, Michael, Liang Liang, and Songlin Fei. "Identification of understory invasive exotic plants with remote sensing in urban forests." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 21 (April 2013): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.07.010.

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35

Levey, Douglas J., T. Trevor Caughlin, Lars A. Brudvig, Nick M. Haddad, Ellen I. Damschen, Joshua J. Tewksbury, and Daniel M. Evans. "Disentangling fragmentation effects on herbivory in understory plants of longleaf pine savanna." Ecology 97, no. 9 (September 2016): 2248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1466.

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36

Abd-ElGawad, Ahmed M., Younes M. Rashad, Ahmed M. Abdel-Azeem, Sami A. Al-Barati, Abdulaziz M. Assaeed, and Amr M. Mowafy. "Calligonum polygonoides L. Shrubs Provide Species-Specific Facilitation for the Understory Plants in Coastal Ecosystem." Biology 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9080232.

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Plant facilitation has a pivotal role in regulating species coexistence, particularly under arid environments. The present study aimed to evaluate the facilitative effect of Calligonum polygonoides L. on its understory plants in coastal habitat. Forty Calligonum shrubs were investigated and the environmental data (soil temperature, moisture, pH, salinity, carbon and nitrogen content, and light intensity), vegetation composition, and diversity of associated species were recorded under- and outside canopies. Eight of the most frequent understory species were selected for evaluating their response to the facilitative effect of C. polygonoides. Bioactive ingredients of Calligonum roots were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and mycorrhizal biodiversity in their rhizosphere soil was also assessed. The effect of Calligonum on understory plants ranged between facilitation and inhibition in an age-dependent manner. Old shrubs facilitated 18 and inhibited 18 associated species, while young shrubs facilitated 13 and inhibited 9 species. Calligonum ameliorated solar radiation and high-temperature stresses for the under canopy plants. Moreover, soil moisture was increased by 509.52% and 85.71%, while salinity was reduced by 47.62% and 23.81% under old and young shrubs, respectively. Soil contents of C and N were increased under canopy. This change in the microenvironment led to photosynthetic pigments induction in the majority of understory species. However, anthocyanin, proline contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities were reduced in plants under canopy. Thirteen mycorrhizal fungal species were identified in the rhizospheric soil of Calligonum with the predominance of Funneliformis mosseae. Thirty-one compounds were identified in Calligonum root extract in which pyrogallol and palmitic acid, which have antimicrobial and allelopathic activities, were the major components. The obtained results demonstrated that facilitation provided by Calligonum is mediated with multiple mechanisms and included a set of interrelated scenarios that took place in a species-specific manner.

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37

Patry, Cynthia, Daniel Kneeshaw, Isabelle Aubin, and Christian Messier. "Intensive forestry filters understory plant traits over time and space in boreal forests." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 90, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpx002.

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Abstract Because of their scarcity, protected areas alone cannot maintain biodiversity. Therefore, it is necessary to create conditions appropriate for plants and wildlife in managed landscapes. We compared the effects of different intensities of forest management on functional responses of vascular understory plants using the fourth-corner method. We analysed functional community composition along a management gradient that spanned semi-natural forests to extensively managed forests (naturally regenerated cuts) to intensively managed forests (planted forests) in Canada. Results showed trait filtering along the gradient of forest management intensity. In natural and extensively managed forests, where forest retention was high in time and space, persistence traits (e.g. perennial geophytes or chamaephytes, non-leafy stem foliage structure) were maintained. At the opposite end of the gradient, in intensively managed plantations where forest retention elements (e.g. amount of dead wood) were reduced, trait filtering led to species associated with colonization, such as tall species with limited lateral extension. These results suggest that intensive forestry conducted over a large extent may change the functional composition of understory plants.

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Boraks, André, and Anthony S. Amend. "Fungi in soil and understory have coupled distribution patterns." PeerJ 9 (September 21, 2021): e11915. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11915.

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Ecological processes that control fungal distribution are not well understood because many fungi can persist in a wide variety of dissimilar habitats which are seldom sampled simultaneously. Geographic range size is reflective of species’ resource usage, and for plants and animals, there is a robust positive correlation between niche-breadth and range-size. It remains unknown whether this pattern is true for fungi. To investigate the fungal niche breadth–range size relationship we identified habitat specialists and generalists from two habitats (plant leaves and soil) and asked whether habitat specialization influenced fungal biogeography. We sampled fungi from the soil and phylloplane of tropical forests in Vanuatu and used DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS1 region to examine rarity, range size, and habitat connectivity. Fungal communities from the soil and phylloplane are spatially autocorrelated and the spatial distribution of individual fungal OTU are coupled between habitats. Habitat breadth (generalist fungi) did not result in larger range sizes but did correlate positively with occurrence frequency. Fungi that were frequently found were also found in high abundance, a common observation in similar studies of plants and animals. Fungal abundance-occupancy relationships differed by habitat and habitat-specificity. Soil specialists were found to be locally abundant but restricted geographically. In contrast, phylloplane generalists were found to be abundant over a large range in multiple habitats. These results are discussed in the context of differences between habitat characteristics, stability and spatial distribution. Identifying factors that drive spatial variation is key to understanding the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in forests.

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Halpern, Charles B., Shelley A. Evans, and Sarah Nielson. "Soil seed banks in young, closed-canopy forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: potential contributions to understory reinitiation." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 7 (November 5, 1999): 922–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-085.

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During early stand development, coniferous forests of the coastal Pacific Northwest commonly pass through a period of dense shade and intense competition during which the abundance and diversity of understory plants decline dramatically. In young, managed forests, silvicultural thinning has been proposed to enhance the structural and floristic diversity of the understory. Although germination of buried seeds is likely to be stimulated by thinning, we know little about the composition of the soil seed bank in these forests. We used the greenhouse emergence method to assess the potential contribution of the seed bank to understory reinitiation in 40- to 60-year-old, closed-canopy forests on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Seed banks were well developed (610-7009 germinants/m2), containing 46 native and exotic species representing a diversity of life forms. However, many common forest understory species were absent; only 11 species were typical understory plants and these comprised <10% of all germinants. In contrast, 30% of all species and 50% of all germinants were exotic, ruderal forbs. Wind-dispersed annuals and perennials dominated litter samples, whereas ruderal forbs and graminoids with limited dispersal dominated soil samples. Our results suggest that silvicultural thinning will enhance the establishment of ruderal, exotic species but will contribute little to the regeneration from buried seed of the vast majority of forest understory plants.Key words: canopy closure, forest understory, seed germination, soil seed bank, succession, understory reinitiation.

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Bhattrai, Shailes, Uma Karki, Sanjok Poudel, Bidur Paneru, and Nevershi Ellis. "Maintenance of Non-Timber Plants at Low Heights Increased the Solar Radiation Influx and Understory Vegetation Biomass in Woodlands." Global Journal of Agricultural and Allied Sciences 2, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35251/gjaas.2020.003.

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The vast coverage of woodlands in the southeast United States offers a great opportunity for grazing small ruminants. However, not much attention has been given to utilize these resources well. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the potential of increasing the a) light influx to the woodland floor and b) understory vegetation biomass by altering the height of non-timber (non-pine) plants. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) consisting of southern pines, hardwoods, and numerous understory plant species. The non-pine plants were either left uncut (control) or cut to one of the heights from the ground: 0 m, 0.9 m, and 1.5 m (treatments) in summer 2016. Kiko wethers (8) and Katahdin rams (5-6) were rotationally stocked in the study plots (3 plots per animal species) during 2017 and 2018. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) data were collected before and after stocking animals and the understory vegetation biomass samples were collected before stocking animals in the study plots. The PAR influx in areas that received cutting treatments increased by 413-1723% when measured before grazing, and by 543-2223% when measured after grazing compared to the control. Similarly, the productivity of understory vegetation biomass was 36-107% greater in the cutting treatment areas compared to the control. The findings suggest that the maintenance of non-pine plants at low heights can significantly increase the PAR influx to the woodland floor, thereby enhancing the productivity of understory vegetation and grazing opportunity for small ruminants.

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Woods, Kerry D., David J. Hicks, and Jan Schultz. "Losses in understory diversity over three decades in an old-growth cool-temperate forest in Michigan, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 3 (March 2012): 532–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-006.

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Diversity in temperate forests is concentrated in the understory, but understory dynamics are poorly understood for old-growth forests. We use repeated measurements of more than eight hundred 1 m2 plots over three decades to assess patterns of understory diversity in old-growth mesic and wet forests in northern Michigan, USA. We ask whether diversity changes systematically over time and whether dynamics are related to spatial scale. We find, for all habitats, significant understory diversity loss at square-metre scales but not at coarser scales. Total herbaceous cover, however, remained constant or increased in total and for nearly all frequent species, and no species were lost overall. We explore hypotheses about diversity regulation by exploring correlations with habitat, canopy composition, and properties of understory species. Nonindigenous plants are rare at the study site, earthworm invasion is not apparent, and deer browse is not intense. Diversity changes may be related to ecological guild membership. We suggest that the general loss of fine-scale diversity is driven by either changing canopy composition or competitive dynamics within the understory community. Management for diversity maintenance in temperate forests must address understory communities; if herbaceous diversity is scale dependent and unstable over decadal time frames, management approaches need to account for factors driving changes.

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Acma, Florfe M., Noe P. Mendez, Noel E. Lagunday, and Victor B. Amoroso. "Diversity of understory flowering plants in the forest patches of Marilog District, Philippines." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 18247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6278.13.5.18247-18256.

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The forest patches of Marilog District, Davao are the remnants of various anthropogenic activities including logging, conversion of land for agriculture, ecotourism and human settlements. Floristic study was carried out in 2018–2019 from 100 established plots measuring 20 x 20 m, with repeated transect walks and opportunistic sampling along forest trails. One-hundred-and-four species of understory flowering plants were identified from 102 genera and 40 families. Species diversity mean values across study sites using Simpson’s (D) and Shannon-Wiener index (H’) were 0.97 and 3.9, respectively. Species diversity was highest in sites 2 and 4 (D = 0.98; H’ = 4.0 each) and lowest in site 5 (D = 0.96; H’ = 3.7). At family level, the most abundant taxa include Zingiberaceae (26 species) (15%), Orchidaceae (19 species) (11%), Gesneriaceae (14 species) (8%), and Rubiaceae and Arecaceae (13 species each) (7%). Conservation status assessment using International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) revealed 10 threatened species, while listing from the Philippines’ administrative order has categorized 13 threatened species. A total of 54 species (ca. 1.14% of the total Philippine endemic vascular flora) of understory flowering plants were Philippine endemics. Findings of this study were used as additional data for the proclamation of Mt. Malambo as Local Conservation Area, which was formalized through a barangay resolution.

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Ren, Yimin, Min Guo, Fangyuan Yin, Ming-Juan Zhang, and Jiaxing Wei. "Tree Cover Improved the Species Diversity of Understory Spontaneous Herbs in a Small City." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081310.

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A large number of trees have been planted in built-up areas to improve the urban environment, but the effects of tree cover on spontaneous understory herbs are not yet well understood. This study surveyed spontaneous herbs in two kinds of habitats (habitats with and without tree cover) in the built-up area of the small city Junlian in Sichuan Province, China. A total of 222 species of spontaneous herbaceous plants in 180 genera of 71 families were recorded, including a vulnerable species and six species endemic to China. Although the overall species richness values were similar in the two kinds of habitat, the average species richness per quadrat of all plants, perennials, plants with the dwarf growth form, and animal-dispersed plants was significantly higher in the habitats with tree cover than in those without tree cover. The overall species association was significantly positive in the habitats with tree cover (VR = 1.51, p < 0.05) and neural (VR = 0.86) in the habitats without tree cover. Among the top 25 frequently recorded species in each kind of habitat, the species association of plants with the same trait combination type differed greatly in the two kinds of habitats. For the species association between annuals, only 13.33% of species pairs were significantly associated in the habitats with tree cover, while 22.22% of the species pairs were significantly negatively associated in the habitats without tree cover. For the species association between plants with tall growth forms, the proportion of significant positive associations in the habitats with tree cover was approximately twice than in the habitats without tree cover. For the species association between plants with the dwarf growth form, the proportion of negative associations in the habitats without tree cover was approximately twice that in the habitats with tree cover. Species with the same dispersal mode generally had a very low proportion of negative interspecific associations or a high proportion of positive interspecific associations in habitats unfavorable to their establishment. Our findings suggest that tree cover can improve the species richness of the spontaneous herbaceous species beneath them and profoundly influence interspecific coexistence relationships in a built-up area.

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Haughian, Sean R., and Philip J. Burton. "Microhabitat associations of lichens, feathermosses, and vascular plants in a caribou winter range, and their implications for understory development." Botany 93, no. 4 (April 2015): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0238.

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Vegetation–environment relationships are well understood for boreal lichen woodlands, but the mechanistic basis for small-scale understory patchiness (patches dominated by lichen, mosses, and vascular plants), and its implications for the prevalence of niche vs. neutral processes driving understory development, have not been explored. We asked whether predictable vegetation–environment associations exist at the microsite scale, with the goal of informing caribou range management. We sampled canopy and edaphic variables in patches of lichen, feathermoss, and vascular plants in subalpine lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S.Wats.) forests, in north-central British Columbia, Canada. Lichens positively associate with microsites that have high light and heat, and low moisture and nutrient availability; vascular plants positively associate with base-cation availability, sulphur and phosphorus availability, fine-textured soils, thick organic layers, and high light; feathermosses positively associate with low light and heat, and nitrogen availability. Understory composition is most strongly associated with canopy characteristics, but is also related to edaphic properties in predictable ways; soil and canopy attributes may further interact to define distinct intra-stand niches. The viability of caribou winter ranges can likely be extended by partially thinning or burning the canopy and organic layers, but the longevity of a lichen-dominant stage may ultimately depend on the soil texture, due to its influence on vascular plant growth.

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Wang, Fangchao, Fusheng Chen, G. Wang, Rong Mao, Xiangmin Fang, Huimin Wang, and Wensheng Bu. "Effects of Experimental Nitrogen Addition on Nutrients and Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Dominant Understory Plants in a Chinese Fir Plantation." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020155.

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Research Highlights: This study identifies the nitrogen (N) deposition effect on understory plants by altering directly soil nutrients or indirectly altering environmental factors in subtropical plantation. Background and Objectives: N deposition is a major environmental issue and has altered forest ecosystem components and their functions. The response of understory vegetation to N deposition is often neglected due to a small proportion of stand productivity. However, compared to overstory trees, understory species usually have a higher nutrient cycle rate and are more sensitive to environmental change, so should be of greater concern. Materials and Methods: The changes in plant biomass, N, phosphorus (P), and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) of three dominant understory species, namely Dicranopteris dichotoma, Lophatherum gracile, and Melastoma dodecandrum, were determined following four years of experimental N addition (100 kg hm−2 year−1 of N) in a Chinese fir plantation. Results: N addition increased the tissue N concentrations of all the understory plants by increasing soil mineral N, while N addition decreased the aboveground biomass of D. dichotoma and L. gracile significantly—by 82.1% and 67.2%, respectively. The biomass of M. dodecandrum did not respond to N addition. In contrast, N addition significantly increased the average girth growth rates and litterfall productivity of overstory trees—by 18.28% and 36.71%, respectively. NSCs, especially soluble sugar, representing immediate products of photosynthesis and main energy sources for plant growth, decreased after N addition in two of the three species. The plant NSC/N and NSC/P ratios showed decreasing tendencies, but the N/P ratio in aboveground tissue did not change with N addition. Conclusions: N addition might inhibit the growth of understory plants by decreasing the nonstructural carbohydrates and light availability indirectly rather than by changing nutrients and N/P stoichiometry directly, although species-specific responses to N deposition occurred in the Chinese fir plantation.

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Wetzel, William C., and Mariah H. Meek. "Physical defenses and herbivory vary more within plants than among plants in the tropical understory shrub Piper polytrichum." Botany 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0160.

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There is a growing appreciation that much of the trait variation within plant species is represented within individuals, for example, occurring among leaves within a plant. Subindividual variation is predicted to have key ecological consequences, but empirical understanding of how subindividual variation relates to species interactions, such as herbivory, is limited. We measured two physical defenses and herbivore damage on multiple leaves within individual plants of Piper polytrichum C.DC. (Piperaceae), a tropical understory shrub. We partitioned variance among- and within-plants and quantified patterns of trait and damage variation vis-à-vis leaf size and architectural position. We found that variance was considerably higher within plants than among plants for toughness (97%) and trichome density (57%), and that herbivore damage also varied most within plants (74%). Surprisingly, leaf position and size explained only small amounts of variance in traits (2.5%–16.5%) and herbivory (≤4%), indicating subindividual variability had low spatial predictability. The data suggest that individual P. polytrichum plants represent heterogeneous and spatially unpredictable landscapes of physical traits, and that interactions with herbivores are similarly variable. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that subindividual variability defends plants against herbivores by increasing the difficulty of foraging for high-quality tissue.

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Soares, Raimunda G. S., Patrícia A. Ferreira, Danilo Boscolo, Ana C. Rocha, and Luciano E. Lopes. "Forest cover and non-forest landscape heterogeneity modulate pollination of tropical understory plants." Landscape Ecology 37, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01356-x.

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Akashi, Nobuhiro, Noritoshi Nitta, and Yasuyuki Ohno. "Effect of forest management on understory vascular plants in planted Abies sachalinensis forests." Forest Ecology and Management 497 (October 2021): 119521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119521.

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Fukada, Kenji, and Akira Kameyama. "Life history strategy of forest understory plants and vegetation management of coppice forest." Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 27, no. 1 (2001): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.27.8.

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Abrahamson, Ilana L., Cara R. Nelson, and David L. R. Affleck. "Assessing the performance of sampling designs for measuring the abundance of understory plants." Ecological Applications 21, no. 2 (March 2011): 452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-2296.1.

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