Academic literature on the topic 'Understanding transitivity'

This research is the collaborative study of Critical Discourse Analysis with the new grammar perspective of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory focusing on Transitivity System. It investigates the pattern of transitivity process that reveals the linguistic strategies as well as its ideological construction of Donald Trump’s speeches in the 45th United States presidential election. The writer mainly utilizes Fairclough’s framework for CDA which consists of three stages of analysis consisting of description, interpretation, and explanation. Under descriptive-qualitative method, this research significantly gives an understanding about how transitivity processes can be used to reveal the ideology. As the result, Donald Trump uses variety language during his speeches. It is because he applies all the types of transitivity process proposed by M.A.K. Halliday which consists of six types: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential. The transitivity processes eventually reveal that Donald Trump attempts to construct democracy view during his speeches.

In linguistics, Systemic Functional Linguistic School represented by Halliday has been having a great impact in the field of discourse analysis in the past 30 years and has become one of the important discourse analysis schools. As a significant part, transitivity reflects the ideational function in the systemic functional grammar and boasts a wide application in discourse analysis, such as in speeches. This paper has selected Trump’s inaugural speech and its Chinese version as a case study for sample and quantitative analysis of underlying textual features of political speeches from the perspective of Halliday’s transitivity, attempting to help readers get a better understanding of transitivity theory and features of political speeches, as well as consequently master the method of applying transitivity to political speeches. Furthermore, by way of a contrastive analysis of transitivity between Trump’s inaugural speech and its Chinese translation, it tries to delve into the translation strategies of political speeches, to guide practice translation of political speeches, to prove the applicability of transitivity in translation studies and to offer a creative angle for further researches.

The focus of this research is to find the usage of the transitivity processes in Bon Jovi’s selected song lyrics. This research is descriptive qualitative research. This research aims to discover and examine types of the transitivity processes used in Bon Jovi’s selected song lyrics. The source data of this research are the twenty selected song lyrics of Bon Jovi. Meanwhile, the data of this research are the clauses that used transitivity processes in Bon Jovi’s selected song lyrics. The data of this research are analyzed by using the interactive model. The result of this research shows that all of the six types of transitivity processes are found in Bon Jovi’s selected song lyrics, namely: material processes, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, behavioral processes, existential processes. It shows that Bon Jovi, in realizing the song, applied the six types of transitivity processes. From the six types of transitivity processes that are found, the material process is dominantly used in Bon Jovi’s selected song lyrics. It indicates that Bon Jovi’s selected song lyrics are related to the physical activity that happens in the social phenomena. It is helpful for the readers to know transitivity processes in understanding the message of the song. Besides it, it also gives advantages for the songwriter in writing song lyrics to provide the varieties of wording in the songs.

Understanding decisions is the fundamental aim of the behavioural sciences. The theory of rational choice is based on axiomatic principles such as transitivity and independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA). Empirical studies have demonstrated that the behaviour of humans and other animals often seems irrational; there can be a lack of transitivity in choice and seemingly irrelevant alternatives can alter decisions. These violations of transitivity and IIA undermine rational choice theory. However, we show that an individual that is maximizing its rate of food gain can exhibit failure of transitivity and IIA. We show that such violations can be caused because a current option may disappear in the near future or a better option may reappear soon. Current food options can be indicative of food availability in the near future, and this key feature can result in apparently irrational behaviour.

AbstractAn increasing number of studies are being devoted to the investigation of what aspects of grammar, and of events, expressed in speech are coordinated with gesture. However, previous studies have focused on gesture use in relation to either transitivity or event properties, without considering how these factors interact. In this study, we consider how gesture use relates to transitivity when the type of event in the causativeinchoative alternation is considered, and also how gesture use relates to properties of the events when the type of transitivity is considered. We found various relations both between gesture use and transitivity on the one hand, and between gesture use and certain properties of events on the other hand. Whereas some of the results contrast with the findings in previous studies about the relation between gesture and transitivity, other results obtained actually reinforce and complement some previous findings. The results concerning event properties and gesture also add to previous studies about which properties of certain motor-spatial events relate to gesture and how they do so. The study thus provides a more nuanced understanding of the relation between gesture and language.

This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the processes underlying the usage of transitivity in Kurdish Language. Paul Simpson’s Transitivity model has been adopted in this work. Language use involves both systemic and functional components, the former comprising language grammar system requirements and the latter embracing cognitive/ functional processes underlying the use of a specific systemic component: namely, Material, Mental, Verbal and Relational. In a descriptive analysis of transitivity usage in Kurdish language, this paper examines participants’ roles and circumstances in identifying each process. The paper demonstrates that there is a correlation between the speakers’ worldviews and their choice of the processes in using transitivity to generate sentences. An adequate and different explanation of the verb concept has been presented on the basis of the semantic organization of a speaker’s experience rather than on viewing transitivity in terms of a grammatical requirement of direct objects. The originality of this paper lies in the various dimensions that such processes provide for analyzing Kurdish sentence structure. The paper can be of benefit as an entry point for studying and understanding the Kurdish verb lexicon and for the program of learning Kurdish language.

Kurį laiką buvo manoma, kad vaikai, kurie dar neperėjo priešoperacinės stadijos nemoka daryti tranzityvumo santykio išvadų apie kiekybę (Pears, Bryant, 1992). Pasak Schnall ir Gattis (1998), daugelis tyrinėtojų bando atsakyti į klausimą, iki kokio laipsnio ir nuo kokio amžiaus vaikai gali išspręsti tranzityvumo santykio vertinimo užduotis. Nors Piaget ir kiti (Inhelder ir Piaget, 1958; cit. pagal Schnall, Gattis, 1998) manė, kad vaikai tik apie 7-8 metus ir vyresni geba teisingai išspręsti tranzityvumo vertinimo užduotis, jaunesni vaikai (Bryant ir Trabasso, 1971; Riley ir Trabasso, 1974) (cit. pagal Schnall, Gattis, 1998) taip pat geba tranzityviai vertinti pasitreniravus. Bryant ir Trabasso (1971; cit. pagal Schnall, Gattis, 1998) padarė išvadą, kad tranzityvumo vertinimo u���duočių neišsprendimas gali būti greičiau dėl darbinės atminties ribotumo nei dėl kognityvinių trūkumų. Tyrimo objektas – 4-6 metų vaikų tranzityvumo supratimas. Tyrimo tikslas – charakterizuoti 4-6 metų vaikų tranzityvumo santykio supratimo ypatumus. Siekiant šio tikslo, išsikelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Sudaryti ir pateikti 4-6 metų am����iaus vaikams tris užduotis, kurios tiria tranzityvumo santykio supratimą. 2. Nustatyti, ar 4-6 metų vaikai geba tranzityviai samprotauti. 3. Palyginti užduotis pagal tiesioginius atsakymus. 4. Palyginti užduotis pagal kokybinius atsakymus. 5. Palyginti berniukų ir mergaičių gebėjimą tranzityviai samprotauti. Prieš atliekant tyrimą buvo išsikeltos tokios hipotezės: 1. 4-6... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
It was believe that children which didn‘t pass preoperational stage, can‘t to do transitivity conclusions about quantity (Pears, Bryant, 1992). According Schnall and Gattis (1998), many researchers trying ask to question by what degree and from what age children are able to solve transitivity interference tasks. Though Piaget and others (Inhelder ir Piaget, 1958; cit. pagal Schnall, Gattis, 1998) thought that children only about 7-8 years and older can to solve transitivity interference tasks right, younger children (Bryant ir Trabasso, 1971; Riley ir Trabasso, 1974; by Schnall, Gattis, 1998) also are able to solve transitivity interference tasks if they are trained. Bryant and Trabasso (1971; by Schnall, Gattis, 1998) made conclusion that wrong solving of transitivity interference tasks can be rather for working memory limitation nor cognitive deficits. Object of the Study – understanding transitivity in 4-6 years old children. The aim of the study was to characterize understanding transitivity in 4-6 years old children. Goals of the study: 1. Organize and represent for 4-6 years old children three tasks which research inderstanding transitivity. 2. Find, are 4-6 years old children able to reason transitively. 3. Compare tasks by direct answers. 4. Compare tasks by qualitative ansvers. 5. Compare ability to reason transitively in boys and girls. Hyphotesis: 1. 4-6 years old children are able to reason transitively. 2. Children did more mistakes in tasks which were hard to... [to full text]

This chapter sets out the theoretical and empirical bases of the work. It introduces transitivity as a linguistic concept, as well as the categories of ‘agent noun’ and ‘action noun’. Semantic and syntactic transitivity are distinguished. It introduces Lexical-Functional Grammar, the formal framework in which analysis is provided, as a tool for the full understanding of transitivity. It summarizes the evidence for transitive nouns and adjectives in previous linguistic literature, indicates the types of word that the book will be engaging with, and looks at formal analysis. It introduces the early Indo-Aryan languages, Sanskrit and Pali, and the texts which are used as the basis for this work.

Puzzlingly, Spinoza appears to reject two principles that are central to our understanding of numerical identity: the Indiscernibility of Identicals and the Transitivity of Identity. For each principle, this chapter does three things. First, it explains where and how Spinoza appears to reject it. Second, it examines and argues against two proposals for resolving the puzzle that results from the apparent rejection: one proposal that appeals to Michael Della Rocca’s conception of “intensional properties” and one that denies, as Colin Marshall does, that Spinoza really means numerical identity by his phrase “one and the same” (“una, eademque”). Third, it offers and defends an original proposal for resolving the puzzle that appeals to two Spinozistic doctrines that it calls “Strong Ontological Pluralism of Attributes” and the “Adequate-Idea Conception of Truth.”

This chapter deals with the concept “world-centered value” which seems to be a natural extension of some concepts that already exist in ethical theory and also seems useful for understanding some confusing ideas (about the representation of prohibition dilemmas or about apparent failures of transitivity of “better than”) in the work of other philosophers. The chapter explains that concept and employs it to explicate the confusing ideas. If the concept makes sense, and if it can be useful in understanding the ideas by placing them in the consequentialist framework, then world-centered value earns its keep and should find a place next to agent-centered and time-centered value in the ethical theorist’s toolbox.