Journal articles on the topic 'Understanding Europe’s past'
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Kim, Seongseop (Sam), Markus Schuckert, Holly Hyungjeong Im, and Statia Elliot. "An interregional extension of destination brand equity." Journal of Vacation Marketing 23, no. 4 (October 25, 2016): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766716672278.
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Since the 1990s, the Asia-Pacific region’s world market share of international travelers has increased, as America’s and Europe’s shares have fallen. China (People’s Republic of China) has become the world’s biggest tourism source market with an overseas spend of US$292 billion in 2015, fueling opportunities for the region and beyond. Now, Asia Pacific outbound travel is extending past short-haul interregional travel to long-haul destinations, specifically Europe. To realize this potential, European destinations need a better understanding of the Chinese traveler; their perceptions of destinations, awareness, and loyalty. This study measures the brand equity of Switzerland and Austria as perceived by Hong Kong Chinese tourists. Structural equation modeling results indicate that destination brand image and associations significantly impact brand loyalty, whereas destination awareness does not, contrary to past interregional research findings. Understanding the influence of brand components on overall brand equity supports the efficacy of the brand equity model for interregional destinations.
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Yeğenoğlu, Meyda. "Sovereignty renounced." Philosophy & Social Criticism 40, no. 4-5 (February 12, 2014): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453714522477.
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This article suggests that the historical figuration of Islam as well as the discourse of secularization has played a fundamental role in the constitution of Islam’s externality to Europe. The historical figuration of Islam as Europe’s enemy is haunting Europe. The European secularist anxiety today, which insists on the separation between the domains of the private and the public needs to be understood against the backdrop of this history. If Islam’s inability to separate the religious and the political was historically the dominant motif through which Islam was registered as the arch-enemy, the post-secular, post-Enlightenment period registers Islam as an enemy through a cultural gesture. Derrida’s understanding of spectrality and the concept autoimmunity are deployed to suggest that Islam as a specter haunting Europe undermines the sovereign constitution of a self-identical Europe, but this haunting needs to be seen as Europe’s chance for a self-destructive conservation of Europe. European identity has to be rethought and renewed differently and this rethinking requires that we attend to the present as well as the past and future of Europe, which requires the opening of Europe to otherness and responsibility to the other. Such a rethinking of Europe’s history necessitates thinking about colonialism as well the living embodiments of this colonial legacy today, which are the immigrants.
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Niculescu, Oana, Maria Marin, and Daniela Răuţu. "Rediscovering past narrations: The oral history of the Romanian language preserved in the National Phonogram Archive." Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 22, no. 1 (2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/bwpl.22.1.3.
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In this paper we aim to deliver a key message related to the safeguarding of the Romanian National Phonogram Archive (AFLR). The data gathered within the Archive (the richest, most inclusive and diversified collection of dialectal texts and ethno-linguistic recordings in Romania) are of immeasurable documentary value. Through the digitization and preservation of AFLR we can gain access to both individual and collective memories, aiding to a better understanding of our cultural heritage on the one hand, and, on the other hand, restoring missing or forgotten pieces of Europe’s oral history.
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Benedik, Stefan. "Shifting the agency of remembering: Inventing the loyal Romani victim in the context of Austrian memory debates." Ethnicities 20, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796818807327.
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Many paradoxes characterise the case of Romani communities, who have been dubbed one of Europe’s most eminent ‘problems’. On the one hand, European states are increasingly acknowledging Romani people as a victim group of National Socialism and the Second World War while, on the other hand, politics and public debate continue to discriminate against contemporary Romani communities. As part of identity politics, Romani organisations have been highlighting their history of persecution, a process initiated at the time when the memory of National Socialism has become established as the core of European collective memory. This paper examines how narratives of a violent past have been integrated into Austrian ‘national memory’ and how this intersects with the construction of Romani victimhood history – often as a consequence of Romani organisation’s own efforts of telling their community’s history. I argue that the mainstreaming of Romani suffering is first due to a successful integration of Romani victims into the framework of a new understanding of ‘racially’ diverse Austrian victimhood. Second, I trace the role of individual protagonists within these processes of acknowledgment and highlight the relevance of gendered positions in developing a new racialised history of persecution.
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Niglia, Leone. "The New Transformation of Europe: Arcana Imperii." American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no. 1 (March 2020): 151–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaa005.
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Abstract The European Union is undergoing a structural transformation—a regression from integration through law as an anti-hegemonic project of equal membership to a condition in which member state orders, under a transformed European Union law, gravitate around unequal relations of subordination. Alongside the surveillance mechanisms that constrain the member states to conform to the requirements of the Economic and Monetary Union are private law arrangements (the “memoranda of understanding” qua “contracts”) that equally, and with greater force, produce subordination. Adopting a critical comparative-historical approach, this Article delves into Europe’s collective legal memory, and the past of colonial relations, to make intelligible the deployment of the memoranda contracts whose harsh terms have been dramatically changing the condition of the “debtor countries” for the worse; in the arcana of private law lies the truth about the changing condition of sovereign power in contemporary Europe and about the potential to change direction and counter the “jurisdomination” turn.
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Verovšek, Peter J. "Memory, narrative, and rupture: The power of the past as a resource for political change." Memory Studies 13, no. 2 (August 17, 2017): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698017720256.
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In politics, “soft” ideational factors are often dismissed in favor of “hard” quantifiable data. Since the “memory boom,” however, collective memory has become an important variable for explaining persistent grievances and cycles of hatred. Building on the work of Hannah Arendt and the first generation of the Frankfurt School, I seek to counterbalance the literature’s predominantly negative conception of memory by developing a constructive understanding of remembrance as a resource for rethinking politics in the aftermath of breaks in the narrative thread of historical time. My basic thesis is that historical ruptures shared by an entire generation can activate collective memory as a resource for reimagining political life. I show how Arendt and the critical theorists of the early Frankfurt School used the caesura of 1945 to rethink the meaning of the past and endorse new forms of political life in the aftermath of Europe’s age of total war.
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Farooqi, N. R. "An Overview of Ottoman Archival Documents and Their Relevance for Medieval Indian History." Medieval History Journal 20, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 192–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945816687687.
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The significance of Ottoman archives for the reconstruction of Europe’s past is well known but its relevance for the study of Medieval Indian History has so far eluded the attention and interest of Indian historians. Several series of documents preserved in the Turkish National Archives (Başbakanlik Devlet Arşivi) in Istanbul, especially Mühimme Defterleri, Name-i Hümayun Defterleri and Tapu Tahrir Defterleri, can yield significant dividends for understanding many little known or even unknown episodes of India’s medieval past. This article explores the nature of the documents available in the Turkish archives and underscores the utility of some of these documents for unravelling certain unknown facets of the journey of the Indian pilgrims, including the ladies of Emperor Akbar’s harem, to the Hijaz along with the Mughal Hajj caravans in the 1570s. The article also examines four select documents available in this archive. Three of these documents furnish so far unknown evidence on the history of medieval Gujarat, Kerala and Ahmad Nagar respectively, while the fourth provides significant information regarding Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar’s relations with the Ottoman Empire.
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Peraza, Ana Vivian Fernández, and Yumiko Furumura. "Project-Based Learning to Develop Intercultural Communicative Competence in Virtual Exchange Contexts." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.307059.
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Higher education requires a different approach to teaching and learning since modern-day students no longer have the same learning needs as they had in the past. Project-based learning (PBL) is an active and dynamic approach to language teaching that makes it possible for the language students to gain transferable and applicable knowledge, skills and insights, and it also contributes to support and enhance virtual exchanges (VE), especially when it comes to developing intercultural communicative competence and using digital technologies. This paper is aimed at showing the results of using PBL in VE contexts to develop intercultural communicative competence of Costa Rican and Japanese EFL students by implementing some ideas from the Council of Europe’s Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture (FRCDC). The results suggest that implementing PBL in VE contexts to develop intercultural communicative competence of Costa Rican and Japanese EFL students had an impact on the participants’ skills, values, attitudes, and knowledge and critical understanding.
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Xharavina, Natyra, Alexandros Kapoulas, and George Miaoulis. "Netnography as a marketing research tool in the fashion industry in Southeast Europe." International Journal of Market Research 62, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785319859210.
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In the past decades, marketing has been revolutionized by digital sources, which provide marketers with rich information on potential consumers. Consequently, this article explores the evolving opportunities that online communities present to marketers in collecting consumer insights. It advances Southeast Europe’s marketing researchers’ understanding of netnography by introducing them to its concept, procedures, and implications. This study triangulates the data through utilizing seven one-to-one in-depth interviews with fashion designers, employing two focus groups with fashion consumers who actively congregate in online communities, and through conducting netnography on a fashion-related online community. This article demonstrates netnography practices, and experiences with the goal of having fashion designers and marketers understand its potential as an efficient method for providing effective qualitative market intelligence. It shows that netnography is a relatively easy, cost-effective and time-efficient approach, and it supports brand development through achieving a better understanding of consumer perceptions. Overall, netnography has great potential as a marketing research tool. Online fashion community members’ views support it as most of them prefer to participate in netnographic research. Nevertheless, the majority of fashion designers in Southeast Europe are not fully aware of the method and its exact procedures and, hence, avoid using it.
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Chappel, James. "The God That Won: Eugen Kogon and the Origins of Cold War Liberalism." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (April 2020): 339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419833439.
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Eugen Kogon (1903–87) was one of the most important German intellectuals of the late 1940s. His writings on the concentration camps and on the nature of fascism were crucial to West Germany’s fledgling transition from dictatorship to democracy. Previous scholars of Kogon have focused on his leftist Catholicism, which differentiated him from the mainstream. This article takes a different approach, asking instead how Kogon, a recovering fascist himself, came to have so much in common with his peers in West Germany and in the Cold War West. By 1948, he fluently spoke the new language of Cold War liberalism, pondering how human rights and liberal democracy could be saved from totalitarianism. He did not do so, the article argues, because he had decided to abandon his principles and embrace a militarized anti-Communist cause. Instead, he transitioned to Cold War liberalism because it provided a congenial home for a deeply Catholic thinker, committed to a carceral understanding of Europe’s fascist past and a federalist vision for its future. The analysis helps us to see how European Catholics made the Cold War their own – an important phenomenon, given that Christian Democrats held power almost everywhere on the continent that was not controlled by Communists. The analysis reveals a different portrait of Cold War liberalism than we usually see: less a smokescreen for American interests, and more a vessel for emancipatory projects and ideals that was strategically employed by diverse actors across the globe.
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Milewski, Daniel. "Rola Kongresu haskiego w procesie powstawania Rady Europy i kształtowania prawnych uwarunkowań jej działalności." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 1 (2020): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2020.19.01.20.
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The paper aims to present the circumstances and results of the event of crucial importance for European integration, which was the Hague Congress convened in 1948, as well as to present the impact of its resolutions on the process of laying the foundation for the Council of Europe and shaping the legal conditions for its functioning. The paper describes different events that are part of the integration actions undertaken on the Old Continent after World War II, including and discussing in detail the characteristics of the Congress of Europe in The Hague. On the basis of the resolutions adopted at that time, the paper analyses the circumstances and arguments in favour of the solutions put in place in the following years. The article indicates the numerous provisions of the Hague Congress resolutions which have been implemented in the process of the subsequent European integration. The description and the axiological background of the decisions made in 1948 allow a better understanding of the origins of the many institutions and processes that influenced the shaping of Europe’s legal culture over the past few decades. In addition, the article presents a broad catalogue of the figures involved in the organisation of the Hague Congress, together with their affiliation with the different views on the scope of integration. The references to source texts and literature highlighting the background of the creation of the Council of Europe make it possible to understand more fully the basis for its mission concerning the strengthening of the democratic stability and the rule of law on the continent. Ultimately, by linking the legal bases of the functioning of the Council of Europe with a description of the foundations on which it was created, the article gives us an answer to the question of why the Council of Europe has developed its own modus operandi and its own methods of influencing the legal systems of the Member States.
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Anghel, Remus Gabriel, and László Fosztó. "A Generational Divide? Coping With Ethnic Prejudice and Inequality Among Romanian Roma Transnational Returnees." Social Inclusion 10, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i4.5688.
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Roma people are likely Europe’s most discriminated and marginalized minority. In the past years, increasing attention has been paid to their migration to Western Europe and their limited social mobility in their countries of destination. Our article focuses on the “post‐return” experiences of Roma and the changes generated by return migration in their communities of origin, a topic largely neglected so far. We build on recent debates around post‐return positionality, asking how adult and old Roma returnees experience return. We thus contribute to the growing literature on return migration and lifecourse that distinguishes between the return migration of children and youth, that of adults, and that of older migrants. Focusing on Roma returnees, we employ an understanding of migration not just as a means of generating resources, but also as a learning process where the Roma population acquires new ideas and a sense of agency and dignity. Informed by long‐term fieldwork in ethnically mixed localities in Romania (including participant observation and 76 semi‐structured interviews), we inquire into the ethnic relations and negotiations between Roma and non‐Roma populations. Migration results in a weakening of the economic dependency of the Roma on the non‐Roma. In this new context, which is still marred by ethnic prejudice and inequality, we analysed how local interethnic relations were reshaped by the returned Roma’s new consumption practices, new modes of communication, and new claims for equality. While adult Roma tend to demand equality and decent treatment, setting in motion a process of ethnic change, older returned Roma tend to maintain more submissive practices.
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van Asperen, Eline N., Jason R. Kirby, and Helen E. Shaw. "Relating dung fungal spore influx rates to animal density in a temperate environment: Implications for palaeoecological studies." Holocene 30, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619875804.
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The management of the remainder of Europe’s once extensive forests is hampered by a poor understanding of the character of the vegetation and drivers of change before the onset of clearance for farming. Pollen data indicate a closed-canopy, mixed-deciduous forest, contrasting with the assertion that large herbivores would have maintained a mosaic of open grassland, regenerating scrub and forested groves. Coprophilous fungal spores from sedimentary sequences are increasingly used as a proxy for past herbivore impact on vegetation, but the method faces methodological and taphonomical issues. Using pollen trap data from a long-running experiment in Chillingham Wild Cattle Park, UK, we investigate the first steps in the mechanisms connecting herbivore density to the incorporation of fungal spores in sediments and assess the effects of environmental variables on this relationship. Herbivore utilisation levels correlate with dung fungal spore abundance. Chillingham is densely populated by large herbivores, but dung fungal spore influx is low. Herbivores may thus be present on the landscape but go undetected. The absence of dung fungal spores is therefore less informative than their presence. Dung fungal spores likely enter the sediment record through a different pathway from wind-borne pollen and thus dung fungal abundance is better expressed as influx rates than as percentage of total pollen. Landscape openness, vegetation type and site wetness do not distort the impact of utilisation levels on dung fungal spore representation. However, dung fungal spore influx varies markedly between seasons and years. Spores travel, leading to a background level of spore deposition across the landscape, and at times a depletion of spores, especially under wet weather conditions. Animal behaviour, as well as husbandry practices, can lead to the accumulation of dung, and thus fungal spores, in specific locations on the landscape that do not directly reflect grazing pressure.
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Grzymski, Jan. "Granice Europy w wyobrażeniach i praktykach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa i Partnerstwa Wschodniego." Przegląd Europejski, no. 3-2017 (January 28, 2018): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.17.3.
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This article critically analyses the reconfiguration of imaginaries of Europe’s borders, which is presupposed and practiced within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and Eastern Partnership (EaP). Referring to borders studies and constructivism in European studies, this article addresses to what degree the political imaginaries of ENP and EaP’s political practices are based on a specific concept of Europe and its boundaries, where Europe’s border is being constructed by reproducing the deeply-seated opposition between Europe vs. non-Europe and Europe vs. Eastern Europe. It argues that it blurs the clear-cut divisions of the inside-outside, where the former is designated as being part of Europe by geography or “friend of Europe”, but still in the process of becoming fully “European”. The article studies how the policy instruments and ENP and EaP’s concepts of “neighbourhood” and “partnership” reframe the understanding of Europe’s borders and identity.
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Curran, Vivian Grosswald. "Law's Past and Europe's Future." German Law Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 483–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013766.
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As Europe forges its legal order, constitution, and self-understanding, many appear to believe that identifying and enacting laws and a legal framework that correspond to shared concepts of justice and human rights will solve the problem of legalized barbarism which once plagued Europe and which has been a recurrent feature throughout time and across the globe. The historical propensity of courts, even in democratic states, to legitimate and enable policies of persecution and discrimination provides compelling evidence that the current level of faith in law is misplaced.
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Vassalos, Dracos, and Apostolos Papanikolaou. "Stockholm Agreement—Past, Present, Future (Part 1)." Marine Technology and SNAME News 39, no. 03 (July 1, 2002): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2002.39.3.137.
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April 1, 2001 marked the fourth anniversary of the Stockholm Agreement (SA), a period during which almost 80% of the roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) fleet in North West Europe have been subjected to calculations, model testing and numerical simulations in the struggle to meet these demanding new requirements. The experience gained has been invaluable in understanding better the problem at hand and is being utilized to shape new developments likely to lead to more meaningful requirements. The North-South divide, however, continues to cause unrest, particularly at the European level. Efforts to assess the status quo in North West Europe, and to use the information amassed so far as a means to predict the potential impact of introducing the SA in the South, led to a dedicated call by the Commission and to a contract being awarded to two closely collaborating teams, one at the Ship Stability Research Centre of the University of Strathclyde under the leadership of Professor Vassalos and one at the Ship Design Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens, under the leadership of Professor Papanikolaou, representing the North and South of Europe, respectively. This background provided the incentive for an introspective look at the SA, with a view to ascertaining its status before embarking into future projections. This forms Part 1 of the SA related research with Part 2 aiming to cover the results of the Commission study itself.
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Niklasson, Elisabeth. "The Janus-face of European heritage: Revisiting the rhetoric of Europe-making in EU cultural politics." Journal of Social Archaeology 17, no. 2 (June 2017): 138–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605317712122.
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Heritage sites and their stewards have been part of the project of European integration since the 1970s. Countless actions involving conservation, research and public outreach has been granted EU funding based on the ‘European significance’ of monuments and sites or the ‘European added value’ of project activities. This article argues that out of the long relationship between EU cultural politics and the domain of tangible heritage, there has grown a parallel approach to European belonging. By tracing acts of Europe-making in political statements used to justify financial support, and discussing their effect on co-funded archaeological projects, a Janus-face is identified. One side places authority in the past, articulating a European commonality through site characteristics or time periods. The other places authority in the present, promoting a more flexible understanding of heritage. Since the EU has increasingly (and unwillingly) come to share the rhetorical figure of ‘European heritage’ with anti-immigration groups calling for solidarity among ‘native Europeans’, the question of which side takes precedence is of great consequence.
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Bos, David J., and Gerard Rouwhorst. "Bridges and Breaches in the History of European Spirituality." Religion & Theology 23, no. 1-2 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15743012-02301003.
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Introduction to a double thematic issue, the second part of which will appear in print in 2017. The authors argue that a truly historical understanding of spirituality is complicated by the historical claims of present-day proponents of spirituality, as well by the commonplace that “spirituality” is distinct from, or an alternative to “institutional religion.” This conceptual opposition itself merits scholarly analysis, as do appropriations of the past – both being indicative of the self-understanding of those involved.
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Koller, Boglárka. "Book review: The European polis by George Schöpflin." Pro Publico Bono - Magyar Közigazgatás 9, no. 4 (2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2021.4.5.
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George Schöpflin’s latest monograph provides a unique understanding of the politics of contemporary Europe in two ‘interconnected essays’. The first part focuses on a comprehensive interpretation of the EU’s political community, the European polis. The author argues that political innovation has slowed considerably in the last decade, particularly after the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and the EU was gradually transformed into a punitive polis. The second part of the book focuses on the relationship between Central Europe and the European Union. Central Europe is European, but differently European. The shortcomings of the Eastern enlargement, Central Europe’s misadventure in the European Union and the unseen and unintended consequences of the 2004–2007–2011 enlargement waves all contributed to the development of a troubled relationship between the EU and its new members. The volume combines both theoretical and practical aspects, making it a relevant contribution to European Studies literature.
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Burke, Colin. "European Modernism and the Information Society: Informing the Present, Understanding the Past." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (June 2009): 1298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21069.
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McManus-Czubińska, Clare, William L. Miller, Radosław Markowski, and Jacek Wasilewski. "Understanding Dual Identities in Poland." Political Studies 51, no. 1 (March 2003): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00416.
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‘Parallel’ divisions of identity in Poland are a thing of the past – and perhaps the future – but not the present. Yet contemporary Poles are still politically divided by identities – albeit by ‘nested’ Polish/European identities rather than by ‘parallel’ ethnic identities. They are not divided between Polish and European identities, however, but between exclusive and dual identities – in essence a division between parochial and cosmopolitan identities. Contrary to fears that Europeanism in Poland especially might be narrow, culturally restrictive, or even racist, our data show that dual identities reflect broader cosmopolitan perspectives as well as specifically European or Western sympathies. There is a real significant difference of values between exclusive and dual identifiers which extends well beyond attitudes to Europe – and far beyond attitudes to the EU in particular. To a considerable degree this is a difference – some have argued a conflict – between traditional and modern Poland, between secular and devout Poland, between educated and ignorant Poland, between young and old Poland, and between hopeful and fearful Poland.
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Glencross, Andrew. "‘Love Europe, hate the EU’: A genealogical inquiry into populists’ spatio-cultural critique of the European Union and its consequences." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066119850242.
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This article analyses the genealogy of the expression ‘Love Europe, hate the EU’, which is taken as a spatio-cultural critique of the European Union that has important consequences for how European integration is contested. Closely associated with the Brexit movement, but also popular among other populist movements opposing the European Union, this catchphrase is analysed as the latest stage in the contestation over the political meaning of Europe. However, the article demonstrates that the desire to do away with a rules-based institutional order rests on a deliberately ahistorical reading of European inter-state relations following the rise of the sovereign state. What is overlooked is the way in which Europe was conceptualized by the end of the 18th century as a distinct political unit with its own peculiar dysfunctionality, namely, a naturally anti-hegemonic order that often resulted in violent conflict. The spatio-cultural critique of European Union institutionalization nonetheless expects that shared European interests and values can seamlessly recreate cooperation across sovereign states, an argument that culminated in the UK’s Brexit decision. Yet, as shown by the debate over the future of UK–European Union relations, this cultural and idealized understanding of Europe’s commonalities ignores the economic and political significance of borders and forgets the part played by the European Union in managing contested spaces. This emerging cleavage between institutional and cultural understandings of Europe suggests that European integration after Brexit needs to focus on demonstrating the value of institutionalized cooperation per se as much as on the cultural symbolism of supranationalism.
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Mandry, Christof. "Instrument of Mobilization or a Bridge towards Understanding? Religion and Values in the Reform Process of the European Union." Journal of Religion in Europe 2, no. 3 (2009): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489109x12463420694949.
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AbstractThe self-understanding of the Europeans has been profoundly put into question since 1989, and during the EU reform process, 'Europe' was confronted by the task of describing itself anew. In this context, the debate about the significance of the religious patrimony took on a key position in the discourse. The broad public discussions of the preambles to the European Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for the European Union (ECT) indicate that the relationship between religion and political remains a controversial issue. The article argues that the 'preamble disputes' are part and parcel of the European Union's quest for a political identity and that the outcome of the identity debate—the self-description as a 'community of values'—deals in a specific way with this fundamental question.
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Vanhoonacker, Sophie. "The European External Action Service: Living Forwards by Understanding Backwards." European Foreign Affairs Review 15, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010001.
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Abstract. Among the many changes introduced to the European Union’s (EU’s) external relations role by the Treaty of Lisbon, one of the most signifi cant is the establishment of a European External Action Service (EEAS) to support the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). However, the treaty article relating to the EEAS is vague and does not specify precisely the form that this new institution will take. This article considers the options for the design of the EEAS along five dimensions: membership, the scope of responsibilities, the centralization of tasks, the rules for controlling the new body, and the fl exibility of its institutional arrangements. Equally, the establishment of the EEAS builds on past foreign policy cooperation between EU Member States, and it is therefore important to consider how such cooperation was structured in the past in order to comment on the design options for the future EEAS.
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Sakwa, Richard. "Beyond the Involution of Europe? Monism and Relations with Russia. Part 2." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-59-76.
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The crisis in relations between Russia and the European Union (EU) is part of the broader breakdown of the post-Cold War security order. This essay focuses on structural interpretation and identifies four interlinked processes shaping the crisis: tension between the logic of the enlargement and transformation; a dynamic of involution and resistance; the problem of monism, whereby the expanding self is unable adequately to engage with the un-integrated other; and the recent emergence of ‘other Europes’ that may potentially overcome involution. The erosion of the Atlantic system provides an opportunity for delayed institutional and ideational innovation. Based on the methodology of classical realism and modern constructivist theories, the author analyzes how the lack of mutual understanding and mistakes in understanding the intentions and actions of Russia, on the one hand, and the West, on the other, led to deep structural and cognitive contradictions that managed to renew confrontation between the Euro-Atlantic bloc and Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that the impossibility of implementing the “Greater Europe” project with the participation of Russia led to a deepening of the contradictions between Russia and the West, and also forced Moscow to look for an alternative to European integration in the “Greater Eurasia” project. At the same time, the European Union also entered a crisis stage, as evidenced by Brexit.
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Maurer, Heidi, Richard G. Whitman, and Nicholas Wright. "The EU and the invasion of Ukraine: a collective responsibility to act?" International Affairs 99, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac262.
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Abstract Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine has upended Europe's security order, with many observers calling it a turning point for the European Union. This article contends, however, that the EU's response has been less a turning point and more of an epiphany, providing a reality check for the EU and its member states about how far European foreign policy cooperation has evolved in recent decades. It suggests that an understanding of the EU's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine requires consideration of the member states' foreign policy co-operation, which has intensified over the past half-century, and its underpinning norm which we term a ‘collective European responsibility to act’. In emphasizing this norm, we identify core ideas about the functioning of collective European foreign policy. We re-examine three key preoccupations of the EU foreign policy-making practice and assessment through the lens of the collective European responsibility to act and show how it enables a different and novel re-reading of the added value of EU foreign policy cooperation. The EU's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine thus serves as a timely focusing event that demands a rethink of the premises that have underpinned our analysis and understanding of collective European foreign policy-making over decades.
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Coman, Ramona. "Mechanisms of Europeanisation and Compliance in Judicial Politics: Understanding the Past and Anticipating the Future." Polish Political Science Review 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppsr-2015-0005.
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Abstract Recent developments in Hungarian constitutional and judicial politics have given impetus to question not only the outcomes of democratisation and Europeanisation, but also the efficacy of the European Union’s compliance mechanisms. In 2010, Hungary, one of the forerunners in building democracy made the headlines with Fidesz’s attempts at adopting a new Constitution and implementing cardinal laws along with controversial institutional, cultural, religious, moral and socio-economic policies. This article attempts to depict the transformative power of the European Union within a sensitive policy area which touches upon States’ pouvoris régaliens: the independence of the judiciary.
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Sithole, Samantha S., Marianna Fernandes, Olivier Hymas, Kavita Sharma, and Gretchen Walters. "Stuck in the Colonial Past?" Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 30, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2021.300207.
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This contribution challenges representations of landscapes and communities within zoos in Europe that may amplify colonial narratives of local people through a racialised and often static lens. Instead of a holistic portrayal of the relationship between humans and nature that the EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) stipulates within its guidelines, some European zoos continue to perpetuate a narrow view of foreign landscapes within their exhibits. Utilising the concept of representation, this short article argues that Zoo Zürich reinforces colonial narratives through its new Lewa exhibit, an exhibit based on a Kenyan conservancy. This piece is based on an improvised visit to the zoo to see the new African exhibit. It highlights discrepancies between the Lewa exhibit, guidelines of the EAZA and the Lewa Conservancy in Kenya. In this light, we propose recommendations for European zoos to decolonise their institutions and exhibits based on an understanding that is not only scientific, but also historical, critically reflective, and inclusive of non-Western perspectives.
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Vuletic, Vladimir. "Between the national past and (an) European future." Sociologija 45, no. 3 (2003): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0303217v.
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The paper deals with the degree of openness of the local political institutions towards European initiatives and mark the elements of cooperation and tensions in communication between European institutions and local actors engaged in the implementation of European initiatives. The focus is on the cultural or culture-determined obstacles bearing upon the (lack of) understanding between the local and foreign, primarily European institutions. The paper presents data obtained though in depth interviews with political elite members. The analysis follows several cultural dimensions such as: communication, values,, life style,, material culture, and emphasizes existing differences on each of them. Nevertheless, the basic conclusion contends that these differences, although not negligible, are not insurmountable.
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Soler Ortínez, David, and Caterina Sugranyes Ernest. "Understanding the plurilingual research in context." Fremdsprachen Lehren und Lernen 51, no. 2 (September 5, 2022): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/flul-2022-0019.
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Despite the vast body of research on plurilingualism which has emerged over the past years, it seems that few studies analyse the role of the plurilingual researchers when working in collaborative projects. The main purpose of this article, therefore, is to examine how research on plurilingualism is developed in a context where researchers from different language backgrounds work together in plurilingual collaborative research teams. Framed by the European project ENROPE, which enables networking structures for researchers in the field of language education and plurilingualism, the study was conducted during a plurilingual intensive study week in Barcelona (June-July 2021). The participants of the study are researchers, professors and PhD candidates from different European Universities developing research on plurilingualism. Relevant factors, such as the role of the English language and the role of languages other than English in plurilingual contexts, specific collaborative strategies and practices or the plurilingual identity are analysed. Initial results regarding the benefits and drawbacks of collaborating in plurilingual teams are discussed.
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Trabert, Sarah. "Understanding the significance of migrants’ material culture." Journal of Social Archaeology 20, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605319879253.
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Archaeologists are increasingly moving past discussions of whether migration events occurred in the past to more nuanced discussions of the meaning surrounding the migrants’ belongings. Migrants used material culture as powerful memory objects, to create meaning and adapt to living in a new place and often with new people. There are relatively few archaeological examples of large-scale migration into the Great Plains in the wake of European invasion of North America. One exception to this is the migration of Puebloan peoples from northern New Mexico to the Central Great Plains during the Puebloan diaspora after 1600 CE. Sites attributed to this migration are discussed in context with recent work on meaning and materiality to reconsider the critical role that objects play in identity expression and cultural survival in new homelands.
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Gamba, Cristina. "Genomic approaches and their contributions to understanding the European Neolithisation." Documenta Praehistorica 43 (December 30, 2016): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.43.12.
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The contribution of ancient DNA to the understanding of past events has been increasing exponentially in recent years. This is mainly due to the synergy of technical advances, such as the molecular technique of high-throughput DNA sequencing, which has allowed for the reconstruction of complete genomes as old as 750 000 years. Another step toward the cost-effective characterisation of ancient genomes is the sampling of petrous bone, which has allowed sequencing of the first ancient African genome. Here I review the significant contribution of ancient genomics to our understanding of the European Neolithisation process.
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Neudorfl, Marie L. "Masaryk's Understanding of Democracy before 1914." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 708 (January 1, 1989): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1989.39.
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Tomas Garrigue Masaryk's theories on democracy evolved primarily from an intimate knowledge of the social and political realities of his time, combined with relevant knowledge of the past both of Czech as well as other European nations. They reflected Masaryk's conviction that the ideal of modern democracy was most desirable for a majority of people,as well as his belief that since the French Revolution, the gradual realization of this ideal became possible in many European countries. At the same time, he was aware that the ideal of democracy was especially attractive to underprivileged entities, be they individuals or nations, and that the dominant forces in Central Europe had little sympathy for this ideal. While he did not discount German and Russian expansionist potentials and tendencies as negligible and insignificant for Central Europe, in the context of the Austro-Hungarian Empire his major concern was with the inequitable possibilities for the development of non-ruling nations as compared with those of the Austrian Germans and Magyars who constituted, in their respective domains, less than half of the population.
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Barbier, Liese, Steven Simoens, Arnold G. Vulto, and Isabelle Huys. "European Stakeholder Learnings Regarding Biosimilars: Part I—Improving Biosimilar Understanding and Adoption." BioDrugs 34, no. 6 (November 3, 2020): 783–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40259-020-00452-9.
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Jerabek, I., and A. F. De Man. "SOCIAL DISTANCE AMONG CAUCASIAN-CANADIANS AND ASIAN, LATIN-AMERICAN AND EASTERN EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS IN QUEBEC: A TWO-PART STUDY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.3.297.
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Caucasian Canadians and Asian, Latin-American, and Eastern European immigrants (N=109) participated in a two-part study of inter-group social distance. In the first part, ANOVA showed that of the four groups, Asians reported the greatest social dist ance toward others, whereby they did not differentiate between the three out -groups. Next were the Latin-Americans who preferred Caucasian Canadians over Eastern Europeans and Asians. Eastern Europeans in turn felt closest to Caucasian Canadians and less close to Latin-Americans and Asians. Caucasian Canadians reported the smallest overall social distance; they did not differentiate between the three out-groups. As target group, Caucasian Canadians were more preferred than were Asians, Latin-Americans, and Eastern Europeans. The latter three groups in turn received greatest sympathetic understanding from Caucasian Canadians. In the second part, analyses of the data of the four groups combined indicated that individuals with limited education, low family income, and high authoritarianism perceived greater social distance between themselves and members of out-groups.
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Annoni, Paola. "Tree-based approaches for understanding growth patterns in the European regions." REGION 3, no. 2 (September 21, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v3i2.115.
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The paper describes an empirical analysis to understand the main drivers of economic growth in the European Union (EU) regions in the past decade. The analysis maintains the traditional factors of growth used in the literature on regional growth - stage of development, population agglomeration,<br />transport infrastructure, human capital, labour market and research and innovation - and incorporates the institutional quality and two variables which aim to reflect the macroeconomic conditions in which the regions operate. Given the scarcity of reliable and comparable regional data at the EU level, large part of the analysis has been devoted to build reliable and consistent panel data on potential factors of growth. Two non-parametric, decision-tree techniques, randomized Classication and Regression Tree and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, are employed for their ability to address data complexities such as non-linearities and interaction eects, which are generally a challenge for more traditional statistical procedures such as linear regression. Results show that the dependence of growth rates on the factors included in the analysis is clearly non-linear with important factor interactions. This means that growth is determined by the simultaneous presence of multiple stimulus factors rather than the presence of a single area of excellence. Results also conrm the critical importance of the macroeconomic framework together with human capital as major drivers of economic growth of countries and regions. This is overall in line with most of the economic literature, which has persistently underlined the major role of these factors on economic growth but with the novelty that the macroeconomic conditions are here incorporated. Human capital also has an important role, with low-skilled workforce having a higher detrimental eect on growth than high-skilled. Not surprisingly, other important factors are the quality of governance and, in line with the neoclassical growth theory, the stage of development, with less developed economies growing at a faster pace than the others. The evidence given by the model about the impact of other factors on economic growth such as those on the quality of infrastructure or the level of innovation seems to be more limited and inconclusive. The analysis conclusions support the reinforcement of the EU economic governance and the conditionality mechanisms set in the new architecture of the EU regional funds 2014-2020 whose rationale is that the eectiveness of the expenditure is conditional to good institutional quality and sound economic policies.
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Alves, Susana. "Affordances of Historic Urban Landscapes: An Ecological Understanding of Human Interaction with the Past." European Spatial Research and Policy 21, no. 2 (January 27, 2015): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0002.
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Heritage has been defined differently in European contexts. Despite differences, a common challenge for historic urban landscape management is the integration of tangible and intangible heritage. Integration demands an active view of perception and human-landscape interaction where intangible values are linked to specific places and meanings are attached to particular cultural practices and socio-spatial organisation. Tangible and intangible values can be examined as part of a system of affordances (potentialities) a place, artefact or cultural practice has to offer. This paper discusses how an ‘affordance analysis’ may serve as a useful tool for the management of historic urban landscapes.
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Nazaj, Elona. "Euro-Centrism vs. International Thinking." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 12 (June 30, 2006): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.12.7.
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The journey of the concept of Europe has been from myth to legend to war to stability. European unity is based, essentially, on the recognition of historic and linguistic diversity, the cultural variety and the national roots that make it unique. It is this huge cultural diversity that gives Europeans their European identity. I firmly believe that we cannot understand the idea of Europe without understanding its fundamental desire for universality. Europe has been built gradually on the basis of a sincere and deep-seated acknowledgement of diversity, and it is precisely because of this that it aspires to form the basis of a larger and more universal whole. Europe has more than its fair share of past glory and regrets and possesses both great diversity and a deep cultural unity.
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Moolani, Yasmin, Charles Lynde, and Gordon Sussman. "Advances in Understanding and Managing Chronic Urticaria." F1000Research 5 (February 16, 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7246.1.
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There have been recent advances in the classification and management of chronic urticaria. The new term chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) has replaced chronic idiopathic urticaria and chronic autoimmune urticaria. In addition, chronic inducible urticaria (CINDU) has replaced physical urticaria and includes other forms of inducible urticaria, such as cholinergic and aquagenic urticaria. Furthermore, novel research has resulted in a new understanding with guidelines being revised in the past year by both the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)/Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN)/European Dermatology Forum (EDF)/World Allergy Organization (WAO). There are some differences in the recommendations, which will be discussed, but the core updates are common to both groups. The basic treatment for chronic urticaria involves second-generation non-sedating non-impairing H1 antihistamines as first-line treatment. This is followed by up to a 4-fold increase in the licensed dose of these H1 antihistamines. The major therapeutic advance in recent years has been in third-line treatment with omalizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) antibody that prevents binding of IgE to the high-affinity IgE receptor. Several multicenter randomized controlled trials have shown safety and efficacy of omalizumab for CSU. There are also some small studies showing efficacy of omalizumab in CINDU. While there were previously many treatment options which were lacking in strong evidence, we are moving into an era where the treatment algorithm for chronic urticaria is simplified and contains more evidence-based, effective, and less toxic treatment options.
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Proudlove, Nathan. "Cracking the rankings Part (ii): Understanding the Financial Times European Business Schools rankings." OR Insight 25, no. 4 (December 7, 2011): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ori.2011.22.
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Fischer, Thomas, Juhana Aunesluoma, and Aryo Makko. "Introduction: Neutrality and Nonalignment in World Politics during the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 4 (October 2016): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00677.
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Over the past two decades, research on Cold War neutrality has advanced rapidly. With the declassification of important archival collections, the image of the four European “classic” neutrals—Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland—has changed considerably. New facets have emerged in the understanding of how neutrality functioned as a part of the Cold War international system. In particular, the importance and connections of neutrality's domestic political and ideational dimensions in foreign policymaking has been stressed in the latest research on Cold War neutrality.
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Thissen, Judith. "Understanding Dutch film culture." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 6 (December 19, 2013): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.6.02.
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In terms of cinema attendance, the Netherlands has always differed from other European countries. During the first decade of permanent film exhibition "a crucial phase in cinema's development as a mass medium" the movies failed to gain a firm foothold in Dutch society. After a discussion of the prevailing explanations for the low provision of cinemas in the Netherlands, this article develops a comparative analytical framework to better assess the regional dynamics at work within Dutch film culture. In particular, it looks at cinemagoing in the industrialised countryside, combining a qualitative examination of the local social and cultural infrastructure with a quantitative analysis of census data. The agro-industrial North Eastern part of Groningen and the mining district in the South of Limburg are singled out because in both regions we witness a very high density of film venues, suggesting metropolitan patterns in cinema attendance.
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Manners, Ian. "Assessing the decennial, reassessing the global: Understanding European Union normative power in global politics." Cooperation and Conflict 48, no. 2 (June 2013): 304–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836713485389.
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This concluding article assesses the past decade of international scholarship on the European Union (EU) and normative power as represented by the contributions to the special issue. It argues that the normative power approach (NPA) makes it possible to explain, understand and judge the EU in global politics by rethinking the nature of power and actorness in a globalizing, multilateralizing and multipolarizing era. To do this, the article assesses the past decade in terms of normative power engagement, internationalization and comparison. The article then argues that rethinking power and actorness involves reassessing global theory and pouvoir normatif in action. The article concludes by setting out three ways of developing the NPA in its second decade: macro-approach, meso-characterization and micro-analysis. Following the suggestion of Emanuel Adler, Barry Buzan and Tim Dunne, the article sets out how studying the normative foundations of power through the NPA combines the normative rethinking of power and actorness with the structural changes of a globalizing, multilateralizing and multipolarizing era.
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Drobyshev, Yuliy I. "The goals of the Mongol invaders according to European sources of the middle of the XIII century. Part 1." RUDN Journal of World History 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-2-123-156.
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The middle of the XIII century - the apogee of power of the unified Mongol Empire. In 1241-1242, the first, bloodiest and most destructive Mongol invasion into Europe took place. Certainly, it was vital for the Europeans to find an answer to the question: what did the invaders want, what goals did they pursue? In this article, the author shows that, due to the abundance of contradictory information and the acute lack of an objective understanding of the new enemy at first, European political and ecclesiastical figures attributed many goals to the Mongols (at least eighteen!), of which only three were fully confirmed - an attack on Russia, Poland, and Hungary, and the rest were either not realized for some reason, or arose in minds of the Europeans themselves. All these goals, identified in various official and unofficial European sources, mainly dating from the middle of the XIII century, are discussed here taking into account information from synchronous Eastern sources. Despite well-known ideas of a world-building monarchy, perhaps actually hatched by the Mongol khans, events in Europe suggest that their main goal there was to punish the Hungarian king Bela IV, who refused to hand over the Polovtsians hiding in Hungary to the Mongols.
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Drobyshev, Yuliy Ivanovich. "The goals of the Mongol invaders according to European sources of the middle of the XIII century. Part 2." RUDN Journal of World History 13, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 398–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-4-398-419.
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The middle of the XIII century - the apogee of power of the unified Mongol Empire. In 1241-1242, the first, bloodiest and most destructive Mongol invasion into Europe took place. Certainly, it was vital for the Europeans to find an answer to the question: what did the invaders want, what goals did they pursue? In this article, the author shows that, due to the abundance of contradictory information and the acute lack of an objective understanding of the new enemy at first, European political and ecclesiastical figures attributed many goals to the Mongols (at least eighteen!), of which only three were fully confirmed - an attack on Russia, Poland, and Hungary, and the rest were either not realized for some reason, or arose in minds of the Europeans themselves. All these goals, identified in various official and unofficial European sources, mainly dating from the middle of the XIII century, are discussed here taking into account information from synchronous Eastern sources. Despite well-known ideas of a world-building monarchy, perhaps actually hatched by the Mongol khans, events in Europe suggest that their main goal there was to punish the Hungarian king Bela IV, who refused to hand over the Polovtsians hiding in Hungary to the Mongols.
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Smirnov, A. N. "European Right-Wing Centrism in the Face of the Coronavirus Crisis." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 5 (November 27, 2020): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-7.
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The article examines the reaction of European right-centrist politicians to the threats associated with the spread of coronavirus infection. At the same time, the political context of the perception of the problem is analyzed, especially vividly expressed in approaches to understanding the current crisis and its consequences for the European integration project. The close relationship that exists between the actualization of the national-state identity of Europeans and the increasing requirements for their security is stated. According to leading representatives of the European People’s Party, today fear plays a more prominent role in politics, prevailing over other social emotions. In such conditions, the fundamental need for people to identify themselves as part of a larger community through language, religion or a common understanding of history becomes a critical political factor.According to the author of the article, the viral danger acts as a factor of spontaneous exacerbation of contradictions between national sovereignty and loyalty to all-European structures. At the same time, the emergency actions of national governments forced to deal with the viral threat do not pose a direct threat to European institutions, but raise doubts about their effectiveness. The leadership of the European Union will have to find the right solutions and make extraordinary efforts to maintain a common integration vector with the increased relevance of national competencies.
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Jefferson, Kurt W. "Understanding Developing European Party Systems: A Case Study of Czechoslovakia." American Review of Politics 15 (November 1, 1994): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1994.15.0.329-338.
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This study focuses on an underdeveloped area in the analysis of post-Communist East-Central Europe: democratizing party systems. The transformation of party systems in this part of the world from one party-dominated to multiparty, democratic systems now impels political scientists to reorient their theoretical and conceptual approaches to reflect the winds of change. Because the Czechoslovak party system of 1990-1992 was a multiparty, segmented one with a number of destabilizing elements, Sartorrs "polarized pluralism" typology (1976) can be applied to analyze the nature of that party system and what the future may hold for the new Czech and Slovak systems. As the groundwork is laid in the analyses of Central and Eastern European party systems, further investigation using Western European party systems literature may help us focus and conceptualize the competing forces that shape the democratization process in these party systems.
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Huyst, Petra. ""We have made Europe, now we have to make Europeans." Researching European Identity Among Flemish Youths." Journal of Contemporary European Research 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v4i4.127.
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After the rejection of the European Constitution in 2005, questions were raised about if and how European citizens feel connected to the European Union (EU). This article examines the image young, Flemish people have of the EU and whether they feel some sense of belonging in the EU. The research draws upon a qualitative study in which Flemish young people were asked how they felt towards the EU and how they perceived it. Using a social-constructionist perspective, the first part of the article concentrates on the concept of European identity and the theoretical divide between a civic and a cultural European political identity, as proposed by Bruter (2004). The second part of the article focuses on the results of a series of focus groups with young people (aged 17 to 19), held in spring 2007. The article argues that no strong European identity is yet present in the hearts and minds of these young people, although contexts and interactions might evoke a limited notion of European identity. This article offers an empirical account of a theoretical debate and presents a critical understanding of the dynamics at play in European identity construction.
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Weller, Toni. "European Modernism and the Information Society: Informing the Present, Understanding the Past. Edited by W. Boyd Rayward." Cultural and Social History 6, no. 3 (September 2009): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/147800409x446085.
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Manzano, Saúl, José S. Carrión, Lourdes López-Merino, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Jaime L. Toney, Hollie Amstrong, R. Scott Anderson, Antonio García-Alix, José Luis Guerrero Pérez, and Daniel Sánchez-Mata. "A palaeoecological approach to understanding the past and present of Sierra Nevada, a Southwestern European biodiversity hotspot." Global and Planetary Change 175 (April 2019): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.02.006.
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