Journal articles on the topic 'Undergrowth flora'

Peat swamp forest is a particularly stable ecosystem. This stability may regulate well-balanced water to maintain the existence of typical flora and fauna. The present study describes the structure and species composition from three different sites namely newly logged-over swamp forest, three years old logged-over swamp forest, and four years old-logged over swamp forest in Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia. The study sites were predominated by four structural ensembles with their strata order from the highest to lowest: emergent trees, canopy, lower ensembles, and undergrowth. The emergent trees consisted of three tree species, and the canopy included four species, lower groups covered three species, and undergrowth had two species. Overall, the three sites composed of 26 species with 24 genera and 24 families. Dendrogram based on similarity of site index showed that newly and three years old logged-over forest joined into one cluster with Euclidean distance at 38.42. Furthermore, both sites joined with four years old logged over forest forming another cluster with 489.19 Euclidean distances. Present study, therefore, showing that four years old logged-over peat swamp forest turned out to have the greatest Euclidean distance value.

The aim of present study was to determine the role of secondary, serpentine forests in Poland in the protection of rare vascular plant species. On the basis of 95 phytosociological relevés collected between 2009 and 2020, we identified the main types of serpentine forest communities and assessed their diversity indices. Ordination methods were used to determine the relationship between the degree of transformation of forest communities (reflected by the occurrence of alien and nitrophilic species) and the presence of endangered species in their undergrowth including the environmental background. We distinguished four types of communities: thermophilic and mesophilic pine plantations (both secondary in origin) as well as thermophilous oak forest and acidophilous oak–hornbeam forest (semi-natural and close to natural in character, respectively). Rare and endangered species were unevenly distributed and concentrated in oak forest (16 species) and thermophilic pine plantation (nine species). The endangered species mainly preferred sites at higher altitudes and with higher slope inclination, light availability, and soil reaction. We did not confirm that the presence of alien or nitrophilic species negatively influenced the ability of studied forests to preserve rare plants. As secondary forests can still harbor endangered species, they should fulfil complementary functions in the nature protection system.

This study was undertaken to know the species diversity of the monoculture plantations of exotic species Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus camadulensis compared to indigenous species Shorea robusta and Mangifera indica. There are 12 sample plots (size 36x36 m) were selected from the study area following the purposive random sampling. A total of 720 quadrats (12 plots x 10 quadrats x 6 seasons) were placed in the sample plots to collect the undergrowth vegetation data over two years of 2010-11 following summer, monsoon and winter season. The average value of Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.65±0.16 and 3.28±0.13 that of Simpson’s diversity index was 0.87±0.02 and 0.93±0.01 and that of Margalef’s diversity index was 7.34±0.77 and 10.43±0.52 collectively in all exotic and indigenous plots, respectively. This scenario depicts that the extent of species diversity was higher in indigenous tree species plots than in exotic tree plots and the flora of the study area was highly diversified. The Shorea plots were richer in species diversity out of the four species categories of sampling plots. The index values of three diversity indices were significantly different for the exotic and indigenous tree plots, excluding Eucalyptus and Mangifera species plots, which mean the undergrowth species diversity of Eucalyptus and Mangifera species plots, were not significantly different. Adequate awareness building programs need to conduct among the local community and Bangladesh Forest Department to understand environmental degradation, the importance of conservation management of indigenous ‘Sal’ forest and significance of plant diversity in the village forest for future generations.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of parks in large industrial cities. The problem of preservation of local flora together with cultivation of introduced species is more actual. The species composition of seed self-restoration of woody plants in the forest park and park parts of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University was analyzed in order to determine the ratio of introduced and autochthonous species and whether the introduced species pose a threat to aboriginal flora. Quantitative and qualitative state of seed self-restoration determined. As a result of the research it was established that in the forest-park and park zones of the Botanical Garden artificial stands are capable of forming a sufficient number of viable undergrowth of autochthonous and introduced species, among which mainly aboriginal species dominate. The ratio of indigenous species to introduced ones in different parts of the park and forest park is 57–76 % and 24–43 %, respectively. There is no special competition between indigenous and introduced species. Each species of woody species has adapted well to the conditions of the ecotope and to the conditions of its place of growth. Bioecological features of wood species in the plantations are not an obstacle to the development of the internal space of the ecotope, but 43 % of self-regenerating woody plants in trial area 1 are introduced species, so further observation is needed.

The paper presents results of 4 protected areas investigation within the river Vyatka flood plain. We have conducted a floristic research in accordance with a hierarchy system of floristic complexes by a type-class-group principle, and classified vegetation. 3 types of floristic complexes (forest, meadow, and water), 2 classes (hilltop-flood plain, ridge and natural) and 8 groups of floristic complexes were defined. Small-leaved forest floristic complexes is presented by the following forest types: mixed-herbs-Aegopodium aspen forest, mixed-herbs aspen forest, herbaceous boggy birch forest, cowberry birch forest, aspen-linden birch forest, bilberry-herbaceous birch forest, and mixed-herbs-Filipendula alder forest. Dark coniferous floristic complexes are presented by bilberry spruce and herbaceous spruce forests. Light coniferous forest floristic complexes are: cowberry-herbaceous pine, green-moss-cowberry pine, and stone-bramble-herbaceous pine forests. Broad-leaved forest floristic complexes are presented by flood-plain oak and aspen-linden herbaceous forests. Oak ( Quercus robur L.) is also marked as an undergrowth component of deciduous and coniferous phytocoenoses. Flood-plain meadow floristic complex is formed by gramineous-mixed-herbs and Filipendula-Calamagrostis-mixed-herbs associations. Former river-bed floristic complex is marked within all studied objects. Communities with high level of biodiversity are restricted to water and hilltop-flood-plain ecotopes. Species richness of studied communities varies within 15 to 43 species. Less diverse ecotypes are ridge types. Investigated floristic complexes are habitats of rare and relict species of Kirov Region flora. The study of partial flora composition is a base for vegetation monitoring.

Forest ecosystems of the right bank of Volga. The increase of human activities. The decline of forest ecosystem stability. Typological diversity of the forests of the coastal zone and coastal areas. A complex of environmental protection measures to preserve the diversity and stability of vegetation: cutting of plantings, the regulation of recreational power on the coastal forests, protection of forests against diseases, pests, silvicultural and fire work. Improvement of coastal areas. The drought of the summer of 2010 and withering of birch stands, infection of oak forests by entomologic insects. Projected forest plantations of the Volga region, depending on soil conditions. Deforestation of steep slopes, gullies and ravines systems. Mixed and complex forest stands are effective. The bushy plants improves the soil protection role of forest communities. Conservation of trustworthy undergrowth of oak, linden, pine, larch, birch. Phytocenosis of Siberian larch on brown forest soil. Preparation of soil for planting. Meadow-improving development of erosion lands, hydraulic engineering measures. The type of forest conditions in the study area - fresh oak forest (D2), at least - moist complex subor (C3). Data of ground survey of areas and satellite images. Databases of abundance and distribution of flora, fauna, and information technology.

Steppe areas of the National Natural Park "Kremenets Mountains" occupy the minimum area in open hills and rocky niches, so the priority tasks are the protection of unique steppe ecosystems.Reproduction of steppe areas is one of the tasks aimed at preserving the diversity of steppe and petrophytic flora, the structure of cenoses in the steppe regions, as well as the habitats of rare steppe plants.The work is based on field research materials conducted during 2012-2018 on the territory of the National Natural Park "Kremenets Mountains". In the course of research, literary data and geo-botanical studies of the Strahov, Vovcha, Sokolina, Maiden cliffs and Zamkov mountains have been processed, flora and phytocenotic features of steppe and meadow-steppe phyto groups, the state and structure of rare species populations have been described.Characterized by the laws of distribution of steppe and meadow-steppe species of plants on the territory of the National Nature Park "Kremenets Mountains". The influence of natural conditions is described, factors which contribute to the decrease in the number of populations of these species are determined. The measures on preservation and reproduction of steppe ecosystems, preservation of the diversity of steppe and petrophytic flora, and the structure of the cenosis of the steppe regions are presented. The age structure of Adonis vernalis L., which grows on the Malyatyn and Vovchyna rivers, is studied.In order to preserve the populations of the listed rare steppe plant species, active measures have been taken within the framework of the National Natural Park "Kremenets Mountains", which consists in reducing the anthropogenic impact and restoring the settlement of rare species. According to the Territory Management Project, the state of afforestation of steppe areas is monitored, shrubs, undergrowth of trees and invasive herbaceous plants (in particular, Solidago canadensis L.) are cleared with which the steppe areas spontaneously grow; some measures are taken to increase the number of rare plants (repatriation).This will promote the expansion of steppe areas, the increase of the proportion of steppe and meadow species in the grassland and increase the area under the populations of individual rare species.

Every year the role of parks in large industrial cities becomes more relevant. The consequences of anthropogenic impact are extremely powerful and diverse. Moreover, nature is trying to restore a clean ecological space on its own, so parks in cities are the driving force in the struggle for survival. The green lungs of the city create a qualitatively better climate, give the opportunity to rest, recuperate, give a feeling of peace, aesthetic pleasure and not only from the local flora, but also from unusual plants that inspire and cheer up, which is important for today's rapid pace of life. Therefore, the issue of aboriginal and introduced flora of parks will remain relevant. The species composition of seed self-regeneration of woody plants in trial areas 1, 2, 3 of the Druzhby Forest Park of Dnipro was analyzed in order to determine the ratio of introduced and autochthonous species and whether introduced species pose a threat to aboriginal flora. It has been investigated whether the distribution of introduced species contributes to the process of biotic homogenization using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Jacquard index between indigenous species and introduced species. As a result of the research it was established that in the Druzhby Forest Park artificial stands are capable of forming a sufficient number of viable undergrowth of autochthonous and introduced species, of which aboriginal species dominate mostly. The ratio of indigenous species to introduced in Trial Areas 2, 3 is 66.5–65.5% and 33.5–34.5%, respectively. There is no competition between autochthonous and introduced species in these trial areas. Each tree species has adapted well to the conditions of the ecotope and to the conditions of its place of growth. Bioecological features of wood species in the plantations are not an obstacle to the development of the internal space of the ecotope. However, in Trial Area 1, competition was found between indigenous and introduced species, where introduced species make up 80.3% of the total number of restored woody plants. Therefore, longer-term monitoring and measures to curb the spread of introduced species is needed.

The purpose of the research was the recognition of edge effects regarding similarities and differences of vascular flora in undergrowth layers in the urban forest ecotones. Four types of urban forest neighborhoods were analyzed: ecotones adjacent to the manor park, the agriculture field, housing estates and the road. The plant compositions in the forest ecotones were compared with the plant compositions in the urban forest interior and the forest nature reserve. The phytosociological type of studied forests was a subcontinental oak-hornbeam one (Tilio-Carpinetum). Diagnostic plant species (e.g., characteristic) for forests from the non-diagnostic ones were identified. Forest consistent plant species dominated in the ecotone adjacent to the manor park and in the interior of urban forests too, but the best conditions for these plants were inside the forest nature reserve, where native consistent forest plants showed the highest dominance when comparing all studied areas. A higher anthropogenic pressure from the adjacent areas results in supporting the growth of inconsistent plant species in the forests, and these plants are mostly represented by plants belonging to grass and synanthropic communities. Another conclusion drawn from our research is that the protected forest, represented by a nature reserve in the city, provides better “shelter” for native forest plants than the urban forest without any protection. Ultimately, a permanent challenge is to achieve and maintain the balance between nature and the impact of anthropogenic activities on urban forests in the city. The high quality of green areas, biodiversity, including forests, implicates possibilities of sustainable development in cities. The research results will be useful for local urban planners and ecologists during their work on strategies of city development, including shaping of green infrastructure.

Energy plantations create new habitats in agricultural landscapes with species compositions different from those in forests or farmlands. The purpose of our nine-year research project (2010–2018) was to evaluate the dependence of weed-species richness and their selected ecological aspects on stands of energy-plant species, and varieties in energy-tree and -grass plantations in conditions of Central Europe, on the basis of a case study. The permanent research plots were established in plantations containing two varieties of willow (Tordis and Inger), one poplar variety (Pegaso), and one clone of Miscanthus × giganteus. This evaluation included the species composition of understory flora, habitat preferences of different species, life cycle, life forms, ecological demands, and the harmfulness of these weed-species. The ground flora of energy plantations is predominantly composed of synanthropic plants of a weedy character with differences in species composition among different energy-tree and -grass species and varieties. The total number of vascular plant species was 98. The highest number of species (58) was recorded in the Tordis and Inger willow varieties, and the lowest was observed in the Pegaso poplar variety (45). Perennial species prevailed by their share, 10 of which were found in all four research plots. Therophytes and hemicryptophytes prevailed. Most species have high light requirements and are typical for mild-to-warm suboceanic areas, demanding freshly moist alkalic soils that are medium-to-rich in mineral nitrogen. Fifty percent of all observed species are considered weeds in Slovakia. The “very dangerous” category represented 46.94% of weeds, the “less dangerous” category 51.02%, and the “nondangerous” category represented 2.04% out of 49 species. The biggest share of “very dangerous weeds” was found in the poplar stand (38.78%), less in willow (32.65% and 28.57%), and the least in miscanthus stands (26.53%). The weeds of the Tordis variety were relatively poorly influenced by specific environmental conditions, and the weeds of the Inger variety were mainly defined by the soil reaction. Weeds in the undergrowth of both Miscanthus × giganteus and poplar trees (Pegaso) had the greatest affinity to mineral nitrogen content and temperature requirements.

We consider data on a variety of different forest forming tree species in a unique facility of Mediterranean flora on Russian territory – State Nature Reserve "Utrish." Conifers are represented by three species of junipers (Juniperus exelsa Bieb., Juniperus foetidissima Willd., Juniperus oxycedrus L.), Rinus kochiana Klotsc, Pinus pityusa Stev., Taxus baccata L. Greek Juniper is a dominating one on the area of 563.2 hectares, followed by prickly juniper (52.8 ha) and stinking juniper (38.9 ha). Their age is ranged from 121 to 141 years. The average height of juniper woodlands, where juniper stands as forest formimg species ranges from 5.4 m, with an average diameter of 16.3 cm for forests with Juniperus oxycedrus dominance to 7.6 m with an average diameter of 27.1 cm, in the case of Juniperus foetidissima and 6.9 m with an average diameter of 26.2 cm for Juniperus exelsa. Hardwoods dominate in the composition of forests in the reserve. Oak forests cover an area of about 7500 hectares. Large areas are under European ash forests dedicated to wetter conditions in the valleys in the crevices and flattened sheltered gullies. Examples of these types are associated with forests and the dominance of the Caucasian hornbeam, field maple. Carpinus orientalis usually playing a role in the undergrowth juniper stands and oak forests with dominance of pubescent oak forms plantations in clearings. Conifers are dominant in the coastal part of the reserve, and oak forests are basic phytocenoses forming the forest reserve "Utrish".

<p>In the North-Eastern part of Ukraine the forest communities occupy considerable area and have great ecological and economic value. In natural forests herbs and subshrubs maintain the canopy cover through the recovery mechanism when the undergrowth of woody plants by height constitutes a part of the herbaceous and subshrub layer. Cenoflora within the lower layers of mixed coniferous-broad leaved forests of the southern part of the Eurasian forest zone is a fairly complete structural unit, especially in the central parts of the moisture and soil fertility gradients. Syntaxonomic adaptability of the lower layer plants of the forest communities in the North-East of Ukraine is established, and their ecological and biological diversity is determined as a result of the researches conducted. A group of species of forest herbs and subshrubs by the ecological status takes an intermediate position because of their habitat versatility. The species of this group are characterized by the vegetative propagation along with the effective seed reproduction. The habitat versatility and combination of the two types of reproduction are the main reasons for a wide representation of the species of this group in different syntaxons. A high floristic biodiversity of the forest communities of the North-Eastern part of Ukraine and their flora heterogeneity are determined based on the comparative floristic analysis. The floristic difference between the two major classes of vegetation in this region is shown, and it is found that Querco-Fagetea class is characterized by a high nutrient status and good warming-up under slightly reduced soil moisture, whereas the main feature of Vaccinio-Piceetea class is low soil fertility.</p>

The intervention of industrial production in the state of nature-reserved objects often causes a number of changes in natural ecosystems. In the city of Boryslav and its surroundings, industrial oil production has already caused a large number of environmental problems. In order to preserve the valuable native beech-fir forests surrounding the city on the southern side, the gene pool of the animal and plant world, and maintain the overall ecological balance in the Drohobych region, in 1984 the Boryslavsky landscape reserve of local importance was created, the area of which is 2,049.3 hectares. The territory of the reserve belongs to the Upper Dniester Beskydy district and is of particular importance for ensuring the water regime of the Tysmenytsia River and its tributaries, in the basin of which it is located. Also, 15 red book insect species were found here, which is about half of the red book entomofauna of the Transcarpathian region in general, and a number of insects that are under protection in European countries or recognized as rare, although they are not listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, 6 rare red book species of animals. Our research confirmed the presence of four Red Book grass species that have the nature conservation status of unassessed and two rare phytocenoses (the association of Alnetum (incanae)alliosum (ursini) and Fageto (sylvaticae)Abietum (albae) Hederosum. The territory of the reserve is located within the boundaries of South Boryslav of the oil field, which belongs to the most promising oil and gas-bearing areas of Precarpathia. In accordance with the approved limit for the special use of natural resources within the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of local importance, in accordance with the state environmental protection department in the Lviv region, and on the basis of the permit issued by the local self-government body, the limited liability company "First Ukrainian Gas and Oil Company" began conducting geological exploration works on the site belonging to the territory of the Boryslavsky Reserve. the territory of the nature reserve, with an area of 2.5 hectares, located on the border of blocks 63 and 66, vid. 5 square meters 66 and part of ed. 1 and 2 sq. 63 of the Boryslav Forestry (territory of the reserve, altitude about 740 m above sea level) was cut down due to the need for geological exploration. As of today, this company has a special permit to use the subsoil of this area and plans to continue its activities. Given these circumstances, we consider it expedient to remove this area from the lands of the landscape reserve of local importance "Borislavsky", as it does not fulfill the functions assigned to it, namely: protection, preservation and restoration of valuable fir and beech plantations of natural origin with a typical formations with flora and fauna. In turn, we propose to include two plots of highly productive beech-fir groves from the lands of the State Enterprise "Drogobitske LG", Boryslav Forestry, namely sections No. 20 (area of 2.8 ha) and No. 22 (area of 1.2 ha) ) of the 44th quarter. These areas, bordering the lands of the landscape reserve, were selected as a result of the study of the tree stand, features of vegetation and soil cover, the existing natural undergrowth of beech and fir, the presence of plant and animal species included in the Red Book and subject to protection. Thus, the area of the reserve will increase by 1.5 hectares.

Braun-Blanquet classification of the piedmont and mountain broad-leaved forests (formed by Carpinus betulus, Quercus petraea/hartwissiana/robur, Fraxinus excelsior) was done basing on 224 relevés collected in 2014–2018 in the North-Western Caucasus (N 43,5–44,8°, E 38,5–41,5°; Fig. 2). DCA-ordination of the data corresponds to their correlation with environment variables (absolute elevation, geographical coordinates, tree canopy density) in Landolt’s ecological scales was carried out. Suballiance Tamo communis–Carpinenion betuli suball. nov. prov. and new lower syntaxa are proposed (Table 1) within the alliance Crataego–Carpinion caucasicae Passarge 1981. Nomenclature type of the suballiance is the ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli ass. nov. (Table 3, holotypus is relevé 4: author’s number 83, author N. E. Shevchenko, 19.07.2016, N 44.257°, E 39.760°, 352 m above sea level, slope 5°NE) with three variants: typica ­(Table 3: 1–15), Staphylea colchica (Table 3: 16–27) and Festuca drymeja (Table 3: 28–38). Also, there are ass. Aro macu­lati–Carpinetum betuli (Table 4: 1–15; holotypus is relevé 5: author’s number 427, author N. E. Shevchenko, 12.05.2017, N 44.471°, E 40.516°, 455 m above sea level, slope 6°NE) as well as Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus community (Table 4: 16–27) in new suballiance. Not too common in the North-Western Caucasus are ash (Fraxinus excelsior) forests which have no suffiicient floristic peculiarity and are considered as facies in associations Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli var. typica and Aro maculati–Carpinetum betuli. The specificity of the studied forests in comparison with hornbeam and oak forests in the Central Caucasus (Georgia), North Turkey, the Balkans and the Crimea (Passarge, 1981a; Korzhenevskiy, 1982; Didukh, 1996; Korkmaz et al., 2008; Košir et al. 2013; Çoban, Willner, 2019; Novak et al., 2019) is that the North-­Western Caucasus forest flora includes (Table­ 2), besides European species of temperate broad-leaved forests (Acer campestre, Euonymus europaea, Carex sylvatica, Convallaria majalis, Rubus caesius), also southern European species of thermophilous broad-leaved forests (Acer tataricum, Cornus mas, Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera caprifolium, Tamus communis, Vincetoxicum scandens, Hedera helix, Festuca drymeja), and reduced set of species which are character for Euxinian and ­Caucasian ­forests (Quercus­­ ­hartwissiana, Tilia begoniifolia, Rhododendron luteum, Daphne caucasica, Staphylea colchica, Smilax excelsa, Paris incompleta, Polygonatum orientale, Lathyrus roseus, Campanula alliariifolia, but without Daphne pontica, Epimedium pubigerum, Erica arborea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Salvia forskahlei, Vaccinium arctostaphylos). DCA-ordination (Fig. 8) showed that the differences in species composition of the broad-leaved ­forest syntaxa are due to both absolute elevation (vector Elev in Fig. 7) and geographic longitude (vector E) of the relevés. So, forests of ass. Aro maculati–Carpinetum betuli and community Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus are situated, in general, at higher positions than forests of ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli, and the first syntaxon is situated east of the two last ones. Floristic difference between these syntaxa corresponds with parameters assessed by values of Landolt’s scales: soil aeration (vector D), climate continentality (vector K) and light regime (vector L). The lowest α-diversity is in ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli, and the highest is in the ass. Aro maculati–Carpinetum betuli and community Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus it (Fig. 9). Associations Carpino betuli–Quercetum petraeae Grebenshchikov et al. 1990 and Rhododendro lutei–Quercetum petraeae Grebenshchikov et al. 1990, earlier described on small sets of relevés in the North-Western Caucasus (Grebenshchikov et al. 1990) within the alliance Carpino betuli–Quercion petraeae Grebenshchikov et al. 1990 (now invalid due to absence of stated holotypus), are very close to the new ass. Tamo communis–Carpinetum betuli. Recently described (also on small sets of data) five associations (Akatova, Ermakov, 2020), within the alliance Crataego–Carpinion caucasicae Passarge 1981, are valid. Therefore, further clarification and optimization of the North-Western Caucasus oak-hornbeam forest classification is required, having in mind the final decision on the alliance/suballiance names and diagnosis. Their belonging to the order (Carpinetalia betuli or Rhododendro pontici–Fagetalia orientalis) is also a debatable question, because researchers working in such forests on Balkans, in the Crimea and the North Turkey have come to different conclusions. The analysis of species with constancy 60–80 % in 224 relevés from the studied area reveals 8 diagnostic ones of the order Carpinetalia betuli vs. only 3 diagnostic ones of the order Rhododendro pontici–Fagetalia orientalis, that allows to assign these oak-hornbeam forests to the first order. The Abies nordmanniana–Carpinus betulus community is intermediate between these two orders but after trees from shade-tolerant fir undergrowth become, the canopy mature will be mixed that is character for forests of the order Rhododendro pontici–Fagetalia orientalis.

Tilia genus in Siberia is a relict element of flora which grows as isolated plots. Some authors consider Siberian lime as Tilia sibirica Bayer. Two small lime populations near Krasnoyarsk have been described as a separate species Tilia nasczokinii Stepanov. Both T. sibirica and T. nasczokinii retain the ambiguous status in the modern international nomenclature of plants. The facts concerning the presence of a number of relict nemoral species among T. nasczokinii satellites indicate the relict origin of its populations. Recent investigations have ascertained that T. nasczokinii species is essentially genetically removed both from T. cordata and T. sibirica. This confirms the relict origin of the populations. The aim of our investigation is to determine the number of lime plants and their sizes, to find out the ontogenetic structure and reproduction character of relict T. nasczokinii populations and to estimate the vitality of the plants. T. nasczokinii populations are located on different banks of the Yenisei River. The fist population is on the left bank (from 55°57'34''N, 92°28'07''E to 55°57'51''N, 92°30'10''E) and the second one is on the right bank (55°57'26''N, 92°46'41''E) (See Fig. 1). We made a general geobotanical description of phytocenosis. The ontogenetic status was determined for each T. nasczokinii plant. The sizes (height and diameter at 1.3 m) and the vital status were established for virginile and generative plants. In order to assess the contribution of vegetative and seed reproduction, we calculated the index of genotypic richness R (Dorken, Eckert, 2001) and clonal heterogeneity D* (Arnaud-Haond et al., 2007) using the GenClone v2.0 program (Arnaud-Haond and Belkhir, 2007) on the basis of genotype analysis of 11 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci (Ekart et al., 2021). Also, we determined the number of unique multy-locus genotypes (MLG) in every population. As a result of our research, 305 T. nasczokinii plants were found in the left bank population (39 of them are large trees, others belong to the undergrowth) and 196 plants (30 from them are rather large) on the right bank. T. nasczokinii is a part of pine and pine-birch forests with Carex macroura Meinsh. and other grasses which have the average closeness of crowns (0.55-0.65). On the right bank, all the lime trees grow on the area of 1.5 ha. On the left bank, they are located on the area of 370 ha as individual trees or as groups up to 7 big trees and 5-96 small plants. The distance between the groups is rather long: from 500 to 1000 m. It is demonstrated that both investigated populations have a similar ontogenetic structure (See Fig. 2). Juvenile and immature plants occupy the biggest part (84% on the left bank and 77% on the right). Not many current year sprouts were found both on the left (2%) and on the right bank (8%). As it is typical for the lime, senile plants were practically absent (only one plant was found on the left bank). The calculated indexes R and D* were rather high (0.731 and 0.987 in general for both populations). We showed that most of the analyzed plants are not the parts of clones but there are some clones with a few ramets. In the left bank population, from 77 analyzed individuals we recognized 61 unique MLG and 10 (16.4%) of them have 2-5 ramets. On the right bank, 32 individuals were analyzed and among 19 MLG there were 3 (15.8%) clones with 2, 5 and 9 ramets. The genotypic diversity of T. nasczokinii is higher than that of T. sibirica in Kemerovo region (R=0.661) but slightly lower than that of T. cordata (R=0.938). The high genotypic diversity demonstrates the significant role of seeds in the self-reproduction of T. nasczokinii populations. The contribution of vegetative reproduction is also considerable (33.8% on the left and 50% on the right banks). It turns out that the sizes of virginile trees in both populations are very close (See Table), the differences in the average values are insignificant at p=0.05. The generative trees in the left bank population are higher than in the right bank population, and they are rather close in diameter. In general, for both populations the virginile trees have the average height of 6.0±0.31 m and trunk diameter of 5.1±0.32 cm, with the generative trees being 13.7±0.71 m and 12.2±0.56 cm, accordingly. Individuals of these groups have the habitus of single-stemmed (56.4% on the left and 73.3% on the right bank) and bush-like trees (See Fig. 3). T. nasczokinii is much smaller than both T. sibirica and T. cordata. The large part (58% on the left bank and 77% on the right) of T. nasczokinii trees has the vitality status “healthy” (See Fig. 4). Thus, both T. nasczokinii populations are characterized by the normal ontogenetic structure with the complete left-handed spectrum. They are able to reproduce both by seeds and by vegetative organs. The existence of unique T. nasczokinii populations is possible only if the natural phytocenosis with its participation is preserved.

The article describes the Bastak state nature reserve fir-spruce forests current condition. These plant communities had been subjected to anthropogenic impact, primarily logging of the main use in the area, before it received the status of specially protected. The study of plant communities was being carried out from 2004 to 2021 by using classical methods popular with both geobotanists and foresters. This allowed us to obtain a large array of data to analyze the plant community, both from the standpoint of geobotanical classification and allocation of forest types used in forestry. It was determined that fir-spruce trees grow only in the northern half of the Bastak reserve cluster Central, and on the slopes of the southern spurs of the Bureinsky ridge. Based on the original material, the authors identify four types of plant communities. In each type, the main structural units are described: tree stand, undergrowth, living ground cover and extra-level vegetation (if available) – indicating each component dominants. It is given a brief taxation characteristics of plant communities and determined the tree stand formula. It is revealed that all the studied phytocenoses are characterized by a fairly constant species composition, high tree tier closeness and floral poverty of subordinate tiers, especially shrubs. It is determined that florist diversity of plant communities increases from the top to the foot of the mountains; the greatest species diversity is in the valley, and the least one is noted in the alpine fir-spruce forests. The authors have described the ecological conditions and the area of growth of different types of plant communities under study. All studied phytocenoses grow only in fresh or moist brown-taiga soils. The green-mossy fir–spruce forests have the greatest distribution over the area, and the least one – alpine spruce forests.

A spontaneous intergeneric hybrid of Sorbus and Cotoneaster – Pozdnyakov’s sorbocotoneaster (× Sorbocotoneaster pozdnjakovii Pojark.) is an endemic of the South Yakutia. It is known from the river basin Aldan in the areafrom the city of Tommot to the mouth of the river Uchura and on the Aldan-Amga interfluve. It grows in the undergrowthof sparse pine and larch forests on stony-gravelly limestone slopes. It was first found by L. K. Pozdnyakov, a forester,an employee of the Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on September 9, 1950,when examining forests on permafrost in Yakutia: “in the area of the confluence of the Aya-Sullalah river into Aldan,105–110 km down the Aldan from Tommot” (from the letter of L. K. Pozdnyakov to A. T. Grevtsova, 1982). The article provides data on the origin of the specimens × Sorbocotoneasters, the morphological description of leaves, flowers, fruits,the peculiarities of growth and development in conditions of Kiev, micrographs of pollen grains, micrographs of theendocarp of fruits of three forms, the beginning of the destruction of the scutellum and hypostyle from the ventral side ina hybrid of the third form. Botanical Garden named after acad. A. V. Fomin of the Taras Shevchenko National Universityof Kiev is the only ex situ conservation site in Eastern Europe of the unique Yakut hybrid × Sorbocotoneaster pozdnjakoviiwith leaves of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd forms.

Sulawesi Island is an island that has a diversity of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic animals. One of the protected endemic fauna species is the maleo bird. Maleo was designated as a protected animal because the number of populations in the wild was decreasing, and its conservation status was in the endangered category. Concrete steps that could be taken to increase the maleo population were through various activities, including conducting ongoing and periodic studies of the maleo population. In particular, this study aims to examine the current population of the maleo bird in the nesting ground of Saluki Village, Lore Lindu National Park. In this study, the estimation of maleo population density uses two approaches. The first approach was direct observation of the maleo population outside the nesting habitat using the transect method. The second approach was using the active nest count approach at nesting sites. Based on the results, it was found that in the egg-laying locations, there were 32 active nests and 31 inactive nests. Based on these results, the maleo population density in the egg-laying locations was 29.7 individuals/Ha. While outside the egg-laying habitat, there were eight maleo individuals consisting of four juvenile individuals and four young adults (sub-adults). These results showed that the population density outside the egg-laying habitat was 1.7 individuals/Ha. Four maleo predators were found at the study site, namely Varanus salvator, Spilornis rufipectus, Ictinaetus malayensis and Falco sp. In addition, there was one type of potential maleo predator, Macaca tongkeana, with as many as seven individuals. Two potential factors could disturb the maleo population: the laying location factor and the dense undergrowth factor.

A new subspecies of Epipactis microphylla, proposed as subsp. cossyrensis is described and illustrated from Pantelleria, a volcanic island near Sicily. It differs from subsp. microphylla mainly in the shape and size of leaves and bracts and several floral traits. This taxon, previously attributed to E. pollinensis, a species currently treated as a synonym of E. purpurata, grows in the undergrowth of thermophilous woodlands occurring on the top of the island, where it numbers a few tens of individuals. The conservation status, phenology and taxonomic remarks are provided. Keys for the species belonging to the Epipactis atrorubens group (= subsect. Atrorubensae), including E. microphylla, are presented.

Samar Island Natural Park (SINP) is the most important biodiversity refuge Samar Island. This assessment characterized floral diversity status in SINP and provided recommendations on how such resources can be better managed and protected against destruction. Five watersheds, namely: Taft, Can-avid, Basey, Suribao and Catubig were sampled. In each watershed, a transect line with 25 plots spaced at 200 m interval was used in the survey. Plot size was 20m x 20m. Trees 10 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) and bigger were measured for stem diameter, merchantable height and tree height. This was for computation of timber volume. The species composition in 3 vegetative layers, such as tree layer, undergrowth and ground layer, was determined using the standard Braun-Blanquet methodology. The forest stands in the five watersheds was dominated by dipterocarp species. Of the 212 timber tree species in the tree layer, 35 species had diameter of at least 60 cm. Eighty-six percent of individual trees were dipterocarps, in 14 species. Shorea squamata and Shorea polysperma was the most frequent. Non-dipterocarp species dominated in number at the lower DBH range, particularly in the 10-20 cm and 21-40 cm DBH range. The forest of Samar still has high volume of commercial-size timber. Forests in the 5 watersheds differed in species composition and structure. The absence of access roads to interior barangays contributed to the conservation of forests. The transport system, such as presence of access road and connecting transport facilities to the main roads had influence to the degree of poaching activities. Areas that had access only through motorboats in shallow river had lowest incidence of poaching.

Леса разных природно-климатических и почвенных зон отличаются друг от друга по составу древесных пород и имеют различную медоносную ценность. Значимость лиственных лесов заключается в получении продуктов пчеловодства (мед, пыльца, перга, маточное молочко), которые являются результатом переработки веществ лесных энтомофильных растений под пологом березняка и на открытых пространствах в структуре лесного фитоценоза (опушка, лесная поляна, редина). Вопросами учета видового разнообразия медоносов лесных экосистем в различных географических зонах занималось большое количество ученых. В настоящее время изучение медоносных ресурсов в Северо-Западном регионе остается актуальным, так как цветущая флора распространена на территории с неустойчивыми климатическими условиями и уменьшением площади коренных растительных сообществ.В лесном фонде Ленинградской области березняки по занимаемой площади находятся на 3-м месте и представлены преимущественно древостоями смешанного состава. Объект исследования - фитоценозы с преобладанием березы в составе древостоев, которые произрастают в условиях различного типа леса и имеют под пологом и на лесных опушках значительное количество медоносных растений. Объекты исследования подобраны в лесном фонде Ленинградской области на территории нескольких лесничеств. В результате исследований авторами был определен видовой состав компонентов лесного фитоценоза. При учете растительности нижнего яруса использовали апробированную методику учетных работ. На опытных объектах закладывали круговые учетные площадки площадью 10 м2. Определяли характеристику и выполняли учет компонентов нижнего яруса, а также определяли наличие подроста, подлеска, живого напочвенного покрова. Проводилось комплексное геоботаническое обследование живого напочвенного покрова. В ходе учетных работ выполнялся систематический, биоморфный, фитоценотический и экологический анализы. Результаты исследования показали, что березняки не однородны. Наблюдаются известные особенности структуры, строения и некоторые вариации и в растительном покрове. Выявлен флористический состав медоносных ресурсов подроста, подлеска и живого напочвенного покрова под пологом березняка кисличного, черничного и травяно-таволжного и на лесных опушках. Установлен 71 вид из 31 семейства. Наиболее часто встречаются медоносные растения из семейства Розоцветные ( Rosaceae ) - 13 видов, второе место занимают растения из семейства Сложноцветные ( Asteraceae ) - 7 видов, а третье место занимают растения из семейства Лютиковые ( Ranunculaceae ) - 5 видов. Количество медоносных биоресурсов в весенний период представлено более широким видовым разнообразием (33 вида), чем остальные периоды сезона. Многовековое влияние экологических факторов и приспособительные реакции растений к ним определили облик растений и их отношение к этим факторам. Многолетние травы являются основными формами жизни медоносных растений (66), небольшая часть - кустарники и травы однолетники. В экологическом отношении все медоносные растения варьируют по своему местоположению. Преобладают мезофиты (28 видов, 38). К этой группе относятся медоносные растения, произрастающие в березняках кисличном и травяно-таволжном, а также на лесной опушке. Подавляющее большинство энтомофильных растений является нектароносами (37 видов) и обеспечивают продуктивный медосбор в исследуемых условиях. Полученные результаты можно использовать при своевременном планировании и организации кочевки лесной пасеки с целью получения продуктивного медосбора для условий Северо-Запада России и при инвентаризации березняков таежной зоны. Кроме этого, материалы исследования могут быть использованы и при разработке лесных планов, лесохозяйственных регламентов, проектов освоения лесных участков. Основной итог проведенного исследования - выполнен эколого-биологический анализ нектаро-пыльценосной флоры по таксономии, жизненным формам, местам произрастания, влиянию природных условий на их произрастание. The forests of different climatic and soil zones differ from each other in the composition of tree species and have different melliferous value. The importance of deciduous forests is in obtaining bee products (honey, pollen, perga, royal jelly), which are the result of processing substances of forest entomophilous plants under the canopy of birch forests and in open spaces (edge, forest gaps). The number of scientists was engaged in the issues of accounting for the species diversity of the melliferous forests of forest ecosystems in various geographical areas. Currently, the study of honey resources in the North-West region remains relevant, as the flowering flora is spread over areas with unstable climatic conditions and a decrease in the area of indigenous plant communities. In the forest fund of the Leningrad Region, birch forests occupy the third place and are represented mainly by stands of mixed composition. The object of the study is phytocenoses with a predominance of birch of three forest types ( Myrtillus -type, Filipendula ulmaria - type, Oxalis -type). They have a significant number of honey plants under the canopy and on forest edges. The objects of research are selected in the forest fund of the Leningrad region in the territory of several forest districts. As a result of the research, we determined the species composition of the understory. For estimating the number of young trees, shrubs, the cover of the speciesof the lower layer we used circular subplots of 10 m2 each. Systematic, biomorphic,phytocenotic, and environmental analyzes of the understory species were performed. The results of the study showed that birch forests are not uniform. The floristic composition of the honey resources of undergrowth and ground cover of birchwood of three forest types and on forest edges is revealed. 71 species from 31 families were found. The most common are honey plants from the Rosaceae family (13 species), the second place belongs to the plants of the Asteraceae (7 species), and the third place is occupied by plants from the Ranunculaceae family (5 species). The number of honey- bearing bioresources in the spring period is represented by wider species diversity (33 species) than the other periods of the season. The centuries-old influence of environmental factors and adaptive reactions of plants to them, determined the appearance of plants and their relationship to these factors. Perennial grasses are the main life forms of honey plants (66), a small part belongs to the shrubs and annual grasses. Ecologically, all honey plants vary in their location. Mesophytes prevail (28 species, 38). This group includes honey plants growing in birch forests, as well as on the forest edge. The overwhelming majority of entomophilous plants are nectariferous plants (37 species). They provide productive honey collection in the studied conditions. The obtained results can be used in the timely planning and organization of the forest apiary migrations in order to obtain a productive honey collection for the conditions of the North-West of Russia and in the inventory of birch forests of the taiga zone. In addition, research materials can be used in the development of forest plans, forestry regulations, forest development projects. The main result of the study is the ecological and biological analysis of nectar-polleniferous flora by taxonomy, by life forms, by growing places, by the influence of natural conditions on their growth.