Academic literature on the topic 'Undergrowth flora'

Peat swamp forest is a particularly stable ecosystem. This stability may regulate well-balanced water to maintain the existence of typical flora and fauna. The present study describes the structure and species composition from three different sites namely newly logged-over swamp forest, three years old logged-over swamp forest, and four years old-logged over swamp forest in Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia. The study sites were predominated by four structural ensembles with their strata order from the highest to lowest: emergent trees, canopy, lower ensembles, and undergrowth. The emergent trees consisted of three tree species, and the canopy included four species, lower groups covered three species, and undergrowth had two species. Overall, the three sites composed of 26 species with 24 genera and 24 families. Dendrogram based on similarity of site index showed that newly and three years old logged-over forest joined into one cluster with Euclidean distance at 38.42. Furthermore, both sites joined with four years old logged over forest forming another cluster with 489.19 Euclidean distances. Present study, therefore, showing that four years old logged-over peat swamp forest turned out to have the greatest Euclidean distance value.

The aim of present study was to determine the role of secondary, serpentine forests in Poland in the protection of rare vascular plant species. On the basis of 95 phytosociological relevés collected between 2009 and 2020, we identified the main types of serpentine forest communities and assessed their diversity indices. Ordination methods were used to determine the relationship between the degree of transformation of forest communities (reflected by the occurrence of alien and nitrophilic species) and the presence of endangered species in their undergrowth including the environmental background. We distinguished four types of communities: thermophilic and mesophilic pine plantations (both secondary in origin) as well as thermophilous oak forest and acidophilous oak–hornbeam forest (semi-natural and close to natural in character, respectively). Rare and endangered species were unevenly distributed and concentrated in oak forest (16 species) and thermophilic pine plantation (nine species). The endangered species mainly preferred sites at higher altitudes and with higher slope inclination, light availability, and soil reaction. We did not confirm that the presence of alien or nitrophilic species negatively influenced the ability of studied forests to preserve rare plants. As secondary forests can still harbor endangered species, they should fulfil complementary functions in the nature protection system.

This study was undertaken to know the species diversity of the monoculture plantations of exotic species Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus camadulensis compared to indigenous species Shorea robusta and Mangifera indica. There are 12 sample plots (size 36x36 m) were selected from the study area following the purposive random sampling. A total of 720 quadrats (12 plots x 10 quadrats x 6 seasons) were placed in the sample plots to collect the undergrowth vegetation data over two years of 2010-11 following summer, monsoon and winter season. The average value of Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.65±0.16 and 3.28±0.13 that of Simpson’s diversity index was 0.87±0.02 and 0.93±0.01 and that of Margalef’s diversity index was 7.34±0.77 and 10.43±0.52 collectively in all exotic and indigenous plots, respectively. This scenario depicts that the extent of species diversity was higher in indigenous tree species plots than in exotic tree plots and the flora of the study area was highly diversified. The Shorea plots were richer in species diversity out of the four species categories of sampling plots. The index values of three diversity indices were significantly different for the exotic and indigenous tree plots, excluding Eucalyptus and Mangifera species plots, which mean the undergrowth species diversity of Eucalyptus and Mangifera species plots, were not significantly different. Adequate awareness building programs need to conduct among the local community and Bangladesh Forest Department to understand environmental degradation, the importance of conservation management of indigenous ‘Sal’ forest and significance of plant diversity in the village forest for future generations.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of parks in large industrial cities. The problem of preservation of local flora together with cultivation of introduced species is more actual. The species composition of seed self-restoration of woody plants in the forest park and park parts of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University was analyzed in order to determine the ratio of introduced and autochthonous species and whether the introduced species pose a threat to aboriginal flora. Quantitative and qualitative state of seed self-restoration determined. As a result of the research it was established that in the forest-park and park zones of the Botanical Garden artificial stands are capable of forming a sufficient number of viable undergrowth of autochthonous and introduced species, among which mainly aboriginal species dominate. The ratio of indigenous species to introduced ones in different parts of the park and forest park is 57–76 % and 24–43 %, respectively. There is no special competition between indigenous and introduced species. Each species of woody species has adapted well to the conditions of the ecotope and to the conditions of its place of growth. Bioecological features of wood species in the plantations are not an obstacle to the development of the internal space of the ecotope, but 43 % of self-regenerating woody plants in trial area 1 are introduced species, so further observation is needed.

The paper presents results of 4 protected areas investigation within the river Vyatka flood plain. We have conducted a floristic research in accordance with a hierarchy system of floristic complexes by a type-class-group principle, and classified vegetation. 3 types of floristic complexes (forest, meadow, and water), 2 classes (hilltop-flood plain, ridge and natural) and 8 groups of floristic complexes were defined. Small-leaved forest floristic complexes is presented by the following forest types: mixed-herbs-Aegopodium aspen forest, mixed-herbs aspen forest, herbaceous boggy birch forest, cowberry birch forest, aspen-linden birch forest, bilberry-herbaceous birch forest, and mixed-herbs-Filipendula alder forest. Dark coniferous floristic complexes are presented by bilberry spruce and herbaceous spruce forests. Light coniferous forest floristic complexes are: cowberry-herbaceous pine, green-moss-cowberry pine, and stone-bramble-herbaceous pine forests. Broad-leaved forest floristic complexes are presented by flood-plain oak and aspen-linden herbaceous forests. Oak ( Quercus robur L.) is also marked as an undergrowth component of deciduous and coniferous phytocoenoses. Flood-plain meadow floristic complex is formed by gramineous-mixed-herbs and Filipendula-Calamagrostis-mixed-herbs associations. Former river-bed floristic complex is marked within all studied objects. Communities with high level of biodiversity are restricted to water and hilltop-flood-plain ecotopes. Species richness of studied communities varies within 15 to 43 species. Less diverse ecotypes are ridge types. Investigated floristic complexes are habitats of rare and relict species of Kirov Region flora. The study of partial flora composition is a base for vegetation monitoring.

Forest ecosystems of the right bank of Volga. The increase of human activities. The decline of forest ecosystem stability. Typological diversity of the forests of the coastal zone and coastal areas. A complex of environmental protection measures to preserve the diversity and stability of vegetation: cutting of plantings, the regulation of recreational power on the coastal forests, protection of forests against diseases, pests, silvicultural and fire work. Improvement of coastal areas. The drought of the summer of 2010 and withering of birch stands, infection of oak forests by entomologic insects. Projected forest plantations of the Volga region, depending on soil conditions. Deforestation of steep slopes, gullies and ravines systems. Mixed and complex forest stands are effective. The bushy plants improves the soil protection role of forest communities. Conservation of trustworthy undergrowth of oak, linden, pine, larch, birch. Phytocenosis of Siberian larch on brown forest soil. Preparation of soil for planting. Meadow-improving development of erosion lands, hydraulic engineering measures. The type of forest conditions in the study area - fresh oak forest (D2), at least - moist complex subor (C3). Data of ground survey of areas and satellite images. Databases of abundance and distribution of flora, fauna, and information technology.

Steppe areas of the National Natural Park "Kremenets Mountains" occupy the minimum area in open hills and rocky niches, so the priority tasks are the protection of unique steppe ecosystems.Reproduction of steppe areas is one of the tasks aimed at preserving the diversity of steppe and petrophytic flora, the structure of cenoses in the steppe regions, as well as the habitats of rare steppe plants.The work is based on field research materials conducted during 2012-2018 on the territory of the National Natural Park "Kremenets Mountains". In the course of research, literary data and geo-botanical studies of the Strahov, Vovcha, Sokolina, Maiden cliffs and Zamkov mountains have been processed, flora and phytocenotic features of steppe and meadow-steppe phyto groups, the state and structure of rare species populations have been described.Characterized by the laws of distribution of steppe and meadow-steppe species of plants on the territory of the National Nature Park "Kremenets Mountains". The influence of natural conditions is described, factors which contribute to the decrease in the number of populations of these species are determined. The measures on preservation and reproduction of steppe ecosystems, preservation of the diversity of steppe and petrophytic flora, and the structure of the cenosis of the steppe regions are presented. The age structure of Adonis vernalis L., which grows on the Malyatyn and Vovchyna rivers, is studied.In order to preserve the populations of the listed rare steppe plant species, active measures have been taken within the framework of the National Natural Park "Kremenets Mountains", which consists in reducing the anthropogenic impact and restoring the settlement of rare species. According to the Territory Management Project, the state of afforestation of steppe areas is monitored, shrubs, undergrowth of trees and invasive herbaceous plants (in particular, Solidago canadensis L.) are cleared with which the steppe areas spontaneously grow; some measures are taken to increase the number of rare plants (repatriation).This will promote the expansion of steppe areas, the increase of the proportion of steppe and meadow species in the grassland and increase the area under the populations of individual rare species.

Every year the role of parks in large industrial cities becomes more relevant. The consequences of anthropogenic impact are extremely powerful and diverse. Moreover, nature is trying to restore a clean ecological space on its own, so parks in cities are the driving force in the struggle for survival. The green lungs of the city create a qualitatively better climate, give the opportunity to rest, recuperate, give a feeling of peace, aesthetic pleasure and not only from the local flora, but also from unusual plants that inspire and cheer up, which is important for today's rapid pace of life. Therefore, the issue of aboriginal and introduced flora of parks will remain relevant. The species composition of seed self-regeneration of woody plants in trial areas 1, 2, 3 of the Druzhby Forest Park of Dnipro was analyzed in order to determine the ratio of introduced and autochthonous species and whether introduced species pose a threat to aboriginal flora. It has been investigated whether the distribution of introduced species contributes to the process of biotic homogenization using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Jacquard index between indigenous species and introduced species. As a result of the research it was established that in the Druzhby Forest Park artificial stands are capable of forming a sufficient number of viable undergrowth of autochthonous and introduced species, of which aboriginal species dominate mostly. The ratio of indigenous species to introduced in Trial Areas 2, 3 is 66.5–65.5% and 33.5–34.5%, respectively. There is no competition between autochthonous and introduced species in these trial areas. Each tree species has adapted well to the conditions of the ecotope and to the conditions of its place of growth. Bioecological features of wood species in the plantations are not an obstacle to the development of the internal space of the ecotope. However, in Trial Area 1, competition was found between indigenous and introduced species, where introduced species make up 80.3% of the total number of restored woody plants. Therefore, longer-term monitoring and measures to curb the spread of introduced species is needed.

The purpose of the research was the recognition of edge effects regarding similarities and differences of vascular flora in undergrowth layers in the urban forest ecotones. Four types of urban forest neighborhoods were analyzed: ecotones adjacent to the manor park, the agriculture field, housing estates and the road. The plant compositions in the forest ecotones were compared with the plant compositions in the urban forest interior and the forest nature reserve. The phytosociological type of studied forests was a subcontinental oak-hornbeam one (Tilio-Carpinetum). Diagnostic plant species (e.g., characteristic) for forests from the non-diagnostic ones were identified. Forest consistent plant species dominated in the ecotone adjacent to the manor park and in the interior of urban forests too, but the best conditions for these plants were inside the forest nature reserve, where native consistent forest plants showed the highest dominance when comparing all studied areas. A higher anthropogenic pressure from the adjacent areas results in supporting the growth of inconsistent plant species in the forests, and these plants are mostly represented by plants belonging to grass and synanthropic communities. Another conclusion drawn from our research is that the protected forest, represented by a nature reserve in the city, provides better “shelter” for native forest plants than the urban forest without any protection. Ultimately, a permanent challenge is to achieve and maintain the balance between nature and the impact of anthropogenic activities on urban forests in the city. The high quality of green areas, biodiversity, including forests, implicates possibilities of sustainable development in cities. The research results will be useful for local urban planners and ecologists during their work on strategies of city development, including shaping of green infrastructure.

Energy plantations create new habitats in agricultural landscapes with species compositions different from those in forests or farmlands. The purpose of our nine-year research project (2010–2018) was to evaluate the dependence of weed-species richness and their selected ecological aspects on stands of energy-plant species, and varieties in energy-tree and -grass plantations in conditions of Central Europe, on the basis of a case study. The permanent research plots were established in plantations containing two varieties of willow (Tordis and Inger), one poplar variety (Pegaso), and one clone of Miscanthus × giganteus. This evaluation included the species composition of understory flora, habitat preferences of different species, life cycle, life forms, ecological demands, and the harmfulness of these weed-species. The ground flora of energy plantations is predominantly composed of synanthropic plants of a weedy character with differences in species composition among different energy-tree and -grass species and varieties. The total number of vascular plant species was 98. The highest number of species (58) was recorded in the Tordis and Inger willow varieties, and the lowest was observed in the Pegaso poplar variety (45). Perennial species prevailed by their share, 10 of which were found in all four research plots. Therophytes and hemicryptophytes prevailed. Most species have high light requirements and are typical for mild-to-warm suboceanic areas, demanding freshly moist alkalic soils that are medium-to-rich in mineral nitrogen. Fifty percent of all observed species are considered weeds in Slovakia. The “very dangerous” category represented 46.94% of weeds, the “less dangerous” category 51.02%, and the “nondangerous” category represented 2.04% out of 49 species. The biggest share of “very dangerous weeds” was found in the poplar stand (38.78%), less in willow (32.65% and 28.57%), and the least in miscanthus stands (26.53%). The weeds of the Tordis variety were relatively poorly influenced by specific environmental conditions, and the weeds of the Inger variety were mainly defined by the soil reaction. Weeds in the undergrowth of both Miscanthus × giganteus and poplar trees (Pegaso) had the greatest affinity to mineral nitrogen content and temperature requirements.

La selezione degli habitat del cinghiale è stata studiata nel Parco Regionale della Valle del Ticino, raccogliendo dati sulla distribuzione e abbondanza dei segni di presenza lungo 30 itinerari (lunghezza media 8,02 km, SD = 2,97) rilevati in autunno-inverno e primavera. Abbiamo confrontato l'uso dei diversi tipi di habitat con la loro disponibilità dall'indice α di Manly-Chesson. Per stimare l'effetto della composizione dell'habitat sulla presenza di cinghiali, abbiamo formulato una funzione di probabilità di selezione delle risorse (RSPF) mediante analisi di regressione logistica binaria (BLRA). Per analizzare la presenza nei diversi tipi di habitat, abbiamo effettuato analisi di correlazione e regressione tra l'Indice di Abbondanza Chilometrica (IKA) e la percentuale di tipi di habitat sugli itinerari. Il cinghiale principalmente seleziona i boschi decidui durante tutto l'anno, le foreste di conifere sono utilizzate secondo la loro disponibilità mentre le risaie e le aree urbanizzate vengono evitate. I prati sono prevalentemente utilizzati durante l'autunno e l'inverno mentre in primavera la presenza del cinghiale è più alta nelle zone dove la lunghezza dei margini del bosco è maggiore. Il modello logistico formulato mostra che le foreste decidue ad alta densità hanno influenzato positivamente la probabilità di presenza di cinghiali. Prati e campi hanno invece mostrato un'influenza negativa. La Zona di Protezione Speciale “Risaie della Lomellina” è stata oggetto di uno studio per determinare l'impatto del cinghiale sui terreni coltivati e formulare un modello di previsione del rischio attraverso un'analisi di regressione logistica binaria. I danni hanno riguardato quasi esclusivamente il mais e si sono concentrati in primavera ed estate. Casi sporadici di danni hanno riguardato campi di riso, soia e sorgo. Il rischio di danni è risultato maggiore nei campi vicini alle foreste, lontano dalle strade principali, dalle aree urbane e dalle siepi continue, e nelle aree a bassa densità di popolazione umana. Nel Parco Naturale della Valle del Ticino, dal 2010 al 2017, il 49% delle denunce riporta un evento di danno al mais e il 43% ai prati. La spesa complessiva per rimborsi del mais è stata pari a 439.341,52 euro, con danni concentrati a maggio e tra agosto e settembre. Per i prati i rimborsi sono stati pari a 324.768,66 euro, con eventi di danno concentrati nei mesi di febbraio e marzo. Per ridurre i danni alle colture, l'amministrazione del Parco ha effettuato un controllo letale della popolazione di cinghiali. Dal 2006 al 2017, il metodo di controllo più utilizzato è stato l'abbattimento da altana. Non abbiamo trovato relazioni significative tra il numero di cinghiali abbattuti e l'entità del danno. I fattori che determinano la diminuzione della probabilità di danni alle colture sono principalmente legati al disturbo antropico e alle caratteristiche dei campi e il modello predittivo del rischio di danno ha mostrato una buona capacità predittiva. Le analisi della vitalità della popolazione hanno mostrato che non è possibile ottenere una riduzione drastica con l'attuale tasso di prelievo. Triplicandolo e concentrandolo sulle femmine e sui subadulti si otterrebbe una riduzione numerica del 50% della popolazione in 7 anni e la probabilità di sopravvivenza della popolazione sarebbe dimezzata in 3 anni. Tra marzo e agosto 2019 abbiamo studiato i fattori che influenzano la selezione dell'habitat alimentare del cinghiale e l'impatto del grufolamento sulla flora nemorale. L'alimentazione durante la primavera e l'estate sembra concentrata nelle zone boschive caratterizzate da suoli freschi, dove lo spessore della lettiera è maggiore e il contenuto di frutti, soprattutto ghiande, è maggiore. Nonostante la correlazione significativa tra rooting e presenza delle nemorali non sembra esserci un effetto significativo e negativo sul numero e l'abbondanza di specie presenti.
The habitat selection by the wild boar was studied in the Ticino Valley Regional Park. The study was carried out collecting data on distribution and abundance of presence signs along 30 itineraries (average length 8.02 km, SD = 2.97) surveyed in autumn-winter and spring. We firstly compared the use of the different habitat types with their availability by the Manly-Chesson α index. To estimate the effect of habitat composition on wild boar presence we formulated a Resource Selection Probability Function (RSPF) by Binary Logistic Regression Analysis (BLRA). To analyse the attendance of the different type of habitats by the species we carried out correlation and regression analyses between the Index of Kilometric Abundance (IKA) and the percentage of habitat types on the itineraries. Wild boar mainly selected woodland during the whole year, coniferous forests are used as availability while rice fields and urbanized areas avoided. The meadows are mainly used during autumn and winter while in spring the presence of wild boar was higher in areas where the length of the forest edges is greater. The logistic model formulated show that high-density deciduous forests positively affected the probability of wild boar presence. Meadows and fields instead showed a negative influence. The Special Protection Area “Risaie della Lomellina” was the subject of a study that aimed to determine the impact of wild boar on croplands and to formulate a risk prediction model through a binary logistic regression analysis. Damage events almost exclusively involved maize, and were concentrated in spring and summer. Sporadic cases of damage concerned rice, soybean and sorghum fields. The risk of damage was higher in fields close to forests, far from main roads, urban areas and continuous hedgerows, and in areas with low human population densities. In the Ticino Valley Natural Park, from 2010 to 2017, 49% of the complaints report an event of damage to maize and 43% to meadows. The total expense for reimbursements of the maize amounted to € 439,341.52, with damages concentrated in May, after sowing period and between August and September, during the milky stage of maize. For meadows, reimbursements amounted to € 324,768.66, with damage events concentrated in February and March. To reduce damage to crops, the Park administration carried out lethal control of the wild boar population. From 2006 to 2017, the most used control method was culling from hides. In our analysis, we did not find significant relationships between the number of shot boars and the amount of damage. The factors that determine the decrease in the probability of damage to crops are mainly related to human disturbance and the characteristics of the fields. The predictive model of damage risk showed a good predictive ability. The Population Viability Analyses showed that it is not possible to obtain a drastic reduction with the current harvest rate. By tripling it and focusing on the females and sub-adult a numerical reduction of 50% of the population would be achievable in 7 years and the probability of population survival would be halved in 3 years. Between March and August 2019 we investigated the factors influencing feeding habitat selection of the wild boar, and the impact of rooting on nemoral flora. Feeding during spring and summer seems concentrated in wooded areas characterized by fresh soils, where the thickness of the litter is greater and the mast content, especially acorns, is greater. We found a significant correlation between the intensity of rooting and the presence of nemoral species, it does not seem to have a significant and negative effect on the number of species present or their abundance in the sampled areas. The floristic diversity and the dominance ratios are not influenced by the rooting intensity.

The woody flora of the National Park of Manda in the Sudanian area of Chad has been characterized between October and December 2016 to know its floristic diversity, and to quantify its aerial woody biomass. The transect and quadra method (1m x 1m) were simultaneously adopted for this study. The pan-tropical equation of Chave et al. made it possible to evaluate the carbon stocks in different sites. The study of the flora species identified 45 species divided into 37 genus and 21 families for an average population density of 355 individuals/ha. Three classes of the diameter dominate the settlement: class ≤ 10 cm; class of 10-20 cm and class of 20-30 cm. The height classes belong to the class of plants ≤ 4 m; and at last having a height ≤ 7 m. The basal area was 5.86 m2 / ha. It appears that the woody components store 23.82 ± 0.01 tC / ha, the undergrowth 0.14 ± 0.01 tC / ha and the litter 0.56 ± 0.01 tC / ha. This research is a contribution to the REDD+ process (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation).