Relevant bibliographies by topics / Underground fluid storage

Academic literature on the topic 'Underground fluid storage'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Underground fluid storage"

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Yang, Shang Yang, and Long Yun Zhang. "Analysis on Rock Mass Around an Underground Crude Oil Storage Caverns in Containment of Groundwater Considering Fluid Solid Coupling." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1918.

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Triaxial compression tests have been performed to determine the properties of the rock mass around an unlining underground crude oil storage caverns which is the first one in China. The execution situation of the tunnel project and the seepage law of groundwater are taken into account; the stress and the seepage field around the tunnel in different working states are simulated by applying Comsol around a underground crude oil storage caverns.According to the test results, it was found that the excavation process may arise the local damage,the extension of the excavation induced loose zone ranges from 0 to 15.6 m, depending on the buried depth of the caverns. According to numerical simulation results, the crown settlement and stress concentration is depended on the buried depth and the water pressure distribution after the excavation of the main cavity. This research results can provide the reference for analysis on the stability of the underground cavities under low stress level and on the water sealed underground petroleum storage rock caverns.
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Volovetskyi, V. B., Ya V. Doroshenko, A. O. Bugai, G. M. Kogut, P. M. Raiter, Y. M. Femiak, and R. V. Bondarenko. "Developing measures to eliminate of hydrate formation in underground gas storages." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 111, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9996.

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The objective of this article is the analysys of methods for preventing and eliminating hydrates formations, classifying them and choosing the best ones for use in underground gas storage facilities. Comprehensive measures for the stable operation of gas storage facilities in the presence of conditions for the occurrence of hydrates formations were developed. Zones, being potentially prone to the hydrates formation during the gas storage facilities operation were identified. The operational parameters of gas storage wells during gas withdrawal are analyzed. The identified wells were operated under difficult conditions due to the deposition of hydrates on the wellheads, in flowlines and process equipment of gas storage facilities. The places of the highest hydrates accumulation on underground gas storages were determined: from the bottomhole of wells to the gas purification unit of the gas gathering station. Hydrate-prone zones were identified by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling at the location of regulating choke installations in underground gas storage facilities. The zones of the greatest hydrates accumulation on underground gas storages were determined: from the bottomhole of wells to the gas purification unit of the gas gathering station. The analysis of the methods used in gas storage facilities of Ukraine to prevent and eliminate hydrates formation was out. A set of measures was proposed to prevent the hydrates formation in storage facilities to ensure their stable operation. Based on the Euler approach (Mixture model) by CFD modeling, zones prone to hydrates formation were determined at the installation site of regulating chokes in underground gas storages. The influence of the degree of fittings opening on the location of potential zones prone to hydrates formation was estimated. The gas-dynamic processes in the internal cavity of the gas pipeline at the installation site of the control fittings were studied and their influence on the distribution of bulk particles of the gaseous and liquid phases was established. Based on the studies performed, it was recommended to change periodically the mode of well operation for a certain time by opening or closing the regulating choke under favorable conditions for the formation of hydrates, especially at low ambient temperatures. The obtained results of experimental studies and calculations showed that in order to solve the problem of hydrates formation at gas storage facilities, it is advisable to use diverse measures through the introduction of modern intelligent systems for monitoring and controlling the technological process. Further refinement of the algorithm of the proposed monitoring and control system with its approbation in production was provided. The results of the experimental studies and CFD modeling carried out allowed providing a more reasonable approach to the application of various available methods and measures to prevent hydrates formation in underground gas storage facilities. This approach made it possible to develop new effective ways and measures to prevent such complication. Based on the conducted experimental studies and modeling, the major zones prone to hydrates formation in underground gas storages were determined. The developed measures will allow timely detection and prevention of hydrates formation at gas storage facilities are original.
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Mohamed, Sameera Mohamed, Hamd-Allah Allah, and Hayder Saeed Fukaa Fukaa. "Simulation of underground storage / UM EL-Radhuma Formation-Ratawi field." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 8, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v8i2.233.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of underground storage of gas in Um El-Radhuma formation /Ratawi field. This formation is an aquifer consisting of a high permeable dolomitebeds overlain by impermeable anhydrite bed of Rus formation. Interactive petrophysics (IP), Petrel REand Eclipse 100 softwares were used to conduct a well log interpretation, build a reservoir simulationmodel and predict the reservoir behavior during storage respectively. A black oil, three dimensionaland two phase fluid model has been used. The results showed that the upper part of Um El-Radhumaformation is suitable for underground gas storage, because of the seal of its cap rock and capability ofreserving gas in the reservoir. It was found that available volume for storage is 14.3 billion cubic feetwith a structural closure of 45 m. the optimum injection rate has been calculated also.
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Stutz, Hans Henning, Peter Norlyk, Kenneth Sørensen, Lars Vabbersgaard Andersen, Kenny Kataoka Sørensen, and Johan Clausen. "Finite element modelling of an energy-geomembrane underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage system." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020507001.

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The increasing need for energy storage technology has led to a massive interest in novel energy storage methods. The energy geomembrane system is such a novel energy storage method. The concept of the system is briefly introduced, and a holistic numerical model of the system is presented. The model uses advanced finite-element techniques to model the energy storage system using fluid cavity elements. The developed geomembrane energy system is modelled with different constitutive models to represent the soil behaviour: a linear elastic model, a nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb model, and a hypoplastic constitutive model. The consequences of these different models on the results are studied. Hereby, the focus is the first inflation and deflation cycle of the system.
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Soltanzadeh, M., SJS Hakim, MHW Ibrahim, S. Shahidan, SN Mokhatar, and AJMS Lim. "Geomechanical effects of co2 storage in geological structures: two case studies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 11, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v11i1.31858.

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Storage of CO2 in subsurface can assist to mitigate CO2 emission without extensively interfering with industrial activity and development. The main reason for geological storage to trap CO2 underground for a long time. However, the injection of CO2 may compromise the sealing characteristics of the caprock and, consequently, the containment of the underground CO2 storage unit as well. For instance, the injection of CO2 into a reservoir resulted in pore pressure and temperature changes leading to deformation and stress changes in the injection target and the rocks that surround it. These changes can influence the hydraulic integrity of the geological storage. The potential hazards could then impose different environmental, health, safety, and economic risks. Therefore, the geomechanical assessment of caprock integrity is critical for the storage of carbon dioxide. This research reviewed two different cases of underground CO2 storage in Canada and the workflows used for the assessment of geomechanical effects of CO2 injection on caprock integrity. It reviewed the processes of data collection, geomechanical characterization, and fluid flow modeling. These reviews highlighted the significance of geomechanical characterization and the fact that it is faced with significance challenges that could be addressed by data integration and geostatistical analysis. These reviewed studies implemented both analytical and numerical geomechanical models. While analytical models seem to be great choices for preliminary geomechanical analysis, numerical models are also necessary for a more detailed analysis. Â
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Brkić, Vladislav, Ivan Zelenika, Petar Mijić, and Igor Medved. "Underground Gas Storage Process Optimisation with Respect to Reservoir Parameters and Production Equipment." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 18, 2021): 4324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144324.

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The storage of natural gas in geological structures such as depleted fields, aquifers and salt caverns plays an important role in a gas supply system as it balances the fluctuation of gas demand and price. Hydraulic loss due to fluid flow through gas storage production equipment and an interfering effect from nonequal productivity index of storage wells may have an important influence on gas storage performance. An integrated mathematical model is developed based on underground gas storage facility production data. Using this model, the hydraulic loss is determined. A real test case that consists of a gas storage reservoir linked to the surface facility is analysed. The mathematical model uses an experimentally determined pressure drop coefficient in chokes. The base case scenario created using real gas storage facility data enables the achievement of a good history match with the given parameters of the gas storage reservoir. Using the history match simulation case as an initial scenario (a base case), two different scenarios are created to determine the injection and withdrawal performance of the gas storage field. The results indicate that the pressure drop in chokes, when fully open as a constraints in an underground gas storage facility, has a significant impact on gas storage operations and deliverability.
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Michael, Karsten, Ludovic Ricard, Linda Stalker, and Allison Hortle. "The CSIRO In-Situ Laboratory: a field laboratory for derisking underground gas storage." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20144.

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The industry in western Australia has committed to addressing their carbon emissions in response to the governments aspiration of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Natural gas will play an important role in the transition to a fully renewable energy market but will require the geological storage of carbon dioxide to limit emissions and enable the production of blue hydrogen. Underground storage of energy in general (e.g. natural gas, hydrogen, compressed air) will be needed increasingly for providing options for temporary storage of energy from renewable resources and for energy export. Storage operations would need to provide adequate monitoring systems in compliance with yet to be defined regulations and to assure the public that potential leakage or induced seismicity could be confidently detected, managed and remediated. The In-Situ Laboratory in the southwest of western Australia was established in 2019 as a research field site to support low emissions technologies development and provides a unique field site for fluid injection experiments in a fault zone and testing of monitoring technologies between 400m depth and the ground surface. The site currently consists of three wells instrumented with fibre optics, pressure, temperature and electric resistivity sensors as well as downhole geophones. A controlled release of CO2 and various water injection tests have demonstrated the ability to detect pressure and temperature effects associated with fluid injection. Future experiments planned at the site will help in improving the sensitivity of monitoring technologies and could contribute to defining adequate monitoring requirements for carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other energy storage operations.
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Gajda, Dawid, and Marcin Lutyński. "Hydrogen Permeability of Epoxy Composites as Liners in Lined Rock Caverns—Experimental Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093885.

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Energy production from renewable energy sources is not stable and any fluctuations in energy productions need to be eliminated with underground energy storage. Demand of underground gas storage will be increasing, due to the switching to green energy, while the availability of underground storage sites, especially salt caverns suitable for hydrogen storage, is limited. The purpose of this paper is to compare the hydrogen permeability of different materials and select a proper liner material for hydrogen storage in Liner Rock Caverns or post mine workings. A variety of materials, like concrete, polymer concrete, epoxy resin, salt rock, and mudstone, were tested for gas permeability/hydrogen diffusion, using the combined Steady-State Flow/Carrier Gas methods. Results are shown in different units, providing the opportunity to compare the results with literature data. The permeability value of investigated epoxy resin is comparable to the salt rock (after creep process), which makes the epoxy resin a promising sealing liner for hydrogen and potential substitution of stainless-steel in Lined Rock Cavern (LRC) gas storage.
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Shang-Yang, Yang, Li Shu-Cai, Xue Yi-Guo, and Zhang Qing-Song. "Fluid Solid Coupling Analysis of Large Underground Oil Storage Caverns in Containment of Groundwater." International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2016): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijhit.2016.9.11.35.

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Pujades, Estanislao, Angelique Poulain, Philippe Orban, Pascal Goderniaux, and Alain Dassargues. "The Impact of Hydrogeological Features on the Performance of Underground Pumped-Storage Hydropower (UPSH)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041760.

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Underground pumped storage hydropower (UPSH) is an attractive opportunity to manage the production of electricity from renewable energy sources in flat regions, which will contribute to the expansion of their use and, thus, to mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) in the atmosphere. A logical option to construct future UPSH plants consists of taking advantage of existing underground cavities excavated with mining purposes. However, mines are not waterproofed, and there will be an underground water exchange between the surrounding geological medium and the UPSH plants, which can impact their efficiency and the quality of nearby water bodies. Underground water exchanges depend on hydrogeological features, such as the hydrogeological properties and the groundwater characteristics and behavior. In this paper, we numerically investigated how the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the surrounding underground medium and the elevation of the piezometric head determined the underground water exchanges and their associated consequences. The results indicated that the efficiency and environmental impacts on surface water bodies became worse in transmissive geological media with a high elevation of the piezometric head. However, the expected environmental impacts on the underground medium increased as the piezometric head became deeper. This assessment complements previous ones developed in the same field and contributes to the definition of (1) screening strategies for selecting the best places to construct future UPSH plants and (2) design criteria to improve their efficiency and minimize their impacts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Underground fluid storage"

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SERAZIO, CRISTINA. "Application of Virtual Element Methods for geomechanical assessment of fluid storage in deep geological formations." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2950476.

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Bressan, Riccardo. "Studio fluidodinamico del confinamento dell'anidride carbonica nel sottosuolo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422573.

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The storage capacity of the reservoir is the main issue in Carbon Capture and Geologic Storage projects, so people are searching for effective and reliable evaluation methods. The present work estimates the storage capacity of a saline aquifer starting from its hydrologic properties and the pressure and temperature conditions. After a literature review of the evaluation methods, an analytical model of the underground motion of the CO2 is developed, and a dimensional analysis is done to intepret the system. On the basis of the analytical model, a calculation code was written to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the CO2 in porous media originally saturated with water. As a result of the critical discussion of the scientific literature, for the estimation of the storage capacity the code considers only the fluid-dynamic trapping mechanisms (static trapping and residual trapping). Acting on the short period, these mechanisms are the most interesting from an industrial point of view. The code is used on some significative case studies, in order to evaluate the storage capacity of the sites. The case studies derive in a statistically robust way from a database of more than 1200 known reservoirs, considering parameters such as temperature, depth, permeability, porosity, salinity. The simulation results are interpreted on the basis of the dimensional analysis, gathering general hints on the storage process. Storage volumetric efficiencies between 1.4 and 5.8% are obtained.
La capacità di stoccaggio della riserva è il primo parametro di interesse nei progetti di Carbon Capture and Geologic Storage, per cui si ricercano metodi di valutazione efficaci e affidabili. Il presente lavoro si propone di stimare la capacità di stoccaggio di un acquifero salino a partire dalle sue caratteristiche idrologiche e dalle condizioni di temperatura e pressione. Dopo una rassegna bibliografica dei metodi di stima proposti in letteratura, si sviluppa un modello analitico per il moto della CO2nel sottosuolo, e si esegue un’analisi dimensionale che permette di interpretare tale moto. Sulla base del modello analitico è stato scritto un codice di calcolo per la simulazione del comportamento fluidodinamico della CO2 in mezzi porosi inizialmente saturi d’acqua. Ai fini della stima della capacità di stoccaggio, il codice considera i soli meccanismi fluidodinamici di intrappolamento (intrappolamento stratigrafico e intrappolamento capillare). Si tratta dei meccanismi più interessanti dal punto di vista industriale, perché agiscono sul breve periodo. Il codice viene applicato ad alcuni casi di studio significativi per valutare in prima approssimazione la quantità di gas immagazzinabile in un sito. I casi di studio sono derivati in modo statisticamente robusto da un database di oltre 1200 riserve geologiche note, tenendo conto di parametri come la temperatura, la profondità, la permeabilità, la porosità, la salinità. I risultati delle simulazioni sono interpretati alla luce dell’analisi dimensionale sviluppata in precedenza, cercando di trarre indicazioni generali sul processo di confinamento. Si ottengono efficienze volumetriche di stoccaggio fra l’1.4 e il 5.8%.
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Kazantsev, Alexandre. "Perturbations d'amplitude du bruit ambiant au droit des hétérogéneités : étude de faisabilité pour l'exploration et la surveillance de réservoirs multi-fluide." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM075/document.

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L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des possibles mécanismes élastiques expliquant l'amplification du bruit ambiant au droit de certains réservoirs multi-phasiques. Trois jeux de données sont traités. La signature spectrale observée d'un réservoir de vapeur géothermique est différente de celle d'un stockage de gaz. Dans une approche empirique, un algorithme de classification permet d'extraire et de cartographier les anomalies que l'on présume liées au réservoir. Un travail de modélisation est effectué pour tenter d'expliquer les anomalies mesurées. Dans les données réelles, une forte présence de modes supérieurs d'ondes de Rayleigh est détectée. On modélise numériquement en 2D la propagation de ces modes à travers un réservoir placé au sein d'une structure géologique réaliste. La réponse simulée du réservoir se révèle trop faible par rapport aux observations de terrain. Néanmoins, on parvient à inverser les faibles perturbations d'amplitude synthétiques pour la position du réservoir, dans des modèles de référence simples. Cette méthode pourrait être utilisable pour l'imagerie à partir de faibles variations d'amplitudes dans le cadre du monitoring. Pour ce qui est de fortes anomalies observées sur le terrain , il est à noter que les effets visco-élastiques, les effets 3D, et les effets liés à un éventuel champ incident diffus n'ont pas été pris en compte dans la modélisation. Ainsi ce travail n'exclut pas la possibilité de telles anomalies liées à la présence d'un réservoir
This PhD work investigates the possible elastic mechanisms behind the ambient noise amplification above multi-phase fluid reservoirs. Three datasets are analysed above different reservoirs. The observed spectral signature is different in the gas storage and geothermal contexts. A non-supervised algorithm for amplitude spectrum classification is developed, allowing to extract and map the relevant attributes of a multi-phase fluid presence. As a first modelling step, a wavefield characterisation methodology is applied to determine the composition of the ambient noise. It reveals the presence of strong Rayleigh overtones. Numerical 2D elastic modelling is used to simulate the propagation of overtones across a reservoir within a realistic geological structure. The modelled reservoir response is too small compared to the real data. However, the small amplitude perturbations arising in the numerical simulations are successfully inverted for the position of the reservoir, in simple background models. The developed method could in theory be used for imaging small time-lapse amplitude variations (monitoring), despite the obstacles remaining to be overcome before a real-data application. Neither visco-elastic nor 3D effects are adressed. Thus this work does not exclude the possibility of strong reservoir-specific spectral anomalies
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Books on the topic "Underground fluid storage"

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O, Udegbunam Emmanuel, and Illinois State Geological Survey, eds. Integrated geological and engineering study and reservoir simulation of the St. Peter Sandstone Gas Storage Reservoir at the Hillsboro Field, Montgomery County, Illinois. Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey, 2001.

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W, Tyler S., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Las Vegas, Nev.), eds. Processes affecting subsurface transport of leaking underground tank fluids. Las Vegas, NV: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Underground fluid storage"

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Wang, Yun, Jun Li, Yan Liu, Guangqiang Cao, and Nan Li. "Study on Self-repairing Annulus Protection Fluid in Underground Gas Storage Wells." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 1429–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7560-5_131.

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"Main Characteristics of an Aquifer The main function of the aquifer is to provide underground storage for the retention and release of gravitational water. Aquifers can be characterized by indices that reflect their ability to recover moisture held in pores in the earth (only the large pores give up their water easily). These indices are related to the volume of exploitable water. Other aquifer characteristics include: • Effective porosity corresponds to the ratio of the volume of “gravitational” water at saturation, which is released under the effect of gravity, to the total volume of the medium containing this water. It generally varies between 0.1% and 30%. Effective porosity is a parameter determined in the laboratory or in the field. • Storage coefficient is the ratio of the water volume released or stored, per unit of area of the aquifer, to the corresponding variations in hydraulic head 'h. The storage coefficient is used to characterize the volume of useable water more precisely, and governs the storage of gravitational water in the reservoir voids. This coefficient is extremely low for confined groundwater; in fact, it represents the degree of the water compression. • Hydraulic conductivity at saturation relates to Darcy’s law and characterizes the effect of resistance to flow due to friction forces. These forces are a function of the characteristics of the soil matrix, and of the fluid viscosity. It is determined in the laboratory or directly in the field by a pumping test. • Transmissivity is the discharge of water that flows from an aquifer per unit width under the effect of a unit of hydraulic gradient. It is equal to the product of the saturation hydraulic conductivity and of the thickness (height) of the groundwater. • Diffusivity characterizes the speed of the aquifer response to a disturbance: (variations in the water level of a river or the groundwater, pumping). It is expressed by the ratio between the transmissivity and the storage coefficient. Effective and Fictitious Flow Velocity: Groundwater Discharge As we saw earlier in this chapter, water flow through permeable layers in saturated zones is governed by Darcy’s Law. The flow velocity is in reality the fictitious velocity of the water flowing through the total flow section. Bearing in mind that a section is not necessarily representative of the entire soil mass, Figure 7.7 illustrates how flow does not follow a straight path through a section; in fact, the water flows much more rapidly through the available pathways (the tortuosity effect). The groundwater discharge Q is the volume of water per unit of time that flows through a cross-section of aquifer under the effect of a given hydraulic gradient. The discharge of a groundwater aquifer through a specified soil section can be expressed by the equation:." In Hydrology, 229–30. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10426-57.

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Conference papers on the topic "Underground fluid storage"

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Mahmud, Roohany, Mustafa Erguvan, and David W. MacPhee. "Underground CSP Thermal Energy Storage." In ASME 2019 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2019-1879.

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Abstract Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) is one of the most promising ways to generate electricity from solar thermal sources. In this situation, large tracking mirrors focus sunlight on a receiver and provide energy input to a heat engine. Inside the receiver the temperature can be well above 1000°C, and molten salts or oils are typically used as heat transfer fluid (HTF). However, since the sun does not shine at night, a remaining concern is how to store thermal energy to avoid the use of fossil fuels to provide baseline electricity demand, especially in the late evenings when electricity demand peaks. In this study, a new method will be investigated to store thermal energy underground using a borehole energy storage system. Numerical simulations are undertaken to assess the suitability and design constraints of such systems using both molten salt as HTF.
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Simon, S. C., L. Räss, Y. Y. Podladchikov, A. Souche, and V. Yarushina. "Predicting Dynamically Evolving Permeability and Localization of Fluid Flow in Underground Waste Storage Operations." In International Workshop on Geomechanics and Energy. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131957.

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Okoroafor, Esuru Rita, Tae Wook Kim, Negar Nazari, Hannah Yuh Watkins, Sarah D. Saltzer, and Anthony R. Kovscek. "Assessing the Underground Hydrogen Storage Potential of Depleted Gas Fields in Northern California." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209987-ms.

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Abstract The goal of this study was to assess the potential for storing hydrogen underground in depleted gas fields in Northern California. We considered the potential amount of hydrogen generated from the electrolysis of California's curtailed solar and wind energy. We then determined the fields with the best geological and reservoir properties to support secure underground hydrogen storage. We developed a three-stage set of criteria for selecting potential hydrogen storage sites. In stage 1, our screening approach combines integrated geoscience and environmental factors to identify the fields to exclude from consideration for hydrogen storage. In stage 2, we applied a numerical simulation-based site selection criteria to the fields that passed the stage 1 screening criteria. We started the screening with 182 depleted and underground storage fields in Northern California, of which 147 fields were disqualified in the first stage. We scored and ranked the remaining 35 fields based on their potential to maximize storage and withdrawal of hydrogen using the numerical simulation-based site selection criteria. The top-ten high scoring sites for underground hydrogen storage and production were reservoirs with dips between 5° and 15°, reservoir porosity above 20%, reservoir flow capacity above 5000 mDm, and reservoirs at depths between 430 m to 2400 m. The total estimated hydrogen storage capacity for the ten high-scoring sites was 203.5 million tonnes of hydrogen. Our set of site selection criteria has a stage 3 that requires detailed site characterization. With stage 3, we gather additional rock and fluid properties of high-scoring sites that enable detailed modeling of the processes related to hydrogen storage and withdrawal. We did not cover stage 3 in this paper. We estimated the potential hydrogen recovery from a hypothetical depleted field in California and evaluated the efficiency of converting the renewable energy to hydrogen and back to power. The results show that depleted gas fields in Northern California have sufficient storage capacity to support the seasonal underground storage of hydrogen derived from renewable energy electrolysis. However, recovery is limited to the amount of fluid that can be injected, the mixing between hydrogen and the in-situ gas, and the lateral spread of hydrogen. The round-trip efficiency of power to hydrogen to power conversion maxed at 36% for the system under study.
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Ali, Hussameldin, Zakaria Hamdi, Oluwole Talabi, Gillian Pickup, and Saiful Nizam. "Comprehensive Approach for Modeling Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210638-ms.

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Abstract Renewable energy is becoming an integral part of our energy supply; however, seasonality and weather dependence are some of their major limitations. Therefore, grid integration with reliable storage systems is crucial. One promising energy storage technology is green hydrogen generation and storage. Some research has been ongoing into hydrogen storage in underground porous media, but it mostly lacks comprehensive dynamic modelling of the storage operation and the associated potential losses. In this work. a holistic hydrogen storage operation in a heterogenous depleted gas reservoir and its likely associated underground losses was modelled. Fluid model verification was performed to assess the suitability of a typical equation of state to represent hydrogen behavior at reservoir conditions. The study aimed to assess the feasibility of storing 15% of the renewably generated power in Malaysia for grid-scale equilibration purposes. A total of 12 storage cycles with potential diffusion and biochemical losses were simulated. The storage operation performed effectively in all the key performance indicators. 68.1% of the injected storage volume was recovered by the 12th cycle. It was observed that the purity of the produced hydrogen is influenced by reservoir heterogeneity. Lastly, it was found that storing 15% of Malaysian renewable energy in a depleted gas reservoir was technically feasible.
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Wang, Shen, Necip O. Akinci, William H. Johnson, and Luis M. Moreschi. "Design of Nuclear Safety-Related Underground Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Tanks." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27042.

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Diesel fuel oil storage tanks are critical components for safety of nuclear power plants. Proper functioning of the emergency diesel generators during an earthquake depends on the fuel oil supplied from the storage tank. Failure of the tank, nozzles or fuel pipes can result in contamination and/or leakage of the fuel. The allowable stress limits and design charts for above ground tanks, which are provided in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for a pressure vessel, are occasionally adopted in the design of underground tanks. However, the analytical methodology for evaluation of stresses in the buried tanks requires detailed analysis different from that for a typical pressure vessel. Soil-structure and fluid-structure interaction effects need to be considered in the analysis for simulation of the actual static and seismic loads. Therefore, advanced simulation techniques and finite element analysis tools have been used by several researchers to evaluate buried tanks. Simple, but acceptably accurate techniques for comprehensive evaluation of underground storage tanks have not been established. This study presents simplified evaluation techniques for a diesel fuel storage tank using fundamental concepts. The diesel fuel oil storage tanks considered here are cylindrical and oriented with their axes in the horizontal direction. The static overburden and seismic pressures cause ovaling of the tank and generate significant bending stresses, which are not addressed in the pressure vessel design approach. The simplified tank evaluation proposed here includes the ovaling effect under static overburden, seismic and sloshing loads. Earthquake induced stresses in hoop and longitudinal directions are calculated using the free field approach and the classical Housner Method is employed in the sloshing analysis. Allowable stress and buckling of the tank wall are checked against corresponding criteria.
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Bamberger, Judith Ann, Leonard F. Pease, and Carl W. Enderlin. "Developing a Borehole Miner Extendible-Nozzle Sluicer for Radioactive Waste Dislodging and Retrieval From Underground Storage Tanks." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70672.

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Radioactive waste resulting from production of weapons is stored at five U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) locations. The waste characteristics range from fluid to sludge to granular salts with radiation levels exceeding 10,000 rad/h. Innovative tools are used to remotely remove the solidified radioactive waste from underground storage tanks. When available, commercial systems are evaluated for waste dislodging and retrieval applications. A waste dislodging and sluicing system developed to dislodge and fracture deposits of ore in underground mining, called a borehole miner, was evaluated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Waterjet Technology, Inc., for removing solidified nuclear waste stored in underground tanks. This compact system may be installed in tanks via small diameter risers and has the capability to both dislodge and retrieve in a single unit. The borehole miner arm includes an extendible nozzle that operates at high pressure using either water or slurry as the dislodging fluid, while providing a focused high-pressure jet to dislodge solidified material. The sluicer nozzle is attached to a retractable arm that can extend and angle to enhance dislodging in specific areas of the tank by changing the standoff distance. This paper describes the borehole miner system and presents results of experiments to evaluate its ability to dislodge solidified saltcake and sludge materials. Tests were conducted with a stationary jet to evaluate the potential to develop an extendible-nozzle borehole miner system for deployment to dislodge radioactive saltcake and sludge wastes stored in underground storage tanks. The tests were successful and identified ranges of parameters for jet diameter and standoff distance applicable for waste remediation. For saltcake simulants, erosion models were developed that represent the data.
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Chen, Dong, Wei Zhou, Ji Luo, Zhaoting Huang, Hanbing Xu, Ying Fu, Ronghong Cheng, et al. "Application of 4D Geomechanical Modelling for Fault Critical Re-Active Stress Evaluation in Underground Gas Storage." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211019-ms.

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Abstract Fault stability is the risk of reactivation under dynamic stress conditions. The reactivation of faults in the oilfield is mainly caused by the increase of fluid pressure in the reservoir zone, with the quantitative evaluation index of the critical reservoir pressure required for fault reactivation under the current pore pressure condition. When the formation pore pressure reaches the critical stress, the corresponding fault part will be in a critical stress state. The slippage of the critical stress fault tends to cause fluids leakage. Therefore, the study of fault stability is of great significance to oilfield production; In order to guarantee national natural gas peak regulation and supply, the YH underground gas storage (UGS) has been proposed and is carried out with the project of expanding storage capacity and increasing production. The operator hopes to effectively guide the optimization of the limit operation pressure and ensure its long-term safe operation. It is urgently required to carry out fault stability evaluation for the YH underground gas storage. The operator plans to find out the conditions for the activation of the faults, with studies about the stability of the fault under the impact of mining and the impact of the system parameters on the stability of the fault. The results suggest that: whether the fault is in a stable or active state depends on the magnitude relationship between the apparent friction factor (k1) and the fault friction factor (k). When k1 < k, the fault will be in a self-locking state. However, when k1 ≥ k, the fault is in a reactive state. The apparent friction factor reflects the stress risk level of the fault under the collective impact of the in situ stress (including σ1 and σ3), the cohesion of the fault plane (c) and fluid pressure of fault (pi). Higher k1 indicates higher tendency of fault re-activation. k is a quantity factor determined by the friction angle (φ) within the fault. The larger friction angle of fault indicates higher friction factor and the more stable state. The system parameters (includingφ, c, pi, σ1 and σ3) will affect the stability of the fault after the change of initial stress conditions: the smaller cohesion of the fault plane and greater fracture fluid pressure indicate the fault will be easier to reactivate. This paper established the 4D dynamic geomechanical model of the YH underground gas storage and took the fault stability as the judgement basis to analyze the in-situ stress characteristics of different faults. The research results could be used to evaluate the UGS operation safety quantitatively under the impact of the dynamic stress conditions, which will provide technical guidance for optimizing the operation plan of the UGS.
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Busollo, Carlo, Stefano Mauro, Andrea Nesci, Leonardo Sabatino Scimmi, and Emanuele Baronio. "Development of a Digital Twin for Well Integrity Management in Underground Gas Storage Fields." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206252-ms.

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Abstract Objective Digitalization is offering several chances to improve performance and reliability of Underground Gas Storage (UGS) infrastructures, especially in those sites where ageing would require investment improvement for maintenance and monitoring. In that context, well integrity management can benefit from the implementation of a well digital twin, integrated with real time monitoring. The work proposes a digital model of the well that can provide a valuable tool to analyse its non stationary states in order to evaluate the integrity of the barriers and its health state. Methods, Procedures, Process The key points on well integrity management are barriers testing/qualification and annular pressure monitoring, and in UGS operations it’s crucial the selection of the timing of barrier assessment and of diagnostic test execution to correctly evaluates the results. The digital model can provide a tool to help the well engineer to understand the health state of the well and to plan maintenance activities. It considers a physical model of the well composed by gas and liquid filled chambers in the annuluses and in the tubing case and all the potential leak paths that could connect the annuluses, the tubing case, and the reservoir to the external environment. Each chamber is modelled considering its mass and energy balance, while fluid resistances describe fluid leakage across the barriers. Appropriate models, selected according to the geometry and type of each well barrier, describe each fluid resistance. The input parameters are the well architecture, flowing tubing temperature and pressure and gas flow rate. The model provides pressure and temperatures trends and estimates of leak rates trends or annular liquid level movements during the observation time window. The fine tuning of the model of each well is carried out by seeking for the values of the parameters that best describe each single leak path, such as size and position of the leaking point, with a genetic algorithm. Results, Observations, Conclusions The model has been customised and validated over several wells, some of which with perfect integrity status and others with some integrity issues. Results showed a very good fit with field data, as well as high precision in identifying leak position and size. The tool can also be applied to forecast well behaviour after the application of mitigating action or to simulate the evolution of the leak. Example applications are the evaluation of the correct time to top up a casing with liquid or nitrogen or the effect on annular pressure of limiting withdrawal or injection flow rate.
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Moradi, Babak. "Study of Gas Injection Effects on Rock and Fluid of a Gas Condensate Reservoir during Underground Gas Storage Process." In Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/121830-ms.

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Singh, Shobhana, and Kim Sørensen. "Dynamic Performance Analysis of Large-Scale Packed Bed Truncated Conical Thermal Energy Storage." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5680.

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Abstract In the present paper, a high-temperature packed bed energy storage system of volume 175,000m3 is numerically investigated. The system is a underground packed bed of truncated conical shape, which comprises of rocks as a storage medium and air as a heat transfer fluid. A one-dimensional, two-phase model is developed to simulate the transient behavior of the storage. The developed model is used to conduct a parametric study with a wide range of design parameters to investigate the change in performance during both charging and discharging operation. Results show that the model satisfactorily predicts the dynamic behavior, and the truncated conical shaped storage with a rock diameter of 3cm, insulation thickness up to 0.6m and charging-discharging rate of 553kg/s leads to lower thermal losses and higher energy efficiencies. The paper provides useful insight into the transient performance and efficiency of a large-scale packed bed energy storage system within the range of parameters investigated.
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Reports on the topic "Underground fluid storage"

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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.

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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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