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Journal articles on the topic 'Underdrain'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Wang, Hong Wu, Yun Feng Mao, Yuan Gao, Jin Hong Fan, Shan Fa Zhang, and Lu Ming Ma. "Analysis of Bioretention Cell Design Elements Based on Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST)." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1369.

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Sensitivity analysis of bioretention cell design elements can provide a theoretical basis for the design and construction of a bioretention cell. This study uses the storm management model (SWMM) and the bioretention infiltration RECARGA to generate runoff and outflow time series for calculation of hydrologic performance metrics. The hydrologic performance metrics include: the overflow ratio, groundwater recharge ratio, ponding time and underdrain flow ratio. The FAST method is chose to analyze sensitivity of design elements for two types of bioretention cell, one without underdrain and the other with underdrain. The results show that the surface area is the most sensitivity to most the hydrologic metrics for both types of bioretention, while the planting soil depth and the gravel depth are the two least sensitive elements. The saturated infiltration rates of planting soil and native soil are another two sensitive elements for bioretention cells without underdrain, but the saturated infiltration rate of planting soil and underdrain size are another two sensitive design elements for bioretention cells with underdrain.Keywords: Global sensitivity analysis; bioretention cell; design elements; FAST

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2

Purvis, Rebecca A., Ryan J. Winston, William F. Hunt, Brian Lipscomb, Karthik Narayanaswamy, Andrew McDaniel, Matthew S. Lauffer, and Susan Libes. "Evaluating the Hydrologic Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA." Water 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061291.

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Bioswales are a promising stormwater control measure (SCM) for roadway runoff management, but few studies have assessed performance on a field scale. A bioswale is a vegetated channel with underlying engineered media and a perforated underdrain to promote improved hydrologic and water quality treatment. A bioswale with a rip-rap lined forebay was constructed along state highway NC 211 in Bolivia, North Carolina, USA, and monitored for 12 months. Thirty-seven of the 39 monitored rain events exfiltrated into underlying soils, resulting in no appreciable overflow or underdrain volume. The bioswale completely exfiltrated a storm event of 86.1 mm. The one event to have underdrain-only flow was 4.8 mm. The largest and third-largest rainfall depth events (82.6 and 146 mm, respectively) had a large percentage (85%) of volume exfiltrated, but also had appreciable overflow and underdrain volumes exiting the bioswale, resulting in no peak flow mitigation. Overall, this bioswale design was able to capture and manage storms larger than the design storm (38 mm), showing the positive hydrologic performance that can be achieved by this bioswale. The high treatment capabilities were likely due to the high infiltration rate of the media and the underlying soil, longer forebay underlain with media, gravel detention layer with an underdrain, and shallow slope.

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3

Kim, S. G., K. J. Choi, H. J. Son, Y. C. Jun, J. B. Rhee, I. S. Shon, Y. D. Lee, and S. H. Kim. "Monitoring of coagulation performance and determination of coagulant dosage using a pilot in-line filter." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2006): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.147.

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A rapid method using the pilot in-line filter to detect any change in coagulation performance was proposed in this study. This method attempted to detect a change in coagulant dosage and mixing intensity by evaluating the filtrate quality of the in-line filter, which took the rapidly mixed water. Since the response time of this method was less than 10 min, it could be valuable to monitor the coagulation performance. The in-line filter was found more useful without underdrain. The in-line filter was more sensitive to a change in filtrate quality without underdrain than with underdrain. A new method, which combines a jar test with the in-line filter, was proposed to determine the coagulant dosage. This method reflected the actual plant situation more accurately than a jar test.

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4

Gao, Jianping, Junkui Pan, Ning Hu, and Chengzuo Xie. "Hydrologic performance of bioretention in an expressway service area." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 7 (February 8, 2018): 1829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.048.

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Abstract Bioretention can be an effective measure for stormwater treatment. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of the impact of bioretention design parameters on hydrologic performance. Herein, SWMM and RECARGA models were applied to generate the typical annual rainfall runoff and simulate the water balance of the bioretention system in an expressway service area. The purpose of the investigation was to identify key design parameters for the bioretention system and delineate the priorities in developing the design. Results showed that the average groundwater recharge ratios for bioretention basins with and without an underdrain were 58.29% and 92.27%, respectively, the average overflow ratios were 4.13% and 4.19%, the average evapotranspiration ratios were 4.48% and 4.47%, and the average outflow ratio for bioretention with an underdrain was 33.94%. The ratio of the bioretention area to drainage area, and the saturated infiltration rates of planting soil and native soil were the main factors influencing water balance, while the underdrain diameter and gravel layer depth exerted little effect. Based on the impact analysis, multivariate nonlinear regression models of runoff reduction rate for two types of bioretention basin were established, which both exhibited high determination coefficients and acceptable Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients.

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5

Gurganus, Charles F., Nasir G. Gharaibeh, and Tom Scullion. "Case Study on the Use of Mobile Lidar to Produce a Preliminary Drainage Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2655, no. 1 (January 2017): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2655-11.

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Inadequate and ineffective roadway and roadside drainage causes highway pavements to fail prematurely. For rehabilitation techniques to perform as desired, surface and subsurface drainage conditions must first be addressed. Mobile lidar is emerging as a safe and effective tool for collecting vast amounts of surface data that can assist in developing drainage designs. This paper presents a case study on the application of mobile lidar to develop a preliminary drainage design on US-75 in north Texas. A design is provided for an underdrain system that includes both longitudinal and lateral pipes. A roadside grading design is provided that works in concert with the underdrain design to move the water away from the pavement structure. Design constraints and challenges include a roadside ditch flow line higher than the pavement structure, slope stability concerns along the frontage road, front slope steepness along a high-speed corridor, and depth of cut within the pavement for installation of the underdrain. The preliminary design, developed from data collected with mobile lidar, was provided to the Texas Department of Transportation. This design has already been used to improve the drainage in the roadside ditch.

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6

Pujol, Joan, Francesc X. Espinach, Miquel Duran-Ros, Gerard Arbat, Toni Pujol, Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena, and Jaume Puig-Bargués. "Environmental Assessment of Underdrain Designs for Granular Media Filters in Drip Irrigation Systems." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060810.

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Irrigation is very important for global food production and, therefore, it is key to moving towards increasingly sustainable irrigation systems. However, the adoption of more efficient water-use techniques, such as drip irrigation, increases energy consumption. A large part of the efficiency of drip irrigation systems depends on the equipment used, such as filters. The environmental impact of three media filters (a prototype with a porous media underdrain and two commercial filters, with inserted domes and collector arms underdrains, respectively) with different bed heights, filtration rates, and medium materials was studied using the life cycle analysis (LCA). Under the operating conditions that minimize the impact, the inserted domes design has the lowest overall impact, achieving reductions of up to 432% and 18% in some impacts regarding the porous media and the collector arm, respectively. A porous media filter has a better energy performance, but its prototype status hinders it in the raw material, building, and end-of-life phases. Conversely, the arm collector has the worst environmental performance. This work shows that filter designs should prioritize solutions that allow for minimizing the energy consumption during their operation to increase its sustainability.

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7

Rowe, R. Kerry, and Preba Nadarajah. "Estimating leachate drawdown due to pumping wells in landfills." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 1 (March 25, 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-020.

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Pumping (extraction, purge) wells in the waste may be proposed as part of the design of new landfills to backup the leachate underdrain system. These wells are intended to control the leachate mound after there has been a failure of the underdrain system. Pumping wells in the waste have also been proposed to reduce the height in old landfills that are not engineered with a leachate underdrain system. Equations are developed herein for use in estimating the well radius/spacing required to control the leachate mound to a specified level for a number of different assumed conditions and hence can be used to aid the design engineer in assessing the viability of pumping wells in the waste as a leachate control measure. The equations consider the hydraulic conductivity of the waste and the percolation through the cover. It is shown that leakage through the landfill base can be readily considered provided that the leakage through the base is less than 80% of the percolation into the landfill. Anisotropy of the waste is considered. Correction factors are also presented to account for the effect of a reduction in hydraulic conductivity around the well due to biotic and abiotic clogging. The use of the equations is illustrated by examples. Key words: pumping wells, landfills, leachate control, design, applications, clogging.

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8

DeBra, Jacques. "Flows From Reservoir Underdrain Used for Irrigation." Opflow 16, no. 6 (June 1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1990.tb00215.x.

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9

Zhang, Xiang Dong, Qing Wen Li, Xue Bing Gu, and Gui Xiu Li. "The Analysis of Surface Subsidence Caused by Pipe Roof Reinforcement Method Construction in Hunhe Underdrain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.535.

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This paper is used to study on analysis and prediction of surface subsidence caused by pipe roof reinforcement method construction. Take one of the Shenyang's sewage disposal projects to be investigated, it monitored on field surface subsidence in construction of underdrain. During the measurement and monitoring, except for conventional measurement of surface subsidence according to code and peripheral convergence and so on, in order to analysis changes of stress and strain of the pipe roof in whole construction of underdrain. it respectively arranges JMZX-212 intelligent string type of strain gauge in both internal and external sides of vault and hance. It used the Element Birth/Death of finite element software basing on field data, using elastic-plastic and nonlinear finite element method. Material constitutive relationship used mohr-coulomb model, simulating process of tunnel of excavation and support, researching and stimulating surface subsidence. Value of surface settlement was calculated via numerical simulation in applying finite element theory, it based on prototype of engineering, which was in accord with measurement value in field. The correctness of soil constitutive model chosen and boundary conditions used is verified, meanwhile, numerical simulation shows validity of method.

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10

Venkataraman, Shekar, and Simon Morris. "FILTER UPGRADES: NEW UNDERDRAIN OPTION FOR TRAVELING BRIDGE FILTERS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2004, no. 9 (January 1, 2004): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864704784132724.

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11

Sun, Yue, and Drew Molly. "An Evaluation of Filter Underdrain Failure and Lessons Learned." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2013, no. 12 (January 1, 2013): 4332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864713813686079.

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12

VanDemark, Lance, and Caroline M. Clevenger. "Risk Mitigation for the Design and Installation of Underdrain Systems." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 10, no. 4 (November 2018): 03718001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)la.1943-4170.0000268.

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13

Brown, R. A., and W. F. Hunt. "Underdrain Configuration to Enhance Bioretention Exfiltration to Reduce Pollutant Loads." Journal of Environmental Engineering 137, no. 11 (November 2011): 1082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000437.

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14

Bové, Josep, Joan Pujol, Gerard Arbat, Miquel Duran-Ros, Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena, and Jaume Puig-Bargués. "Environmental assessment of underdrain designs for a sand media filter." Biosystems Engineering 167 (March 2018): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.01.005.

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15

Novak, Lukas, Ivana Kabelkova, David Hora, and David Stransky. "Optimization of a Tree Pit as a Blue–Green Infrastructure Object." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (November 8, 2023): 15731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152215731.

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Trees in dense urban environments are often planted in bioretention cells with an underlying trench (BC-T) providing both stormwater pretreatment and storage. The BC-T design is based on a water balance; however, some input data (tree water uptake and water-holding capacities of soil filter and trench substrate) are difficult to obtain. The goals of this paper were (i) to study the sensitivity of such data in the BC-T design (i.e., their effect on the size of the drained area which may be connected to the tree pit), and (ii) to recommend a possible simplification of the water balance for engineering practice. Global sensitivity analysis was performed for the setup of a BC-T used in Prague, Czech Republic, assuming three different trench exfiltration rates. The most sensitive variable affecting the size of the drained area is the available water-holding capacity in the trench. The simplification of the water balance is highly dependent on exfiltration conditions. At high exfiltration rates (18 mm·h−1 and more) or for a trench with an underdrain, the water-holding capacity in the soil filter and the tree water uptake can be omitted; whereas, at low trench exfiltration rates (1.8 mm·h−1, without an underdrain), both the water-holding capacity of the trench substrate and the potential tree water uptake have a significant influence and cannot be omitted.

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16

Sileshi, Redahegn, Robert Pitt, and Shirley Clark. "Performance Evaluation of an Alternative Underdrain Material for Stormwater Biofiltration Systems." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 4, no. 2 (May 2018): 04018002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000845.

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17

Abbaspour, A., B. F. Tanyu, A. H. Aydilek, and A. Y. Dayioglu. "Methodology to evaluate hydraulic compatibility of geotextile and RCA in underdrain systems." Geosynthetics International 25, no. 1 (February 2018): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.17.00034.

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18

Tu, Min-Cheng, and Robert G. Traver. "Optimal Configuration of an Underdrain Delivery System for a Stormwater Infiltration Trench." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 145, no. 8 (August 2019): 05019007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001408.

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19

Pujol, Toni, Gerard Arbat, Josep Bové, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Miquel Duran-Ros, Joaquim Velayos, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Effects of the underdrain design on the pressure drop in sand filters." Biosystems Engineering 150 (October 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.07.005.

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20

Pujol, Toni, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Gerard Arbat, Melissa Chaves, Miquel Duran-Ros, Joan Pujol, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Numerical Study of the Hydraulic Effects of Modifying the Outlet Pipe and Diffuser Plate in Pressurized Sand Filters with Wand-Type Underdrains." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 3 (2022): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14710.

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HighlightsAn outlet pipe with twice the cross-sectional area reduced the filter pressure drop by 12%.Two-outlet designs did not improve the hydraulic performance of the central wand.Flow uniformity in the sand bed was improved with a central downward outlet pipe.Abstract. The pressurized sand filters used in drip irrigation systems have three zones (the water inlet, sand bed, and water outlet) with different hydraulic behaviors. Previous studies that aimed to improve the hydraulic performance of these filters focused on the water inlet and sand bed by redesigning the diffuser plate and underdrain elements, respectively. In this study, we analyzed the consequences of modifying the water outlet of a commercial porous medium filter without changing its underdrain design. The original design consisted of a horizontal pipe connected to ten horizontal wands. Five additional designs that varied in size, orientation, and number of outlets were numerically studied in four operating modes (including two sand bed heights and two superficial velocities). Comparison with the commercial design indicated that (1) an outlet pipe with twice the cross-sectional area reduced the overall filter pressure drop by up to 12% and increased the flow uniformity within the sand bed; (2) two outlets led to symmetrical behavior for the amount of water drained per wand but did not improve the water volume drained by the central wand, which drained the least amount; and (3) a central vertical outlet of equal diameter as the commercial outlet produced a similar pressure drop but increased the flow uniformity within the porous medium. For completeness, two additional diffuser designs were also studied. In comparison with the original design, the proposed designs improved the flow uniformity and weakened the water vortex above the sand surface. Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics, Drip irrigation, Filtration, Granular bed, Modeling.

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21

Harms, Antje, Daniela Gundisch, Christa E. Muller, and Karl-Artur Kovar. "Development Assay for of a 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A Receptor Binding High Throughput Screening Using 96-Well Microfilter Plates." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 5, no. 4 (June 2000): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705710000500410.

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A high throughput screening method for the analysis of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptor binding parameters has been developed, using 96-well filter plates of the Millipore MultiScreen system in combination with a MicroBeta PLUS microplate scintillation counter. MAFB filter plates (GF/B filter over a Durapore membrane) were used because of the lower nonspecific binding of the radioligand to GF/B filter material than to GF/C filters. Comparing different scintillation cocktails, highest counting efficiency and shortest equilibration time were detected with Betaplatescint, after drying the plates at 50°C for 2 h. Measuring the plates without the plastic underdrain increased the counting efficiency by about 39% as compared with counting the plate with the underdrain intact. Presoaking the wells with 0.5% polyethyleneimine for 2 h reduced the nonspecific binding to the filter material by about 50%. A linear relationship of protein concentration and radioligand binding was established up to a protein concentration of 165 μg of protein/well. In the assays, 70 μg of protein/well was generally used, which has turned out to be favorable with respect to the number of counts obtained. When a higher concentration of protein was used, the period of time needed to aspirate the plate was too long because of obstruction of the filter material. Receptor-radioligand equilibration was reached after about 20 min at concentrations less than 0.05 nM [3H]ketanserin-HCl; at higher concentrations it was reached after about 10 min. Saturation analysis of [3H]ketanserin-HCI resulted in a mean Bmax of 393 fmol/mg protein and a KD of 2.0 nM using rat frontal cortex as a receptor source. Competition experiments with known 5-HT2A receptor ligands-DOB-HCI (Ki = 59 nM), DOET-HCl (Ki = 137 nM), DOM-HCl (Ki = 533 nM), DMT (K; = 1,985 nM), and TMA-HCl (Ki = 22,340 nM)-were in accordance with literature values.

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22

Kim, Hyuntai, Donguk Seo, Chanho Yoo, and Seogyeol Kim. "Theoretical Analysis of Soil Desalination Characteristics for Underdrain System at Reclaimed Tidal Land." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 57, no. 3 (May 30, 2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2015.57.3.087.

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23

Solé-Torres, Carles, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Miquel Duran-Ros, Gerard Arbat, Joan Pujol, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Effect of different sand filter underdrain designs on emitter clogging using reclaimed effluents." Agricultural Water Management 223 (August 2019): 105683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105683.

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24

Bové, Josep, Gerard Arbat, Toni Pujol, Miquel Duran-Ros, Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena, Joaquim Velayos, and Jaume Puig-Bargués. "Reducing energy requirements for sand filtration in microirrigation: Improving the underdrain and packing." Biosystems Engineering 140 (December 2015): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.09.008.

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25

Bové, Josep, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Gerard Arbat, Miquel Duran-Ros, Toni Pujol, Joan Pujol, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Development of a new underdrain for improving the efficiency of microirrigation sand media filters." Agricultural Water Management 179 (January 2017): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.06.031.

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26

Zhang, Kun, and Ting Fong May Chui. "Interactions between shallow groundwater and low-impact development underdrain flow at different temporal scales." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 23 (September 30, 2018): 3495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13272.

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27

Rowe, R. Kerry. "Contaminant impact assessment and the contaminating lifespan of landfills." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-029.

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Some of the factors to be considered in performing impact assessments for proposed municipal and non-hazardous waste landfill sites are discussed. These factors include the effect of the mass of contaminant, infiltration, and attenuation in the hydrogeologic system on the contaminating lifespan of a landfill. The potential impact of fracturing of the soil separating the landfill from an underlying aquifer is examined. The influences of a compacted clay liner and (or) a natural, intact clayey layer below the fractured soil are examined. The concept of developing "triggers" to initiate leachate control measures, and the associated potential impact on groundwater, is discussed in the context of the potential design life of the underdrain system in a landfill. Key words: environmental impact, contaminant migration, landfill, design, fractures, liners, groundwater, leachate collection.

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28

Fleming, I. R., R. K. Rowe, and D. R. Cullimore. "Field observations of clogging in a landfill leachate collection system." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 4 (November 22, 1999): 685–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-036.

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The findings from a rare opportunity to exhume, examine, and sample a granular underdrain leachate collection system at a large municipal landfill site are reported. The "clear stone" drainage blanket was constructed from uniform, coarse gravel (with a nominal 50 mm particle size) obtained by crushing dolomitic limestone. After exposure to municipal landfill leachate for 1-4 years, the drainage stone was found to contain a considerable mass and volume of clog and slime materials. These were composed of mineral precipitates, fine granular particulate, and biofilm, growing under the ambient anaerobic conditions prevalent below the landfilled waste. The spatial distribution, physical and hydraulic properties, and chemical and microbiological composition of this material were examined and compared with similar material recovered from a laboratory mesocosm. The findings suggest a theoretical framework for a model of clogging behaviour of leachate collection drains at municipal solid waste landfill sites.Key words: municipal waste, leachate, clogging, drainage, biofilm, cementation.

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29

Donaghue, Adrienne G., Naomi Morgan, Laura Toran, and Erica R. McKenzie. "The impact of bioretention column internal water storage underdrain height on denitrification under continuous and transient flow." Water Research 214 (May 2022): 118205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118205.

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30

Pujol, Toni, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Gerard Arbat, Adrián Vegas, Miquel Duran-Ros, Joan Pujol, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Numerical study of the effects of pod, wand and spike type underdrain systems in pressurised sand filters." Biosystems Engineering 200 (December 2020): 338–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.10.018.

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31

Sansalone, J. J., and S. G. Buchberger. "An infiltration device as a best management practice for immobilizing heavy metals in urban highway runoff." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0028.

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Anthropogenic constituents in highway runoff include metal elements and suspended solids which result from traffic activities, atmospheric deposition, roadway degradation and highway maintenance. A best management practice (BMP) for immobilizing heavy metals and suspended solids is a partial exfiltration trench (PET). A PET is designed to exfiltrate a percentage of infiltrated runoff to subsoil with the balance discharged through an underdrain. The PET functions through adsorptive-filtration, where dissolved metals are immobilized through sorption and metals associated with suspended solids are immobilized through filtration. An important PET design consideration is potential association of heavy metals with suspended solids. This paper investigates the correlation between heavy metals and suspended solids in highway runoff. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between heavy metal and suspended solid concentrations for snow washoff events and a poor correlation for rainfall-runoff events. Similar results are observed for correlations between metals and suspended particle sizes. From these findings, it is argued that a PET holds promise as a device for immobilizing metals associated with suspended solids transported during snow washoff and long duration rainfall events.

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32

KANDAKA, Shoma, Yojiro YAMASAKI, and Tomohiro HENMI. "2A2-J01 Detection of Cracks Inside Underdrain Using Monocular Camera Driven by a Robot Arm(Robot Vision(1))." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2012 (2012): _2A2—J01_1—_2A2—J01_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2012._2a2-j01_1.

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33

KANDAKA, Shoma, and Yojiro YAMASAKI. "904 A Method of Detecting a Crack Inside the Underdrain Waterway Using a Robot Arm with Monocular Camera." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2012.50 (2012): 90401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2012.50.90401.

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34

Alferness, Megan K., Alexandria R. Casares, and Steven C. Chiesa. "Evaluation of a Point-of-Use Electrocoagulation System for Arsenic Removal." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v11i1.6326.

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A point-of-use prototype electrocoagulation treatment system was designed and evaluated for its ability to remove arsenic from a synthetic groundwater. The system was comprised of an electrocoagulation reactor providing batch treatment, a rechargeable battery power source, an electrical monitoring and control module, and a granular media filter. The control module and the filter underdrain system were designed to improve user convenience. The system was able to consistently reduce arsenic concentrations to below 20 µg/L. Effluent soluble arsenic concentrations under 10 µg/L were deemed possible with enhanced effluent suspended solids removal techniques. Arsenic removal was found to be a function of the initial arsenic concentration and the cumulative charge dosage as measured in coulombs per liter of water treated. The steel plate size used in the electrocoagulation module influenced the current draw and the overall electrical efficiency of the system. The monitoring and control module allowed the system to produce up to 100 liters of treated water daily on a single battery charge and would automatically control charge and iron dosage. The point-of-use system was capable of meeting household potable demands for water where other treatment options are limited.

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35

Roy-Poirier, A., Y. Filion, and P. Champagne. "An event-based hydrologic simulation model for bioretention systems." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 9 (July 16, 2015): 1524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.368.

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Bioretention systems are designed to treat stormwater and provide attenuated drainage between storms. Bioretention has shown great potential at reducing the volume and improving the quality of stormwater. This study introduces the bioretention hydrologic model (BHM), a one-dimensional model that simulates the hydrologic response of a bioretention system over the duration of a storm event. BHM is based on the RECARGA model, but has been adapted for improved accuracy and integration of pollutant transport models. BHM contains four completely-mixed layers and accounts for evapotranspiration, overflow, exfiltration to native soils and underdrain discharge. Model results were evaluated against field data collected over 10 storm events. Simulated flows were particularly sensitive to antecedent water content and drainage parameters of bioretention soils, which were calibrated through an optimisation algorithm. Temporal disparity was observed between simulated and measured flows, which was attributed to preferential flow paths formed within the soil matrix of the field system. Modelling results suggest that soil water storage is the most important short-term hydrologic process in bioretention, with exfiltration having the potential to be significant in native soils with sufficient permeability.

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KANDAKA, Shoma, Yojiro YAMASAKI, and Tomohiro HENMI. "713 A Method of Detecting Cracks of Side Wall Inside Underdrain Using Monocular Camera Driven by a Robot Arm." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2013.51 (2013): _713–1_—_713–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2013.51._713-1_.

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Solé-Torres, Carles, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Miquel Duran-Ros, Gerard Arbat, Joan Pujol, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Effect of underdrain design, media height and filtration velocity on the performance of microirrigation sand filters using reclaimed effluents." Biosystems Engineering 187 (November 2019): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.09.012.

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Pham, Dong Duy, Sumiko Kurashima, Nobuo Kaku, Atsushi Sasaki, Jian Pu, and Toru Watanabe. "Bottom-to-top continuous irrigation of treated municipal wastewater for effective nitrogen removal and high quality rice for animal feeding." Water Supply 18, no. 4 (September 29, 2017): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.190.

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Abstract A bench-scale experiment to cultivate rice for animal feeding with continuous irrigation of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) in six different conditions was carried out to examine nitrogen removal from TWW, yield and quality of harvested rice, and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and rice grains. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) system comprising graphite felt electrodes was also installed to generate electricity in the paddy field. The highest rice yield (9.0 ton/ha), dry mass (12.4 ton/ha), and protein content (13.1%), an important nutrient in animal feed, were obtained when a bottom-to-top irrigation (TWW was supplied to the underdrain pipe) was applied at the highest flow rate. The bottom-to-top irrigation achieved 79 to 91% removal of nitrogen in TWW, which was much higher than the top-to-top irrigation (58%). No accumulation of heavy metals was found in the experimental soils, and heavy metal concentrations in brown rice were lower than the allowable levels of current standards. The electric output from the MFC system was much lower than that reported in normal paddy fields, probably due to the poor connection between cables and electrodes. Further study is necessary to improve the electricity generation and to continuously monitor heavy metals in brown rice and the soil.

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Tu, Min-cheng, and Robert Traver. "Performance of a Hydraulically Linked and Physically Decoupled Stormwater Control Measure (SCM) System with Potentially Heterogeneous Native Soil." Water 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071472.

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This study shows that a physically decoupled but hydraulically linked design focusing on surface infiltration components (i.e., excluding underdrain and infiltration bed systems) can be the preferred way to have a low-cost and robust stormwater control measure (SCM) system. The SCM under investigation in Philadelphia, PA, is a green infrastructure (GI) and has a mirrored design of two sets of hydraulically linked planters. Each planter has an overflow pipe connected to an underground infiltration bed. The system showed excellent overall performance as no overflow/bypass entering the combined sewer. A large variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity was found for the planter soil, and the planter with lower saturated hydraulic conductivity created surface runoff that overflows to the next planter in line. Due to the linked design, the unexpected deviation of performance of a single planter did not affect overall system performance. The infiltration bed showed great variation in water drawdown rate at different water depth, which could be caused by the possible high heterogeneity of the native soil. The study argued that overflow systems, which handled only about 18% of runoff in this study, can be replaced by slightly larger surface area for lower building cost, lower maintenance cost, and more reliable performance.

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Nara, Obednego Dominggus, Paulina Limba, and John Rikumahu. "The effect of underdrain box storage (UBS) as an instrument for reducingwater runoff in Mardika residential areas at Ambon City." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 7, no. 9 (2020): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.79.45.

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MacDonald, David V. "Denitrification by Fluidized Biofilm Reactor." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0169.

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The Rancho California Wastewater Reclamation Plant, which has a design capacity of 23.6 Ml/d, is located in Southern California approximately 64 km northeast of the City of San Diego. The effluent from this plant is used for irrigation and groundwater recharge. In order to protect the local groundwater from nitrate contamination, the plant must nitrify and subsequently denitrify to a nitrate-nitrogen concentration of 2.5 mg/l. The influent nitrate-nitrogen concentration, to the denitrification facility, is normally in the range of 15 to 20 mg/l. Denitrification is achieved by three upflow, fluidized bed biofilm reactors. The reactor is designed for a loading of 3.0 kg of N03−N per day per m3 of expanded bed volume. The upflow velocity is 0.4 cm/s and the reactor has an empty bed contact time of 10 minutes at design flow. Each reactor has a design capacity of 7.5 Ml/d. The biofilm is grown on a media of sand with an effective size of 0.6mm and a uniformity coefficient of 1.2. The reactor has a concrete perforated underdrain, 0.6 meters of support gravel and 1.2 meters of sand. Following a two month start-up period, the facility has consistently removed 95 to 100 percent of the nitrate nitrogen. The objective of this paper is to present the design criteria and evaluate one year of operating performance.

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Basitere, M., M. Njoya, Z. Rinquest, S. K. O. Ntwampe, and M. S. Sheldon. "Performance evaluation and kinetic parameter analysis for static granular bed reactor (SGBR) for treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater at mesophilic condition." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.010.

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Abstract Poultry slaughterhouses consume a substantial quantity of potable water during processing of live birds. Subsequently, high strength poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) is generated at different stages during poultry product processing. In this study, a Static Granular Bed Reactor (SGBR) was used to treat the PSW from a poultry processing facility in the Western Cape, South Africa. The performance of the SGBR was primarily evaluated for chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) removal with the kinetics of the treatment process for PSW being evaluated using both the Grau second-order and the modified Stover-Kincannon models to predict the effluent COD. The overall treatment efficiency averaged >80% when the SGBR was operated at steady state for 110 days' experimental trial. On the basis of the experimental results, the predicted values of the tCOD concentration using the Grau second-order and modified Stover Kincannon model were inconsistent with the experimental data indicating an insignificant correlation with predicted tCOD concentration being higher than the experimental data. The high variation between the modelled and experimental data based on both the Grau second order and modified Stover-Kincannon model was observed at higher organic loading rates when the reactor was fed with undiluted influent, phenomena attributed to tCOD entrapped inside the SGBR, especially during periods of clogging caused by the accumulation of suspended solids in the underdrain.

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Xingwen, Liu. "Research on Water Conservancy Project Construction and Operation Management based on Cost Management." E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127601034.

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With the development and progress of the economy and society, the management level of my country’s construction projects has also been greatly improved, especially in the construction of water conservancy projects, and the cost management in the process has made significant progress; the water conservancy industry is in order to improve the market of enterprises. Competitiveness, to increase the market share of the company, it is necessary to improve the management level of the company in an all-round way, and maximize the economic benefits of the company.In order to improve the efficiency of cost management and operation management in the construction of water conservancy projects, this study conducts a theoretical analysis of the project cost management, taking the reinforcement treatment of the expansion joints of the culverts of the main canal project of the first phase of the water diversion water supply as a research case, and analyzes the expansion joints of the culverts of the project. This paper conducts a comprehensive investigation, proposes a repair plan using chemical bonding with external TPO waterstop and PTN petroleum asphalt polyurethane joint material, and makes a detailed investment estimate for project implementation. The results show that the bonding externally attached TPO waterstop and PTN petroleum asphalt polyurethane joint materials can meet the needs of this design for strengthening and strengthening the waterstop of the expansion joint of the culvert. The total static investment of construction engineering, mechanical and electrical equipment and installation engineering, construction temporary engineering, independent costs and basic reserve costs is 4,585,800 yuan, of which the total cost of underdrain expansion joint treatment is 3,594,600 yuan, which is in line with expectations, indicating that the water conservancy project of this design. The cost management plan is feasible.

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Pankey, Eric. "Underdrawing." Missouri Review 22, no. 3 (1999): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1999.0080.

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Chiu, Te-Fu, and Charles D. Shackelford. "Laboratory Evaluation of Sand Underdrains." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 126, no. 11 (November 2000): 990–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2000)126:11(990).

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Idris, A., O. B. Yen, M. H. A. Hamid, and A. M. Baki. "Drying kinetics and stabilization of sewage sludge in lagoon in hot climate." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0259.

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A sludge lagoon has been adopted as a simple and cost effective method for dewatering of sludge. The processes occurring in a sludge lagoon include thickening, dewatering, storage and stabilization; all happening simultaneously. The objective of this study is to determine the dewatering and drying rates at pilot-scale which occur in a lagoon having different design configurations. Two types of sludge lagoons with different initial sludge depth (0.75 m and 0.375 m) were investigated to measure the drying behavior and drying efficiency. The first design is a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom where the dewatering mechanisms are decanting supernatant and evaporation. The second design is a sludge lagoon installed with a sand and underdrains system, where the dewatering mechanisms are filtration or draining and evaporation. Sludge drying kinetic models with high fitness were plotted to describe the sludge drying behavior. Drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom can best be described by an exponential function. Whereas, drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with sand and underdrains system followed a logarithmic function. A lagoon designed with sand and underdrains system and having shallower sludge depth was the most efficient. The reduction in volatile solids was lower than 4% during the study period. The drying process proceeded with an increase in dryness and decline in pH value.

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Afrin, T., N. B. Kaye, A. A. Khan, and F. Y. Testik. "Parametric Study of Perforated Pipe Underdrains Surrounded by Loose Aggregate." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 142, no. 12 (December 2016): 04016066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001214.

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Martin, William D., and Nigel B. Kaye. "Hydrologic Characterization of an Underdrained Porous Pavement." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 21, no. 2 (February 2016): 04015066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001303.

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Murphy, P., N. B. Kaye, and A. A. Khan. "Hydraulic Performance of Aggregate Beds with Perforated Pipe Underdrains Flowing Full." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 140, no. 8 (August 2014): 04014023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000740.

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Hou, Longfei, Yuanzhi Li, Xinming Qian, Chi-Min Shu, Mengqi Yuan, and Weike Duanmu. "Large-scale experimental investigation of the effects of gas explosions in underdrains." Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2, no. 2 (June 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2021.03.001.

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