Academic literature on the topic 'Underdrain'

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Journal articles on the topic "Underdrain"

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Wang, Hong Wu, Yun Feng Mao, Yuan Gao, Jin Hong Fan, Shan Fa Zhang, and Lu Ming Ma. "Analysis of Bioretention Cell Design Elements Based on Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST)." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1369.

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Sensitivity analysis of bioretention cell design elements can provide a theoretical basis for the design and construction of a bioretention cell. This study uses the storm management model (SWMM) and the bioretention infiltration RECARGA to generate runoff and outflow time series for calculation of hydrologic performance metrics. The hydrologic performance metrics include: the overflow ratio, groundwater recharge ratio, ponding time and underdrain flow ratio. The FAST method is chose to analyze sensitivity of design elements for two types of bioretention cell, one without underdrain and the other with underdrain. The results show that the surface area is the most sensitivity to most the hydrologic metrics for both types of bioretention, while the planting soil depth and the gravel depth are the two least sensitive elements. The saturated infiltration rates of planting soil and native soil are another two sensitive elements for bioretention cells without underdrain, but the saturated infiltration rate of planting soil and underdrain size are another two sensitive design elements for bioretention cells with underdrain.Keywords: Global sensitivity analysis; bioretention cell; design elements; FAST
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Purvis, Rebecca A., Ryan J. Winston, William F. Hunt, Brian Lipscomb, Karthik Narayanaswamy, Andrew McDaniel, Matthew S. Lauffer, and Susan Libes. "Evaluating the Hydrologic Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA." Water 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061291.

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Bioswales are a promising stormwater control measure (SCM) for roadway runoff management, but few studies have assessed performance on a field scale. A bioswale is a vegetated channel with underlying engineered media and a perforated underdrain to promote improved hydrologic and water quality treatment. A bioswale with a rip-rap lined forebay was constructed along state highway NC 211 in Bolivia, North Carolina, USA, and monitored for 12 months. Thirty-seven of the 39 monitored rain events exfiltrated into underlying soils, resulting in no appreciable overflow or underdrain volume. The bioswale completely exfiltrated a storm event of 86.1 mm. The one event to have underdrain-only flow was 4.8 mm. The largest and third-largest rainfall depth events (82.6 and 146 mm, respectively) had a large percentage (85%) of volume exfiltrated, but also had appreciable overflow and underdrain volumes exiting the bioswale, resulting in no peak flow mitigation. Overall, this bioswale design was able to capture and manage storms larger than the design storm (38 mm), showing the positive hydrologic performance that can be achieved by this bioswale. The high treatment capabilities were likely due to the high infiltration rate of the media and the underlying soil, longer forebay underlain with media, gravel detention layer with an underdrain, and shallow slope.
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Kim, S. G., K. J. Choi, H. J. Son, Y. C. Jun, J. B. Rhee, I. S. Shon, Y. D. Lee, and S. H. Kim. "Monitoring of coagulation performance and determination of coagulant dosage using a pilot in-line filter." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2006): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.147.

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A rapid method using the pilot in-line filter to detect any change in coagulation performance was proposed in this study. This method attempted to detect a change in coagulant dosage and mixing intensity by evaluating the filtrate quality of the in-line filter, which took the rapidly mixed water. Since the response time of this method was less than 10 min, it could be valuable to monitor the coagulation performance. The in-line filter was found more useful without underdrain. The in-line filter was more sensitive to a change in filtrate quality without underdrain than with underdrain. A new method, which combines a jar test with the in-line filter, was proposed to determine the coagulant dosage. This method reflected the actual plant situation more accurately than a jar test.
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Gao, Jianping, Junkui Pan, Ning Hu, and Chengzuo Xie. "Hydrologic performance of bioretention in an expressway service area." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 7 (February 8, 2018): 1829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.048.

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Abstract Bioretention can be an effective measure for stormwater treatment. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of the impact of bioretention design parameters on hydrologic performance. Herein, SWMM and RECARGA models were applied to generate the typical annual rainfall runoff and simulate the water balance of the bioretention system in an expressway service area. The purpose of the investigation was to identify key design parameters for the bioretention system and delineate the priorities in developing the design. Results showed that the average groundwater recharge ratios for bioretention basins with and without an underdrain were 58.29% and 92.27%, respectively, the average overflow ratios were 4.13% and 4.19%, the average evapotranspiration ratios were 4.48% and 4.47%, and the average outflow ratio for bioretention with an underdrain was 33.94%. The ratio of the bioretention area to drainage area, and the saturated infiltration rates of planting soil and native soil were the main factors influencing water balance, while the underdrain diameter and gravel layer depth exerted little effect. Based on the impact analysis, multivariate nonlinear regression models of runoff reduction rate for two types of bioretention basin were established, which both exhibited high determination coefficients and acceptable Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients.
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Gurganus, Charles F., Nasir G. Gharaibeh, and Tom Scullion. "Case Study on the Use of Mobile Lidar to Produce a Preliminary Drainage Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2655, no. 1 (January 2017): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2655-11.

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Inadequate and ineffective roadway and roadside drainage causes highway pavements to fail prematurely. For rehabilitation techniques to perform as desired, surface and subsurface drainage conditions must first be addressed. Mobile lidar is emerging as a safe and effective tool for collecting vast amounts of surface data that can assist in developing drainage designs. This paper presents a case study on the application of mobile lidar to develop a preliminary drainage design on US-75 in north Texas. A design is provided for an underdrain system that includes both longitudinal and lateral pipes. A roadside grading design is provided that works in concert with the underdrain design to move the water away from the pavement structure. Design constraints and challenges include a roadside ditch flow line higher than the pavement structure, slope stability concerns along the frontage road, front slope steepness along a high-speed corridor, and depth of cut within the pavement for installation of the underdrain. The preliminary design, developed from data collected with mobile lidar, was provided to the Texas Department of Transportation. This design has already been used to improve the drainage in the roadside ditch.
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Pujol, Joan, Francesc X. Espinach, Miquel Duran-Ros, Gerard Arbat, Toni Pujol, Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena, and Jaume Puig-Bargués. "Environmental Assessment of Underdrain Designs for Granular Media Filters in Drip Irrigation Systems." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060810.

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Irrigation is very important for global food production and, therefore, it is key to moving towards increasingly sustainable irrigation systems. However, the adoption of more efficient water-use techniques, such as drip irrigation, increases energy consumption. A large part of the efficiency of drip irrigation systems depends on the equipment used, such as filters. The environmental impact of three media filters (a prototype with a porous media underdrain and two commercial filters, with inserted domes and collector arms underdrains, respectively) with different bed heights, filtration rates, and medium materials was studied using the life cycle analysis (LCA). Under the operating conditions that minimize the impact, the inserted domes design has the lowest overall impact, achieving reductions of up to 432% and 18% in some impacts regarding the porous media and the collector arm, respectively. A porous media filter has a better energy performance, but its prototype status hinders it in the raw material, building, and end-of-life phases. Conversely, the arm collector has the worst environmental performance. This work shows that filter designs should prioritize solutions that allow for minimizing the energy consumption during their operation to increase its sustainability.
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Rowe, R. Kerry, and Preba Nadarajah. "Estimating leachate drawdown due to pumping wells in landfills." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 1 (March 25, 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-020.

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Pumping (extraction, purge) wells in the waste may be proposed as part of the design of new landfills to backup the leachate underdrain system. These wells are intended to control the leachate mound after there has been a failure of the underdrain system. Pumping wells in the waste have also been proposed to reduce the height in old landfills that are not engineered with a leachate underdrain system. Equations are developed herein for use in estimating the well radius/spacing required to control the leachate mound to a specified level for a number of different assumed conditions and hence can be used to aid the design engineer in assessing the viability of pumping wells in the waste as a leachate control measure. The equations consider the hydraulic conductivity of the waste and the percolation through the cover. It is shown that leakage through the landfill base can be readily considered provided that the leakage through the base is less than 80% of the percolation into the landfill. Anisotropy of the waste is considered. Correction factors are also presented to account for the effect of a reduction in hydraulic conductivity around the well due to biotic and abiotic clogging. The use of the equations is illustrated by examples. Key words: pumping wells, landfills, leachate control, design, applications, clogging.
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DeBra, Jacques. "Flows From Reservoir Underdrain Used for Irrigation." Opflow 16, no. 6 (June 1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1990.tb00215.x.

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Zhang, Xiang Dong, Qing Wen Li, Xue Bing Gu, and Gui Xiu Li. "The Analysis of Surface Subsidence Caused by Pipe Roof Reinforcement Method Construction in Hunhe Underdrain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.535.

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This paper is used to study on analysis and prediction of surface subsidence caused by pipe roof reinforcement method construction. Take one of the Shenyang's sewage disposal projects to be investigated, it monitored on field surface subsidence in construction of underdrain. During the measurement and monitoring, except for conventional measurement of surface subsidence according to code and peripheral convergence and so on, in order to analysis changes of stress and strain of the pipe roof in whole construction of underdrain. it respectively arranges JMZX-212 intelligent string type of strain gauge in both internal and external sides of vault and hance. It used the Element Birth/Death of finite element software basing on field data, using elastic-plastic and nonlinear finite element method. Material constitutive relationship used mohr-coulomb model, simulating process of tunnel of excavation and support, researching and stimulating surface subsidence. Value of surface settlement was calculated via numerical simulation in applying finite element theory, it based on prototype of engineering, which was in accord with measurement value in field. The correctness of soil constitutive model chosen and boundary conditions used is verified, meanwhile, numerical simulation shows validity of method.
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Venkataraman, Shekar, and Simon Morris. "FILTER UPGRADES: NEW UNDERDRAIN OPTION FOR TRAVELING BRIDGE FILTERS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2004, no. 9 (January 1, 2004): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864704784132724.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Underdrain"

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Solé, Torres Carles. "Underdrain design and operational conditions in sand media filters using reclaimed effluents in drip irrigation systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669332.

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At present, agriculture is the human activity which requires more volume of water. Given the importance and scarcity of this resource, the efficient use of water has become a priority. On one hand, if possible, it is necessary to use irrigation systems such as microirrigation that use water more efficiently. On the other hand, treated wastewater reuse by agriculture helps to have the necessary water at the same time that it allows to release water of higher quality for other uses. In this sense, microirrigation is the safest system to apply reclaimed effluents. However, its main problem is emitter clogging, which can negatively affect crop yields and system maintenance. In order to avoid emitter clogging, the use of filters is compulsory. Those filters that work better with effluents are sand filters, although, due to their pressure requirements, concentrate most of the energy demand of drip irrigation systems. This thesis determines the effect of three types of sand filters with different drainage designs (arm collector, inserted domes and porous media), two media height (0.2 and 0.3 m) and two filtration velocities (30 and 60 m/h) in the quality of filtered water, the pressure loss in the filters, the energy consumption of the system and emitter clogging
En l’actualitat, l’agricultura és l’activitat humana que requereix més quantitat d’aigua. Davant la importància i escassetat d’aquest recurs, l’ús eficient de l’aigua s’ha convertit en una prioritat. D’una banda i si és possible, es fa necessària la utilització de sistemes de reg com el reg per degoteig que empren de forma més eficient l’aigua. D’altra banda, la reutilització d’aigües residuals tractades per l’ús agrícola ajuda a disposar de l’aigua necessària per a reg al mateix temps que permet alliberar aigües de major qualitat per a altres usos. En aquest sentit, el reg per degoteig és el sistema més segur per aplicar aigües regenerades. No obstant això, el seu principal problema és l’obturació dels degoters, que pot afectar negativament al rendiment dels cultius i al maneig de la instal·lació. Per intentar evitar les obturacions, resulta imprescindible instal·lar filtres. Els que millor funcionen amb aquest tipus d’aigües són els filtres de sorra, encara que, degut a la pressió que requereixen, concentren la major part de demanda d’energia dels sistemes de reg per degoteig. En la present tesi es determina l’efecte de tres tipus de filtres de sorra amb diferents dissenys de drenatge (de braços col·lectors, de crepines inserides i de medi porós), l’alçada del medi filtrant (0.2 i 0.3 m) i la velocitat de filtració (30 i 60 m/h) en la qualitat de l’aigua filtrada, la caiguda de pressió en els filtres, el consum energètic del sistema i l’obturació dels degoters
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Vitteau, Clément. "Optimisation expérimentale et numérique de l’écoulement dans un filtre innovant pour le traitement de l’eau potable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ESMA0017.

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Le plancher filtrant est un composant essentiel au bon fonctionnement des filtres gravitaires rapides qui sont employés dans les stations de production d'eau potable ou de traitement des eaux usées. Son rôle principal consiste à collecter et distribuer les fluides de manière uniforme afin d'optimiser le filtre en termes de rendement en eau. Malgré l'importance de ce composant, les études expérimentales et numériques sur le sujet sont rares dans la littérature. Les écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques à l'intérieur du plancher filtrant pendant les phases de filtration et de lavage du filtre ainsi que l’impact du plancher sur le procédé de filtration gravitaire rapide sont peu étudiés. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a pour objectif de collecter des données expérimentales sur les écoulements à l'intérieur du plancher afin de déterminer les modèles de simulations numériques fluides les plus adaptés pour optimiser son fonctionnement. Le développement d’un banc d’essai à l’échelle semi-industrielle a permis d’obtenir expérimentalement des champs moyens de vitesse par des mesures PIV 2D2C (Particle Image Velocimetry 2D2C), ainsi que des mesures de différentiels moyens de pression dans différentes zones du plancher. Un second banc d’essai a été réalisé afin de caractériser le média filtrant utilisé dans le banc d’essai principal. Les données expérimentales ont ensuite été comparées aux résultats de simulations numériques URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) et RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) afin de définir le modèle de turbulence adapté au mode de fonctionnement du filtre. Ces simulations ont également permis de mieux comprendre l'influence du plancher filtrant sur l'écoulement à l'intérieur du média filtrant et d'identifier des pistes d'optimisation. Des mesures de taux de vide ont été effectuées à l'intérieur du drain pour différents rapports de vitesse de lavage entre l'eau et l'air, en utilisant une sonde optique de type pointe. Ces mesures, ainsi que les observations visuelles des écoulements pendant le lavage à l'air seul et le lavage simultané à l'air et à l'eau, permettront de déterminer la méthode de simulation diphasique la plus adaptée
The filter floor is an essential component in the operation of rapid gravity filters used in drinking water production or wastewater treatment plants. Its main role is to collect and distribute fluids uniformly to optimize the filter in terms of water yield. Despite the importance of this component, experimental and numerical studies on the subject are rare in the literature. Single-phase and two-phase flows inside the filter floor during the filtration and filter backwashing phases, as well as the impact of the floor on the rapid gravity filtration process, have been little studied. In this context, the aim of this study is to collect experimental data on the flows inside the underdrain to determine the most suitable numerical fluid simulation models for optimizing its operation. The development of a test bench on a semi-industrial scale made it possible to experimentally obtain mean velocity fields using 2D2C PIV measurements (Particle Image Velocimetry 2D2C), as well as mean pressure differential measurements in different areas of the floor. A second test facility was set up to characterize the filter media used in the main test rig. The experimental data was then compared with the results of URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) numerical simulations in order to define the turbulence model best suited to the filter's operating mode. These simulations also enabled us to gain a better understanding of the influence of the filtering floor on the flow inside the filter medium and to identify areas for optimization. Void fraction measurements were carried out inside the underdrain for different backwashing rate ratios between water and air, using a tip-type optical probe. These measurements, together with visual observations of the flows during air-only backwashing and simultaneous air and water backwashing, will be used to determine the most suitable two-phase simulation method
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Heppell, Catherine Margaret. "The fate of pesticide in underdrained clay soil." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670237.

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Haigh, R. A. "Water balance and water quality studies in an underdrained clay soil catchment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371543.

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Trias, i. Torres Ramon. "Icona i realitat. El cartró com element essencial a la pintura per capes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134800.

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La present tesi és de naturalesa experimental i explica diferents processos pictòrics, dels quals se n'extreu un cos teòric capaç de convertir-se en transmissor de coneixement. Per tant, és una tesi proveïda d'un marcat caràcter pedagògic. La tesi està molt implicada en el projecte artístic propi, tant, que en darrera instància ho ha dirigit vertebrant-ho. En un primer moment la tesi versava sobre com procedir per pintar “a la manera Flamenca”, manera pictòrica que es caracteritza per treballar el color i la llum de manera indirecta i acumulativa. A mesura que el coneixement sobre la tècnica pictòrica repercutia en la sofisticació amb la qual s'aplicava, malgrat i tota la millorança en l'aplicació de la tècnica, o fins i tot, a causa d'ella i de sa consegüent ampliació en les possibilitats figuratives i expressives, un aspecte essencial romania irresolt. L’aspecte era com procedir amb les eventuals alteracions de la imatge que implica el desenvolupament del fet pictòric. De fet, a mesura que s’avançava en el coneixement pictòric, més es dubtava de la possibilitat del canvi en si mateix, qüestionant fins a quin punt el pintor que utilitza un sistema pictòric indirecte és lliure d'alterar el seu pla d’imatge una vegada assentades les bases de dibuix. Aquest assumpte va acabar sent el nus de la tesi, es podria resumir en una pregunta: Es licit fer alteracions del dibuix inicial si es pinta per sostres pictórics determinants? El fet d'haver desenvolupat la manera pictòrica “a la Flamenca”, desvinculada de tota tradició viva i de manera pràcticament solitària, feia que en alguns moments es tengués por d’estar construint castells de sorra; per tant es necessitava un punt de suport sòlid i irrefutable des d’on poder revisar el sistema, i poder sentenciar sobre les alteracions. Aquest punt em va atreure, i la pintura bizantina va entrar en la meva vida. Primerament vaig aprendre la tècnica de pintura de les Icones a Xipre, successivament vaig desenvolupar una activitat paral•lela a la meva obra personal com iconògraf amb (òbvia) influència recíproca; i finalment, entre la tardor i l'hivern de 2009-10, vaig realitzar un estudi exhaustiu, sistemàtic i documental de la pintura bizantina grega per tal d’extrapolar, pel que fa a alteracions, a “la manera Flamenca”. Cal tenir present que la pintura bizantina crea les seves imatges mitjançant l'acumulació determinant de capes de llum-color, de manera altament organitzada. L'única diferència bàsica entre la pintura bizantina i el sistema pictòric “a la Flamenca” és que aquest darrer segrega en accions separades la llum del color. Les dues metodologies són en definitiva fàcilment equiparables, per tant, exportables en les seves constants processuals. A més, vist i considerat que la pintura bizantina és un sistema viu i que es va practicant ininterrompudament des dels dies en què el Cristianisme era la religió oficial de l'imperi Romà, els anteriors temors solipsistes desapareixen. La pràctica bizantina s'il•lustra —prèvia una breu introducció històrica al tema—, amb l'elaboració documentada de tres exemples d'Icona. Tot tres elaborats en la més estricta tradició bizantina grega escola de Creta, des de la construcció del suport inclús. Juntament amb les Icones, s'hi inclou l'elaboració documental d'una Tixografia o pintura mural bizantina. Amb la finalitat d'ampliar i reafirmar el que dels quatre exemples pràctics es desprèn, la secció bizantina es complementa amb una llarga visualització de la multipossibilitat d'opcions estètiques que intervenen en la creació d'una obra bizantina, a priori tan aparentment fitada i inamovible. L'estudi de les possibilitats en la praxi bizantina aconsegueix en no donar res per assegut, aguditzar la seva percepció i multiplicar-les fins a l'infinit; deixant ben palès fins que punt una obra pictòrica elaborada per capes és complexa en la seva manufactura, necessitada per tant de gran previsió projectual. Del bloc bizantí se n'extreu les següents conclusions: 1- En la pintura bizantina no es donen pràcticament alteracions de la imatge representada. Per corregir errors importants es tapa o s’esborra l'àrea afectada i es comença de bell nou el protocol pictòric. 2- Gràcies a utilitzar com a punt de partida, referent i guia del protocol creatiu una versió completament acabada de la mateixa Icona que s'està gestant, és possible pintar-la de manera unidireccional sense por a equivocar-se. 3- Si es volgués gestar una Icona des de l'escena mateixa, és a dir, generar un prototip, seria necessària una maqueta a escala 1:1 des d'on construir-la. Allà figurarien tots els aspectes de la nova imatge de manera detallada, alhora que el cromatisme i la seva ruta a seguir. Aquesta maqueta és coneguda com a cartró. El cartró que utilitzen regularment els pintors d’Icones contemporanis, és la fotocòpia d'una versió prèvia de la Icona que es pretén pintar. En no existir aquesta possibilitat al proveïment d'un prototip, solament quedarà l'opció de, mitjançant els estudis de dibuix que siguin necessaris, tancar el projecte per endavant. Llavors, a la pregunta de com d’acabat hauria de ser el dibuix preparatori per a un prototip, la resposta seria que hauria d'estar tan acabat com l'obra final. De manera que es podria afirmar que: Dibuix preparatori=resultat pictòric Totes aquestes consideracions es tracten i cristal•litzen en una definició precisa i útil del cartró perfecte per al treball pictòric per capes. Sobre la base del coneixement adquirit amb la pràctica bizantina, i aplicant les consideracions del capítol just acabat d'esmentar, es desenvolupen i s'il•lustren documentalment tres exemples de prototip d'obra pictòrica per capes”a la Flamenca”. Els dos primers exemples se sustenten en un cartró correcte, però solament correcte. En el primer d'ells es té sort en el seu desenvolupament, podent completar la peça sense problemes. En el segon exemple, en canvi, el procés es complica, havent d'improvisar sobre la marxa unes modificacions parcials que tampoc aconseguiran satisfer les necessitats de la imatge. Com a única solució, solament quedarà ampliar en estudis de dibuix a banda, la preparació de la imatge primer, i després incorporar-la a l'obra final, seguint el sistema bizantí correctiu, que és com ja s'ha dit, tapar i recomençar des de l'inici la part afectada. El tercer exemple es construeix sobre la base d'un cartró no correcte com en els dos casos anteriors, sinó perfecte, obtenint un desenvolupament pictòric a l'una. La demostració de la tesi es veu coronada amb la incorporació de dos exemples d'inestimable vàlua, pel definitori en el seu plantejo i desenvolupament. Els exemples estan meticulosament documentats, però amb la seva presència en el llibre final destil•lada, a fi de no fer-los immanejables o incomprensibles. El primer exemple documenta l'elaboració d'una obra complexa sustentada en un cartró premeditadament obert a les hipotètiques variables que el procés pictòric pugui suggerir a la imatge. El resultat pictòric és poc menys que un gran fracàs, una obra densament embafadora, que a més, va exigir un treball exagerat, demostrant els postulats de la tesi. El segon exemple té la particularitat d'utilitzar dos tipus de resolució diferents en el cartró per a sengles àrees diferenciades de l'obra. Un d'ells és correcte, l'altre és perfecte. El resultat pictòric final demostra que com millor sigui el cartró per a una obra pictòrica per capes, millor invariablement serà aquesta. Amb la intenció d'il•lustrar el procés de destil•lació d'una imatge preparatòria, tres exemples més d'obra personal completen la tesi. Els dos primers exemples recullen raonadament els esbossos per a obra de petit format, sobre paper i a l'aquarel•la. El tercer exemple, bastant més ambiciós, comprèn el material preparatori per a una futura obra pictòrica de gran envergadura, encara en procés de gestació. La tesi, arribant al final dels sistemes pictòrics per capes, afirma el següent: 1- En el dibuix preparatori s'ha d'experimentar l'èxtasi creatiu de la futura peça. És a dir, el nus de l'obra es resol en el cartró, restant el treball pictòric en el suport últim com una activitat dirigida i programada des del primer, desproveïda sobretot de suspens i incògnites. 2- Qualsevol alteració en l'obra pictòrica concebuda per capes s’haurà de considerar com quelcom precari, per tant, les correccions no formen part del procés natural creatiu, sinó que en són una tara. 3- No solament el dibuix preliminar o cartró ha d'estar detallat fins al màxim, sinó que aquest s'haurà de transcendir de manera precisa en bolcar-ho al suport últim, ja que el treball pictòric es desenvolupa sempre de particular a general i no a l'inrevés com podria semblar en un principi.
The thesis “Icon & Reality: Cartoon as an essential element in paint layers” deals with the problem of preparatory work in paint layers. It should emphasize on strong experimental nature of research, which is mainly focused on practical and pedagogical application. The thesis is based on the idea of developing and analyzing the old Flemish painting technique, nowadays abandoned, but in a natural and necessary way it flowed until got focused on one of its specific aspects, the apparent lack of technique’s capacity for corrections, while the image is pictorially constructed. Therefore, the key question that summarizes the thesis is: Relevant changes are or are not possible in an image while this is pictorially constructed by an indirect method, as might be the Flemish. The initial work to study the subject interweaves with other similar spiritual subject – Byzantine painting – an artistic form with regular practice in large parts of Europe still today. By comparing both working ways, circumstantial aspects tend to fade and then is easier to get clear and understand the essence of the image constructed by addition of paint layers. The author creates, search and collects a generous number of examples in both mentioned above pictorial techniques. The examples are extended in two more types of paintings, one using third painting technique also imbued with similar problems, and another getting focused in exclusively drawings’ aspects. Of all the experimental material, a number of conclusions regarding the preparatory, general and procedural implementation work are extracted in the following summary. The ecstasy of the creative work should be experienced through preparatory drawings. That is, the climax of the painting must be developed on the cartoon reminding the consequent pictorial work in the strict support as a drawing’s programmed and directed task. No suspense or unknown activity must be in the specifically painting work. Any correction in painting of the original projected drawn image should be considered as something precarious, as a tare. The preliminary drawing or cartoon should be detailed to the max, and, be transferred accurately in its complexity to the ultimate format.
La tesis “Icono y Realidad: El Cartón como elemento esencial a la pintura por capas” versa sobre la problemática preparatoria de la pintura por capas determinante. Cabe destacar del trabajo de investigación su marcado carácter experimental, orientado sobre todo a la aplicación práctica y pedagógica. La tesis, partiendo en un principio de la idea de desarrollar a la práctica una técnica pictórica en desuso hoy, como es la Flamenca, acaba centrándose de manera natural y necesaria en uno de sus aspectos concretos; su hipotética falta de capacidad aparente para obrar correcciones mientras se construye el cuerpo pictórico. La pregunta clave que resume la Tesis sería la siguiente: ¿Son posibles las alteraciones relevantes de la imagen que se construya utilizando a una metodología pictórica indirecta, como podría ser la Flamenca? El trabajo inicial sujeto a estudio se imbrica con otra de talante semejante, la pintura Bizantina, cuya praxis regular aún pervive en amplias zonas de Europa. El motivo es conseguir —mediante la comparación— borrar lo circunstancial y llegar a la esencia de las imágenes construidas por adicción de estratos pictóricos. El propio autor realiza y recoge testimonio documental de una generosa cantidad de ejemplos en las dos técnicas pictóricas ya mencionadas. Ejemplos que se extienden en dos tipologías mas; unos elaborados desde una tercera técnica pictórica imbuida de problemática similar, y otros centrándose exclusivamente en los aspectos de dibujo. De todo el material experimental se extrae una serie de conclusiones respecto al trabajo preparatorio, genéricas y de aplicación procesual que en resumen son las siguientes: 1- En el dibujo preparatorio debe experimentarse el extasis creativo de la futura obra. Es decir, el nudo de la obra se desarrolla sobre el carton; siendo el consiguiente trabajo pictorico en el soporte último una actividad dirigida y programada desde el primero, sin suspense ni incognitas. 2- Cualquier corrección de la imagen original de la pieza pictorica por capas se deberá considerar como algo precario, como una tara. 3- El dibujo preliminar o cartón debe estar detallado al máximo, y ser traspasado al formato último de manera precisa y preciosista, so pena de perder todo lo estudiado en el primero.
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Pirtle, Gary N. "Underdrain systems for large structures placed below the groundwater table." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22163.

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Books on the topic "Underdrain"

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering, ed. Maintenance of pavement underdrain system. Washington, D.C. (400 Seventh St., SW., Washington 20590): U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, 1995.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering., ed. Maintenance of pavement underdrain system. Washington, D.C. (400 Seventh St., SW., Washington 20590): U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, 1995.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering., ed. Maintenance of pavement underdrain system. Washington, D.C. (400 Seventh St., SW., Washington 20590): U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, 1995.

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Panders, Janneke. The underdrawing of Giovanni di Paolo: Characteristics and development. Berlin: J. Panders, 1997.

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L'underdrawing del disegno genovese: Dentro la genesi dell'opera grafica attraverso l'esame nell'infrarosso. Genova: Genova University Press, 2014.

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Galassi, Maria Clelia. Il disegno svelato: Progetto e immagine nella pittura italiana del primo Rinascimento. Nuoro: Ilisso, 1998.

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Belgium) Colloque pour l'étude du dessin sous-jacent et de la technologie de la peinture (11th 1995 Louvain. Le dessin sous-jacent et la technologie dans le peinture: Perspectives. Louvain-la-Neuve: Collège Érasme, 1997.

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Underdrawing in paintings of the Rogier van der Weyden and Master of Flémalle groups. Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers, 1992.

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Gabriele, Finaldi, Garrido Carmen, and Carcelén Laura Alba, eds. El trazo oculto: Dibujos subyacentes en pinturas de los siglos XV y XVI. Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado, 2006.

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1944-, Verougstraete-Marcq Hélène, Schoute R. van, and Dubois Anne, eds. La peinture dans les pays-bas au 16e siècle: Pratiques d'atelier : infrarouges et autres méthodes d'investigation. Leuven: Peeters, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Underdrain"

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Bellucci, Roberto, and Cecilia Frosinini. "CHAPTER 13. Underdrawing in Paintings." In Science and Art, 269–86. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839161957-00269.

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Foster, I. D. L., A. S. Chapman, R. M. Hodgkinson, A. R. Jones, J. A. Lees, S. E. Turner, and M. Scott. "Changing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus loads and pathways in underdrained lowland agricultural catchments; Herefordshire and Worcestershire, U.K." In The Interactions between Sediments and Water, 119–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3366-3_17.

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"underdrain." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1451. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_210163.

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"deep underdrain." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 346. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_40726.

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"underdrain, v." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/1532574433.

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"underdrawn, adj." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/1518728620.

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"underdrawing." In The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Fashion. Fairchild Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365287.2938.

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"underdraw, v." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/2593713412.

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"Technical Commentaries: Underdrawing." In Watercolors by Winslow Homer: The Color of Light. Art Institute of Chicago, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00173.024.

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Borchert, Till-Holger. "Jan van Eyck’s Underdrawing of Portraits." In Van Eyck Studies, 241–55. Peeters Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1q26whc.22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Underdrain"

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Fink, Jay J., Donald G. Gallucci, and David M. Elmer. "Sanitary Sewer and Underdrain Separation." In Pipeline Division Specialty Conference 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40574(2001)56.

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Sileshi, Redahegn, Robert Pitt, and Shirley Clark. "Examining the Clogging Potential of Underdrain Material for Stormwater Biofilter." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)383.

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Chen, Sidian, Huapeng Qin, and Shuxiao Li. "Modeling of Streamflow in an Underdrain System of Vegetated Dry Swales." In International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481042.010.

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Kumar, Narender. "Effective Use of an Underdrain System in Construction on Expansive Subsoils." In Biennial Geotechical Seminar 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412633.0011.

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Kałuża, M., M. Kopeć, and R. Olbrycht. "Application of thermography for painting underdrawing detection." In 2016 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. QIRT Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2016.050.

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Dinwiddie, R. B., and S. W. Dean. "Case study of IR reflectivity to detect and document the underdrawing of a 19thcentury oil painting." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Jonathan J. Miles, G. Raymond Peacock, and Kathryn M. Knettel. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.669219.

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Reports on the topic "Underdrain"

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Wukasch, Ronald, and Adil Siddiqui. Remediation of Hazardous Effluent Emitted from Beneath Newly Constructed Road Systems and Clogging of Underdrain Systems. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313305.

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Gonzales D. Calculation Package for the Analysis of Performance of Cells 1-6, with Underdrain, of the Environmental Management Waste Management Facility Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984473.

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PARSONS ENGINEERING SCIENCE INC DENVER CO. Redmedial Action Plan for the Risk-Based Remediation of Site ST14 (SWMU 68), LPSTID 104819; the Former Base Refueling Area (A0C7); the French Underdrain System (SWMU 64); and the North Oil/Water Separator (SWMU 67), Carswell Air Force Base, Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base, Texas. Volume 1: Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381545.

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