To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Underclass.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Underclass'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Underclass.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Cieslik, Mark. "Youth, disadvantage and the underclass in South Wales." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244199.
Full text
2
Walsh, Tamara. "Overruling the underclass? : homelessness and the Law in Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16161/1/Tamara_Walsh_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives.
This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious.
The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles.
The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights.
The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues.
Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.
3
Walsh, Tamara. "Overruling the Underclass? Homelessness and the Law in Queensland." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16161/.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.
4
McPeters, Anthony. "Discipling African-American men who make up the socioeconomic underclass." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
5
Brydon, Thomas Robert Craig. "Poor, unskilled and unemployed : perceptions of the English underclass, 1889-1914." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32900.
Full textAbstract:
From the families of dockside London to the cautious cabinets of the Edwardian 'new liberals,' the search was on, after 1889, for a class of men Charles Booth characterized as so low in moral character as to require elimination from society-at-large. Responding as best they could, the poorest third of England's workers attempted desperately, yet usually failed, to avoid the stigma of the 'loafer' as they weathered economic downturn, increased policing, the fallout of deskilling, and the hatred and hysteria of a society, particularly in the wake of the Boer War, that refused them the status even of 'men'. In laws and literature, England's reforming and governing classes found their answers in Idealism, a philosophical movement taking progressive, moderate and labour leaders under its fold, and encouraging an understanding of poverty, and responses to it, on the basis of character alone. Piecemeal programmes and partial remedies for a host of principally urban, predominantly working-class social problems were the result, and they point---in a period of ostensibly 'progressive' housing and unemployment reform---to a disturbing, quasi-authoritarian policy demanding nothing less than social apartheid.
6
Caldwell, Nicola. "Poor behaviour : the American underclass in history, politics and social science." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421608.
Full text
7
Van, Der Merwe Christine. "Creating a new underclass : labour flexibility and the temporary employment services industry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003079.
Full textAbstract:
The core of the research focuses on the Temporary Employment Services (TES) Industry and its ability to provide labour flexibility for a number of client firms. The underlying notion that work is changing and becoming more flexible creates an exploratory realm for the concept of non-standard employment. The thesis draws on the conceptual model of the „flexible firm‟ and argues that the rise in non-standard forms of employment, particularly temporary employment within the TES industry, is primarily a result of the demand for labour flexibility. The TES industry that offers „labour on demand‟ is found to be an extremely secretive industry that is diverse in both its structure and services. The thesis reveals that the clients within the triangular employment relationship (TER) are reaping the most benefits especially with regard to escaping their obligations as the employer. The thesis explores human resource practices, unfair labour practices and the extensive loopholes exploited by the TES industry because of poor regulation. Consequently, the industry creates an „underclass‟ that is unprotected, insecure and easily exploitable. Qualitative research techniques were used in the form of semi-structured interviews. The thesis provides insights into the demand and supply of temporary workers in Port Elizabeth and addresses the problems associated with a TER and the TES industry as a whole.
8
Parenti, Christian. "Policing the theme park city." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325921.
Full text
9
McAlister, Siobhan Martha. "An ethnographic investigation of 'underclass youth' : A case study of blossom hill, Teesside." Thesis, Teesside University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521880.
Full textAbstract:
This research hinges around an ethnographic investigation of what have termed 'underclass' or 'excluded youth'. Located in' a physically isolated and multiply deprived estate - situated in a place deemed to be a prime underclass locale - it examines the extent to which the lived reality of young people's lives in poor places is reflected accurately in recent theories of such lives. Through periods of intensive observation, participant observation and in-depth qualitative interviews with 34 young people, it explores the key themes within these theories (namely attitudes, experiences and aspirations towards education, employment and work, the family, parenthood and independence and crime and community). Despite concerns that young people are detached or excluded from these areas of life, the thesis argues that young people remain attached to the world of work, that the family and parenting are held in high regard, that criminal behaviour is often transitory and that there is a strong attachment to community. In short, then, the research concludes that underclass theories fail to capture the intricacies and realities of the transitions and experiences of so-called underclass youth. Whilst social exclusion discourses do allow for greater understanding of the socioeconomic forces that work to constrain the agency of young people, they - like underclass theories - sometimes over-emphasise choice in the making of youth transitions. Additionally, social exclusion discourses can operate with a similar victimblaming ethos and overestimate the alleged social and moral detachment of young people. Finally, contrary to some of the more convincing social structural analyses of poverty and social exclusion in the US and UK, the thesis argues that in this context blocked opportunities do not generate socio-cultural responses that themselves were significant in generating exclusion. Rather, the ethnography emphasises continued attachment to older forms of working-class culture, life-style and aspirations.
10
Crowther, C. P. "The 'underclass' debate : the police policy process and the social construction of order." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265163.
Full text
11
Tlili, Anwar. "The discursive construction of the underclass : historical precursors, contemporary images and 'social exclusion'." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411856.
Full text
12
Leonel, Wilton Bisi. "(Neo)conservadores da lei e da ordem: hegemonia e controle penal da "underclass"." Faculdade de Direito de Vitoria, 2018. http://191.252.194.60:8080/handle/fdv/493.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Ana Paula Galdino (repositorio@fdv.br) on 2019-02-01T18:58:29Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Wilton Bisi Leonel - embargo.pdf: 5367135 bytes, checksum: 461d955de354e55491ceb75c986714d6 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Galdino (repositorio@fdv.br) on 2019-02-01T18:58:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilton Bisi Leonel - embargo.pdf: 5367135 bytes, checksum: 461d955de354e55491ceb75c986714d6 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-01T18:58:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilton Bisi Leonel - embargo.pdf: 5367135 bytes, checksum: 461d955de354e55491ceb75c986714d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-20
Esta tese pretende oferecer uma interpretação crítico-criminológica ao fenômeno da hipertrofia do sistema penal estadunidense e à criminalização massiva da pobreza naquele país. Defende-se a hipótese de que, longe de realizar seus objetivos oficialmente declarados - promover segurança pública aos cidadãos -, o sistema penal estadunidense tem sido parte essencial de um projeto hegemônico-ideológico das classes dominantes cujo propósito é o de legitimar tanto o desmonte do Estado de Bem-Estar Social quanto instaurar um “Estado de Segurança”, calcado na expansão dos poderes do complexo-militar industrial, das gigantes corporativas privadas e do sistema penal. Almeja-se demonstrar a importância da narrativa dos intelectuais neoconservadores que identificaram (a) a corrosão de todas as formas de autoridade produzida pela libertinagem da contracultura dos anos 1960; (b) o igualitarismo dos programas sociais de distribuição de renda; (c) e a leniência do sistema penal como causas centrais para o aumento vertiginoso da criminalidade de rua, do uso e do tráfico de drogas, considerados naquela narrativa as principais lesões sociais. Ademais, aqueles intelectuais imputam o protagonismo daquelas lesões a uma underclass, um grupo minoritário composto por indivíduos intratáveis, irresponsáveis, imorais, perigosos e não-merecedores. Verifica-se também o papel fundamental desempenhado pelos meios de comunicação de massa ao endossar e difundir socialmente a narrativa neoconservadora, concorrendo para a justificação tanto da extinção de programas sociais quanto para a ampliação do poder e para a militarização das forças policiais, para o aumento da severidade das leis penais e para a reorientação do cárcere em direção à incapacitação dos “perigosos”. A tese sustenta que a criminalização massiva contribui decisivamente para construir uma identidade social pejorativa dos pobres (sobretudo, não brancos), atribuindo-lhes a responsabilidade por sua própria condição e o protagonismo dos comportamentos socialmente mais destrutivos. Os intelectuais neoconservadores, os meios de comunicação de massa e o sistema penal têm colaborado para propagar a (pretensa) superioridade racional e moral tanto do sistema de livre mercado capitalista quanto do “punitivismo” neoconservador, defletindo da atenção pública as lesões socialmente muito mais prejudiciais produzidas tanto pela reestruturação neoliberal da economia estadunidense quanto pelas ações das gigantes corporativas privadas.
This thesis intends to offer a critical-criminological interpretation to the phenomenon of hypertrophy of the United States penal system and to the massive criminalization of poverty in that country. We argue that, far from achieving its officially stated objectives - to promote public safety for citizens -, the United States penal system has been an essential part of a hegemonic-ideological project of the ruling classes, whose purpose is to legitimize both the dismantling of the Welfare State and instituting a “State of Security”, based on the expansion of the powers of the military-industrial complex, the private corporate giants and the penal system. We aim to demonstrate the importance of the narrative of neoconservative intellectuals who identified (a) the corrosion of all forms of authority produced by the 1960s counterculture profligacy; (b) the egalitarianism of social income distribution programs; (c) and the leniency of the penal system as central causes for the dizzying increase in street crime, drug use and trafficking, considered by that narrative as the main social lesions. In addition, these intellectuals attribute the protagonism of those injuries to an underclass, a minority group composed of intractable, irresponsible, immoral, dangerous and undeserving individuals. There is also a fundamental role played by the mass media in endorsing and socially disseminating the neoconservative narrative, contributing to the justification of the extinction of social programs, as well as to the expansion of power and the militarization of the police forces, to increase the severity of criminal laws and to the reorientation of the prison towards the incapacitation of the “dangerous ones”. The thesis holds that mass criminalization contributes decisively to building a pejorative social identity of the poor (especially non-whites), assigning them responsibility for their own condition and the protagonism of socially destructive behaviors. Neo-conservative intellectuals, the mass media, and the penal system have collaborated to propagate the (supposedly) rational and moral superiority of both the free-market capitalist system and neoconservative “punitivism”, deflecting from public attention the socially much more damaging injuries produced by the neoliberal restructuring of the US economy and by the actions of the private corporate giants.
13
Paczkowski, Rafal. "Poland after 1989 : a shift to postmaterialism or a rise of the underclass? /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07102009-040409/.
Full text
14
Hunter, Boyd Hamilton, and Boyd Hunter@anu edu au. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 1996. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080215.102127.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employmentpopulation ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶
A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶
The more formal analysis of the causes of increasing inequality commences with a shift share analysis of the changes in employment levels. The results show that national changes in industry structure play an important role in determining the intra-urban distribution of employment. The index of sectoral change also varies systematically within Australian cities, with sectoral change being concentrated in low status areas. The apparent importance of industry structure in determining the geographic dispersion of employment points to employment demand being a significant part of the story.¶
Basic regression techniques and principal component analysis are also used to shed light on several possible inter-related causes and effects of the increasing inequality of employmentpopulation ratios including: increased concentrations of personal characteristics, spatial mismatch, neighbourhood effects and the development of an underclass.¶
There are three main findings about the causes and effects of neighbourhood employment inequality. Firstly, spatial mismatch within or between Australian cities is not an important explanation of the changes in the geographic dispersion of employment. Outside Sydney the location of workers vis-à-vis firms does not influence neighbourhood employmentpopulation ratios. However, even in Sydney, spatial mismatch provides a very limited explanation of neighbourhood inequality.¶
Secondly, substantial neighbourhood-specific effects on employmentpopulation ratios are apparent in the bottom decile(s) of urban neighbourhoods ranked by socio-economic status. These neighbourhood effects explain between one and two-thirds of the differential between the top and bottom decile. The rest of the differential can be explained by differences in endowments of personal characteristics such as human capital variables.¶
Finally, there is convincing evidence that class, and perhaps even an Australian underclass, are important determinants of the distribution of employment outcomes. The underclass in Australia, as measured using techniques similar to US studies, is still very small but is increasing at an alarming rate. However, the sensitivity analysis shows that the underclass, so measured, is closely related to a more general concept of class captured in standard socio-economic status indexes.¶
The scope of this thesis is limited by the regional aggregates supplied in all four censuses. Regional aggregates prevent us from asking subtle questions about who is being affected by the observed changes. The lack of adequate individual-level migration data for neighbourhoods means that it is not possible to directly test any hypothesis about social mobility. This thesis is merely a preliminary analysis of whether the local social environment is important.
15
Buckingham, Alan. "The underclass debate : testing the arguments using evidence from a British longitudinal data set." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367350.
Full text
16
Johnson, Bryan Michael. "The Miseducation of the Underclass: A Historical Political Analysis of No Child Left Behind." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2008. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/553.
Full textAbstract:
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) (2002) is the most significant piece of federal education legislation since the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) in 1965. The policy changes made through NCLB, though, did not emerge from a vacuum: NCLB is a product of our times, an evolved cousin of previous policy texts that have influenced its creation and implenetation.
This study seeks to understand the historical antecedents to NCLB, the political intent behind NCLB, and the effect of this legislation on students of low socioeconomic status. Using a historical political analysis of policy texts, secondary artifacts, and narrative analysis of policy activity, this study discusses the historical foundations for NCLB, the intersection of NCLB and A Nation at Risk, and their effects upon students of low socioeconomic status. Finally, this study posits recommendations for enacting socially just, policy-based education reform in the United States.
17
Haylett, Christine M. "The making of a British 'underclass' in the 1990s : a geography of power/knowledge." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21294.
Full textAbstract:
Following a critical discussion of the theories of knowledge developed in the work of Michel Foucault, Bruno Latour and Nancy Fraser this thesis shows the spaces of 'underclass' to be produced by the workings of power/knowledge, practices by socially embedded individuals and situated within networks of relations. The contemporary configuration of those networked spaces is examined via three case studies each of which is the subject of a chapter. They are: a comparative ethnography of an international policy conference on 'Stakeholding' and a number of DSS waiting rooms in the South of England; an interview based analysis of prominent feminist speaking positions in the field of political and cultural commentary on 'underclass'; and a popular cultural cartography of 'underclass' based on two contemporary films. These three case studies are generically diverse but are shown to be connected by relations of power/knowledge in a process of contestation over contemporary notions of welfare. The delineation of new relationships between gender and economy, and between the 'independent' and the 'dependent' (primarily 'non-working' parents, children and long term benefit recipients) is argued to be central to 'underclass' discourse. This thesis shows how the discourse has partly developed through the work of the mainstream political Left on notions of 'Stakeholding' and 'Welfare to Work', and partly through prominent feminist commentaries on poor, working class masculinities and the 'needs' and 'wants' of single mothers. These knowledges are problematised specifically in terms of their class location and contested through both my own and two filmic narratives of working class poverty. In this thesis those narratives are presented as subjugated knowledges of the discourse of 'underclass' which refuse and accuse traditional theories and practices of authoritative knowledge. They are argued to challenge the power-laden binaries of fact and affect, of work and care, of public and private, of the professional and the unqualified; and to suggest a need for the strategic engagement of a socialist-feminist politics that is attuned to the classed and gendered complexities of 'underclass' discourse.
18
Hills, Franklin. "The middle class religious ideology and the underclass struggle : a growing divide in black religion." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001587.
Full text
19
Hills, Franklin Jr. "The Middle-Class Religious Ideology and the Underclass Struggle: A Growing Divide in Black Religion." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3833.
Full textAbstract:
The trajectory of religious phenomena has been to give a reflective, yet
formative understanding of the ethos endemic to a culture. Pursuant to this
thought, the ethos of African American religion can rightfully be described as a
religious sociological construct, mired in a myriad of changes. These changes
have had a profound effect on how African Americans relate to their God, their
world, and themselves. The chief aim of this enterprise is to chronicle the
transformation of Black Religion in the United States, noting the social and
economic factors that served synergistically to formulate its current mission. I
conclude that the advancements made during the Civil Rights Era have served
as an impetus, within the past thirty years, that has resulted in a shift in the
mission of Black Religion. I contend that this shift is away from the traditional
communal appeal to a more individualistic appeal that substantiates middle-class
African American religious ideology. I further contend that the rise of the African
American middle-class religious ideology has contributed to the perpetual state of
the African American underclass as illustrated in Black Religion. In undertaking
this effort, I have drawn from an assortment of books and articles in addition to
church literature, audio sermons, and personal interviews.
In establishing a premise for this argument, this thesis will explore the
religious modus vivendi of early slaves. The Black Church was born out of the
need to combat the atrocities and vicissitudes that were directly and indirectly a
result of slavery. Slavery, therefore, provides a meaningful basis in which to
begin to understand the embryonic stage of the church. After examining the
formative years of Black Religion, I will then construct a cogent argument as to
how the Civil Rights Movement employed Black Religion as a tool to empower
the Black community, thus appealing to the community. I will then proceed to
compare how Black Religion was employed during the Civil Rights Era to how it
is employed presently. This comparison will provide the premise for my
argument.
20
Johnson, Meghan Taylor. "Poor Things: Objects, Ownership, and the Underclasses in American Literature, 1868-1935." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505279/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores both the production of underclass literature and the vibrancy of material between 1868-1935. During an era of rampant materialism, consumer capitalism, unchecked industrialism, and economic inequality in the United States, poor, working class Americans confronted their socioeconomic status by abandoning the linear framework of capitalism that draws only a straight line between market and consumer, and engaging in a more intimate relationship with local, material things – found, won, or inherited – that offered a sense of autonomy, belonging, and success. The physical seizure of property/power facilitated both men and women with the ability to recognize their own empowerment (both as individuals and as a community) and ultimately resist their marginalization by leveling access to opportunity and acquiring or creating personal assets that could be generationally transferred as affirmation of their family's power and control over circumstance. Reading into these personal possessions helps us understand the physical and psychological conflicts present amongst the underclasses as represented in American literature, and these conflicts give rise to new dynamics of belonging as invested in the transformative experience of ownership and exchange. If we can understand these discarded, poor, and foreign things and people as possessing dynamic and vibrant agency, then we will change the ethics of objectifying and ostracizing discarded, poor, and foreign humans, then and now.
21
Boyd, Christopher M. "Patterns of delay and non-use of prenatal care services among underclass women: a social psychological analysis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38628.
Full textAbstract:
This study attempted to determine the relation between womens' anticipation of Esteem-Threat, their level of satisfaction, and their utilization of prenatal care services in the public assistance setting. One-hundred twenty-six women completed a battery of questionnaires during an initial clinic visit. Measures of patient datisfaction were completed after a minimum of four clinic visits. Results showed a significant linear relation between womens' anticipation of Esteem-Threat and satisfaction with services. No relations were found between Esteem-Threat and the timing of entry into prenatal care. A small, statistically significant relation was found between Esteem-Threat and the number of appointments kept. Results are discussed in the context of the limitations of the sample and the psychometric properties of the measures. Future applications of the Esteem-Threat model are also discussed.Ph. D.
22
Melson, Gerald K. "Analysis of Underclass Black Male Skepticism of Educational, Business and Governmental Organizations in Cincinnati, Ohio, 2000-2004." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1214945187.
Full text
23
Cox, Glenda. "Cobern Street burial ground : investigating the identity and life histories of the underclass of eighteenth century Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14289.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 215-239.The Cobern Street site was shown to be a burial ground only in 1994, when a number of skeletons were disinterred prior to building operations. Attempts to locate documentary records of the burials have been unsuccessful, and we do not know who these people were. The lack of documentary records is unusual, and suggests that Cobern Street may have been the burial ground for lower-class citizens. From the history of the site, and the few items buried with the bodies, we can deduce that they are eighteenth century burials. As part of the investigation into the identity of these people five techniques of dietary tracing have been applied to 53 of the excavated skeletons, and are reported in this thesis. Analysis of different skeletal elements has allowed us to reconstruct the life histories of some of these people. Of particular interest are several skeletons with filed teeth. This practice is not known from the Cape, but is common further north in Africa. Isotopic analysis of teeth and long bones from the skeletons with decorated teeth show that these individuals were of tropical origin, from diverse areas, and are likely to be slaves brought to the Cape.
24
Hayton, S. "A search for the underclass : a comparative study of cellar dwellers in Manchester, Salford, Stockport and Rochdale, 1861-1871." Thesis, University of Salford, 1995. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14773/.
Full textAbstract:
The concepts that lie behind my thesis are one of perception and reality – the perception of nineteenth century observers and the reality of the census returns. The perceptions drawn will relate to many aspects of the underclass. The aspects will include the ethnic background, the morality, the habitation and the danger posed by the underclass to the society in which they lived. I will also consider the perceived forces that lay behind the creation of such a class. In the first section, I will consider perceptions that have been drawn from a wide authorship. The authorship will include social novelists such as Disraeli and Elizabeth Gaskell, visitors to the north west of England - Kohl, de Tocqueville, Cook Taylor etc. I will also consider the perceptions of both newspaper reporters and professional enquirers. These works will cover a wide time scale - 1830s to 1890s. In this way we will be able to test whether the perceptions of the underclass changed, not only through authorship, but over time. The second section - the reality section - will be based primarily on the information contained within the census enumerators' handbooks for Manchester, Salford, Stockport and Rochdale for 1861 and 1871. Use will also be made of the 1851 return. Every designated cellar dwelling and its inhabitants on the 1861 and 1871 returns has been listed and analysed. The analysis has then been compared with the perceptions, in every aspect, that have been drawn out in the first section. In this way, I hope to test, firstly, whether an underclass did exist and, secondly, whether it lived in the worst housing conditions to be found in some of the industrial towns of the mid-Victorian north west of England.
25
Peck, Jennifer. "The Influence of Community Context on Social Control: A Multi-Level Examination of the Relationship between Race/Ethnicity, Drug Offending, and Juvenile Court Outcomes." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5099.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of the association between race/ethnicity and juvenile court outcomes have found that minority youth often receive disadvantaged outcomes compared to similarly situated Whites, and that community context may condition this relationship. Sampson and Laub's (1993) revised conflict perspective is one theoretical model that can potentially explain the social control of youth throughout juvenile justice proceedings. One of the main propositions of Sampson and Laub's (1993) perspective is that communities characterized by underclass poverty and racial inequality will impose greater social control on youth referred to the juvenile court, especially Blacks and youth charged with a drug offense because they are perceived as a threatening population to middle-class values and standards.
The current research drew upon Sampson and Laub's (1993) macrolevel theory of inequality and social control to examine the juvenile court outcomes of White, Black, and Hispanic youth from all counties in a Northeast state from 2000-2010. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) was employed to examine the relationship between disadvantaged community characteristics (underclass poverty, racial inequality, ethnic inequality) and juvenile court outcomes; especially if race/ethnicity, drug offending, and type of drug offense (possession versus distribution) tempered these relationships. The results indicate that disadvantaged community characteristics did not directly impact the social control of youth, but individual and joint effects of race/ethnicity and drug offending resulted in greater social control for Black and Hispanic youth of various drug offending combinations. In particular, the effect of race/ethnicity on social control was greater for Hispanic youth compared to Blacks. Depending on the stage examined, the relationship between race/ethnicity, drug offending, and juvenile court outcomes were conditioned by disadvantaged community characteristics.
Based on the findings, empirical and theoretical implications are provided that focus on the applicability of Sampson and Laub's (1993) perspective to more recent court outcomes, as well as prevention and intervention programs that focus on decreasing the presence of minority youth in the juvenile justice system. Directions for future research are highlighted to provide greater insights into the circumstances surrounding case outcomes and under what situations community context and race/ethnicity matter in the treatment of youth within the juvenile court.
26
Lantsman, Yuliya. "Children Having Children: The Construction of a Pathological Black Family in News Coverage of the Underclass of the 80's and 90's." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/285.
Full textAbstract:
This is how the story goes: In 1964, with the passage of the Civil Rights Act, America moved into a “post-racial” era. The passage of the act meant a significant shift in race relations, a shift that no longer defined individual opportunity on the basis of race. In this perfected nation, where a person was no longer discriminated on the basis of physical characteristics such as the color of his or her skin, colorblindness became the dominant ideology. People's success was judged on the basis of merit and hard work rather than racial distinctions. Blacks were welcomed into institutions of government, business, and higher education and were no longer legally banned from equal access to lunch counters, transportation, neighborhoods, schools, etc. Remnants of a centuries long history of black exploitation and subjugation, from slavery to Jim Crow, now lived only in the stubborn hearts of individual racists who were condemned by the rest of American society. Opportunity was open to all, success was attainable by all, and it was only a matter of time before the distinctions between black and white held the same weight as the distinctions between blonde and brunette, short and tall. But decades later, in the 80's and 90's, it became clear that this utopia wasn't so easily achieved. Blacks continued to be disproportionally poor and many continued to live in segregated communities—the innercity ghettos. Making sense of the continual significance of race in a supposedly colorblind nation became a hot topic in politics and in the news media. This thesis explores the mainstream national news media discourse of the 80's and 90's as it grappled with the question: Why did so many blacks continue to live in the “backwaters” of America?
27
Ceyhan, Selin. "A Case Study Of Gypsy/roma Identity In Edirne." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1252683/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to argue about a Gypsy/Roma community’
s identity construction from the point of view of classical literature on ethnicity, class and gender dimensions in the symbolic identity construction in the case of Turkey. In this regard, it is important to examine whether this community benefits from citizenship rights. For this purpose, Edirne is chosen as a sample of Turkey because majority of Gypsy/Roma population lives in and this border city into which migrations took place from Bulgaria and Greece. Also for practical reasons of building a communication network, Edirne is selected as a case. A qualitative study, using in-depth interviews with a total of 36 married persons of Gypsy/Roma community referring 18 household in-depth-interviews have been conducted from 2003 winter to summer. Besides, in-depth-interviews with 13 non-Gypsies have been conducted. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and the transcribed texts were used for discourse analysis. During the interviews socio-economic profile, marriage, practices of cultural habits, neighbourhood partnership, political identity, religious rituals and perceiving own identity were inquired. There are three major conclusions of this thesis. The first finding is related to Gypsy/Roma community&
#8217
s socio-economic status. Gypsy/Roma community has problems accessing social benefits of education, health and the labour market in addition to having negative living conditions. The arguments of &
#8216
&
#8216
underclass&
#8217
&
#8217
and &
#8216
&
#8216
urban marginalization&
#8217
&
#8217
coincide with these results. Not only occupation, but also race, ethnicity and gender are linked together with Gypsy/Roma status as &
#8216
inferior&
#8217
citizens. Secondly, Gypsy/Roma community is a closed community in their relations with non-Gypsies with regard to marriage and social network. The third finding is associated with Gypsy/Roma community&
#8217
s perceptions of their identity, which shows variations within community. In this regard, Roma is taken to be the &
#8216
&
#8216
other&
#8217
&
#8217
of not only the non-Gypsies but also Gypsy identity is accepted as the &
#8216
&
#8216
other&
#8217
&
#8217
even of Roma.
28
Kurt, Dilber. ""Vita cash nästan aldrig sett, bara vita på tallriken" : En diskursteoretisk analys av underklassens representationer i hiphoptexter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79940.
Full textAbstract:
The present study explores how representations of an underclass in Sweden is being constructed and negotiated by a diversity of so-called spokesmen of an existing underclass in Sweden within the Swedish hiphop genre. In their song lyrics, they state to speak up for an underclass in Sweden. They are, a strategically selected Swedish hiphop collective, Kartellen, whose song lyrics constitutes the study’s empirical material. Through a qualitative approach, inspired by the discourse theorists Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe the analysis critically investigates and elucidates how the representation is being carried out and through their use of language. The empirical material has firstly been deconstructed and after that, analyzed within a discourse theoretical framework, consisting of postmarxist and poststructuralist influences. More specifically it aims to focus on statements regarding and constructing the prior group and representation of an underclass by exposing how it has been articulated and further represented. The study shows that there is a tendency to describe an underclass based on a leftist discourse consisting of a series of political manifestations. There are in addition, competing articulations concerning terms of alienation and nation present in the song lyrics. Moreover, descriptions of an underclass as a homogeneous group are given from their exclusive position of the social community, which neglects differentiations. This creates an ambiguous representation, reflecting on the arbitrariness of the use of language and therefore, exposes the risk of the representations’ fictive nature.
29
Jeyacheya, D. Z. "Exploring the nature of oppression as experienced by people with learning disabilities." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/e544e73d-2450-44fb-a4f7-4afb248f4d72/1.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: The principal aim of this qualitative research study is to gain a clearer understanding of oppression as experienced by People with Learning Disabilities (PWLD). In particular, this study investigated: 1) the nature of oppression - the typical kinds of oppression PWLD face during the course of their everyday lives; 2) the causes of their oppressive experiences: 3) the impact these oppressive experiences can have on their quality of life; and 4) their reaction - the strategies PWLD employ to prevent further oppression. Rationale: Despite policies of deinstitutionalisation since the 1980s, many PWLD have not found social integration easy and continue to endure oppressive experiences in community-based settings. The nature/extent of this social problem has often been overlooked by researchers and practitioners. Methods: This research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology as a methodology; an approach which influenced the study’s design, method of data collection and strategy for analysing the rich qualitative findings. Semi-structured interviews were carried out across two sample populations; a group of PWLD (N=11) and a group of community-based practitioners/carers (N=11). The participants were selected through purposive sampling and the qualitative data was analysed using a specific Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) process. Findings: PWLD remain a deeply oppressed social group. Respondents reported experiencing multiple forms of oppression, which seem to interact in complex ways and be present throughout the course of their lives. The two key super-ordinate themes (most dominant forms of oppression experienced by PWLD) emerging from the process of IPA appear to be: 1) The life-long effects of marginalisation (social exclusion, powerlessness and existing as a socio-economic underclass) and 2) Multiple forms of victimisation (coping with exploitation, intimidation and abuse, both overt and subtle, from the public, family members and at times practitioners). Respondents believe that the underlying cause of their oppressive experiences is society’s negative perception. Negative attitudes and beliefs arise from oppressive social forces such as: the use of diagnostic labels, segregated special needs education and limited opportunities for employment. These are experiences which respondents assert often do little more than spoil their social identity as human beings. Conclusion: The findings confirm that PWLD living in the community continue to encounter negative social experiences which are pervasive. This research attempts to draw together and make sense of these experiences in terms of the concept of oppression. Through gaining a clearer understanding of the marginalised and victimised status of PWLD policy makers will be more informed about how to respond to their social and economic needs, and in turn help alleviate their experiences of oppression.
30
Vengeyi, Obvious [Verfasser], Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Kügler, and Susanne [Akademischer Betreuer] Talabardon. "Aluta continua biblical hermeneutics for liberation : interpreting biblical texts on slavery for liberation of Zimbabwean underclasses [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Obvious Vengeyi. Betreuer: Joachim Kügler ; Susanne Talabardon." Bamberg : University of Bamberg Press, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1058948849/34.
Full text
31
Vengeyi, Obvious [Verfasser], Joachim Akademischer Betreuer] Kügler, and Susanne [Akademischer Betreuer] [Talabardon. "Aluta continua biblical hermeneutics for liberation : interpreting biblical texts on slavery for liberation of Zimbabwean underclasses [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Obvious Vengeyi. Betreuer: Joachim Kügler ; Susanne Talabardon." Bamberg : University of Bamberg Press, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-37641.
Full text
32
Faw, Mary E. "A Pedogenic Approach to the Classification of Paleohistosols." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1334854255.
Full text
33
Wu, Chun-yi, and 吳俊毅. "The Poverty of African-American Underclass." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48386019163055688977.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
美國研究所
83
Since the 1970's, the deterioration of the poverty of the African-American Underclass has become one of the most serious social problems. The reasons behind the poverty of the black underclass have been discussed accordiing to their environmental and cultural factors respectively in this thesis. In the environmental factors, the black underclass is still confined by racism. Their economic competitive ability is limited and jobs opportunities are less and less. On the other hand, the social policy is ill-organized and enforced ineffectively; therefore, the defunctional social welfare system dooesn't help a lot in either the prevention of the polarization of Income Redistribution or in helping the truly disadvantaged. Finally, the transformation of economic structures has made inner-city blacks lose many blue-collar jobs. And they also suffer more because of the high-education requirement of joobs created by the new technical industries and professional service businesses. In the cultrual factors, because of the increasing numbers of African-American female- headed families, the underclass black children lack the "Role Models" of those absent-fathers and their financial support allowing for better quality of living conditions. Furthermore, most of the black youth are strongly against the so-called "White Middle-Class Culture." They don't believe sacrifice is necessary for any future success, such as studying hard in the school. This kind of Anti-Achievement ethic has made them walk away from the main-stream culture. Still, the sub-culture of the black community, like the high rate of un-wedded births, unemployment or welfare dependcy, has exacerbated the difference between the underclass and the dominant society. The main purpose of this thesis is to try to analyze the poverty of African-American Underclass both by its environmental and cultural factors and to take a close look at what is called an "American Dilemma" in society.
34
HSIEH, WEN-HSIN, and 謝雯心. "Narrative of the Underclass in 21st-Century Chinese Novels." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pj4x9d.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
中國文學系
107
The wave of Chinese novels in the 21st century is replete with the triple concerns of “post-modernity,” “modernity,” and “pre-modernity.” The first two dominate the trend of urban cultural themed novels, while all three constitute social problems that must be tackled in rural-style writing. With “pre-modernity” as the cornerstone, rural China suffered a great impact in the process of transformation toward a modern society. After entering the city, countrymen have been caught in the double attacks of post-modernist (consumption) culture and modern (capitalist) system, becoming survivors who had no spending power and were deprived by capitalists. This has been an increasingly common social disorder in the past 20 years. The “narrative of the underclass” in novels and poems in the 21st century has become a platform to undertake this discourse on social reform. Looking through the “narrative of the underclass,” in these literary works that emphasize quantity over quality, works emphasizing the theoretical property have emerged in a great swarm. However, as mainstream literature, it is bound to shoulder the spiritual reconstruction of Chinese literature. The narrative of the underclass should not be reduced to ideology discussion, social criticism, and binary opposition in the whole work but should establish the spirit of the times and explore the deep layers of human nature. Such traces are clearly visible in the writers mainly investigated in this article: Wang Xiangfu, Sheng Keyi, and Yan Lianke. In the literary world of these three writers, we can see that they strived to construct their own spiritual foundation, which can be a hometown, faith, and/or life. Their works show ultimate concern for the sufferings of the underclass and clearly lay down the writer’s standpoints, thoughts, and standards. Therefore, it is not difficult to find that most of their works have a commonality of extrapolating from individuals to society. Hence, we can see that for these three writers, narrative of the underclass is not only their personal creative writing but also a concentration of complex social implications, which means that in literature, they have successfully overcome the deficient theoretical reflection and achieved a spiritual transcendence. Their works reflect the writers’ investigation and exploration of the changes in the new era and, at the same time, reveal to the world the height and breadth that narrative of the underclass should have, leaving precious literary records.
35
LU, PEI-CHUN, and 盧蓓君. "Being an Underclass in the Worlds of Social Work & Social Welfare." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29439v.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
社會工作學系碩士班
106
My parents raised me and my brother with great effort, although my family lived a difficult life and meanwhile was added insult to injury by kith and kin. Confronting this circumstance, my parents chose to render good for evil and to help others without trying to grab one’s attention. I got influenced by parents and hence persevered in providing help to others. By writing this thesis, I find out what makes me care about disadvantaged children is the experience of living in a family that prefers boys to girls, thus gaining less attention and lacking confidence. The schools and teachers providing support to me to get back the confidence is also one of the reasons that make me keep working and provide more assistance to them. Such behavior is also caused by the emergence of psychological projection when I see children who need support. I have been facing discrimination and criticism, even having difficulty on looking for a job because of the identity of social worker. Such phenomenon makes me lose confidence, feel self-contemptuous, and even have self-attribution bias. I attribute all these problems to myself and don’t realize it a bullying caused by social institution. It’s a social common phenomenon when confronting stereotypes from other individuals and classes. After I had quitted the work of providing foster care service, I received good education about the system of social working and supervision. In this process, I know that it’s more important to help others to have a life with better quality than only live one’s own life. Through self-narration, I obtain my self-identification: a person who was born and educated in underclass. With this awareness, I could better help other people who were stereotyped by classes. By dropping away the sense of interiority and achieving self-identification, I could engage social work with more confidence.
36
"Cultural habitus and the new urban underclass: a study of southern Beijing communities." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896435.
Full textAbstract:
Yue Yin.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-106).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter II. --- Literature Review --- p.6
The Poor in the Market Transition --- p.6
Political Impacts in Collective Era and Beyond --- p.8
Cultural Capital´ة Effects on Stratification in Western Countries --- p.13
The Analysis on Habitus: Szelenyi's Researches in Eastern Europe --- p.18
The Transfer Mechanism of Cultural Capital --- p.22
The Poverty Cycle: Lewis's Culture of Poverty --- p.28
Chapter III. --- Methodological Design --- p.31
Chapter IV. --- Before 1978，the Idol of Collectivism --- p.33
Influences from Parents' Generation --- p.36
Occlusive Living Circumstance and Personality --- p.40
Insensitive to Education --- p.42
Satisfaction with the Lives --- p.46
Distributed Education Chances and Good Job Positions --- p.49
Send Down Recommendation to Colleges --- p.51
Big State-Owned Factories and Good Job Positions --- p.57
Work In the Factories --- p.60
Value Attached to Hard Work --- p.61
Lack of Confidence and Impetus --- p.63
Ineffectual Intercommunication --- p.66
Limited Horizon --- p.70
Chapter V. --- After 1978，Under Marketization --- p.75
Reformation of Enterprises and Its Effects on My Interviewees --- p.76
The Unconsciousness to the Coming of Crisis --- p.77
Good Working Ability? --- p.82
After Lay-off --- p.85
Chapter VI. --- The Next Generation --- p.87
Chapter VII. --- Discussion --- p.92
Chapter VIII. --- Appendices --- p.98
Chapter IX. --- References --- p.100
37
Liu, Yu-ying, and 劉育英. "THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL MOBILITY OF THE UNDERCLASS IN HAROLD PINTER’S EARLY PLAYS." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rckp69.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立高雄師範大學
英語學系
97
Abstract The dissertation aims to excogitate the predicament of the underclass whose chances of climbing up on the social ladder become less than those of other classes in Harold Pinter’s early plays, The Caretaker (1959), The Room (1957), The Homecoming (1964), The Dumb Waiter (1957), The Birthday Party (1957) and A Slight Ache (1958). This dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter One serves to introduce the theoretical frame, the rationale and motives for the study as well as to explain the overall organization of this dissertation and the texts selected. In Pinter’s plays there are widely different types of characters, with each one of them standing for certain kinds of members of the underclass. Chapter Two focuses on the issue of the homeless and deals with the plight of a homeless. Chapter Three concentrates on The Room and A Slight Ache in which the way to move upwards for the underclass is through marriage. Chapter Four centers on The Homecoming and The Dumb Waiter where an eagerness to upgrade in the underclass seems vaporized; instead, a peculiar lifestyle of the underclass is presented. The last chapter concludes with the important concepts mentioned in the previous chapters and restates the myth of social mobility of the underclass in modern society if society turns a blind eye to the powerless groups.
38
Chou, Mei-Liang, and 周玫良. "The Cheap Labor- Deconstructing the Making of New Immigrant Women as Underclass Labor." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48285445713490594305.
Full text
39
Hunter, Boyd. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47287.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employment–population ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶ A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶ ...
40
Wu, Shiow Chyi, and 吳秀琪. "The SOCAIL CONSTRUCTION AND SELF-IDENTITY OF UNDERCLASS ─ A STUDY OF TAIPEI''S HOMELESS." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20354880605901452159.
Full text
41
Cheng, Mei-Fang ChengMei-Fang, and 鄭美芳. "State, Class and Intimacy: Case Studies of Taiwanese Spouses in Underclass Cross-Strait Marriages." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97354600678549040007.
Full text
42
Graham, Patrick C. "The sons of Willie Horton rap, media and the defining of the black underclass /." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35839515.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).
43
"Culture of poverty or ghetto underclass? Women and children on the streets of Honduras." Tulane University, 1994.
Find full textAbstract:
In the streets of Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras the official unemployment rate nears 30 percent and women and children support themselves by selling produce, sweeping and hauling trash, or picking garbage. Many children work alongside their mothers 'in' the streets while increasing numbers, known as children 'of' the street, are alone and homeless. Although cross-cultural studies of children and third-world poverty examine structural causes, recent culture-of-poverty explanations suggest that matrifocal families produce street children This case study of over 1200 children in and of the street, by far the largest sample of street children ever available for research purposes, provides an extensive description of this population. A subsample of mothers broadens the scope of analysis to reveal differences among them and their mothers' ability to protect them. Regression analyses test the hypothesis of cultural versus structural causes of poverty Borrowing Wilson's (1987) theory of the ghetto underclass, I examine the premise that social isolation and weak attachments to the labor force, result in an urban underclass. I find that the major distinction among street children is their access to better jobs available in the street markets. Those children having mothers employed in the market, or some other adult mentor, are more likely to have such access and less likely to sleep in the streets, use drugs, or to steal. Further analysis of dual-parent families shows that where fathers contribute more to the family, both in time and money, the children's welfare is improved. In families where the mother contributes more than half of the total expenses, fathers are more likely to use threats and violence to maintain control Children who report poor family relationships are more likely to abandon their family for street life, gangs, and drugs; they are also evaluated to have more physical and mental health problems. Comparing the health problems of Honduran street children with those of homeless children in the United States, I find surprising similarities. Further, the differences found are largely explained by structural variances in the two countries, reinforcing Wilson's argument for social reform rather than individual rehabilitation in both contextsacase@tulane.edu
44
Steenkamp, Hilke. "The urban underclass and post-authoritarian Johannesburg : train surfing (Soweto style) as an extreme spatial practice." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30350.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation aims to position train surfing as a visual spectacle that is practised by Sowetan train surfers within the context of post-authoritarian Johannesburg. The author argues that train surfing is a visual and spatial phenomenon that is theoretically under-researched. As such, this study aims to decode seven train surfing videos to establish what train surfing looks like, where train surfing occurs and why individuals participate in such a high risk activity. This study, furthermore, aims to frame train surfing as a spectacle by investigating the similarities between train surfing and rites of passage (initiation rites). The author also regards train surfing as a very specific form of storytelling. The narratives conveyed in the seven videos are, therefore, interpreted to establish that train surfing is practised to ‘voice’ fatalistic feelings, societal as well as individual crises. After establishing the visual aspects of train surfing, the author focuses on the spatial context of train surfing. Johannesburg is described as both an authoritarian and post-authoritarian construct by tracing the spatial and political history of the city. When the discussion turns to the post-authoritarian city, townships and squatter settlements are analysed as being both marginal and hybrid spaces. It is argued that townships are marginal spaces due to their location, they are inhabited by the underclass and they are formed by processes of capitalism and urbanisation, and as a result of these factors, township residents might have fatalistic mindsets (Gulick 1989). The author, however, contends that township space is an ambivalent construct, and as such, it can also be read as hybrid space. Here, hybrid space is interpreted as a platform from which township residents can resist oppressing spatial and political ideologies. In this context, train surfing is regarded as one way in which train surfers use hybrid space to express tactics of resistance. After establishing the spatial context of train surfing, the socio-economic and material living conditions of train surfers are investigated. The discussion firstly, explores the underclass, as theorised by Jencks and Peterson (1990), and thereafter highlights why train surfers can be classified as being part of this sub-category. It is, furthermore, argued that Sowetan train surfers are part of a new lost generation due to high unemployment rates, the HIV/AIDS pandemic and bleak future outlooks. The author aims to establish that, as a result of their socio-economic status and material living conditions, train surfers are fatalistic, and practice an extreme activity to exert control over one area of their lives, namely their bodies. Lastly, the dissertation aims to explore train surfing as being both a risk-taking activity and a new spatial practice. The dynamics of adolescent risk-taking behaviour is explored by emphasising the psychological motivations behind high risk activities. The author argues that alienating space can be regarded as an additional factor that usher adolescents into risk-taking activities. As such, the place(s) and space(s) inhabited by train surfers, namely Johannesburg, Soweto and township train stations, are discussed as alienating spaces. Moreover, it is argued that alienating spaces create opportunities for resistance (following the power-resistance dialectic inherent to space), and as such, train surfing is interpreted as a de-alienating spatial practice that enables the marginalised train surfer to exert control over his surroundings.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Visual Arts
unrestricted
45
Martin, Sonia. "Social divisions in an era of welfare reform: a critical analysis of neoliberalism and the underclass thesis." 2006. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/28285.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a study of social divisions and an assessment of the impact of neoliberalism upon them. Its purpose is to investigate the nature of contemporary social divisions, and whether or not the ????underclass???? is a useful way of conceiving the social and economic marginalisation of some individuals. The underclass thesis crystallises in a powerful and contentious way some fundamental premises that underpin the neoliberal philosophy, namely that the welfare state is considered a threat to freedom, discourages work, and is socially and economically damaging. Thus there ought to be a reduced role for the state in the provision of welfare. There are two fundamental weaknesses in social democratic critics???? contributions to debates about welfare reform. The first relates to a focus on residual welfare and measurements of poverty, largely neglecting the systems of power that underlie welfare distribution. The second relates to the omission of agency. Critics???? responses have tended to ignore the behaviour of the welfare beneficiaries targeted by current reform. In order to address both of these issues, I have formulated a critical post-traditional paradigm of social divisions. The study comprises three stages. The first is an historical overview of neoliberal policy developments and a quantitative analysis of social divisions. The findings indicate that neoliberal nations have the lowest commitment to welfare, and the highest levels of poverty and widening inequality. In Australia, labour market changes and educational underachievement are likely to contribute to new and emerging divisions, and the cumulative nature of disadvantage is apparent within low socio-economic areas. The second stage of the study examines the policies of the Howard Coalition Government in Australia and focuses on the prevalence of the underclass phenomenon in current welfare reform. Records central to the Government????s welfare reform agenda are analysed to examine policy makers???? normative beliefs. The findings reveal that the underclass thesis is an ideological construct that legitimises a reduction of welfare provision and control of the unemployed. The third stage of the study focuses on the experiences of unemployment among young people, and the views and experiences of welfare providers who work with them. The data show that individuals make decisions about their lives from the range of options they perceive to be available to them at a particular point in time. These options are not limited to those made available by the provisions of the welfare state, nor are they solely the product of inter-generational welfare. The welfare providers enforce the Government????s position on welfare reform by endorsing a version of the underclass thesis in their work and directing their interventions at the individual. Considered together, the findings reveal that a conservative neoliberal social policy fails to capture the complex interaction that occurs between individuals and their social environment, and the impact this has on their labour market activities. By successfully converting the problem of welfare dependency into a private issue, a neoliberal social policy is legitimised and current social arrangements are maintained.PhD Doctorate
46
"Men of the Urban and Underclass and Grief: Exploring the Implications for Pastoral Theology in the 21st Century." Texas Christian University, 2006. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-12152006-095444/.
Full text
47
Liu, Orpheus, and 劉士弘. "Diasporic Experiences---the Underclass, Social Movements and Identity Formation：Stories of Squatter Houses in the Po-Ai Special District." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21032608718351850143.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立花蓮師範學院
多元文化研究所
91
Abstract This research started from the crisis that the people of Po-Ai special district faced against the intension of the Taipei City government to take back the land of this district. Through the resistant movement of the local people, the researcher intended to explore the historical and spatial dimension of this action, and investigate the relation among the state, the diasporic situation, the land, the class, the identity formation, and the social movements. The researcher finds that the war and policies of state caused the diasporic situation for some people and the Underclass also came out from the development of the urbanization. The second chapter begins from the discussion of the phenomenon related to the spatial categorization/ borderline between “the squatter district” and “the Po-Ai special district”, and through the discussion about the successive changes of laws to investigate the historical traces that showed the power of the state intervening the definition for the public/ private sphere. Those laws, which signified the power of the state or the public sphere, were actually set up after the arrival of the immigrants. The laws regulating residents’ lives turned to be more specific in every field, which explained the state’s intension to control the daily lives of the designated others through the practice of categorization. Research on the related laws of the Po-Ai special district, the physical space signifying “the body” of the state, showed “the concealed” and “the unspeakable” situation, yet its boundary presented to be “flexible” to reveal the power of the state, which carries its metaphorical and general characteristics as the natural law existing everywhere. Chapter three deals with the Taiwanese history since the Japanese colonial era to the postwar era. The researcher tried to explain the transition of the land ownership during the changing time of the state power, and to represent the long-term diasporic situation, the imagined nationalism and the identity formation of these “real residents” in this district. In the process of evoking the nationalism ideology, these people “cooperated” well for exchanging their material benefits. However, the political structure changed (DPP in power) and caused the residents in the squatter houses to be exclusive by the rationality of the neo-nationalism. These people not only lose their material basis for life, but also lose their “consensus” which built their identity foundation. The residents in the squatter houses later chose to make demonstration and social movements, yet their action of resistance were taken as “irrational” at that time. During the process of negotiation and lawsuit with the Taipei City government, these people had their own resistant group, which played an important part in the social movement. Later with the support of “the logos as a rational voter” the rationality turned to be more influential than those angry bodies. In the fourth chapter, the researcher analyzed the narrations of the residents, and found the residents in the squatter houses were controlled by the ideology of “rationality” and were asked to change their identities. In the third and the fourth sections of this chapter showed that early arrival residents (without ownership of the land) living in the squatter houses were mostly the Underclass, who were unable to enter the labor market and stayed in the lower grades in the social categorization, and were related to some extent of “diasporic” situation. Directly or indirectly, this situation was also related to the war of stste in the history or the urbanization policy of the state. The research concluded, the diasporic situation of the residents was to some extent caused by the state, and among these people who not yet moved out (without ownership of the land) were also forced to stay in the social status of Underclass. When the state created the imagined “rational citizenship” during the process of urbanization and entering to the free market system of the liberalism/ capitalism, these residents could not claim for the amends for their historical loss caused by the civil war and state policies. However, these people showed their discursive strategies in their identities, and they also showed the agency in their participation in the social movement. The residents expressed their needs for citizenship in their narrations about how they made the lawsuit and asked for the compensation, and later the related discourse and identity formation came out, which came out from the residents’ intention for changing their social status and material basis.
48
Brown, Brett V. "The effect of neighborhood characteristics on teen outcomes related to socioeconomic attainment in search of the underclass neighborhood /." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22533563.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 455-466).
49
Jones, Sharon. "Class, state schooling & social inequalities in England: a critical ethnography with a participatory visual intervention for the empowerment of an 'underclass'." Thesis, 2019. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/706829/6/Jones_2019.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis critically explores the role state schooling and education plays in contributing to the lived experiences of social class inequalities and the knock on effect this has upon and throughout adulthood. Five female adults from the lower strata of the working class who live with multiple deprivations in an English town with economic, social and education disadvantages were recruited. Through a critical theoretical framework, this thesis draws from both Marxist and Bourdieusian class and reproduction theories. This framework was most suitable to uncover and expose relations of power and domination at the root cause of the inequalities with the view to creating the space for individual and wider sociopolitical change. However, Bourdieu offered no way forward for agency to become active in challenging existing structures and as Marx did not write widely about education this thesis further relates to a Freirean form of praxis. That is, agency engaging in a cyclical process of action and reflection for transformation. A critical ethnography was employed and methods used were multiple, in-depth and participatory. In addition to developing and raising consciousness amongst the adult participants, space was created for a visual intervention, referred to as VICE, to complement the dialogue. The findings demonstrate the ways in which state schooling and did contribute to the reproduction of inequalities and how the lower strata of the working class internalise their negative experiences resulting in struggles between the ‘self’ and wider society. Furthermore, the findings from the VICE show the adult participants did take some positive steps towards their individual and socio-political transformation and they had raised their social, political and economic consciousness. More nuanced research is needed from adult perspectives for a micro, meso and macro level analysis. There is also a need for research to develop innovative methods to bridge a gap between theory and practice led methodologies to include otherwise marginalised voices.
50
HAVLÍKOVÁ, Jana. "Neromští obyvatelé sociálně vyloučených "romských" lokalit." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-119470.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis with the title ?Non-Romani inhabitants of socially excluded ?Romani? localities is divided into two parts: the theoretical and the empiric parts. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals mainly with defining the terms of social exclusion and socially excluded locality. At the same time, it describes the phenomenon of the poverty, underclass and white trash culture and ethnicity. The research part deals with the description of the actual research methodology, interpretation and the presentation of the research investigation results. The aim of the diploma thesis is to describe the perception of life in a socially excluded ?Romani? locality, by non-Romani inhabitants. With respect to the aim of the diploma thesis I chose the qualitative research strategy. The qualitative investigation was conducted by the method of questioning. The questioning technique was a semi-structured interview consisting of open questions. The target set consists of twelve respondents living in three excluded localities in the territory of the town of České Budějovice, who do not consider themselves, on the basis of self-identification, as members of the Romani ethnic group. The results of my research investigation shows what leads non-Romani inhabitants up to living in socially excluded localities, if they feel safely there and how they perceive coexistence with Romani ethnic group.