Journal articles: 'Unconventional water'

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Guo, Hongcong, Yingna Sun, Yun Teng, He Dong, Hui Li, Liquan Wang, Ziyi Wang, and Jianwu Yang. "Unconventional Water Use Allocation in Harbin, China." Water 15, no. 17 (August 29, 2023): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15173101.

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To lessen the strain on Harbin’s water resources and enhance the environment, it is crucial to analyze the key determining factors for the use of unconventional water resources in the city and to allocate unconventional water reasonably among various industries in the planning year. In this study, a back-propagation neural network (BP neural network) model is used to predict the potential for unconventional water resource utilization in the planning year (2025), a gray correlation analysis model is used to evaluate water-using industries, and finally, an unconventional water resource allocation scheme for the study is used to determine the main influencing factors and determine the weights of key indicators. The findings demonstrate a strong correlation between Harbin’s level of investment and construction, economic efficiency, cost, level of water demand, and social factors, as well as a low level of utilization of unconventional water resources throughout the city.

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Dunkel, Michael. "Unconventional Plays: Water Management’s Evolution and Forecast." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0123-0038-jpt.

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_ Prior to 2012, water management for unconventional oil and gas plays was in its infancy and was trying to keep up with operations. Questions about the scale of the unconventionals, water-sourcing limitations, economics of water reuse, infrastructure needs, and sustainability were already being considered. Industry volatility, seismicity, and regulatory challenges were major factors continuously during this evolution. Today, many of the initial challenges have been resolved but new challenges persist. Regional water management variations and challenges are apparent. What does the future hold for water in the US onshore unconventional plays? Water Management 10 Years Ago Water management for the US onshore unconventionals has come a long way in 10 years. In the 2011–2012 timeframe, it was still not clear which shale plays would be most viable. Some plays like the Barnett and Haynesville have come, gone, and come back again. In the Permian 10 years ago, operators were asking where they would get the water to complete thousands of wells. Produced water reuse was mostly being evaluated in pilot tests by producers such as Apache, Devon, and Pioneer, but was not considered viable due to the high cost of treatment and transportation by truck. Much of Texas and the West was experiencing a significant drought that also raised concerns about water sourcing for hydraulic fracturing. Despite these challenges, sustainability was considered a factor in these new development areas, but usually was not sufficient to override cost differences. Ten years ago, it was apparent that each basin had unique water management considerations. Some basins such as the Bakken and Marcellus had significant surface water sources available, whereas Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico were regularly quite dry. Most areas had good formations available for disposal, with Pennsylvania and West Virginia being the exceptions. A third area of difference was how much produced water flowed from the new wells. The wells in the Permian stood out as having the highest water/oil ratio seen in US onshore production. All of these differences impacted how each region was best able to manage its water challenges. In 2012, the water management strategy to build out water pipeline networks to move large volumes of water was not yet seriously considered by most operators. Earthquakes were not a significant factor in any of the US basins. However, some of the water management issues were changing. For example, the historically independent nature of producing companies began to change as water challenges became viewed as shared problems. Regional water groups were established as companies began to share ideas pertaining to water management. The Energy Water Initiative (EWI) was formed as a group of oil and gas companies trying to improve water practices. Their 2015 report on water management case studies broke new ground for industry collaboration. The EWI report documented seven trends including the ability to use non-freshwater sources and technology innovations making produced water reuse more feasible. Water Management 5 Years Ago Jumping ahead 5 years to around 2017, several macroeconomic events impacted water management for unconventionals. Perhaps most notable was the dramatic oil price collapse in late 2014 from roughly $100 to about $50/bbl. The increase in US onshore oil and gas production impacted global oil prices. The lower commodity pricing resulted in substantial pressure on costs, including water sourcing and disposal. At the same time, producers were increasing the length of horizontal wells and the volume of water required to complete the well.

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Pei, Liang, Chunhui Wang, and Liying Sun. "Effects of Unconventional Water Agricultural Utilization on the Heavy Metals Accumulation in Typical Black Clay Soil around the Metallic Ore." Toxics 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080476.

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Unconventional water is an important water resource for agricultural utilization in the drought and water shortage of Northeast China. Additionally, exploration in making full use of it is an important way to alleviate water shortage in China. This paper analyzed the effects of unconventional water through field trials on the accumulation of heavy metals in both cucumbers and the typical black clay soil (expressed as black soil) around the Anshan metallic ore. By exploring the effects of unconventional water after secondary treatment on the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in cucumbers and the heavy metal balance in the soil–crop system under different conditions, the study shows that there are no significant differences in the heavy metal content when the quantity of unconventional water for irrigation varies. Unconventional water for short-term irrigation does not cause pollution to either the soil environment or the crops. Nor will it cause the accumulation of heavy metals, and the index for the heavy metal content is far below the critical value of the trade standard and national standard, which indicates that the crops irrigated with unconventional water during their growth turn out to be free of pollutants. Unconventional water brings less heavy metals into the black soil than crops. The input and output quantities have only small effects on the heavy metal balance in the black soil. This paper provides a reference for the safety control and evaluation of unconventional agricultural utilization.

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Fu, Lei, Junmin Wang, Shiwu Wang, Guojian Hu, and Qiannan Jin. "Beneficial Evaluation of Residential Dual Water Supply System." E3S Web of Conferences 423 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342301005.

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The scientific development and utilization of regional unconventional water resources and the implementation of high-quality water supply at the county level is beneficial both in the water resources allocation and the water shortage alleviation. It is also important in improving the human society as well as protecting the ecological environment, which shows significant economic, social and environmental benefits. The beneficial evaluation analysis of the development and utilization of regional unconventional water resources and the potential of dual water supply are conducted in this study. The reasonable beneficial evaluation of the utilization of unconventional water resources and regional dual water supply system are of great significance to the regional effective water sources allocation and water supply method.

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Esterhuyse, Surina, and Nola Redelinghuys. "Knowledge of unconventional gas mining among decision-makers in South Africa: exploring the requirements for fact-based water policy development." Water Policy 16, no. 6 (April 19, 2014): 1155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.034.

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Water policy and regulation are of vital importance for unconventional gas mining, which may have large impacts on water availability and water quality. However, various studies indicate that regulators have insufficient knowledge to make informed policy decisions on unconventional gas mining. Based on this observation we conducted a study on the availability of knowledge of unconventional gas mining of attendees at the 4th and 5th Orange River Basin symposiums that are held annually in South Africa. The study focused on knowledge and perceptions of unconventional gas mining over the 2-year period from 2012 to 2013 due to important developments with regard to unconventional gas mining that took place in South Africa over this period, which could affect decision-makers' policy decisions on unconventional gas mining. Our results indicate that knowledge of this mining technique among decision-makers is limited, primarily because fact-based research is not readily available. Reliable facts on unconventional gas mining are required in order to effectively regulate this activity in South Africa. This paper argues for fact-based regulation and adaptive management as the science and technology of shale gas mining evolves.

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Crisp, Gary, John Walsh, Mark Shaw, and Chris Hertle. "The role of water management in unlocking unconventional resources." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13054.

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Water management for unconventional resources is a complex, multidisciplinary subject that cannot be overlooked. Traditional oilfield development strategies view water as an afterthought that must be dealt with once the field matures and water cut begins to escalate. When this strategy is employed for shale gas developments, water usage is higher than necessary, trucking costs become high, and site remediation becomes time consuming and costly. For shale gas developments, the high-volume and high-quality requirements of water during the lifecycle of field development are a game changer. Water management for unconventional resources requires logistics planning, engagement of field services providers, and technology selection. Each of these issues need to be addressed in the early planning stages and must be tailored for the location and water types involved. This extended abstract takes a holistic view of water management for unconventional resource development across Australia. Management strategies are compared and contrasted for the different unconventional resource types, across different locations, considering all of the factors mentioned above, together with an understanding of regulatory differences, water source options, disposal options, and the different types of water involved. These factors are compared (in the context of North American developments) for CSG in Queensland, tight gas, and unconventional shale gas developments in the Cooper Basin and WA. As these different resources are developed, it is important to understand why the water management strategies are, and must be, different (as discussed in this extended abstract).

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Vines, Marcus, and Bob Reed. "Low-cost unconventional sewerage." Waterlines 9, no. 1 (July 1990): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.028.

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Xu, Peiwen, Ziyi Jia, Huifeng Ning, and Jinglei Wang. "Global Bibliometric Analysis of Research on the Application of Unconventional Water in Agricultural Irrigation." Water 16, no. 12 (June 14, 2024): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16121698.

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The development and utilization of unconventional water resources has become a strategy to alleviate the agricultural water crisis in many countries and regions. To understand the research progress, hot spots, and future trends in the field of unconventional water agricultural irrigation (UWAI), this paper systematically analyzes 6738 publications based on the core database of Web of Science 1990–2023 using the scientific bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. The results showed that the research on UWAI is always rapidly developing. Soil science, crop science, and bioengineering are the main disciplines involved. Most research on WUAI has occurred in China and the United States. Countries with higher levels of development tend to have more influence. Collaboration among authors is fragmented, and collaboration between authors and states needs to be strengthened. Through keyword analysis, the research hotspots are summarized as follows: (1) The effects of traditional and emerging pollutants brought by unconventional water irrigation on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, and groundwater quality; (2) the health threats caused by pollutants entering the food chain and groundwater; (3) unconventional water utilization technologies, including rainwater harvesting agriculture, precision agriculture, and urban agriculture. Future research hotspots will focus on the mechanisms of pollutant solute transport and transformation in the water–soil–crop system under non-conventional water irrigation conditions and crop physiological responses. We suggest that the research on traditional and emerging pollutants in unconventional water should be strengthened in the future, and the risk control system of unconventional water irrigation should be improved. International cooperation should be strengthened, especially with poor countries in arid regions, to promote the formation of unified international standards and guidelines for non-conventional water irrigation in agriculture.

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Karimidastenaei, Zahra, Tamara Avellán, Mojtaba Sadegh, Bjørn Kløve, and Ali Torabi Haghighi. "Unconventional water resources: Global opportunities and challenges." Science of The Total Environment 827 (June 2022): 154429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154429.

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Roider, Emerald M., Trieu V. Le, Donald Dean Adrian, and Thomas G. Sanders. "Water Quality Model Incorporates Unconventional Bod Reduction." Journal of Environmental Systems 30, no. 4 (June 1, 2004): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/g764-h6tx-7178-q118.

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Smakhtin, Vladimir, Peter Ashton, Allan Batchelor, Reinhard Meyer, Eric Murray, Bohuslav Barta, Norbert Bauer, Dhesigen Naidoo, Jana Olivier, and Deon Terblanche. "Unconventional Water Supply Options in South Africa." Water International 26, no. 3 (September 2001): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060108686924.

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Jiang, Xiang Yang, Ching Hin Law, and Jian Kun Yang. "Technical Analysis for the Utilization of Unconventional Water Resource in Green Building." Advanced Materials Research 689 (May 2013): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.689.167.

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Building is a significant contributor for water consumption and it is necessary to increase water use efficiency. This research introduced the current problem in calculating water quota, discussed the calculation of domestic and miscellaneous water consumption and proposed the calculation method for the consumption of unconventional water resource. Finally by a case study, this paper summarized the calculation method and procedure for utilization ratio of unconventional water resource.

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McAdams, Brandon C., Kimberly E. Carter, Jens Blotevogel, Thomas Borch, and J. Alexandra Hakala. "In situ transformation of hydraulic fracturing surfactants from well injection to produced water." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 10 (2019): 1777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00153k.

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Chemical changes to hydraulic fracturing fluids within fractured unconventional reservoirs may affect hydrocarbon recovery and, in turn, the environmental impact of unconventional oil and gas development.

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Kazak, E. S., I. A. Rodkina, and Ya V. Sorokoumova. "Laboratory evaluation methods of water saturation in shales." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 6 (February 6, 2023): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2022-6-56-70.

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The reservoir water content is one of the key parameters to following reliable hydrocarbon reserves estimation of low-permeable shale reservoirs with unconventional hydrocarbon reserves. The extensive review of applied direct and indirect laboratory methods for determining the water saturation in unconventional shale reservoirs is presented in this article. The essence, advantages, disadvantages and limitations of methods are described in detail. It was demonstrated that direct laboratory methods (retort method, Zaks, Dean–Stark) which were originally developed for traditional reservoir rocks, give results with an error of up to 50% for rocks samples of unconventional reservoirs. On the other hand the Evaporation Method specifically developed for low-permeable rocks takes less time and provides more accurate (error up to 6.8%) gravitational and bonded water determination moreover, it requires up to 5 times less rock material for analysis.

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WU, Xin, Qingbo Wen, Liming HU, and Mingyang Liu. "Evaluation of Unconventional Water Resources Based on Knowledge Granularity." E3S Web of Conferences 144 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014401004.

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Water resources are important natural resources and play a key role in economic development and social life. China is one of the countries with the most serious water shortage in the world. In the next few decades, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources will always plague China. Increasing the use of unconventional water resources to mitigate the water crisis is necessary way to achieve a sustainable development. There has been no effective standard yet in China to evaluate the exploitation level and potential of unconventional water resources. This study describes the current status of the exploitation and aims at establishing an evaluation system incorporating the three relevant factors, namely, driving, restrictive, and risk factors respectively, and provides a theoretical basis for the management of unconventional water resources in China. In order to mine the relationship between data and evaluation indexes, the rough set theory is adopted to determine the weight and objectively reflect the importance of each evaluation index. On the basis of the evaluation system, relevant data from 2006 to 2017 in Beijing were selected, and the results show that the urgency of unconventional water resources development in Beijing was generally on the rise with a small fluctuation range.

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Foster, Jessica. "Book Review: Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas." Texas Water Journal 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/twj.v11i1.7114.

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Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas is a collection of articles authored by professionals from disciplines as diverse as agriculture, zoology, law, and economics. The book takes a multidisciplinary look at how issues related to water for unconventional oil and gas production affect water security of a nation, state, community, or sector of industry—and possible pathways toward regulations that balance economic development with the human right to water. The authors examine what other regions have been experiencing to illustrate some of the common difficulties and differing perspectives, challenges, and solutions being attempted. Authors’ contributions are presented in four parts, making the dense subject matter digestible. Citation: Foster J. 2020. Book Review: Regulating water security in unconventional oil and gas. Texas Water Journal. 11(1):61-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v11i1.7114.

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Ong, Wei Qiang, Huaiqing Zhao, Xiao Fang, Susanto Woen, Feng Zhou, Weiliang Yap, Haibin Su, Sam F. Y. Li, and Huaqiang Zeng. "Encapsulation of Conventional and Unconventional Water Dimers by Water-Binding Foldamers." Organic Letters 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2011): 3194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol2011083.

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Pu, Yunchao, Yanchun Wang, Juntai Shi, and Keliu Wu. "Reconsideration of the Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics with the Influences of Water in Unconventional Gas Systems." Geofluids 2020 (December 3, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882307.

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The exploration and development of unconventional resources have been of growing interest in the industry in recent years. It is widely known that the adsorption and desorption mechanisms of unconventional gas have great significance for gas accumulation and exploration. However, major researches based on the mechanism of solid-gas interface have failed to reveal it completely, which introduce large discrepancies between actual and predicted production. In this paper, the mechanism of solid-liquid-gas adsorption and desorption interface is enlightened to describe the characteristics of unconventional gas. The validity of the proposal was verified preliminarily by building a conceptual model which redefines the gas-water distribution. Furthermore, the possibility of production of gas trapped in micropores was first investigated. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the adsorption, desorption, and production mechanisms and in unconventional gas system. Accordingly, the explanation of variation between experiment result and actual production rate even with physical parameters was reasonable in theory. Therefore, this work should provide a basis for improving the accuracy of production predictions in actual reservoirs and should assist analysts in determining reasonable unconventional gas target.

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Palmer, Robert, Damien Short, and Walter Auch. "The Human Right to Water and Unconventional Energy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091858.

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Access to water, in sufficient quantities and of sufficient quality is vital for human health. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in General Comment 15, drafted 2002) argued that access to water was a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living, inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and thus a human right. On 28 July 2010 the United Nations General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking water and sanitation a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights. This paper charts the international legal development of the right to water and its relevance to discussions surrounding the growth of unconventional energy and its heavy reliance on water. We consider key data from the country with arguably the most mature and extensive industry, the USA, and highlight the implications for water usage and water rights. We conclude that, given the weight of testimony of local people from our research, along with data from scientific literature, non-governmental organization (NGO) and other policy reports, that the right to water for residents living near fracking sites is likely to be severely curtailed. Even so, from the data presented here, we argue that the major issue regarding water use is the shifting of the resource from society to industry and the demonstrable lack of supply-side price signal that would demand that the industry reduce or stabilize its water demand per unit of energy produced. Thus, in the US context alone, there is considerable evidence that the human right to water will be seriously undermined by the growth of the unconventional oil and gas industry, and given its spread around the globe this could soon become a global human rights issue.

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Arenas, Emilio, Stephanie M. Villafán-Cáceres, Yetzin Rodríguez-Mejía, Jonathan A. García-Loyola, Omar Masera, and Georgina Sandoval. "Biodiesel Dry Purification Using Unconventional Bioadsorbents." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020194.

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The dry washing method is an alternative to replace water washing, thereby reducing the negative impacts of contamination. However, commercial adsorbents come from industrial processes that, due to their composition, may not be such a sustainable resource in the global biodiesel production process. In this study, the use of organic residues, such as sawdust, coconut fiber, nutshell, rice husk, and water hyacinth fiber, were proposed as bioadsorbents for the purification of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Quality parameters such as the acid number, water content, and free and total glycerin content were evaluated and compared with those after purification with commercial adsorbents (Magnesol and Amberlite BD10DRY). Promising results were obtained using sawdust in the purification process, achieving a reduction in the acid number value of 31.3% respect to the unpurified biodiesel. Indeed, the reduction with sawdust was more efficient than with Amberlite BD10DRY (that increased the acid number). In addition, sawdust reduced free glycerin by 54.8%, again more efficient than Amberlite BD10DRY. The total glycerin values were similar between commercial adsorbents and sawdust. Water content after purification with sawdust was similar to the obtained with Amberlite BD10DRY and better than with Magnesol (399, 417, and 663 mg/kg respectively). These results show that sawdust can be used as an alternative bioadsorbent in a dry purification method for biodiesel, generating less environmental impact.

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Esterhuyse, Surina. "Regulating water security in unconventional oil and gas." Water International 45, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1729524.

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Dorafshan, Mohammad Mahdi, Jahangir Abedi-Koupai, Saeid Eslamian, and Mohammad Javad Amiri. "Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanoides L.): A Hyper-Accumulator Crop for Bioremediation of Unconventional Water." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043529.

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The increase of the global population and the requirement of food production and agricultural development, combined with a lack of water resources, have led to human attention being drawn to unconventional water sources, including saline water and wastewater. Most unconventional water treatment methods are not cost-effective; however, researchers have become interested in the phytoremediation method due to its cost-efficient and eco-friendly removal of many pollutants in recent years. Research showed that due to its unique characteristics, vetiver grass can be useful in phytoremediation. In the current review, research on vetiver-based phytoremediation of unconventional water, especially wastewater, was reviewed. The vetiver-reduced contaminants in wastewater can be related to the interactions between (1) the root-released oxygen into the rhizosphere; (2) the root-based uptake of nutrients from the wastewater; (3) the existence of an appropriate surface area for the attached microbial growth; as well as (4) the root-exuded organic carbon.

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Niemz, Peter, Markus Jakob, and Andreas Hurst. "Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Vergütung von Holz gegenüber holzzerstörenden Pilzen: Teil 2: Diffusionswiderstand, Wasseraufnahme und Verhalten bei Freibewitterung | Comparative examination of various possibilities of tempering wood to withstand destructive fungi. Part 2: Vapour resistance, water absorption and effect of outdoor exposure (reviewed paper)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0188.

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Traditional, unconventional wood treatment methods were tested in comparison with commercially available wood protection products on thermically tempered spruce. Unconventional treatment methods were found to be no better regarding vapour resistance, water absorption or outdoor weathering.

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Hernández-Méndez, Beatriz, Miguel Balcázar, Arturo Ángeles Carranza, Sergio Suárez-Contreras, Esperanza Quintero Ponce, Mario Bárcenas Robles, Juan Carlos Sánchez Meza, and Edith Erielia Gutiérrez Segura. "Environmental radiological baseline in unconventional oil and gas areas of Mexico." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 199, no. 18 (November 2023): 2189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncad257.

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Abstract Environmental radioactivity study was performed in unconventional hydrocarbons areas for the first time in Mexico, where four unconventional hydrocarbon exploratory wells (UHEW) are planned. This study assesses natural radiological conditions in areas around UHEW. Equivalent dose rate distribution displayed in Geographic Information System (GIS) had a maximum of 1.83 mSv a−1 and minimum of 0.04 mSv a−1, GIS was also used for introducing land usage, water resources and population occupancy. Measurements of gross alpha and gross beta in water were below the national permissible limits for drinking water 0.5 and 1.0 Bq L−1 respectively, even though samples do not correspond to drinking water. Evaluation of 238U and 226Ra in groundwater were below minimum detectable concentration 1.3 and 1.0 Bq L−1, respectively. This study provides a radiological baseline for the impact of future industrial activities, especially if exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbons produces naturally occurring radioactive material.

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Tan, Shuai, Xinyue Su, Xi Jiang, Wangxing Yao, Shaomin Chen, Qiliang Yang, and Songrui Ning. "Irrigation Salinity Affects Water Infiltration and Hydraulic Parameters of Red Soil." Agronomy 13, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102627.

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Unconventional water resources (e.g., saline water, etc.) for irrigation as a promising supplementary water source can alleviate the freshwater shortage in the agriculture of red soil areas in Southern China. It should be noted that the presence of soluble salt in this water source may have detrimental influences on soil water infiltration and crop growth. Understanding the effect of unconventional water irrigation (UWI) on water infiltration in red soil is important. Previous studies have shown that the salinity of UWI can alter soil hydraulic properties to change soil water movement in saline soils. However, the underlying mechanism and factors of water infiltration in red soil under UWI with different salinity levels remain limited. Therefore, a laboratory experiment (one-dimensional vertical infiltration experiment and centrifuge method) was conducted to evaluate the effect of UWI with different salinity levels [0 (the distilled water, CK), 1 (S1), 2 (S2), 3 (S3), 5 (S5), and 10 (S10) g L−1] on the soil water infiltration process, soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), soil water constants estimated using the SWCC, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (KS and K) as well as the soil chemistry of soil profile [pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and Na+ and Cl− contents]. The primary factors of soil water infiltration were identified using stepwise regression and path analysis methods. The results showed that UWI salinity decreased water infiltration by 1.53–7.99% at the end of infiltration in red soil, following the order of CK > S1 > S5 > S2 > S3 > S10. Moreover, UWI could enhance soil water availability with an increase of 8.55–12.68% in available water capacity. In contrast, lower KS and K were observed in S1–S10, and there was a negative linear relationship between irrigation salinity and KS. UWI also produced the EC, Na+, and Cl− accumulations in the soil profile. As the salinity level of UWI increased, the accumulations aggravated. Soil acidification was found in S1–S5, while soil alkalization was observed in S10. Additionally, α, PWP, and KS were the primary factors influencing the water infiltration of red soil. This study can help optimize the soil infiltration model under UWI and establish a foundation for unconventional water management in the red soil regions of Southern China and other similar regions. In addition, the undisturbed red soil under agricultural unconventional water irrigation and the long-term effect of unconventional water application should be considered.

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Malik, L. K. "Unconventional energy sources." Hydrotechnical Construction 25, no. 2 (February 1991): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01424082.

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Bertoncello, A., J. Wallace, C. Blyton, M. Honarpour, and C. S. S. Kabir. "Imbibition and Water Blockage In Unconventional Reservoirs: Well-Management Implications During Flowback and Early Production." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 17, no. 04 (September 17, 2014): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167698-pa.

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Summary Driven by field logistics in an unconventional setting, a well may undergo weeks to months of shut-in after hydraulic-fracture stimulation. In unconventional reservoirs, field experiences indicate that such shut-in episodes may improve well productivity significantly while reducing water production. Multiphase-flow mechanisms were found to explain this behavior. Aided by laboratory relative permeability and capillary pressure data, and their dependency on stress in a shale-gas reservoir, the flow-simulation model was able to reproduce the suspected water-blocking behavior. Results demonstrate that a well-resting period improves early productivity and reduces water production. The results also indicate that minimizing water invasion in the formation is crucial to avoid significant water blockage.

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Ghosh, Sandip, Soumajit Sharma, Sujoy Kumar Ghosh, Biplob Pal, Sourav Kanthal, and Shankhajit Roy. "Unconventional Water Production Technologies for a smart and sustainable society." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2286, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2286/1/012029.

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Abstract Decentralized water generation and distribution systems have become quite a necessity for places that lack the infrastructure or economic resources of developed water supply systems. Unconventional methods of water production technologies are being proven to be highly beneficial for freshwater production in remote regions devoid of ground or underground water sources. On many occasions, such methods are dependent on the terrain of application. A comparative discussion has been made in this paper on leading technologies in unconventional water production, which has multiple advantages. Methods like absorbing water using desiccant materials, refrigeration systems and atmospheric fog collection systems are some sustainable options that are also eco-friendly and cheap systems. These can be used in various weather conditions like windy sites, desert as well as coastal regions.

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Redmond, Helen. "Impact of energy generation on health: unconventional gas." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14038.

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In this age of human-induced climate change, drilling for unconventional gas is expanding rapidly. In the United States hundreds of thousands of wells tap into shale gas, tight sands gas and coal seam gas (CSG). In Australia we have large CSG fields containing thousands of wells in Queensland, and several smaller fields in New South Wales and Victoria. The scale of proposed development of shale gas in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory will eclipse CSG in the eastern states. Yet unconventional gas extraction has the potential to undermine every single one of the environmental determinants of health: clean air, clean water, a safe food supply and a stable climate.1 To ensure health, water has to be sufficient in quality and quantity. The unconventional gas industry impacts both in a number of ways. Water quality can be threatened both by chemicals in drilling and fracking fluids, and by chemicals mobilised from deep underground in the process.

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Sutter, Lori. "Hydraulic Fracturing: Potential Impacts to Wetlands." Wetland Science & Practice 32, no. 3 (September 2015): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-278.

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Unconventional oil and gas extraction using hydraulic fracturing has disrupted traditional energy technologies. Shale formations are a vast global resource facilitating a worldwide transition to gas-centric economies. While hydrocarbon reserves in shale formations exist globally, most of the production of gas from shale currently occurs in North America. With over 50,000 new unconventional oil and gas wells being drilled annually since 2000 in central North America alone, and a likely production growth of 60% in the U.S. It is no surprise that unconventional gas drilling has received much attention in recent years. However, its potential impact on natural resources, particularly water quality and quantity, has also garnered much attention in the media and more recently in the scientific literature. Adding fuel to this controversy is a the recent draft EPA report press release with its headline: Assessment shows hydraulic fracturing activities have not led to widespread, systemic impacts to drinking water resources and identifies important vulnerabilities to drinking water resources.

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Keshtkar, A. R., M. R. Ahmadi, H. R. Naseri, H. Atashi, H. Hamidifar, S. M. Razavi, A. Yazdanpanah, M. Karimpour Reihan, and N. Moazami. "Application of a vetiver system for unconventional water treatment." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 53 (March 15, 2016): 25474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1157043.

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Kim, Geug Tae, Kun Yong Chung, and Jung Kyu Park. "Recent Water Treatment Technology for Unconventional Natural Resource Development." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 52, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2014.52.2.154.

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Levine, Audrey D., and Mark J. Benotti. "Baseline groundwater quality in unconventional oil and gas fields." Water Supply 15, no. 6 (June 11, 2015): 1166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.078.

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In recent years, expansion of unconventional oil and gas production has prompted significant interest in potential impacts on drinking water resources. In many cases, water quality investigations rely on access to landowner water wells to develop baseline data prior to drilling; respond to spills, complaints, or incidents; or evaluate potential impacts due to drilling, completion, hydraulic fracturing, water management, or well operation. However, differences in water well construction, operation, maintenance, and wellhead protection practices can complicate sampling efforts and introduce artifacts that might confound interpretation of results and definition of baseline conditions. The frequency of sampling and the types of analyses also vary from site to site, ranging from basic field parameters such as conductivity, pH, and water level to comprehensive analyses of organics, inorganics, radionuclides, gases, stable isotopes, and microorganisms. Regulatory agencies may also specify required analytical parameters and monitoring frequency. This paper highlights some of the challenges associated with deriving baseline data from different types of wells and provides preliminary data on the use of chemical fingerprinting to differentiate sources of waterborne contaminants.

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Bonetti, Pietro, Christian Leuz, and Giovanna Michelon. "Large-sample evidence on the impact of unconventional oil and gas development on surface waters." Science 373, no. 6557 (August 19, 2021): 896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz2185.

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The impact of unconventional oil and gas development on water quality is a major environmental concern. We built a large geocoded database that combines surface water measurements with horizontally drilled wells stimulated by hydraulic fracturing (HF) for several shales to examine whether temporal and spatial well variation is associated with anomalous salt concentrations in United States watersheds. We analyzed four ions that could indicate water impact from unconventional development. We found very small concentration increases associated with new HF wells for barium, chloride, and strontium but not bromide. All ions showed larger, but still small-in-magnitude, increases 91 to 180 days after well spudding. Our estimates were most pronounced for wells with larger amounts of produced water, wells located over high-salinity formations, and wells closer and likely upstream from water monitors.

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Shan, Shihao, Hongzhen Ni, Xichen Lin, and Genfa Chen. "Evaluation of Water Saving and Economy Impact for Tax Reform Policy Using CGE Model with Integrated Multiple Types of Water." Water 15, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15112118.

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As one of the important policy measures to promote water conservation and efficient utilization, the evaluation of water resources tax reform policy regarding its water saving and economic impact (WSEI) is a fundamental prerequisite for policy implementation. In this study, multiple types of water production modules, including surface water, groundwater, and unconventional water, were integrated into a CGE model. Hebei Province, the first pilot area in China, was used as a case study. Through a “with–without” comparative analysis scenario, three water resources tax policy simulations were designed to address the three key issues, and the results showed that the implementation of water resources tax policy would have a certain negative impact on industry economic output in the short term, but it could effectively suppress the use of conventional water and promote the utilization of unconventional water, which is beneficial for long-term water resource conservation and sustainability. The imposition of higher differential tax rates on high water-consuming industries is more effective in further promoting the use of unconventional water and reducing the use of conventional water to achieve water conservation targets. Moreover, providing tax refunds as subsidies to water-using industries could alleviate the economic impact of water resources tax and promote water conservation. From the perspectives of water quantity, water use efficiency, and economic impact, the optimal policy scenario (S3) was selected, involving implementing differential water resources tax rates of 23% for high water-consuming industries and 18% for general water-consuming industries, coupled with tax refunds and subsidies for sectors. Based on this, corresponding recommendations in terms of differential tax rate setting, tax utilization, government regulation, and agricultural water resources tax collection were provided. These findings can offer a scientific reference for the formulation and implementation of water resources tax policies in other regions.

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Xie, Z. Harry, and Omar Reffell. "Applications of Two-Dimensional Laboratory Higher-Frequency NMR in Unconventional Shale Characterization." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 64, no. 6 (December 1, 2023): 848–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv64n6-2023a3.

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The complexity of the microstructure and fluids in unconventional reservoirs presents challenges to the traditional approaches to the evaluation of geological formations and petrophysical properties due to the low porosity, ultralow permeability, complex lithology, and fluid composition. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been playing major roles in unconventional shale characterization in the last decades as NMR can provide critical information about the reservoirs for quantifying their petrophysical parameters and fluid properties and estimating productivity. Laboratory NMR techniques at higher frequency (HF), e.g., 23 MHz, especially two-dimensional (2D) T1-T2 mapping, and their applications have been essential for the noninvasive characterization of tight rock samples for identifying kerogen, bitumen, heavy or light hydrocarbons, and bound or capillary water. Traditional T2 cutoffs, established with low frequency (LF) NMR, no longer apply and need new definitions to reflect the inferences from water and hydrocarbons separately. The crushed rock analysis method, as applied to unconventional formations, has been successful in evaluating total porosity and water saturation but also suffers from inconsistency in results due to desiccation and solvent effects. In the past decade, the oil and gas industry has witnessed significant development of HF NMR techniques that couple advances in petrophysics, petroleum engineering, and geochemistry with a broad range of applications. It is necessary to review such technological advances and draw conclusions to benefit unconventional core analysis programs. This article will summarize key advances in laboratory NMR applications in unconventional shale characterization, including monitoring processes of liquids equilibrium, desiccation, and imbibition in fresh shale samples, determination of activation energy of hydrocarbons in shales, monitoring changes in a shale sample during liquid flooding experiments, and direct measurements on kerogen.

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Rapti, Dimitra, Giovanni Martinelli, Guodong Zheng, and Clelia Vincenzi. "Bottled Mineral Waters as Unconventional Sampling in Hydro-Geological Research." Water 15, no. 19 (September 30, 2023): 3466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193466.

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Bottled mineral waters originate from groundwater aquifers, their chemical composition being initially determined by geochemical water-rock interaction processes. The waters used for bottling originate from different parts of the hydrological cycle and have a unique hydro-geochemical fingerprint. As water moves through the water cycle, the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule may change. Determining 18O and 2H can help to characterize the source of bottled water and the natural conditions of the parent water body, of the recharge area, and the influence of various processes during infiltration and water flow within the water body. Usually, the chemical composition is reported on the label of bottled waters, while stable isotopes data are often unreported and are sometimes available from scientific publications. Bottled waters from selected sites of Europe where chemical and stable isotopic composition were available have been considered and accompanying data reinterpreted. The available data have been reinterpreted by obtaining results comparable, within limitations, to traditional sampling and analytical procedures, demonstrating the usefulness of the adopted methodology in emergency cases. Therefore, the utilization of isotopic values of bottled waters should be limited to the observation of general trends in isotopic composition of feeding waters, while more local studies are advised for a better understanding of the hydro-geological circuits.

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Karimidastenaei, Zahra, Björn Klöve, Mojtaba Sadegh, and Ali Torabi Haghighi. "Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges." Water 13, no. 22 (November 13, 2021): 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223220.

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Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Ice is one such unconventional water resource, which is available mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic. In this study, opportunities and challenges in iceberg utilization as a source of freshwater were investigated on the basis of a systematic literature review (SLR). A search in three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) yielded 47 separate studies from 1974 to 2019. The SLR indicated that harvesting iceberg water, one of the purest sources of water, offers benefits ranging from supplying freshwater and creating new jobs to avoiding iceberg damage to offshore structures. Economic considerations and risks associated with iceberg towing were identified as the main limitations to iceberg harvesting, while environmental impacts were identified as the main challenge to exploiting this resource. Assessment of trends in ice sheets in Arctic and Antarctic across different spatiotemporal scales indicated that the main sources of icebergs showed a statistically significant (p < 0.01) decreasing trend for all months and seasons during 2005–2019.

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Delli Castelli, Daniela, Lorenzo Tei, Fabio Carniato, Silvio Aime, and Mauro Botta. "[Yb(AAZTA)(H2O)]−: an unconventional ParaCEST MRI probe." Chemical Communications 54, no. 16 (2018): 2004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00193f.

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BOUCHRIKA, Ali, Habib JOUBER, and Wajdi BARDI. "The Water Management in Tunisia: A Trend towards Unconventional Resources." Journal of Management Research 6, no. 4 (November 9, 2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v6i4.6450.

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Whitfield, Stephen. "Unconventional Resources: New Facilities Find Solutions to Limited Water Sources." Oil and Gas Facilities 3, no. 06 (December 1, 2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1214-0011-ogf.

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MONDAL, NABA KUMAR, RIA BHAUMIK, TANMOY BAUR, BISWAJIT DAS, PALAS ROY, and JAYANTA KUMAR DATTA. "Studies on Defluoridation of Water by Tea Ash:An Unconventional Biosorbent." Chemical Science Transactions 1, no. 2 (July 13, 2012): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7598/cst2012.134.

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Welz, Oliver, Stephen J. Klippenstein, Lawrence B. Harding, Craig A. Taatjes, and Judit Zádor. "Unconventional Peroxy Chemistry in Alcohol Oxidation: The Water Elimination Pathway." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4, no. 3 (January 9, 2013): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz302004w.

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Revelle, Roger, and V. Lakshminarayana. "An unconventional approach to integrated ground and surface water development." Sadhana 8, no. 2 (March 1985): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02811891.

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Stollar, Elliott J., Jose Luis Gelpí, Sameer Velankar, Adel Golovin, Modesto Orozco, and Ben F. Luisi. "Unconventional interactions between water and heterocyclic nitrogens in protein structures." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 57, no. 1 (July 6, 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.20216.

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Nell, Marika, and Damian E. Helbling. "Exploring matrix effects and quantifying organic additives in hydraulic fracturing associated fluids using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 2 (2019): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00135a.

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Choi, K. Y., and B. A. Dempsey. "Low-pressure membrane filtration with unconventional coagulation regimes." Water Supply 5, no. 5 (December 1, 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0032.

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The objective of the research was to evaluate in-line coagulation to improve performance during ultrafiltration (UF). In-line coagulation means use of coagulants without removal of coagulated solids prior to UF. Performance was evaluated by removal of contaminants (water quality) and by resistance to filtration and recovery of flux after hydraulic or chemical cleaning (water production). We hypothesized that coagulation conditions inappropriate for conventional treatment, in particular under-dosing conditions that produce particles that neither settle nor are removed in rapid sand filters, would be effective for in-line coagulation prior to UF. A variety of pre-treatment processes for UF have been investigated including coagulation, powdered activated carbon (PAC) or granular activated carbon (GAC), adsorption on iron oxides or other pre-formed settleable solid phases, or ozonation. Coagulation pre-treatment is often used for removal of fouling substances prior to NF or RO. It has been reported that effective conventional coagulation conditions produced larger particles and this reduced fouling during membrane filtration by reducing adsorption in membrane pores, increasing cake porosity, and increasing transport of foulants away from the membrane surface. However, aggregates produced under sweep floc conditions were more compressible than for charge neutralization conditions, resulting in compaction when the membrane filtration system was pressurized. It was known that the coagulated suspension under either charge-neutralization or sweep floc condition showed similar steady-state flux under the cross-flow microfiltration mode. Another report on the concept of critical floc size suggested that flocs need to reach a certain critical size before MF, otherwise membranes can be irreversibly clogged by the coagulant solids. The authors were motivated to study the effect of various coagulation conditions on the performance of a membrane filtration system.

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Forrestal, Casey, Zachary Stoll, Pei Xu, and Zhiyong Jason Ren. "Microbial capacitive desalination for integrated organic matter and salt removal and energy production from unconventional natural gas produced water." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, no. 1 (2015): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ew00050a.

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Abdelnaby, Mahdi hendawi, and Ahmed abdelati Yousef. "Possibility of reuse treated wastewater for irrigation." Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences, no. 01 (October 6, 2019): 174–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.14.

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Unconventional water regards as an important source to ensure the water requirements for many Arabic countries, particularly in Libya which is suffering scars of irrigation water for some kinds of crops. So many treatment plants have been constructed in the main cities, but the reuse of treated water is still limited due to their environmental effects, whereas the reuse of these water needs an excess of researches and tests to satisfy the standards of recycling. The objective of this study is the seeking for aother new sources of unconventional water such as treated sewage water, grey water, and desalinated water to insure the water requirements. The studied samples have been collected from sewage water to perform the the different tests of evaluation this water, such as physical, chemical and biological measurements to determine the nature of water after treatment process. In the spotlight of the obtained results from laboratory tests in Tobruk treatment plant, it is clear that reveal a high efficieny of treatment from pollutants that can enable us for recycling and reuse this water for irrigation. Consequently, we recommended to spotlight on these great quantities of these waters to exploit in different purposes that regarded as a renewable source of water.

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Cai, Bo, Yun Hong Ding, Yong Jun Lu, Hua Shen, and Zhen Zhou Yang. "Status of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources and its Environment Risk Factors in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.927.

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The development of resources has achieved revolution from unconventional resources to conventional resources in North America. China's tight oil and gas reservoirs are widely distributed and the exploration potential is tremendous. The abundant unconventional natural gas resources, if exploited reasonably and efficiently, will provide stable energy supply for the sustainable development of Chinese economy. In this paper, a few key techniques including drilling and hydraulic fracturing for the development of unconventional oil and gas resources were introduced. The factors of unconventional oil and gas were put forward,the costs of drilling and well completion and environmental concerns for the development of tight oil and gas in China included ground water contamination, risks to air quality, migration of gases were also introduced which has raised combined with the analysis of future prospects and future technology development. We also offer some technology which has the merits of low cost, efficient for the development of unconventional tight reservoir in horizontal wells. Good conditions have been found in Sichuan, Tarim and Ordos basins for both development and exploitation, finally we can come to a conclusion that the tight oil and gas should be realistic replacement resources of conventional oil and gas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Unconventional water'

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