Journal articles: 'Unconventional samples'

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Rivier, Laurent. "Techniques for analytical testing of unconventional samples." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 14, no. 1 (March 2000): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/beem.2000.0060.

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Dugauguez, Olivier, Jose Manuel Torralba, Thierry Barrière, and Jean Claude Gelin. "Unconventional Methods of Sintering Inconel 718 MIM Samples." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.830.

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In this investigation, three different ways of sintering Inconel 718 MIM samples are compared. The conventional way of sintering in a furnace will be compared to FAHP and microwave sintering. The difficulty of these two methods is to be able to control the shrinkage of the sample and so its shape. These methods have yet not been investigated with a super alloy powder and so, the effects of a high sintering rate on a MIM sample. By accelerating the sintering kinetics, the thermal behavior may be modified. Hence, the behavior of the Inconel 718 sintered by field assisted and microwave sintering has been investigated. The sintered samples were all injected from a feedstock composed of a fine particle Inconel powder and a binder principally composed of CAB and PEG. They were debinded into water for 24h and put in a furnace at 500°C during 2 hours. The heating rate of the furnace was set to 5°C/min until 1290°C during 2 hours. The heating rate of the FAHP was set to 50°C/min until 1250°C during 15 minutes. The microwave samples were sintered around 1300°C during 1 hour, the temperature was increased progressively by steps of 100°C. The effects of the different process on the microstructure and the mechanical properties are then compared. There was no difference in distribution of pores between the conventional sintering and the FAHP sintering but a finer grain size showed better hardness. The microwave sintering of a MIM sample is more complex and the best properties were not obtained.

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Goyal, Kavita, Neha Tomar, Sweta Sinha, Rakesh Kumar, and Sunil Kumar Mahato. "Unconventional Adulterants in Seized Heroin Samples: Forensic Insight." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 04, no. 04 (2020): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2020.4401.

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Dugauguez, Olivier, José Manuel Torralba, Thierry Barriere, and Jean-Claude Gelin. "Unconventional methods of sintering Inconel 718 MIM samples." Powder Metallurgy 60, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2016.1270389.

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Webber, James S., Myron Getman, and Tony J. Ward. "Evidence and Reconstruction of Airborne Asbestos From Unconventional Environmental Samples." Inhalation Toxicology 18, no. 12 (January 2006): 969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08958370600835138.

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Baybakova, N. G., and G. V. Varivoda. "Study of collection samples of table watermel with unconventional pulp color." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2021-2-11-15.

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Relevance. The study of the collection is one of the main sources of replenishing the source material for the breeding process. The presence of the necessary genetic traits can speed up the breeding process. Therefore, at the Bykovskaya melon breeding experimental station, the genetic diversity of melon plants is assessed and promising samples are selected for use in breeding.Materials and methods. The object of research was samples of table watermelon with an unconventional color of the pulp. The aim of the work is to study and isolate the source material of watermelon for use in the breeding process to create new varieties and hybrids of melon crops. In the course of the study, 12 varieties of table watermelon were identified from 33 varieties of the collection nursery, which are sources of economically valuable traits. The selection was carried out according to the yield, the rate of entry into fruiting, taste, color of the pulp.Results. In the course of the research, the obtained samples of table watermelon with an unconventional color of the pulp were evaluated according to a set of economic characteristics in comparison with the standards: Zenith and Sinchevsky. The analysis of the tested samples made it possible to identify 12 samples by economically valuable traits: 3 samples by early maturity and taste: White sugar lump, White wonder, Golden revenge F1; 7 samples with a high dry matter content, in terms of yield and large fruit: Moon and stars yellowflesh, Sweet Siberian, Orangeglo, Daisy, Clay county yellow meat, Mountain sweet yellow, Tendergold; 2 samples for color and pulp consistency: Early moon beane Bakerlneek, Tenderweet orange. The selected samples meet the modern requirements of the industrial melon growing industry, resistant to stress factors of the environment, good taste and consumer properties.Findings. The obtained experimental data will be used to create a genetic collection of watermelon according to the traits that determine the economic value of the gene pool for further use in the breeding process.

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Frączek, Tadeusz, and Michał Olejnik. "Unconventional Glow Discharge Nitriding of 316L Austenitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.882.

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This work presents the results of investigations of unconventionally glow-discharge nitrided 316L austenitic steel. The process of nitriding was performed using a variety of variants of sample orientation in glow-discharge chamber. The samples subject to nitriding were located directly on cathode, on the surface isolated from both cathode and anode, in so-called ‘plasma potential’, while the part of the samples with this orientation were additionally covered with screens to supported nitriding process. In order to evaluate the efficiency of various variants of nitriding, the following investigations were conducted: hardness test, element distribution profile within surface layer, metallographic tests, tribological and corrosion resistance tests.

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Klaja, Jolanta, Grażyna Łykowska, and Anna Przelaskowska. "Helium porosity measurements for rocks from unconventional reservoirs performed on crushed samples." Nafta-Gaz 71, no. 11 (November 2015): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng2015.11.07.

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Zhang, Jilin Jay, Hui-Hai Liu, and Mohammed Boudjatit. "Matrix permeability measurement from fractured unconventional source-rock samples: Method and application." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 233 (August 2020): 103663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103663.

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Mayo, R. Alex, David J. Sullivan, Travis A. P. Fillion, Stefan W. Kycia, Dmitriy V. Soldatov, and Kathryn E. Preuss. "Reversible crystal-to-crystal chiral resolution: making/breaking non-bonding S⋯O interactions." Chemical Communications 53, no. 28 (2017): 3964–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc00907k.

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Liotta, Luigi, Federica Litrenta, Vincenzo Lo Turco, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Vincenzo Lopreiato, Vincenzo Nava, Arianna Bionda, and Giuseppa Di Bella. "Evaluation of Chemical Contaminants in Conventional and Unconventional Ragusana Provola Cheese." Foods 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11233817.

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Organic contaminants belonging to various classes (plasticizers, bisphenols, pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs,) were analyzed in samples of provola cheese produced from Friesian dairy cows fed with a conventional diet (group CTR), and an unconventional diet (group BIO) enriched with olive cake (OC). The results show that for most determined contaminants, the differences between the two diets were very slight, indicating that the contamination does not depend on the olive cake integrated in the unconventional diet. The results also indicate that the minimal contamination could result from environmental contamination or the production process. It can be concluded that unconventional provola is as safe for the consumer as conventional provola.

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Liden, Tiffany, Zacariah L. Hildenbrand, Ramon Sanchez-Rosario, and Kevin A. Schug. "Characterizing Various Produced Waters from Shale Energy Extraction within the Context of Reuse." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134521.

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Environmental concerns with unconventional oil and gas development are frequently centered on elevated water usage and the induction of seismic events during waste disposal. Reuse of produced water for subsequent production well stimulation can effectively address these concerns, but the variability among such samples must be well understood. Twenty-four samples of wastewater from unconventional oil and gas development were collected from south and west Texas to assess their variability and feasibility for direct reuse. Bulk metrics were collected, including total organic carbon, total nitrogen, as well as total dissolved and suspended solids. The profiles of pertinent inorganic constituents were also evaluated. Variations were not only seen between regions but also among samples collected from the same region. For example, the average total organic carbon for Eagle Ford samples collected was 700 ± 500 mg/L, while samples collected from the Permian Basin featured an average total organic carbon concentration of 600 ± 900 mg/L. The Permian Basin total organic carbon ranged from 38 to 2600 mg/L. The total dissolved solids levels had the same variability between regions, with an average value for Eagle Ford of 20,000 ± 10,000 mg/L and a Permian Basin value of 150,000 ± 40,000 mg/L. However, samples were more reproducible within a given region. Collectively, the data indicate that the direct reuse of raw produced water for subsequent production well development without treatment is not feasible based on the reported reuse thresholds. Unconventional development wastewater samples from the Permian Basin were also compared to produced water values from conventional oil and gas wells in the same region, as reported by the United States Geological Survey. Samples collected in the Permian Basin consistently demonstrated lower ionic strength compared to conventional produced water data.

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Adeyemi, Nabeel A., A. K. M. Mohiuddin, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, and Ahmad Tariq Jameel. "Unconventional Method for Monitoring of Waste Cooking Oil Transesterification." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.357.

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A technique to monitor transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) is presented. The technique was developed based on analogue signal from WCO, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and commercial palm oil (CPO). A low-pass filter design for the photodiode was used to obtain the characteristic analog signal generated by these oil samples and the signal was correlated to absorbance spectra of the oils using data from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) equipment. A match was made between the analogue signals of the oil samples and calibrated against the FTIR spectra at 95% confidence level. Depletion of WCO during transesterification in a batch reactor correlated with the time observed for peak yield during biodiesel production. The results of the technique are discussed as a possible way to monitor transesterification process in a batch reactor.

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Remeczki, Ferenc. "Evaluation of calculated connate water saturation values in case of unconventional rock samples." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 1 (2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.1.6.

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The present study represents possibilities of calculating the connate water saturation - CWS - values of samples from unconventional reservoirs and how to evaluate the obtained result. CWS is an extremely important property of the reservoir rocks. It basically determines the value of the resource and can also predict production technology difficulties. For the samples included in the measurement program, significant or extremely high CWS values were determined. Analysis of the corrected pore size distribution proved to be the most appropriate method for interpreting CWS values, although, it also shows some correlation with the most frequent pore radius - MFPR - and porosity.

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Alfi, Mehrdad, Seyyed A. Hosseini, Daniel Enriquez, and Tongwei Zhang. "A new technique for permeability calculation of core samples from unconventional gas reservoirs." Fuel 235 (January 2019): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.114.

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Zhu, Feng, Wenxuan Hu, Jian Cao, Biao Liu, Yifeng Liu, and Chao Chang. "Probe material choice for nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry (NMRC) measurements of the nano-scale pore size distribution of unconventional reservoirs." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718802475.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry is a newly developed technique that can characterize the pore size distribution of nano-scale porous materials. To date, this technique has scarcely been used for the testing of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs; thus, their micro- and nano-scale pore structures must still be investigated. The selection of the probe material for this technique has a key impact on the quality of the measurement results during the testing of geological samples. In this paper, we present details on the nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometric procedure. Several types of probe materials were compared during the nuclear testing of standard nano-scale porous materials and unconventional reservoir geological samples from Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. Gas sorption experiments were also carried out on the same samples simultaneously. The KGT values of the probe materials octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and calcium chloride hexahydrate were calibrated using standard nano-scale porous materials to reveal respective values of 149.3 Knm and 184 Knm. Water did not successfully wet the pore surfaces of the standard controlled pore glass samples; moreover, water damaged the pore structures of the geological samples, which was confirmed during two freeze-melting tests. The complex phase transition during the melting of cyclohexane introduced a nuclear magnetic resonance signal in addition to that from liquid in the pores, which led to an imprecise characterization of the pore size distribution. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and calcium chloride hexahydrate have been rarely employed as nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometric probe materials for the testing of an unconventional reservoir. Both of these materials were able to characterize pore sizes up to 1 μm, and they were more applicable than either water or cyclohexane.

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Dick, Michael J., Dragan Veselinovic, Ron J. M. Bonnie, and Shaina A. Kelly. "NMR-Based Wettability Index for Unconventional Rocks." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 63, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 418–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv63n3-2022a9.

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Standardized and benchmarked wettability characterization and quantification workflows are lacking in unconventional reservoir development. Quantification of in-situ wettability and changes due to wettability alteration efforts can assist with completions decisions, and economic oil production. This manuscript summarizes the establishment and validation of an NMR wettability index (NWI) for unconventional rocks. The method builds upon Looyestijn’s NMR wettability analysis methods for conventional rocks and has been tested on core plug samples from a variety of major producing unconventional reservoirs. It will be of interest to readers to note the marked range of wettability values quantified among the aforementioned tight formations. Our NWI model is well suited for data sets featuring complex oil and water T2 spectra with multiple peaks, common features of unconventional rock spectra. The results were subjected to comprehensive experimental and analytical validation, including complementary 3D NMR imaging and replication of the experiments with D2O. The validation procedure and advantages of the approach over other NMR wettability models are discussed in this review. Finally, best practices are detailed so that the SCAL methodology can be deployed on a larger scale.

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Hu, Xiaomei, Zhiyi Liu, and Xingyuan Hou. "Upper critical field beyond Pauli limit in the exfoliated RbCr₃As₃ nanowires." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2313, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2313/1/012027.

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Abstract Unconventional superconductivity in the quasi-two-dimensional cuprates and iron-based superconductors has attracted great attention in these years. Recently, the discovery of the Cr-based ternary compounds has aroused the research upsurge for the possible spin-triplet superconductivity revealed from the bulk samples. Here we carried out the electrical transport measurements of the air-stable RbCr3As3 after the dimensionality reduction. It is founded that the superconductivity is suppressed, while the upper critical field is still far larger than the Pauli paramagnetic limit, providing an ideal platform to shed light on the unconventional superconductivity.

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Kazak, E. S., I. A. Rodkina, and Ya V. Sorokoumova. "Laboratory evaluation methods of water saturation in shales." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 6 (February 6, 2023): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2022-6-56-70.

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The reservoir water content is one of the key parameters to following reliable hydrocarbon reserves estimation of low-permeable shale reservoirs with unconventional hydrocarbon reserves. The extensive review of applied direct and indirect laboratory methods for determining the water saturation in unconventional shale reservoirs is presented in this article. The essence, advantages, disadvantages and limitations of methods are described in detail. It was demonstrated that direct laboratory methods (retort method, Zaks, Dean–Stark) which were originally developed for traditional reservoir rocks, give results with an error of up to 50% for rocks samples of unconventional reservoirs. On the other hand the Evaporation Method specifically developed for low-permeable rocks takes less time and provides more accurate (error up to 6.8%) gravitational and bonded water determination moreover, it requires up to 5 times less rock material for analysis.

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Jagadisan, Archana, Jin-Hong Chen, and Stacey M. Althaus. "Improved Methods for Determination of Petrophysical Properties of Unconventional Tight Rocks Using Particulate Samples." ACS Omega 7, no. 11 (March 7, 2022): 9636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c07034.

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Bamberger, Peter A., and Michael G. Pratt. "Moving Forward by Looking Back: Reclaiming Unconventional Research Contexts and Samples in Organizational Scholarship." Academy of Management Journal 53, no. 4 (August 2010): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814357.

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Kamali-Asl, Arash, Mark D. Zoback, and Arjun H. Kohli. "Effects of Supercritical CO2 on Matrix Permeability of Unconventional Formations." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041101.

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We studied the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) on the matrix permeability of reservoir rocks from the Eagle Ford, Utica, and Wolfcamp formations. We measured permeability using argon before exposure of the samples to scCO2 over time periods ranging from days to weeks. We measured permeability (and the change of permeability with confining pressure) when both argon and scCO2 were the pore fluids. In all three formations, we generally observe a negative correlation between initial permeability and carbonate content—the higher the carbonate content, the lower the initial permeability. In clay- and organic-rich samples, swelling of the matrix resulting from adsorption decreased the permeability by about 50% when the pore fluid was scCO2 although this permeability change is largely reversible. In carbonate-rich samples, dissolution of carbonate minerals by carbonic acid irreversibly increased matrix permeability, in some cases by more than one order of magnitude. This dissolution also increases the pressure dependence of permeability apparently due to enhanced mechanical compaction. Despite these trends, we observed no general correlation between mineralogy and the magnitude of the change in permeability with argon before and after exposure to scCO2. Flow of scCO2 through μm-scale cracks appears to play an important role in determining matrix permeability and the pressure dependence of permeability. Extended permeability measurements show that while adsorption is nearly instantaneous and reversible, dissolution is time-dependent, probably owing to reaction kinetics. Our results indicate that the composition and microstructure of matrix flow pathways control both the initial permeability and how permeability changes after interaction with scCO2. Electron microscopy images with Back-Scattered Electron (BSE) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) revealed dissolution and etching of calcite minerals and precipitation of calcium sulfide resulting from exposure to scCO2.

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Barberes, Gabriel A., Rui Pena dos Reis, Nuno L. Pimentel, André L. D. Spigolon, Paulo E. Fonseca, Przemysław Karcz, Marco C. Azevedo, and Maria Teresa Barata. "Geochemical Considerations from the Carboniferous Unconventional Petroleum System of SW Iberia." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080811.

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The Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group (BAFG) is an important stratigraphic unit that covers over half of the South Portuguese Zone (SPZ) depositional area, and it is composed by three main tectono-stratigraphic units: the Mértola, Mira, and Brejeira formations. All of these formations contain significant thicknesses of black shales and have several wide areas with 0.81 wt.%, 0.91 wt.%, and 0.72 wt.% average total organic carbon (TOC) (respectively) and thermal maturation values within gas zones (overmature). This paper is considering new data from classical methods of organic geochemistry characterization, such as TOC, Rock–Eval pyrolysis, and organic petrography, to evaluate the unconventional petroleum system from the SPZ. A total of 53 samples were collected. From the stratigraphical point of view, TOC values seem to have a random distribution. The Rock–Eval parameters point out high thermal maturation compatible with gas window (overmature zone). The samples are dominated by gas-prone extremely hydrogen-depleted type III/IV kerogen, which no longer has the potential to generate and expel hydrocarbons. The petrographic analyses positioned the thermal evolution of these samples into the end of catagenesis to metagenesis (wet to dry gas zone), with values predominantly higher than 2 %Ro (dry gas zone). The presence of thermogenic hydrocarbon fluids characterized by previous papers indicate that the BAFG from SPZ represents a senile unconventional petroleum system, working nowadays basically as a gas reservoir.

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Ruhee, Ruheea Taskin, Samia Sams, Amena Begum, Mohammad Khairul Alam, Parveen Begum, Maksuda Khatun, Mahbuba Kawser, Silvia Saberin, Monira Ahsan, and Sheikh Nazrul Islam. "Dietary fibre content in ethnic and unconventional vegetables and fruits growing in Bangladesh." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (January 28, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1202.

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Dietary fibres are known to provide health benefit and protect against degenerative chronic diseases. Thus, the present study reports the total dietary fibre (TDF) content of sixty-nine selected ethnic and unconventional vegetables and fruits growing in Bangladesh. The samples were collected from different locations of Bangladesh and mixed together to ensure sample representativeness. Dietary fibre assay kit according to the AOAC method was utilized for the analysis of TDF in selected vegetables and fruits. In the ethnic varieties, the TDF content ranged from 1.02 ± 0.16 to 7.16 ± 0.16 g for leafy (LV), 0.18 ± 0.01 to 6.71 ± 0.49 g for non-leafy vegetables (NLV) and 1.21 ± 0.12 to 5.29 ± 0.20 g for fruits per 100 g edible portion (EP). In the unconventional items, it arrayed from 3.08 ± 0.34 g to 7.75 ± 0.13 g for LV and 1.02 ± 0.06 to 8.82 ± 0.40 g for NLV per 100 g EP. Among the analysed samples, the highest and lowest content of TDF was found in Orohordal and Mairabokong, respectively. The unconventional vegetables contained much higher content of TDF than the ethnics and the commonly consumed similar varieties. Data on TDF content in underutilized vegetables and fruits of Bangladesh is sparse. Thus, the finding of this study would fill up the data gap in the existing food composition table of Bangladesh and also would aware the people to take vegetables and fruits rich in fibres.

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Friedman, Ronald S., Douglas A. Kowalewski, Dominique T. Vuvan, and W. Trammell Neill. "Consonance Preferences Within an Unconventional Tuning System." Music Perception 38, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2021.38.3.313.

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Recently, Bowling, Purves, and Gill (2018a), found that individuals perceive chords with spectra resembling a harmonic series as more consonant. This is consistent with their vocal similarity hypothesis (VSH), the notion that the experience of consonance is based on an evolved preference for sounds that resemble human vocalizations. To rule out confounding between harmonicity and familiarity, we extended Bowling et al.’s (2018a) procedure to chords from the unconventional Bohlen-Pierce chromatic just (BPCJ) scale. We also assessed whether the association between harmonicity and consonance was moderated by timbre by presenting chords generated from either piano or clarinet samples. Results failed to straightforwardly replicate this association; however, evidence of a positive correlation between harmonicity and consonance did emerge across timbres following post hoc exclusion of chords containing intervals that were particularly similar to conventional equal-tempered dyads. Supplementary regression analyses using a more comprehensive measure of harmonicity confirmed its positive association with consonance ratings of BPCJ chords, yet also showed that spectral interference independently contributed to these ratings. In sum, our results are consistent with the VSH; however, they also suggest that a composite model, incorporating both harmonicity as well as spectral interference as predictors, would best account for variance in consonance judgments.

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Bobrova, Maria, Sergey Stanchits, Anna Shevtsova, Egor Filev, Vladimir Stukachev, and Tagir Shayahmetov. "Laboratory Investigation of Hydraulic Fracture Behavior of Unconventional Reservoir Rocks." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070292.

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The heterogeneity of the rock fabric is a significant factor influencing the initiation and propagation of a hydraulic fracture (HF). This paper presents a laboratory study of HF created in six shale-like core samples provided by RITEK LLC collected from the same well, but at different depths. For each tested sample, we determined the breakdown pressure, the HF growth rate, and the expansion of the sample at the moment when the HF reaches the sample surface. Correlations were established between the HF parameters and the geomechanical characteristics of the studied samples, and deviations from the general relationships were explained by the influence of the rock matrix. The analysis of the moment tensor inversion of radiated acoustic emission (AE) signals allows us to separate AE signals with a dominant shear component from the signals with a significant tensile component. The direction of microcrack opening was determined, which is in good agreement with the results of the post-test X-ray CT analysis of the created HF. Thus, it has been shown that a combination of several independent laboratory techniques allows one to reliably determine the parameters that can be used for verification of hydraulic fracturing models.

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Cerri, Emanuela, Emanuele Ghio, and Giovanni Bolelli. "Effect of the Distance from Build Platform and Post-Heat Treatment of AlSi10Mg Alloy Manufactured by Single- and Multi-Laser Selective Laser Melting." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 30, no. 7 (March 17, 2021): 4981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05577-8.

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AbstractIn the present study, AlSi10Mg samples produced by selective laser melting (SLM) were studied. Samples were machined from two types of bars obtained through different methods: either single laser (SL) or multiple laser (ML) machine setup. The bars were built perpendicular to the platform, which was pre-heated at 150 °C (working temperature), up to a height of 300 mm. The effect of the distance from the platform on the mechanical properties was investigated through tensile samples in as-built condition and after unconventional heat treatments (U-HT). Tensile strength changed by 80 MPa along the Z-axis (build direction) for SL case and by 100 MPa for ML case in the as-built samples. Vickers microhardness revealed an analogous gradient. This was correlated to a gradient in intra-granular precipitates' distribution along the Z-axis, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An unconventional heat treatment at 175 °C for 6h slightly improves the mechanical strength; higher temperature treatments at 200 and 225 °C for the same duration cause a progressive decrease in strength with an increase in elongation. The amount and size of the precipitates and the thickness of eutectic Si change with the heat treatment temperature, justifying the mechanical behavior.

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Mishra, Nachiketa, John Kaldi, and Ulrike Schacht. "Unconventional hydrocarbons in shales: source rock or waste zones?" APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14109.

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This extended abstract summarises the objectives of a research project that will provide insight into hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in continuous-source reservoirs and how to best exploit such unconventional resources in Australia, specifically in the Cooper Basin. It compares and contrasts a productive shale from the US—the Bakken Formation—with shales from the Cooper Basin. Unconventional resources, such as the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation, have been assumed to be continuous source-reservoirs where the oil is generated from organic-rich shales with minimal migration. It is possible, however, that the shale intervals are a waste zone (a leaked seal). These waste zones form when the buoyancy pressure of the hydrocarbon exceeds the capillary forces in the seal, resulting in tertiary migration. Oil saturation values strongly correlate with the hydrocarbon content parameter (S1/TOC) from Rock-Eval. Values of 120 mgHC/gC are typically indicative of non-indigenous or migrated hydrocarbons (reservoirs or leaked seals). Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) analysis of core samples can also diagnose whether a shale is a source or a seal. Organic shales with high capillary entry pressures generally have low hydrocarbon content, in line with in-situ generation; shales with low entry pressures have comparatively higher hydrocarbon content and indicate migration from an underlying accumulation. Once these waste zones are identified on a basin-scale, specific samples from the Bakken Formation will be analysed using micro-scale sealed vessel pyrolysis, combined with monitoring of the biomarkers and other organic compounds using mass spectrometry. As the composition of organic compounds is altered during migration, this will confirm whether they are generated locally or migrated.

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Humez, Pauline, Bernhard Mayer, Michael Nightingale, Veith Becker, Andrew Kingston, Stephen Taylor, Guy Bayegnak, Romain Millot, and Wolfram Kloppmann. "Redox controls on methane formation, migration and fate in shallow aquifers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (July 12, 2016): 2759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2759-2016.

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Abstract. Development of unconventional energy resources such as shale gas and coalbed methane has generated some public concern with regard to the protection of groundwater and surface water resources from leakage of stray gas from the deep subsurface. In terms of environmental impact to and risk assessment of shallow groundwater resources, the ultimate challenge is to distinguish (a) natural in situ production of biogenic methane, (b) biogenic or thermogenic methane migration into shallow aquifers due to natural causes, and (c) thermogenic methane migration from deep sources due to human activities associated with the exploitation of conventional or unconventional oil and gas resources. This study combines aqueous and gas (dissolved and free) geochemical and isotope data from 372 groundwater samples obtained from 186 monitoring wells of the provincial Groundwater Observation Well Network (GOWN) in Alberta (Canada), a province with a long record of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration. We investigated whether methane occurring in shallow groundwater formed in situ, or whether it migrated into the shallow aquifers from elsewhere in the stratigraphic column. It was found that methane is ubiquitous in groundwater in Alberta and is predominantly of biogenic origin. The highest concentrations of biogenic methane (> 0.01 mM or > 0.2 mgL−1), characterized by δ13CCH4 values < −55 ‰, occurred in anoxic Na-Cl, Na-HCO3, and Na-HCO3-Cl type groundwaters with negligible concentrations of nitrate and sulfate suggesting that methane was formed in situ under methanogenic conditions for 39.1 % of the samples. In only a few cases (3.7 %) was methane of biogenic origin found in more oxidizing shallow aquifer portions suggesting limited upward migration from deeper methanogenic aquifers. Of the samples, 14.1 % contained methane with δ13CCH4 values > −54 ‰, potentially suggesting a thermogenic origin, but aqueous and isotope geochemistry data revealed that the elevated δ13CCH4 values were caused by microbial oxidation of biogenic methane or post-sampling degradation of low CH4 content samples rather than migration of deep thermogenic gas. A significant number of samples (39.2 %) contained methane with predominantly biogenic C isotope ratios (δ13CCH4 < −55 ‰) accompanied by elevated concentrations of ethane and sometimes trace concentrations of propane. These gases, observed in 28.1 % of the samples, bearing both biogenic (δ13C) and thermogenic (presence of C3) characteristics, are most likely derived from shallow coal seams that are prevalent in the Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon and neighboring formations in which some of the groundwater wells are completed. The remaining 3.7 % of samples were not assigned because of conflicting parameters in the data sets or between replicates samples. Hence, despite quite variable gas concentrations and a wide range of δ13CCH4 values in baseline groundwater samples, we found no conclusive evidence for deep thermogenic gas migration into shallow aquifers either naturally or via anthropogenically induced pathways in this baseline groundwater survey. This study shows that the combined interpretation of aqueous geochemistry data in concert with chemical and isotopic compositions of dissolved and/or free gas can yield unprecedented insights into formation and potential migration of methane in shallow groundwater. This enables the assessment of cross-formational methane migration and provides an understanding of alkane gas sources and pathways necessary for a stringent baseline definition in the context of current and future unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation.

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Yan, Chunxiao, and Ziyue Huang. "Monetary factors of commodity prices using fuzzy binomial approach." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 8345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189656.

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This paper relates the illustration of policy related to monetary announcement on various international commodity price and explore the similarities and differences of the effect in QE1, QE2, QE3, exit stage and interest hike stage through event study method and the whole sample VAR model and rolling sample VAR model. Results show that: (1) the implementation of unconventional monetary policy has a significant positive effect on the international commodity market, while the exit plan and the interest rate increase policy have some negative effects on the commodity markets, but the effects are not significant. (2) In terms of the VAR whole samples, it can be seen that unconventional policies of monetary simulated by reserve of federal have an importance in impact on international commodity prices. This paper developed a approach of fuzzy binomial that can be utilized in various projects using commodity prices using uncertainty. In terms of the analysis of the rolling samples, the cumulative effect on commodity prices during QE1 and QE2 are stronger than that of QE3, exit stage and interest rate hike stage in general.

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Blšáková, Lucia, Tomáš Gregor, Matej Mešťánek, Luděk Hřivna, and Vojtěch Kumbár. "The Use of Unconventional Malts in Beer Production and Their Effect on the Wort Viscosity." Foods 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010031.

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The aim of this study was to use unconventional malts in beer production and observe their effect on the wort viscosity. Six malts were analysed in this study—barley, black barley, oat, wheat, rye, and corn. Firstly, the parameters of cereals were measured after the malting process in an experimental malting house and wort production. Samples were analysed in each phase of the mashing process. Carbohydrate contents and viscosities were analytically determined from the samples. The resulting values of the dynamic viscosity were significantly higher than the values obtained by other authors, ranging from 3.4 up to 35.5 mPa·s−1. This study also confirmed the hypothesis that states that the breakdown of carbohydrates leads to a decrease in viscosity. Values measured in the black barley malt sample were higher when compared with light barley malt. Unconventional malts had a higher viscosity and were thus more difficult to filter. If these types of malts are used it is recommended to add barley malts or malts with a higher enzyme activity to them.

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Minna, Emanuela, Paola Romeo, Matteo Dugo, Loris De Cecco, Antonella Aiello, Federico Pistore, Andrea Carenzo, Angela Greco, and Maria Grazia Borrello. "Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Mutational Spectrum Update and Signaling-Type Inference by Transcriptional Profiles: Literature Meta-Analysis and Study of Tumor Samples." Cancers 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081951.

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Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare but aggressive tumor. Although RET and RAS genes are recognized drivers in MTC, associated downstream signaling pathways are largely unknown. In this study, we report 17 sporadic MTCs, collected at our institution, comprising patient-matched primary and lymph node metastatic tumors investigated for mutational and transcriptional profiles. As we identified two uncommon RET deletions (D898_E901del and E632_L633del), we also performed a literature review and meta-analysis to assess the occurrence of unconventional alterations in MTC, focusing on next-generation sequencing studies. We found that new gene alterations are emerging, along with the known RET/RAS drivers, involving not only RET by multiple concurrent mutations or deletions but also other previously underestimated cancer-related genes, especially in sporadic MTCs. In our MTC gene profiles, we found transcriptome similarity between patient-matched tissues and expression of immune genes only by a few samples. Furthermore, we defined a gene signature able to stratify samples into two distinct signaling types, termed MEN2B-like and MEN2A-like. We provide an updated overview of the MTC mutational spectrum and describe how transcriptional profiles can be used to define distinct MTC signaling subtypes that appear to be shared by various gene drivers, including the unconventional ones.

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Nikodijevic, Milena, Dragan Djordjevic, Nemanja Vuckovic, and Miodrag Smelcerovic. "NEWS ABOUT DYEING POLYAMIDE WITH UNCONVENTIONAL DIRECT DYE." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3103759n.

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News about the process of dyeing a polyamide yarn with unconventional direct textile dye, which is conventional for dyeing cotton yarns have described in this study. An attempt to polyamide yarn dyeing with this type of dye in laboratory is done in order to create realistic possibilities for application in industrial conditions. Polyamide is a chemical fiber obtained from synthetically produced polymers, while direct dyes are sulphonated azo compounds: derived from benzidine and his derivates or type of amine diaminostylene and others. In the experiment, the samples of polyamide yarn with linear density of 6,6 tex (units for fineness) has used. The yarn has dyed with a direct dye of a specific structure that has a predisposition to connect to this fiber. Dyeing time with continuous mixing was 5, 10, 15, 25 and 40 minutes. Also, in dyeing solution, to achieve a certain pH solution, acetic acid is added. The applied dye is marked like a C.I. Direct Brown 2 (azo-dye). The constant bulk of solution is contained concentrations of dye 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 mg/dm3. Samples were dyed at a temperature of 90 °C. The spectrophotometer (Cary 100 Conc UV-VIS, Varian) was used to measure the adsorption of aqueous dyed solutions and to calculate an unknown dye concentration in the solution based on the calibration curve. The degree of dye exhaustion and the amount of adsorbed dye were calculated. The degree of exhaustion at all concentrations, for different dyeing time after 40 min was 80 %. The time of length of contact between the absorbent and the adsorbent, for different concentrations of used dye, results in a higher degree of exhaustion. Noticeable is continuity in the changes in the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent with the increase of the initial concentration and time, i.e. a bigger amount of dye in the solution or longer dyeing time contribute a higher amount of adsorbed dye per unit mass of the adsorbent. Freundlich's model in the form of nonlinear or linear isotherms proved to be the most effective in the simulating the polyamide dyeing. High functionality of the variables was detected, the coefficient of determination was 0,95. Dyeing of polyamide with direct dye expands the dye spectrum that can be dyed the polyamide yarns. Dyeing of the yarn at a higher temperature gives better results than dyeing at a lower temperature. The results of this research with achieved efficiency indicate the possibility of a different approach in the dyeing the polyamide yarn with direct dyes, in order to further development of the industrial process. For better results, it necessary to carefully select the compistion of the bath and the method od dyeing, to elaborate the phase of dyeing to achieve good dyeing of fiber. It has been shown that dzeing at a higher temperature increases adsorption of dye. It has been determined that dyeing - adsorption depends on the contact time and the initial dye concentration.

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Kamenev, P. A., Yu V. Kostrov, and V. A. Degtyarev. "Study of Unconventional Reservoirs in the North-East of Sakhalin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 5 (February 1, 2022): 052064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/5/052064.

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Abstract According to the results of geological fieldworks in the north-east of Sakhalin Island on the Schmidt Peninsula and in the Pogranichny Depression, Cenozoic outcrops were studied in order to explore the siliceous deposits of the Pilskaya formation. Samples were taken for analytical studies, small structural forms that are indicators of tectonic stress, were studied. It is shown that the fracture intensity depends on the lithology, the position of the observation point relative to disjunctive and/or plicative structures. A sharp nonuniformity of the stress field in the vicinity of the Pogranichny Depression is noted, reflected in the nature of the bedding planes, structural discontinuities and parageneses.

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AMBROSEWICZ-WALACIK, Marta, Małgorzata TAŃSKA, Marek WALACIK, and Michał KOZŁOWSKI. "Unconventional vegetable oils as raw materials for biodiesel production." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-132.

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The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using the unconventional vegetable oils for the biofuel production. The research material were cold-pressed oils from the seeds of milk thistle, hemp and evening primrose. After conducting the initial physicochemical characteristics of oil samples, including the determination of sulphur content, acid number, viscosity at 40°C, density at 15ºC, oxidation stability and fatty acid composition, analysed oils have been subjected to the transesterification process. The roduced methyl esters were further characterized by the above-mentioned features. Additionally, the temperatures of cold filter plugging point, cloud point and flash point were determined. On the basis of the conducted analyses it was demonstrated that the obtained oils, due to the high, far in excess of acceptable, values of the viscosity and density, and too low oxidative stability could not be used as a pure fuel. A similar conclusion was formulated in case of the produced methyl esters.

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Incollingo, Sara, Alessio Ferrari, and Guido Musso. "Numerical investigation on water exchange of shale samples." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502025.

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Interest in the hydraulic and mechanical characterization of shales has grown in recent years, because of their application in the context of energy geotechnics. In the frame of nuclear waste disposal shales are considered as host formations for the placements of nuclear waste at high depths. In the frame of hydrocarbon production they are considered as unconventional reservoirs, from which extracting natural gas. Understanding how fluids flow through shales is then a key aspect for both fields of application. This paper focuses on the analysis of the transport of water vapour through laboratory samples. After reviewing the balance and flow laws that govern the transport of fluid in unsaturated porous media, a simplified model is put forward. The model was implemented in a commercial finite element code, and it was used to reproduce the results of a literature study on wetting and drying of Opalinus Clay shale samples, imposed through the vapour equilibrium technique. Back analysis of the water content and volume strains of these specimens suggests that existing models underestimate the actual flow rate of water vapour which takes place at low suctions. The current interpretation also seems to be consistent with microstructural investigations on the interconnection between large pores of this material.

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Chadburn, Amy, Yi-Hua Chen, Ritu Nayar, April Young, Ingrid Sumpter, Christopher Lee, Manjot Gill, and Juehau Gao. "Limited Tissue Samples: Hematopoietic Lesions – Three Case Examples of Judicious Use of Limited Material." Acta Cytologica 64, no. 1-2 (May 7, 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496570.

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In the era of smaller and smaller biopsies submitted to pathology departments for diagnosis and the advent of personalized medicine, it has become imperative to efficiently and effectively use patient material to reach individualized, actionable diagnoses. The use of fine needle aspirates and core biopsies as acceptable methods for obtaining sufficient material for hematopoietic neoplasms under nonemergent conditions is debatable. There are, however, scenarios where only limited material is obtainable due to anatomic site, size of the lesion or condition of the patient. In these types of settings, thoughtful approaches and unconventional means are often necessary to reach a diagnosis. In this article, we describe three such scenarios and the unique tactics taken in each to obtain a personalized actionable diagnosis.

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Bobowski, Jake S., Naoki Kikugawa, Takuto Miyoshi, Haruki Suwa, Han-shu Xu, Shingo Yonezawa, Dmitry A. Sokolov, Andrew P. Mackenzie, and Yoshiteru Maeno. "Improved Single-Crystal Growth of Sr2RuO4." Condensed Matter 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat4010006.

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High-quality single crystals are essentially needed for the investigation of the novel bulk properties of unconventional superconductors. The availability of such crystals grown by the floating-zone method has helped to unveil the unconventional superconductivity of the layered perovskite Sr2RuO4, which is considered as a strong candidate of a topological spin-triplet superconductor. Yet, recent progress of investigations urges further efforts to obtain ultimately high-quality crystalline samples. In this paper, we focus on the method of preparation of feed rods for the floating-zone melting and report on the improvements of the crystal growth. We present details of the improved methods used to obtain crystals with superconducting transition temperatures Tc that are consistently as high as 1.4 K, as well as the properties of these crystals.

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Inan, Sedat, M. Namik Yalçin, and Ulrich Mann. "Expulsion of oil from petroleum source rocks: inferences from pyrolysis of samples of unconventional grain size." Organic Geochemistry 29, no. 1-3 (January 1998): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00091-6.

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Liu, Dunqing, Hongkui Ge, Junrong Liu, Yinghao Shen, Yunrun Wang, Qing Liu, Can Jin, and Yanjun Zhang. "Experimental investigation on aqueous phase migration in unconventional gas reservoir rock samples by nuclear magnetic resonance." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 36 (November 2016): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.11.005.

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Сакович (Sakovich), Геннадий (Gennadiy) Викторович (Viktorovich), Вера (Vera) Владимировна (Vladimirovna) Будаева (Budaeva), Анна (Anna) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) Корчагина (Korchagina), and Юлия (Yuliya) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) Гисматулина (Gismatulina). "PROSPECTS OF CELLULOSE NITRATES FROM UNCONVENTIONAL FEEDSTOCKS FOR USE IN COMPOSITE EX-PLOSIVES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014336.

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Research on the synthesis of in-demand industrial-grade cellulose nitrates from unconventional feedstocks such as Miscanthus, oat hulls, intermediate flax straw is of the most immediate interest due to a lack of national cotton and to encountered problems with wood cellulose. The celluloses derived herein from the said unconventional feedstocks are inhomogeneous in nature, are composed mostly of short fibers, and have non-cellulosic constituents as opposed to elite cotton – these all pose certain difficulties in developing such a nitrocellulose production technology. Besides, it is worth noting that cellulosic fibers of the said feedstocks are peculiar in nature on their own. The findings obtained herein suggest that the research problem can successfully be solved. The pulp samples obtained in this study from the unconventional biomasses by the nitric-acid process have 85−95% α-cellulose and 580−1420 degree of polymerization. These specimens similar in properties to industrial Colloxylin were obtained under optimal synthetic conditions for highly soluble cellulose nitrates by using commercial mixed acid: 11.97–12.29% N, 8–15 mPa∙s, and 98% solubility in alcohol–ester mixture. The morphological features of the resultant cellulose nitrates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the intrinsic frequencies (2560–2550, 1670–1660, 1650–1620, 1280–1270, 830–810, 750–740, 680–670 cm-1) that identify the resultant products as cellulose nitroesters. The practical importance of this research is that the nitrocelluloses obtained from the unconventional non-woody feedstocks can be used as the promising component in the manufacture of explosive formulations.

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Wang, Haoying. "Shale oil production and groundwater: What can we learn from produced water data?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): e0250791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250791.

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As oil production in the Permian Basin surges, the impact of shale production on groundwater resources has become a growing concern. Most existing studies focus on the impact of shale production on shallow freshwater aquifers. There is little understanding of the shale development’s impact on other groundwater resources (e.g., deep carbonate aquifers and deep basin meteoric aquifers). The possible natural hydraulic connections between shallow aquifers and formation water suggest such an impact can be consequential. This study explores the relationship between shale production and groundwater using produced water (PW) samples from active unconventional oil wells. Focusing on the most productive portion of the Permian Basin—the four-county region in Southeast New Mexico between 2007 and 2016, a large produced water dataset allows us to analyze the conditional correlations between shale oil production and PW constituents. The results suggest that (1) expanding from primarily conventional wells to unconventional wells during the recent shale boom has led to dramatic increases of the TDS, chloride, sodium, and calcium levels in groundwater (i.e., producing formation). (2) Nearby oil well density positively correlates with the TDS, chloride, and sodium levels in the PW samples.

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Bizhani, Majid, Omid Haeri Ardakani, Steven B. Hawthorne, Jaime Cesar, Bethany Kurz, and Jeanne B. Percival. "CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanism in Canadian Bakken Shale." Minerals 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2022): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060779.

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The recovery factor in unconventional reservoirs is typically 5–10%, with extensive hydraulic fracturing and infill drilling to maintain the production rate. Concurrently, the rush towards decarbonization is opening up new possibilities for CO2 utilization, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) being one example. CO2-EOR in unconventional reservoirs presents an opportunity for both financial gain through improved recovery factors, as well as reducing the carbon footprint of the produced oil. In this work, we examine the CO2-EOR potential in 4 organic-rich shale samples from the Canadian Bakken Formation. A number of characterization tests alongside CO2 extraction experiments were performed to gain insight into the controlling factors of CO2-EOR in these ultra-tight formations. The results show CO2 can penetrate the tight rock matrix and recover a substantial amount of hydrocarbon. Concentration gradient driven diffusion is the dominant form of recovery.

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Alharthy, Najeeb S., Tadesse W. Teklu, Thanh N. Nguyen, Hossein Kazemi, and Ramona M. Graves. "Nanopore Compositional Modeling in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 19, no. 03 (May 7, 2016): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/166306-pa.

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Summary Understanding the mechanism of multicomponent mass transport in the nanopores of unconventional reservoirs, such as Eagle Ford, Niobrara, Woodford, and Bakken, is of great interest because it influences long-term economic development of such reservoirs. Thus, we began to examine the phase behavior and flow characteristics of multicomponent flow in primary production in nanoporous reservoirs. Besides primary recovery, our long-term objectives included enhanced oil production from such reservoirs. The first step was to evaluate the phase behavior in nanopores on the basis of pore-size distribution. This was motivated because the physical properties of hydrocarbon components are affected by wall proximity in nanopores as a result of van der Waals molecular interactions with the pore walls. For instance, critical pressure and temperature of hydrocarbon components shift to lower values as the nanopore walls become closer. In our research, we applied this kind of critical property shift to the hydrocarbon components of two Eagle Ford fluid samples. Then, we used the shifted phase characteristics in dual-porosity compositional modeling to determine the pore-to-pore flow characteristics, and, eventually, the flow behavior of hydrocarbons to the wells. In the simulation, we assigned three levels of phase behavior in the matrix and fracture pore spaces. In addition, the flow hierarchy included flow from matrix (nano-, meso-, and macropores) to macrofractures, from macrofractures to a hydraulic fracture (HF), and through the HF to the production well. From the simulation study, we determined why hydrocarbon fluids flow so effectively in ultralow-permeability shale reservoirs. The simulation also gave credence to the intuitive notion that favorable phase behavior (phase split) in the nanopores is one of the major reasons for production of commercial quantities of light oil and gas from shale reservoirs. It was determined that the implementation of confined-pore and midconfined-pore phase behavior lowers the bubblepoint pressure, and this, in turn, leads to a slightly higher oil recovery and lesser gas recovery. Also it was determined that the implementation of midconfined-pore and confined-pore phase-behavior shift reduces the retrograde liquid-condensation region, which in turn, leads to lower liquid yield while maintaining the same gas-production quantity. Finally, the important reason that we are able to produce shale reservoirs economically is “rubblizing” the reservoir matrix near HFs, which creates favorable permeability pathways to improve reservoir drainage. This is why multistage hydraulic fracturing is so critical for successful development of shale reservoirs.

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Lopalco, L., C. Barassi, C. Paolucci, D. Breda, D. Brunelli, M. Nguyen, J. Nouhin, et al. "Predictive value of anti-cell and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) humoral responses in HIV-1-exposed seronegative cohorts of European and Asian origin." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80585-0.

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Unconventional immune responses have been demonstrated in individuals who, despite repeated exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, remain seronegative. As environmental exposure to pathogens and genetic background may modulate immune responses differentially, one Italian and two Asian populations of HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals were studied. In serum samples from each group, IgG to CCR5, IgG to CD4 and IgA to gp41 were measured, which were previously described as markers of unconventional immunity in HIV-exposed seronegative Caucasians. Given the importance of conformational epitopes in virus–cell interactions, IgG to CD4–gp120 complex was also measured. It was found that markers of HIV exposure were present in all populations studied. HIV-specific humoral responses (IgA to gp41 and IgG to CD4–gp120 complex) were extremely significant predictors of HIV exposure (P<0·0001 in both cases), whereas the predictive values of anti-cell antibodies (anti-CCR5 and anti-CD4) varied between populations. Evidence is provided for the correlation of these differences with route of exposure to HIV and level of natural antibodies to cross-reactive microbial antigens. In conclusion, exposed seronegative individuals of ethnically different origins display similar signs of HIV-dependent unconventional immunity. A specific relevance must be attributed to different innate and acquired factors.

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Giuroiu, Cristian Levente, Sorin Andrian, Simona Stoleriu, Mihaela Scurtu, Oana Țănculescu, Vladimir Poroch, and Mihaela Sălceanu. "The Combination of Diode Laser and Ozonated Water in the Treatment of Complicated Pulp Gangrene." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124203.

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The study aimed to investigate the effects of endodontic space decontamination using a laser combined with ozonated water in the therapy of complicated pulp gangrene. The subject of this in vivo study was a 12-year-old patient diagnosed with extensive periapical periodontitis on the mandibular right first molar. Biological samples were initially collected to identify the active pathogen—Enterococcus faecalis, then the nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed in a single visit, according to the active disinfection guidelines of the identified pathogen. Two-month postoperative, clinical and radiological examination revealed a complete healing of the periapical lesion. The correct diagnosis of this endodontic–periodontal pathology, and the unconventional treatment of the complex system of infected root canals, allowed a favorable treatment result without any surgical intervention. This unconventional approach, which combines a laser technique with ozonated water, allows for predictable results in periapical lesion treatment.

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Hildenbrand, Zacariah L., Alexandra Osorio, Doug D. Carlton, Brian E. Fontenot, Jayme L. Walton, Laura R. Hunt, Hyppolite Oka, Dan Hopkins, Bryan Bjorndal, and Kevin A. Schug. "Rapid Analysis of Eukaryotic Bioluminescence to Assess Potential Groundwater Contamination Events." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/957608.

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Here we present data using a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,Pyrocystis lunula, in a toxicological bioassay to rapidly assess potential instances of groundwater contamination associated with natural gas extraction.P. lunulabioluminescence can be quantified using spectrophotometry as a measurement of organismal viability, with normal bioluminescent output declining with increasing concentration(s) of aqueous toxicants. Glutaraldehyde and hydrochloric acid (HCl), components used in hydraulic fracturing and shale acidization, triggered significant toxicological responses in as little as 4 h. Conversely,P. lunulawas not affected by the presence of arsenic, selenium, barium, and strontium, naturally occurring heavy metal ions potentially associated with unconventional drilling activities. If exogenous compounds, such as glutaraldehyde and HCl, are thought to have been introduced into groundwater, quantification ofP. lunulabioluminescence after exposure to water samples can serve as a cost-effective detection and risk assessment tool to rapidly assess the impact of putative contamination events attributed to unconventional drilling activity.

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Haga, Y., P. Opletal, Y. Tokiwa, E. Yamamoto, Y. Tokunaga, S. Kambe, and H. Sakai. "Effect of uranium deficiency on normal and superconducting properties in unconventional superconductor UTe₂." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 17 (February 28, 2022): 175601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac5201.

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Abstract Single crystals of the unconventional superconductor UTe2 have been grown in various conditions which result in different superconducting transition temperature as well as normal state properties. Stoichiometry of the samples has been characterized by the single-crystal x-ray crystallography and electron microprobe analyses. Superconducting samples are nearly stoichiometric within an experimental error of about 1%, while non-superconducting sample significantly deviates from the ideal composition. The superconducting UTe2 showed that the large density of states was partially gapped in the normal state, while the non-superconducting sample is characterized by the relatively large electronic specific heat as reported previously.

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Grace, Ng C. F., and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "The Physicochemical Characterization of Unconventional Starches and Flours Used in Asia." Foods 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020182.

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Starches and flours used commonly in Asia (tapioca, sweet potato, sago, water chestnut, and high amylose maize starch, red rice and kithul flour) were characterized in terms of their chemical composition, morphological, functional, pasting, thermal, gelling and in vitro digestibility properties. It was observed that the differences in their chemical composition and structure influenced their properties. High amylose maize was the most stable, thus it required the highest gelatinization temperature which was observed in both the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pasting profiles. Kithul flour had a significantly lower rate of digestion (p < 0.05) than the other samples (except for high amylose maize starch). Unlike high amylose maize starch, it had a gelatinization temperature that could be achieved during cooking, and had good gelling properties.

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Robbiano, Cristina, Sarah Birindelli, Alberto Dolci, and Mauro Panteghini. "Impact of managing affected results in haemolysed samples of an infant-maternity hospital using an unconventional approach." Clinical Biochemistry 95 (September 2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.05.013.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Unconventional samples'

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