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Khoury, Richard, and Francesca Sapsford. "Latin word stemming using Wiktionary:." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 31, no. 2 (March 30, 2015): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqv008.
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Hock, Hans Henrich. "Latin influence on German word order?" Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00027.hoc.
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Abstract Behaghel’s claim that verb finality in German dependent clauses (DCs) reflects Latin influence (1892, 1932) has been revived by Chirita (1997, 2003). According to Chirita, DC word order remains variable up to Early New High German, while in Latin, verb-finality is more frequent in DCs than main clauses (MCs); hence, she claims, German verb finality reflects Latin influence. This papers shows that the arguments for Latin influence are problematic and that the Modern German word order difference between MCs and DCs can be explained as the ultimate outcome of developments that started in early North and West Germanic. In the conclusion I briefly discuss similar developments in Western Romance and their implications for European contact linguistics.
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Phelps, Patricia H., and Susan Peterson. "Building Word Power through Latin Lingo." Middle School Journal 22, no. 2 (November 1990): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.1990.11495130.
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Choi, Ji-Young. "Spanish archaic word of Latin American." Latin American and Caribbean Studies 38, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17855/jlas.2019.5.38.2.199.
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Grondeux, Anne, and François Dolbeau. "La création verbale en latin médiéval – Word Creation in Medieval Latin." Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 63, no. 1 (2005): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2005.878.
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White, John F. "Blitz Latin Revisited." Journal of Classics Teaching 16, no. 32 (2015): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631015000203.
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SummaryDevelopment of the machine translator Blitz Latin between the years 2002 and 2015 is discussed. Key issues remain the ambiguity in meaning of Latin stems and inflections, and the word order of the Latin language. Attempts to improve machine translation of Latin are described by the programmer.
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Jasińska, Katarzyna, and Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk. "On the Relatinization of the Latin Term 'magister'." Classica Cracoviensia 21 (July 2, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.21.2018.21.06.
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The expansion of the linguistic lexicon by means of loanwords is a common phenomenon. During this process the word is taken from the donor language and assimilated in the system of the recipient language. Loanword adaptation is carried out on the semantic and formal level which concerns the pronunciation, spelling and grammatical characteristics of a word in question. In this article we present the case of the Latin word magister concentrating on its phonetic accommodation and process of its relatinization after the original borrowing in the Old Polish language. The word was relatinized in Polish, that is reborrowed from the Latin orthographic form and as such it functions in the Polish lexicon to this very day. Additionally, we investigate the semantic adaptation of the word, describing the relations between the Latin and the Polish meanings of the word magister at different stages of development of both languages.
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BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS." Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.
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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.
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Elerick, Charles. "Latin Word Order: Living on the Edge." Classical World 86, no. 1 (1992): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351194.
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Greenberg, Nathan A. "Word Juncture in Latin Prose and Poetry." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 121 (1991): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/284456.
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Spevak, Olga. "Latin Word Order. Structured Meaning and Information." Mnemosyne 60, no. 3 (2007): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x195592.
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Mujib, Abdul. "Konsepsi Dasar Kepribadian Islam." TAZKIYA Journal of Psychology 3 (September 17, 2023): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v3i0.34830.
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Personality is a term that comes from the Latin word "persona" which means "mask", or also from the Latin word "personare" which means to sound through. Meanwhile, in Arabic, personality is called syakhshiyah. In Arabic lexicology, the term nafsiyah is also known which comes from the word nafs; iniyah (aniyah) from the word ana, and the term khuluqiyah or "akhlaq" which is more widely used in classical Islamic literature. These words are similar to the word syakhshiyah, but are unique. Therefore, this research will discuss personality concepts from an Islamic perspective.
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Wasyl, Anna Maria. "‘Etsi peccaui, sum tamen ipse tuus’. O elegii pokutnej Drakoncjusza (i słówko o pojęciu: barokowa ‘elegia’ pokutna)." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 33, no. 1 (September 20, 2023): 417–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2023.xxxiii.1.30.
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Dracontius’s Satisfactio, though undoubtedly a prime example of a very complex literary work, is not really a work that cannot be properly described in generic terms. Upon consideration, the label ‘penitential elegy’ appears to be the most appropriate one, as it clearly indicates the major theme of the poem (the contrition of the sinner who acknowledges his sin above all before the God and, in the second place, before the Vandal king Gunthamund, to whom he pleads guilty to some not fully specified misdeed) as well as its metrical form. As for the latter, what is of particular relevance is not merely the fact that the piece is composed in elegiac couplets, but also that it is clearly written with an eye on Ovid the elegist. It is above all Ovid’s exilic motifs that Dracontius reuses throughout his poem, with special focus on Tristia II, imitated not so much through explicit verbal echoes, but rather through the general analogy of poetic situations in which the punished poet openly addresses his punisher, the princeps (Dracontius ostentatiously cites this ‘Ovidian’ word). At times, Dracontius happens to be no less provocative than Ovid was in apostrophizing his powerful addressee, although adopting a protreptic tone (which naturally implies some sort of superiority to the literary ‘you’), he does not pose as an expert in poetry with blemish life, despite his musa iococa (as Ovid did), but as a ‘fellow-Christian’ (suppressing all doctrinal discrepancies between his own Catholicism and Gunthamund’s Arianism) and indeed: a ‘fellow-sinner’ who forgives his (royal) ‘brother’ and asks for forgiveness in return. Moreover, the penitential tone of the poem is also stressed by several references to the Psalms and in particular to the figure of King David doing penance, exactly as in the Polish Baroque penitential elegy. The generic label I have advocated throughout my article is, in fact, ‘borrowed from’ the students of Old-Polish poetry, who are virtually unanimous in recognizing Baroque penitential elegy as a separate literary subgenre. It is not my intention to argue against such conclusions, as the generic features indicated by those specialist are quite convincing (I myself have found them very helpful for my own research), yet what I do emphasize is the very fact that the term ‘elegy’ when referred to vernacular poetry is applied not strictly (it is not related to any specific meter) but rather metaphorically, as if merely pointing to a general ‘mood’ of a poem. In Latin poetry, however, ‘elegy’, meaning ‘automatically’ the elegiac distich, means also concrete intertextual associations, primarily with Ovid (precisely like in Dracontius’s Satisfactio). Hence, when used to describe Dracontius’s text, the label ‘penitential elegy’ reveals its full hermeneutic potential.
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Hulstaert, Kristien. "Reading, seeing and understanding Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 18, no. 1-2 (December 18, 2019): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2019-0002.
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Abstract Reading Latin. Easy as it sounds, Latin teachers know it is not. Students are able to analyze words or recognize constructions, yet this knowledge does not enable them to read and let the Latin words form images in their minds. In order to develop a reading method focusing on the visualization of the story following the Latin word order, an applied research project was set up. The research approach was that of educational design research. Based upon knowledge of word order and colometry, a reading method was developed focusing on the way the story is directed by the Roman author.
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Pagliarulo, Giuseppe. "On the Etymology of Gothic Alew." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542718000132.
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Gothic alew ‘oil’ is ultimately derived from Latin oleum. Its phonological features, however, seem hardly reconcilable with those of the Latin word. This has prompted scholars to postulate that the Latin word was not borrowed directly into Gothic but rather via a third language: continental Celtic, Illyrian or Raetic. This article examines the weaknesses of these theories and proposes that the unexpected features of the Gothic item may be explained in terms of proper Gothic or Latin developments, making direct derivation of alew from oleum the most plausible and parsimonious hypothesis.
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Keeline, Tom, and Tyler Kirby. "Latin Vocabulary and Reading Latin: Challenges and Opportunities." TAPA 153, no. 2 (September 2023): 531–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apa.2023.a913472.
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abstract: Scholars agree that you need to know 95‒98% of the words in a text in order to understand it. Using a digital and statistical analysis of a four-million-word corpus, we quantify the challenge of reaching this threshold in classical Latin. The vocabulary distribution has a long tail: to read with fluency you'd have to learn a lot of uncommon words. Because of the nature of the extant classical Latin corpus, this is an almost impossible task today. But Latin learners shouldn't despair. Instead, we should adjust our expectations, our teaching, and our reading practices. We make suggestions for possible changes.
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Russell, Katharine. "Read Like a Roman: Teaching Students to Read in Latin Word Order." Journal of Classics Teaching 19, no. 37 (2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s205863101800003x.
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For countless students of Latin (myself included), prevailing memories of Latin instruction involve being taught to unpick Latin sentences by racing towards the verb and securing the meaning of the main clause before piecing together the rest. However, this ‘hunt the verb’ approach, where one's eyes are jumping back and forth in search of the resolution of ambiguity, is not necessarily conducive to fluent reading of Latin (Hoyos, 1993). If, as so many textbooks and teachers vouch, we are aiming to unlock Roman authors for all students to read, then we need to furnish them with the skills to be able to read Latin fluently, automatically and with enjoyment, not engender in them a process more akin to puzzle-breaking. I chose to experiment with teaching students to read Latin in order, firstly because, as Markus and Ross (2004) point out, the Romans themselves must necessarily have been able to understand Latin in the order in which it was composed as so much of their sharing of literature happened orally. Indeed, as Kuhner (2016) and others who promote the continuation of spoken Latin have argued, this is still a very real possibility today. And secondly, because it is a skill which I, and others, believe to be teachable (Hansen, 1999; Markus & Ross, 2004; Hoyos, 2006; McCaffrey, 2009). Not only that, but whatever our starting point, Wegenhart (2015) believes that by encouraging these reading skills early, we can encourage our students to be ‘expert’ readers who will be able to enjoy reading Latin long after they have been through their exams.
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Soerink, Jörn. "Hoe word ik gelukkig?" Lampas 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2018.1.005.soer.
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Summary This article offers an introduction to Cicero’s philosophical writings in general and his Tusculan Disputations in particular. Two passages from this treatise are part of the set texts for the Dutch final school exam Latin in 2018 (1.96-104 and 5.57-62). After introducing Cicero philosophus, it offers a synopsis of the Tusculan Disputations and a selective discussion of the aforementioned passages, with some suggestions for the classroom.
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WILLIAMS, D. J. "Some words used in scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)." Zootaxa 3087, no. 1 (November 1, 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3087.1.3.
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In the Introduction to the present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) (herein referred to as the Code), there is a remark that few zoologists today or in the future can have any knowledge of the Latin language although there is adherence to Latin grammar in the Code. The present Code, nevertheless, retains the requirement that Latin or latinized adjectival species-group names must always agree in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Furthermore, Article 30 of the Code states that a genus-group name takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. Moreover, Article 39.1.2.a. states that a genus-group name that is, or ends in, a Greek word transliterated into Latin without change takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries. However, such dictionaries may not be readily available to some people. The third edition of the Code, published in 1985, contained an appendix with recommendations on the formation of names that proved useful, but this section was omitted from the present edition of the Code.
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Et al., G. Indrawan. "A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the Balinese Script on the Learning Web Application." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.5792.
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This research proposed a method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. This research is one of the efforts to preserve digitally the endangered Balinese local language knowledge in Indonesia through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline. The proposed method was taken care of two related aspects, i.e.; (1) A Latin root word has its related Balinese Script root word by using default or special transliteration rule; and (2) A Latin root word with a special transliteration rule for its Balinese Script root word, also need a special transliteration rule for its affixed word. This study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, that receives the Latin text input and outputs the Balinese Script by using the Noto Serif Balinese font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode. Through the experiment, the proposed method gave the expected transliteration results, added a certain perspective, and strengthened the transliteration knowledge. Future work is to enhance and reuse this method on the mobile computing device, as a part of the Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education, which is a mandatory local subject from the elementary school to the high school in Bali Province.
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Baghdasaryan, Susanna. "Etymology and Word Decoding." Armenian Folia Anglistika 5, no. 1-2 (6) (October 15, 2009): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2009.5.1-2.167.
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The language vocabulary is a system which grows mostly due to word formation. The latter takes place with the help of own or borrowed parts of words (root and suffix), which, certainly, used to be independent words. They penetrated the English vocabulary and made up new words while preserving their previous meanings. Most of the Latin and Greek borrowings do not make up the active vocabulary. They usually refer to scientific terms.
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Yearta, Lindsay Sheronick, and Pamela D. Wash. "Digital Vocabulary: Greek and Latin Root Study in the 21st Century." Georgia Journal of Literacy 38, no. 2 (October 30, 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56887/galiteracy.97.
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Traditional word walls displayed in the elementary classroom are typically posted by the teachers and left alone (Jackson & Narvaez, 2013). Since vocabulary instruction is best when students are actively engaged in the process, the authors of this article present the digital word wall as an active method of instruction for students to use in the acquisition of Greek and Latin roots. Students who participate in the construction of digital word walls have access to 21st century technological tools such as online dictionaries, Greek and Latin root websites, and image gathering sites such as Creative Commons.
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Zarabozo, Carlos. "The Gascon evolution of Latin ‑ll‑: A new theory." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 139, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 333–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2023-0013.
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Abstract In Gascon, Latin ‑ll‑ has evolved to the word‑medial result ‑r‑ and the secondarily word‑final result ‑t in most of Gascony, along with word‑final palatal variants. These results are generally assumed to have originated from a lost retroflex stage, paralleling existing retroflex results for ‑ll‑ in South Italian dialects and in Western Asturias. The present study offers an alternative theory by positing a delateralization of a lateral to a voiced non‑spirant alveolar stop *d, with no change in the point of articulation. The *d is shown to be an areal phenomenon in that it is the source of the Upper Aragonese ‑ll‑ results and is a sound that is found currently in some Basque dialects. The same theory of a nonspirant alveolar *d stage for ‑ll‑ explains the eventual presence of retroflexion in Western Asturias. While on the surface any Basque influence on the Gascon sound changes appears unlikely, this study shows that both the initial change to an alveolar stop, and the word‑final palatal results, can plausibly be attributed to Basque influence.
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Weinberg, Bella Hass. "Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 22, Issue 4 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2001.22.4.5.
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The earliest Hebrew Masoretic Bibles and word lists are analyzed from the perspective of index structure. Masoretic Bibles and word lists may have served as models for the first complete Biblical concordances, which were produced in France, in the Latin language, in the 13th century. The thematic Hebrew Biblical word lists compiled by the Masoretes several centuries earlier contain concordance-like structures - words arranged alphabetically, juxtaposed with the Biblical phrases in which they occur. The Hebrew lists lack numeric locators, but the locations of the phrases in the Bible would have been familiar to learned people. The indexing methods of the Masoretes are not known, but their products contain many structures commonly thought to date from the modern era of information systems, among them word frequency counts, distinction of homographs, positional indexing, truncation, adjacency, and permuted indexes. It is documented that Hebrew Bibles were consulted by the Latin concorders; since Masoretic Bibles had the most accurate text, they were probably the editions consulted. This suggests the likely influence of Masoretic lists on the Latin concorders.
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Karbovnik, I. V. "Latin clinical veterinary terminology: word-formation, lexical-semantic and syntactic aspects." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 86 (February 26, 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8631.
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The article is devoted to the research of the Latin medical-veterinary clinical terminology system – one of the subsystems of general medical-veterinary terminology. The ways of formation of the Latin Sublanguage of clinical veterinary medicine are analyzed, sources of its replenishment are determined; It was discovered that most of the terms are composed using terms of Greek-Latin origin, which is a decisive trend in the development of the terminology of veterinary medicine and in our time.It is investigated that for the modern terminological word formation of clinical veterinary vocabulary all main methods are typical, by means of which the vocabulary of the veterinary doctor is replenished: semantical, syntactical, morphological. In the article a word-formation, lexical-semantic and syntactical analysis of the Latin clinical veterinary terminology was made for the first time; the main word-building models are described, the derivation processes, word-formation fortresses of the Latin clinical veterinary terms are described and the complex of methods of their word-formation are analyzed;defined the status and semantic characteristics of formants– components of the term; the lexical-semantic features of the studied terminology are revealed; attention was paid to etymology, the phenomenon of derivation and the most productive affixes and term elements in the structure of one-word clinical veterinary terms.The systematization of term elements according to thematic groups that are in a certain lexical-semantic relationship is carried out, namely: termelements, which denote the names of sciences, treatment, methods of diagnostic examination, surgical techniques; word-formation elements for the designation of organs of animals and tissues; therapeutic methods, names of pathological changes of organs and tissues; term elements that denote various physical properties, quality, color, size; word-formation elements to denote functional changes, processes, and states.The attention is paid to the morphological and syntactical structure of single, dual, and verbose clinical terms with different types of definitions. We consider one of the most important tasks of modern linguistics - not only to fix, study and analyze lexical-semantic innovation processes in terminology, but also codify the terminology system itself. Therefore, one of the priority directions of terminological work in the field of veterinary medicine at the present stage is the normalization of clinical terminology, that is, the revision of the terminology system in accordance with the conceptual basis and norms of the Latin and Ukrainian scientific languages. As the most important aspect, we consider the development of a single concept of terminology, which uses the experience and positive achievements of scientists of different generations.Provision of linguistic normative terms should take place at all levels – both conceptual and actual language – phonetic, orthoepic, spelling, lexical-semantic, word-building, morphological, syntactical.
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Whitton, Christopher. "Latin Literature." Greece and Rome 65, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000177.
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‘Statius’Thebaid’, someone donnishly quipped, ‘has no sufficient reason to exist.’ Kyle Gervais might beg to differ. Like theThebaiditself, his commentary on Book 2 has grown over many years, and deserves to be taken very seriously. The crisp introduction sets the tone and clearly signals priorities in its four sections, a rising tetracolon for author, problems of editing, intratexts, and intertexts; not a word on style and prosody, and reception is excluded on the ground that Statius’ ownimitatiois quite enough to be getting on with. The text is newly constituted, with ample apparatus and text-critical discussion: Gervais joins Barrie Hall's rebellion against the bifid stemma, but fairly questions his view that theThebaidshould be easy reading; he accordingly diverges from his edition nearly a hundred times, and offers a translation which, if less old-falutin’ than Shack's Loeb, does an equally good job of disabusing anyone who thought it would be quicker to read Statius in English. The notes are full and rich: words aren't wasted, but both philological graft and literary interpretation amply attest to fine scholarship, good sense, and long thought.
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Lamers, Han, and Bettina Reitz-Joosse. "Spectacular Latin." Fascism 12, no. 2 (December 13, 2023): 279–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-bja10062.
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Abstract This article explores the role of the Latin language in the context of political performance and spectacle under Italian Fascism. We investigate the different ways in which Latin words, phrases, and texts are used as visual and symbolic elements of Fascist performances and how they are staged in contemporary media coverage. Specifically, this article focuses on three case studies: first, human mosaics of the word DVX; second, the use of a tapestry bearing a Latin motto in the context the fourteenth anniversary of Fascism; and finally, the role of a Latin foundation deposit in an inauguration ceremony for building works at the Esposizione Universale di Roma. Two main arguments connect the three case studies. First, we argue that the Latin language does not simply gesture towards Roman antiquity, but that it is used to evoke several different pasts at the same time. Second, we show that the Latin language has a range of affordances for diverse audiences, which are tied closely to the visuality, materiality, and symbolism of Latin during the ventennio fascista.
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Al-Jarf, Reima. "Difficulties in Learning English Plural Formation by EFL College Students." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 6 (June 19, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.6.13.
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Freshman students at the College of Languages and Translation received direct instruction in plural formation. Instruction covered regular plural nouns, irregular plural nouns, plural formation of words ending in –f, and –o, nouns that have the same plural and singular form, and words with Latin and foreign plurals. The students did all the exercises in the textbook, then took an immediate test a week after instruction and a delayed test at the end of the semester (3 months later). Responses were scored and a corpus of 3099 errors was collected from both tests. No significant differences were found in the amount and types of errors made by the students in the immediate and delayed tests. Results revealed that freshman students tended to regularize English plural formation and overgeneralize regular English plural morphemes (63.28%), i.e., they deleted the regular plural suffix from nouns ending in an –s or –es (35.37%) or tended to add the regular plural suffix to words that do not have it (27.91%). They also confused singular and plural endings of Latin words (15.07%). They either confused the singular and plural forms of the same Latin word or added a faulty Latin suffix to a Latin word or even a non-Latin word such as criterium, *curriculon, *natia, *salma, *petrolea. In other cases, they thought the singular and plural forms of a word were the same (7%). In addition, findings showed that the most difficult plurals to master were those of words that end with an –s or –es but have no singular form such as measles, news, pajamas, means, linguistics (28.85%); words with Latin plurals (21.85%); non-count nouns such as information, electricity, petroleum, salmon with no plural form (21.4%), and words that have a plural, but they thought they have no plural form such as nation, illness, infection, African (8.55%). Interference among the English plural morphemes themselves and confusing plural formation rules caused most errors. No interference from Arabic pluralization was found. Recommendations for improving students’ English plural formation competence are given.
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Boyko, Alexey Nikolaevich, Elena Evgenevna Kabanova, Tatiana Anatolyevna Evstratova, Elena Vladimirovna Litvinova, and Veronika Andreevna Danilova. "Key indicators and issues of the development of culture and leisure in Moscow." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 22, 2021): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1131p.506-516.
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The concept of culture exists in almost all languages and is used in a wide range of situations, with a huge number of meanings in different areas of human activity. In its original sense, the word "culture" has never referred to any particular object, condition, or content. The notion of culture first appears in Latin. Poets and scholars of Ancient Rome have used it in their treatises and letters to mean "to cultivate" something or "cultivate" it to improve it. In ancient Greece, a close relative of the term culture has been paideia, which refers to "internal culture" or, in other words, the "culture of the soul". In Latin sources, the word first appears in a treatise on agriculture by the Roman statesman and writer Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.), whose Latin translation of the title sounds something like this: agroculture. Hence, the word "culture" is originally used as an agronomic term.
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Aubert-Baillot, Sophie. "De la φρόνησις à la prudentia." Mnemosyne 68, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12301407.
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This paper focuses on the equivalence between Greek phronesis, a very hard word to translate, and Latin prudentia. Based on the word phren, phronesis means ‘thought’, ‘intellectual perception’, ‘sense’, ‘prudence’, ‘practical wisdom’, while prudentia is derived from prouidentia, meaning ‘ability to look ahead’, ‘forecast’, ‘foresight’ and also ‘Providence’. Why, although their etymological roots were apparently different, did the Romans choose the word prudentia in order to translate Greek phronesis? And how did such a translation alter the evolution of the philosophical concept of prudence in Latin culture? It seems that Cicero offers a new analysis of prudentia by dividing the term prouidentia, from which it was formed, into two parts. The prefix pro- alludes not only to Aristotelian phronesis (a virtue especially related to the future and most important in political field), but also to Stoic pro-noia (or Pro-vidence) on a cosmological level, while the Latin verb videre (‘to see’) leads Ciceronian prudence, in ethics, towards a theoretical, i.e. contemplative, wisdom (sophia), inspired by Plato.
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Ciccarelli, Rossana. "L’ordine delle parole nel Chronicon Vulturnense." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 67, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.4.16.
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"Word Order in the Chronicon Vulturnense. The aim of this paper is to present a linguistic analysis of the Chronicon Vulturnense, a “roborated chronicle” written in Latin in the first half of the 12th century by a monk of the monastery of San Vincenzo at Volturno. The work, which is characterised by the repeated interweaving of chronological and documentary parts, offers interesting insights for the study of the interaction and co-presence of different linguistic repertoires in the written forms of the centuries immediately following the first attestations of vernacular Italian. In particular, the study of word order shows a tendency towards constructions with the verb in a final position in narrative parts and in a central position in documentary parts, while throughout the chronicle proper there is a high frequency of constructions with postverbal subjects, as occurs in many texts of ancient Italian. Keywords: medieval chronicles, latin-romance transition, medieval latin, word order, pragmatics, postverbal subject, ancient Italian "
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Сидорук, Галина Іванівна. "Developing word-consciousness through learning Latin and Greek morphemes." Філологічні студії: Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/filstd.v7i2.655.
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The article consideres, analyzes and classifies Latin-Greek affixes and roots, which are the main components of morphemes of English scientific and technical terms that require memorization for successful translation and interpretation. Innovativeness of this study is in grounding the necessity for students to understand – "feel" the internal structure and semantics of terms and "construct" a word with meaningful morphological elements without need to "learn by heart" lexical units unclear for them.
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Mare, María. "Issues on word formation. The case of Latin circum." Linguistic Review 35, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 121–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0019.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the characteristics of circum’s prefixation in Latin taking into account the properties of this item in different syntactic contexts and its combination with transitive and intransitive base verbs. The analysis follows a non-lexicalist framework −Distributed Morphology (Halle, Morris & Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale & S. Keyser (eds.), The view from building 20, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), specifically Acedo-Matellán’s (Acedo-Matellán, Víctor. 2016. The morphosyntax of transitions. A case study in Latin and other languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press) approach−, which is particularly relevant to relate the prefix to its homophonic preposition and adverb. Thus, we assume that this prefix is a Root related to Place in the main structure, not a preposition or an adverb incorporated to a verbal configuration. In fact, we argue that the distinction among the prefix, the preposition and the adverb derives from the merger of the same Root √CIRCUM in different structures. Along this discussion, it is shown that circum’s prefixation has different consequences for the argument structure depending on the location of √CIRCUM in the structure: when it adds the nuance of manner, its presence does not trigger the addition of new arguments; nevertheless, when it is interpreted with reference to final location, unexpected accusative objects frequently appear with the prefixed verb. We argue that these unexpected objects do not end up showing accusative case because of circum’s case assignment, but because of the DP position in the main structure. For that reason, the DPs involved in the structure of the prefixed verb behave like any other argumental DP and they are subject to the same syntactic operations (ellipsis, demotion, and so on).
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Grace, Ted W., and Kevin Patrick. "The Wonder Years." Pediatrics 93, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.3.495.
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Lexicographers have always been troubled by words without precise meaning, like adolescence. Because it originates from the Latin word adolescere, meaning to grow up, one might assume that it includes anyone who is not a grown-up. However, grown-up means adult, and adult comes from the Latin word adultus, which is the past participle of the word adolescere. So anyone who is not an adolescent is an adult, and vice versa. Although such circular reasoning might serve the interests of politicians well, it gives epidemiologists, health statisticians, and members of the practice community serving this group gastric acidity. Unfortunately, when terms with imprecise meanings are used, no one else knows "what you chose it to mean!"
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Litevkienė, Nijolė, and Jelena Korosteliova. "ENGLISH ANATOMICAL TERMS BY ORIGIN IN THE TEXTBOOK HUMAN ANATOMY(I-II)." PROFESSIONAL STUDIES: THEORY AND PRACTICE 27, no. 1 (July 5, 2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56131/pstp.2023.27.1.121.
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This research is aimed to identify the particularities of English anatomical terms, based on comparative description of structural forms and in terms of origin. One-word and compound English and Latin anatomical terms are compared. This research was based on the use of anatomical terms in the textbook “Human Anatomy”, published by M. Prives, V. Bushkovich, N. Lisenkov, who offer a progressive view towards? descriptive, evolutionary, functional, and practical anatomy. Medical terms in the textbook can be basically divided into one-word and multi-word terms. One-word terms can be simple words, derived words, compounds, or a combination of derived and compound words. Compound anatomical terms can consist of two-six words. More than a half of the one-word English anatomical terms are formed on the basis of the English lexis. Most English compound anatomical terms are formed using the terms of Latin or Greek languages. Keywords: one-word anatomical terms, compound anatomical terms, borrowed terms, terms formed on the basis of the lexis of one’s own language
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Gaspar, Catarina. "Orthography as Described in Latin Grammars and Spelling in Latin Epigraphic Texts." Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 56 (September 1, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22315/acd/2020/4.
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This paper examines writing and orthography in the work of Latin grammarians and spelling variants in epigraphic texts. It focuses on the uses of the letter H and the spelling of the word sepulchrum. The word’s spelling seems to be connected to the spelling of other words through the adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. The analysis indicates that the teaching and learning of orthography had a limited influence on epigraphic texts, but there is evidence of the consistently high frequency of the spelling sepulcrum. The paper also shows how data on Latin orthography can help in understanding the chronology of the evolution of spelling in epigraphic texts.
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Burdy, Philipp. "On the importance of leader words in word formation: The popular transmission of the Latin abstract-forming suffix -ioin French." Word Structure 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0138.
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In this article, we trace the origin and development of the French abstract-forming suffix -aison and its collateral forms. Based on derivational inventories for Latin and French, we analyse formal and historical aspects of this suffix group as well as its semantics and its productivity throughout the centuries. Special attention will be devoted to methodological questions concerning the investigation of suffix transmission from Latin to Romance.
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Pino, Rodney, Renier Mendoza, and Rachelle Sambayan. "A Baybayin word recognition system." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (June 16, 2021): e596. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.596.
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Baybayin is a pre-Hispanic Philippine writing system used in Luzon island. With the effort in reintroducing the script, in 2018, the Committee on Basic Education and Culture of the Philippine Congress approved House Bill 1022 or the ”National Writing System Act,” which declares the Baybayin script as the Philippines’ national writing system. Since then, Baybayin OCR has become a field of research interest. Numerous works have proposed different techniques in recognizing Baybayin scripts. However, all those studies anchored on the classification and recognition at the character level. In this work, we propose an algorithm that provides the Latin transliteration of a Baybayin word in an image. The proposed system relies on a Baybayin character classifier generated using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The method involves isolation of each Baybayin character, then classifying each character according to its equivalent syllable in Latin script, and finally concatenate each result to form the transliterated word. The system was tested using a novel dataset of Baybayin word images and achieved a competitive 97.9% recognition accuracy. Based on our review of the literature, this is the first work that recognizes Baybayin scripts at the word level. The proposed system can be used in automated transliterations of Baybayin texts transcribed in old books, tattoos, signage, graphic designs, and documents, among others.
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Alvar, Manuel. "Yakov Malkiel, Studies in the reconstruction of Hispano-Latín word families. (l. The Romance progeny of Vulgar Latin (RE)PEDARE and cognates; II. Hispano-Latin *PEDIA and *MANIA; III. The coalescence of EXPEDIRE and PETERE in lbero-Romance).-University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1954; 223 pp. (UCPL, vol. 11)." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v10i2.3320.
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Se reseñó el libro: Studies in the reconstruction of Hispano-Latín word families. (l. The Romance progeny of Vulgar Latin (RE)PEDARE and cognates; II. Hispano-Latin *PEDIA and *MANIA; III. The coalescence of EXPEDIRE and PETERE in lbero-Romance)
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Holmes, Nigel. "Interrogative Nam in Early Latin." Mnemosyne 65, no. 2 (2012): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852511x547802.
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Abstract The article examines the use of nam in close association with a question word (e.g. quisnam, nam quis) in early Latin. As Kroon (1995, 165-5) observes, the use mirrors explicative nam, in that it is found when a speaker seeks supplementary information, while explicative nam is used to provide it. If interrogative nam arose from a sarcastic use of explicative nam to comment on a dialogue partner’s failure to supply information, this could account for several nuances that commentators have found in nam questions.
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Zudilina, Nadezhda. "Influence of the Meanings of the Greek Сoncept of “'Aret'h” on the Meanings of the Latin Concept of “Virtus” as One of the Reasons for the Polysemanticity of the Concept of “Virtual” in the XX–XXI centuries." Logos et Praxis, no. 1 (June 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.1.1.
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The author considers how the influence of the meanings of the Greek concept “'aret'h” on the semantics of the Latin concept “virtus” could cause the concept of “virtual” acquire such meanings as “being something in essence, real” (and not formally); “actual, real”. One of the Greek words translated into Latin as “virtus” in antiquity and the Middle Ages, was the word “'aret'h”. As a result of such a translation, the meanings of the word “'aret'h” and the philosophical (first of all, Platonic) meanings of the concept of “'aret'h” enriched the meanings of the concept “virtus”. It is most likely that the first meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is, “being something in essence, really” (and not formally), comes from the meaning “in essence” of the English word “virtually”, connected with one of the aspects of Plato’s interpretations of “'aret'h” – 'aret'h as the essence of a thing (Greek “oysia”, Latin “essentia”). Probably, the concept “virtual” acquired the meaning of “ factual, real “ through the the mediation of the word “virtually” (in its meaning “in fact, factually”), from the word “actually”, which, on the one hand, means “ in fact, indeed, really”, and on the other, is used as a synonym for “virtually”. It is possible that the accurrence of meanings “factual, real” of the concept “virtual” has been reinforced by the connection of the word “virtus” and its derivatives with the above mentioned “Platonic” meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is the meaning “being something in essence”, which is in some respects close to the meaning “factual, real”.
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Popova, Olga. "The influence of Latin on somatisms in the Norwegian language." Scandinavian Philology 21, no. 1 (2023): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2023.104.
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Language interaction has always been a matter of interest to linguists. Despite the fact of profound influence of Latin on many languages in many sciences, including medicine, the question concerning the borrowings of anatomical vocabulary, namely somatisms, or body parts, from Latin in Norwegian and its influence on the Norwegian anatomical terminology is of particular interest. The study focuses on the influence of Latin on the names of different body parts in Norwegian, thereby revealing some peculiarities of somatisms in the Norwegian language. Taking into account the historical background and cross-cultural interaction, some groups of somatisms have been distinguished. The most abundant group includes single word somatisms and compounds that do not have their norwegianized Latin form. The second group consists of the Norwegian somatisms, which have identical or nearly identical morphemic form with somatisms in Latin, incorporating single word somatisms as well as some compounds where one or even two parts are norwegianized Latin forms with some semantic peculiarities. We have also singled out the anatomical terms that have a norwegianized Latin form and a parallel native form. Mostly the borrowings in this group underwent orthographic changes adapting them to the Norwegian language. The results show that on the whole the Norwegian language preserves its identity, uniqueness and selective modifying purism in anatomical vocabulary, with some instances of being dependent on Latin.
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Moscal, Dinu, and Ana-Maria Gînsac. "Les ainsi nommées « reliques » lexicales d’origine latine des psautiers roumains du XVIe siècle." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 139, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 1220–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2023-0049.
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Abstract This paper discusses the hypothesis of a Latin source involvement in the process of translating and transmitting the sixteenth century Romanian Psalters. This hypothesis is based on a few words of Latin origin, called “lexical relics”, that might have been selected by etymological attraction under the influence of a Latin source. The methodological issues, arguments and examples referred to by the supporters of this theory are subjected to a critical analysis based on a textual comparison of the Romanian Psalters and their Slavonic and presumed Latin sources. The complete analysis of such lexemes shows that there are no arguments in favour of this view because: (1) among the “lexical relics” are included words inherited from Latin which do not etymologically overlap with their corresponding word in the Latin versions of the Psalter; (2) if there are etymological concordances between the Romanian and Latin versions, they are always doubled by semantic concordances with the Slavonic source(s), which points to the fact that the etymological concordances can be explained simply by choosing the Romanian semantic correspondent for the Slavonic word; (3) if there are minor semantic differences, they prove a semantic, even etymological, concordance with the Slavonic versions; (4) there is no case of semantic inconsistency between the Romanian lexemes and their corresponding words in the Slavonic sources which a Latin version of the Psalter might explain.
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Eichenhofer, Wolfgang. "Nochmals zur Herkunft von scarnuz “Papiertüte”." Ladinia 46 (2022): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.46.189-202.
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The word scarnuz is an import from the eastern part of Upper Italy; it comes from a cross of it. scartozzo “paper bag” and [kɔrn] “horn”. In that region the Latin chărta “paper” had spread, while in Romansh the word *pa(l)pĕriu “id.” was adopted. Scarnuz is neither “cavallo di ritorno” (= reborrowed word) nor etymologically identical with the it. type scaramuccio “skirmish”.
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Babič, Matjaž. "Word order variation in Plautus." Linguistica 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.45.1.225-238.
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Unlike some other language phenomena, word order is an unavoidable feature of an utterance. It can be observed in any language as it is always necessary to arrange words (provided the language in question discerns such meaningful entities) in some linear order. It is, however, much more difficult to explain it, since its function can not be fully established in advance. Even with fairly numerous indications of its role, it would be quite bold to attempt a comprehensive analysis of word order phenomena even in Plautus, let alone in Latin as a whole.
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Pugazhendhi, D. "Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Tamil: The Meaning of the Word Ἐρυθρὰν in Erythraean Sea." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.9-1-3.
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Ἐρυθρὰν of Greek and Erythraeos of Latin denote a portion of ocean. From the Greek word ἐρεύθων, it is thought that the sea is red in colour and so got its name, the Red Sea. There is also another thought that the name of the sea is not due to its colour, but the first person who crossed this sea was called Erythras, and so the sea is named after him. The research that has been done so far has taken into account the Greek and Persian language root to this word, but has not yet reached a final conclusion. Tamil Nadu also has a remarkable place in this connection. In the word Ἐρυθρὰν θάλατταν, “Ery” means “throw” both in Greek and Tamil and “thrae” means hair in Greek and “wave” in Tamil. The word “thrae” has a common meaning which is that of either a group, or in general any gathering of a small number of objects. Thus, Ἐρυθρὰν of Greek and Erythraeos of Latin has the meaning of ‘throwing ocean wave’ in Tamil. In studying the other word Περίπλους (Περί + πλους), of Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης, the first part of the word, Περί, means big or long and the latter part of the word πλους, which is the metathesis of πόλεις has the meaning land or city. Thus the words Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης has the meaning –“the cities or the lands of the ocean of throwing waves”. It is well known that both the Greeks and Romans had a flourishing sea trade with Tamil Nadu in the ancient period of history and there was ample possibility of words being borrowed from Tamil to Greek. Keywords: Erythraean Sea, Greek, Latin, sea trade, Tamil Nadu
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Khakimova, Giulnara. "To the question on the efficiency of Greek-Latin terminological elements within the German veterinary system of terms." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.3.32617.
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The subject of this research is the auxiliary terminological elements of Greek-Latin origin, determined by the author at the current state of study from the German one-word veterinary terms. The article considers the problem of word creation within the veterinary terminological system of German language using the terminological material of classical languages. The goal consists in identification of the most efficient morphological ways of word creation based on affixation, derivational activity of auxiliary Greek-Latin terminological elements in creation of derivative veterinary terms in German language, as well as review of the semantics of most frequent initial and completive terminological elements. Based on the analysis of the corpus of factual material, the author concludes that the most efficient out of morphological ways of derivatives of nouns and adjectives is the prefix-suffix method. The novelty of this research consists in determination of the most frequent initial and completive auxiliary terminological elements in German veterinary sublanguage among one-word derivatives.
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Bakhouche, Béatrice. "Les expressions de l’essence dans la traduction et le commentaire du Timée par Calcidius (IVe siècle)." Chôra 18 (2020): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chora2020/202118/196.
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Expressing ‘essence’ in the translation and commentary of Timaeus by Calcidius (4th c. p.D.) depends on Platonist terminology which is not completely stabilised. We will see how, in his translation, Calcidius translated Greek words as οὐσία or φύσις, but also how he used the word substantia whereas there was no expression of essence in the Greek text. The Latin commentator used both essentia and substantia, but the latter quite often. However, in doing so, he weakened the meaning of the word substantia. Lastly, Calcidius translated into Latin and used Greek no‑Platonist expressions with a very specific signification of ‘essence’.
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Satsyuk, Olga. "USE OF LATIN ORIGINAL PREFIXES AND SUFFICES IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-215-217.
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The article deals with productive affixes of Latin origin, with the help of which many words of the Romanian language have been formed since the beginning of its formation from the Latin language of the Danube region. Latin suffixes and prefixes that continue to be used in the word formation process of modern Romanian are also analyzed. Some Romanian words were borrowed through other languages (French, German) The ways of penetration of the Latin language into the territory of modern Romania have been established. The process of Romanization began after the wars near the Oresteier Mountains (101-106), as a result of which Dacia was conquered and annexed to the Empire. It is noted that Dacia (modern-day territory of Romania) inherited a rich ancient heritage with the conquest of new provinces by the Empire and, thus, the spread of Roman cultural heritage. However, Latin was the official language in Dacia. Many new cities with introduced Roman civilization were also founded. Latin was spoken in the army and in state institutions. The vocabulary of the Romanian language, which was created with the help of Latin word-forming elements at the beginning of the Romanian language formation, is distinguished, and it is shown that these affixes are used in the modern Romanian language thus distinguishing productive and unproductive affixes.
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Di Battista, Silvia, and Monica Pivetti. "“Non-Traditional” Parents in Contemporary Societies." Social Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13010002.
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