Relevant bibliographies by topics / Umbrella clauses

Academic literature on the topic 'Umbrella clauses'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Umbrella clauses"

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Footer, Mary E. "Umbrella Clauses and Widely-Formulated Arbitration Clauses: Discerning the Limits of icsid Jurisdiction." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 16, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341343.

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This article examines the scope and the limits of icsid arbitration involving umbrella or “observance of undertakings” clauses and widely-formulated arbitration clauses, both of which may provide investors with broad recourse to dispute settlement for disputes related to investment, as defined in the applicable bilateral investment treaty (bit). It does so by analysing the origins and rationale behind both clauses as well as how they operate in principle and in practice. It appears there is no jurisprudence constante concerning the application of either clause. However, a clearer picture is emerging in icsid jurisprudence of an effective, occasionally prospective, application of the umbrella clause and some limited deference to widely-formulated arbitration clauses. It is balanced by other icsid arbitral decisions that seek to limit the scope and application of the umbrella clause on a variety of grounds.
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Bakhshali Zeynalli, Nargiz. "SIGNIFICANCE OF UMBRELLA CLAUSES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/362-365.

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A large number of investment treaties contain provisions, often referred to as ‘umbrella clauses’, that require host states to respect non-treaty commitments and obligations made to foreign investment covered by the treaty. This article examines the general nature of umbrella clauses, their historical background, the various forms that they can take, and their application by arbitral tribunals. In view of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence on umbrella clauses, the article concludes with a suggested framework of analysis for applying umbrella clauses to specific investments, setting out a number of questions which persons applying umbrella clauses should seek to address. Key words: arbitration, umbrella clauses, international treaty obligations, foreign investment, bilateral investment treaties, contractual obligations
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Borg, Guillaume, and Jean-Christophe Honlet. "The Decision of the ICSID Ad Hoc Committee in CMS v. Argentina Regarding the Conditions of Application of an Umbrella Clause: SGS v. Philippines Revisited." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 7, no. 1 (2008): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180308x332739.

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AbstractIn CMS v. Argentina, an ICSID ad hoc Committee partially annulled the first ICSID award on the merits dealing with the 2000–2002 Argentine crisis, for failure to state reasons regarding the conditions of application of an umbrella clause. This question was somewhat overshadowed in prior cases by the question of the clause's effect. The key finding of the Committee is that an umbrella clause does not change the content, proper law of, and parties to, the obligations of the State, the breach of which may trigger the umbrella clause. The decision of the CMS ad hoc Committee has sparked debate as to whether the Committee was entitled, within the limited framework of its annulment powers, to suggest such an interpretation of the conditions of application of umbrella clauses. The focus of this article is different and twofold. Because the CMS ad hoc Committee did suggest such an interpretation, the article first traces its roots to the decision on jurisdiction in SGS v. Philippines. It then evaluates the consequences that would appear to follow from the Committee's findings at three levels. 1) May all types of State obligations trigger an umbrella clause? 2) May an umbrella clause apply to obligations undertaken by a State towards a subsidiary of an investor, as opposed to the investor itself? 3) May it apply to obligations undertaken towards investments or investors by state-owned or state controlled entities having their own legal personality distinct from the State?
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Gözlügöl, Alperen Afşin. "The Effects of Umbrella Clauses: Their Relevance in Interpretation and in Practice." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 558–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340184.

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Abstract Umbrella clauses have sparked one of the great debates in international investment law as regards their proper construction. This article argues that a particular line of reasoning and interpretation appears to be unduly focusing on the effects of such clauses in the process of construing them. In other words, what seems to occur in the interpretation of umbrella clauses is that some tribunals, frightened by the far-reaching consequences, construe such clauses more narrowly. I call this phenomenon ‘adverse effects analysis’ and demonstrate that it is inconsistent with the proper construction of umbrella clauses in accordance with the rules of interpretation in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). In this course, the effects of umbrella clauses in practice are also put forward along with an analysis of them under ‘manifest absurdity or unreasonableness test’ pursuant to Article 32(b) of VCLT.
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De Luca, Anna. "Umbrella Clauses and Transfer Provisions in the (Invisible) EU Model BIT." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 3-4 (July 28, 2014): 506–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504008.

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The draft Investment Chapter of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) between the European Union (eu) and Canada includes an umbrella clause, on eu’s proposal. Nevertheless, the inclusion in the final text of such a clause appears to be uncertain. Furthermore, the wording of the umbrella clause, proposed by the eu, fails to address all uncertainties regarding the effects and scope of application of umbrella clauses still existing in jurisprudence. Conversely, the inclusion in the draft Investment Chapter of a transfer provision, accompanied with safeguard provisions in case of serious balance-of-payments difficulties and external financial difficulties, does not seem to be a contested issue between the Member States and Canada. A new development at the eu level might make investment protection matters more complicated: following the opening of the negotiation on a free trade agreement with the us, some Member States (such as Germany) oppose investment arbitration tout court at least in the prospective eu-us ceta.
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Meurling, E., and B. Volders. "Umbrella Clauses in International Investment Litigation." European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 2, no. 2 (2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2007/2/54.

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de Lucas, Jaime Bandrés. "Umbrella Clauses: Uncertain Contract Protection Under IIAS." Journal of Globalization, Competitiveness, and Governability 10, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3232/gcg.2016.v10.n2.06.

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Morales, Nicolas Gamboa. "Algunas Consideraciones sobre Antecedentes y Evaluación Arbitral de las Cláusulas Paraguas." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 6, Issue 22 (April 1, 2009): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2009024.

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RESUMO: O artigo trata das umbrella clauses, de sua definição como sendo aquelas que, de maneira geral, permitem elevar o nível do conflito surgido em relação a um contrato entre um investidor e o Estado receptor do investimento, ao âmbito internacional. Descreve os antecedentes destas cláusulas e finaliza mencionando sentenças arbitrais, proferidas a partir de 2003, nas quais se tentou traçar uma linha divisória e fixar um horizonte às umbrella clauses.
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Hur, Yunseok, and Jaewoong Yoon. "Application of Umbrella and Most Favored Nation Clauses Related to Restrictions Imposed on the Ratione Materiae of an Arbitration Clause." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 38, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kalc.2023.38.1.85.

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Purpose: This study analyses the umbrella clause and the most favored nation clause by focusing on A11Y Ltd. v. Czech Republic issued under international commercial arbitration. Research design, data, and methodology: Typical case analysis deals with the issues surrounding the selection of applicable cases for international commercial arbitration. Results: Under the arbitration clause, which explicitly excludes disputes regarding the FET clause and the non-discrimination clause, it is not acceptable to invoke both clauses through an umbrella clause. Conclusions: Above all, from the facts of this case, it is thought that even if the jurisdiction is expanded, difficulties accompany the complete citation of a claim on the merits. Regarding a non-discrimination obligation, the Tribunal denies the distinction of administrative rules in the context of expropriation. On the other hand, the inappropriate behavior of the Labor Bureau is acknowledged, and there is room for violation of FET or the obligation to prohibit investment damage.
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Petsche, Markus. "Restrictive Interpretation of Investment Treaties: A Critical Analysis of Arbitral Case Law." Journal of International Arbitration 37, Issue 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2020001.

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This article critically discusses the recourse to the principle of restrictive interpretation (in dubio mitius) by treaty-based investor-state arbitral tribunals. Although its status as a rule of international law is at best controversial, in dubio mitius has been applied by a number of arbitral tribunals interpreting umbrella clauses and most-favoured-nation (MFN) provisions contained in investment treaties. This article shows that restrictive interpretation is inappropriate and undesirable. It highlights, first of all, that no rational justification for in dubio mitius exists and that the sovereignty-based rationale put forward is obsolete, illogical and largely dysfunctional. It also shows that restrictive interpretation frequently clashes with other, more fundamental, rules of treaty interpretation and that in dubio mitius interpretation of investment treaties has an inherently discriminatory effect on investors. Investment Treaties, Treaty Interpretation, Restrictive Interpretation, In Dubio Mitius, Umbrella Clause, Mfn Provision, State Sovereignty, Investment Law
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Umbrella clauses"

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Schmid, Michael. "Swiss investment protection agreements : most-favoured-nation treatment and umbrella clauses /." Zürich : Schulthess, 2007. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00180278.pdf.

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Meschede, Katrin [Verfasser]. "Die Schutzwirkung von umbrella clauses für Investor-Staat-Verträge / Katrin Meschede." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1108808905/34.

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RUSSETTI, DEBORAH. "Le umbrella clauses nei BITs: ambito di applicazione e responsabilità internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4054297.

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Ahmed, Mohamed. "Convergence or divergence : recent trends in the application of the umbrella clauses." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384540.

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Samson, Benjamin. "Les clauses parapluies des traités de promotion et de protection des investissements." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2021. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247226535.

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Les clauses parapluie sont des dispositions des traités de promotion et protection des investissements dans lesquelles les États parties s’engagent à respecter les engagements pris à l’égard d’investisseurs étrangers. Ces clauses ont été inventées dans le but de rééquilibrer la relation contractuelle investisseur-État en soustrayant le contrat au seul empire du droit interne de l’État. D’apparence simple, elles soulèvent de nombreuses questions quant à leur champ d’application, leurs effets et leur portée et posent de délicats problèmes de droit applicable et d’articulation des recours formés contre l’État. La question centrale posée est celle de savoir si les clauses parapluie internationalisent les engagements internes de l’État hôte de l’investissement. Pour la majorité des tribunaux et des auteurs, ces clauses posent une obligation internationale de respecter ses engagements (règle primaire) mais ne les internationalisent pas. S’il existe un quasi-consensus sur ce point, celui-ci n’a pas permis de régler les problèmes identifiés. À rebours de la position dominante, la thèse se propose de démontrer que les clauses parapluie peuvent être qualifiées de règles secondaires reconnaissant la qualité d’obligation internationale aux engagements de l’État. Cette relecture des clauses parapluie améliore, de manière équilibrée, la protection des investissements. Elle assure l’effectivité de la protection offerte par les clauses parapluie aux droits des investisseurs nés des engagements de l’État hôte tout en permettant à ce dernier de ne pas être exposé à de multiples recours relatifs à la violation du même engagement
Umbrella clauses are provisions of investment promotion and protection treaties in which states parties undertake to respect commitments given to foreign investors. These clauses were invented with the aim of rebalancing the investor-state contractual relationship by removing the contract from the sole ambit of the state's domestic law. Although seemingly simple, they raise numerous questions as to their range of application, effects and scope and pose delicate problems of applicable law and articulation of remedies against the State. The central question raised is whether umbrella clauses internationalise the host state’s commitments under domestic law. For the majority of tribunals and authors, these clauses impose an international obligation to respect its commitments (primary rule) but do not internationalise them. While there is a near-consensus on this point, it has not settled the problems identified. In contrast to the prevailing position, the thesis demonstrates that umbrella clauses can be characterised as secondary rules recognising an internationally binding character to the State's commitments. This reinterpretation of umbrella clauses improves investment protection in a balanced way. It ensures the effectiveness of the protection offered by umbrella clauses to the rights of investors arising from the host state’s commitments while at the same time protecting the host State against multiple claims concerning the breach of the same undertaking
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Correa-Angel, Diana Ximena. "La stabilité juridique dans le droit international des investissements : étude sur le cadre juridique de l'investissement international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020085.

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Inscrite dans la dialectique changement-permanence, la stabilité juridique ne saurait s'opposer au changement normatif. Si rien ne changeait, il n'y aurait nul besoin de parler de stabilité, mais tout simplement d'intangibilité, d'immutabilité ou même d'éternité du droit. Par la stabilité, on cherche donc à garantir deux valeurs juridiques importantes : l'évolution du droit et la sécurité juridique. Tout produit juridique aspire à la stabilité. Sur le terrain du droit objectif, la stabilité est protégée afin d'éviter des situations d'inflation normative, de désordre dans la production normative, et de faciliter l'application des produits juridiques dans le temps. Sur le terrain des droits subjectifs, elle est souvent protégée afin d'assurer le maintien des situations juridiques individuelles malgré l'écoulement du temps. Ces aspects transparaissent dans le droit international des investissements à travers l'attente légitime de stabilité juridique. Cela étant, pour qu'une telle attente de stabilité juridique présente un caractère légitime, il faut qu'existe un engagement explicite ou implicite de l'État en ce sens et que les investisseurs se comportent d'une façon diligente et de bonne foi. Sur le plan substantiel, l’investisseur ne doit également pas s’attendre à ce que le droit ne change pas, car le droit est évolutif par nature. En revanche, il peut légitimement s’attendre à ce que les changements normatifs soient introduits de façon prévisible et non arbitraire. La violation de la stabilité juridique de la part de l'État engage sa responsabilité internationale. Au-delà de toutes ces considérations, la stabilité juridique fait face aujourd'hui à de nombreux bouleversements, le plus important semblant être son émergence en tant que principe coutumier de droit international
Discussions of legal stability involve the notions of change and permanence; therefore, legal stability cannot oppose legal change. If nothing changed, there would be no need to talk of stability, and one would simply speak of intangibility, immutability or even of the eternity of the law. Through stability we seek to ensure two important legal values: the development of law and the principle of legal security. Stability is a central aspiration of every law. In the field of objective law, stability is protected in order to prevent a surfeit of laws, disorder in the legislative process and to facilitate the application of laws over time. In the field of subjective rights, it often exists in order to maintain certain specific legal situations and rights in spite of the passage of time. These aspects are reflected in international investment law through the legitimate expectation of legal stability. This being the case, so that such an expectation of legal stability be considered legitimate, there must be an explicit or implicit commitment by the State in this direction and investors must act diligently and in good faith. On the substantive side, it is also necessary that the investor does not expect the law not to change given that law evolves with time. Nevertheless, the investor can legitimately expect that regulatory changes be introduced in a predictable and non-arbitrary manner. Violation of legal stability by the State incurs international liability. Beyond these considerations, today legal stability faces a lot of challenges; the most important of which seems to be its emergence as a customary principle of international law
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吳思靜. "雙邊投資協定中保護傘條款的解釋適用之探折 : 兼論ICSID相關仲裁案例 = Reviewing the interpretation and application of umbrella clause in Bilatreral Investment Treaties : on the ICSID-related arbitration cases." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2182063.

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Zakhour, Georges-Philippe. "La prééminence du droit international et de l'arbitrage transnational en droit des investissements étrangers." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020018.

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Établissant une relation entre un État ou l’une de ses émanations, d’une part, et un investisseur d’autre part, le droit des investissements étrangers se meut au-delà de la distinction droit public/droit privé. Compte tenu du fait qu’il se situe à un point de jonction entre le droit international et le droit interne, le droit des investissements pose d’importantes questions relatives à la loi applicable, ainsi qu’aux juridictions compétentes. Conçu comme un ordre juridique spécifique provenant de l’interaction entre les ordres juridiques international et interne, le droit des investissements engendre de multiples répercussions quant à son interférence avec l’ordre juridique interne. Cette interférence, n’étant soumise à aucune hiérarchie de compétence législative ou juridictionnelle, soulève de sérieuses interrogations : quel serait le droit applicable lorsque les droits interne et international ont vocation à s’appliquer dans un même litige ? Dans le même ordre d’idées, quelle serait la juridiction compétente si les institutions juridictionnelles internationales et internes sont toutes les deux compétentes selon leurs propres règles de rattachement pour trancher le litige ? Les réponses à ces interrogations ne sont pas évidentes et continuent de donner lieu à de vifs débats. La question n’ayant pas été tranchée de façon ferme et définitive, la présente étude proposera d’y apporter des éléments de réponse en démontrant la manifeste prééminence du droit international de fond et de l’arbitrage transnational de nature à permettre d’écarter l’application de la loi locale et d’exclure la compétence des juges internes. Cette prééminence fera enfin l’objet d’un examen approprié
Establishing a relationship between a State or one of its emanations, on the one hand, and an investor, on the other, international investment law moves beyond the distinction between public law and private law. Given the fact that it resides in-between international law and domestic law, international investment law raises important questions about the governing law and jurisdiction. Conceived as a specific legal order arising from the interaction between the international and the national legal orders, international investment law begets controversy with respect to its interference with the national legal order. This interference, which is not submitted to any hierarchy on the legislative or jurisdictional level, raises serious questions: what would be the applicable law when domestic law and international law are both involved in the same dispute? In a similar manner, what would be the competent court if the international and domestic jurisdictional institutions are both competent according to the rules of their own legal order? The answers to these questions are not obvious and continue to give rise to heated debates. As the issue has not been firmly and definitively resolved, the present study aims to provide an answer by demonstrating the pre-eminence of substantive international law and transnational arbitration to the point of clearly excluding the application of the local law and the competence of domestic judges. This pre-eminence will finally be subject to an in-depth examination
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Šindelář, Jakub. ""Umbrella Clause" v investičních sporech." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-342475.

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"Umbrella Clause" in investment disputes The diploma thesis deals with the topic of the so-called umbrella clause, a provision that can be often encountered in the bilateral investment treaties. The aim of the thesis is to identify and assess individual interpretation issues that are faced by the arbitration tribunals when applying this provision. The thesis is composed from two main parts, theoretical one and analytical one. Each part is further divided into two separate chapters. First chapter familiarizes a reader with the basic instruments of international investment law, the bilateral investment treaties and investment contracts. The umbrella clause issue is closely intertwined with the topic of internationalization of investment contract, which is also discussed within this chapter. The second chapter provides basic introduction to the examined legal institution. Besides determining characteristic features of the umbrella clause and basic variations of its wording, the chapter also focuses on presence of this provision in contemporary sources of international investment law. In this regard, detailed analysis of the Czech bilateral investment treaties is presented. Last but not least, the attention is paid to the historical context of the issue. The detailed analysis of the International...
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Books on the topic "Umbrella clauses"

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Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 6 Umbrella Clause and Investment Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.006.

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The “umbrella clause” takes its name from its main objective, namely to oblige the host state to observe any commitments it has entered into with regard to foreign investors. The clause brings such obligations of the state under the protection of an applicable international investment treaty, bilateral investment treaty (BIT), or multilateral treaty. This chapter begins by reviewing the evolution of the umbrella clause and how it has been applied by investment treaty tribunals. It then examines the main variants of umbrella clauses in Chinese BITs and discusses their legal effect in light of this recent jurisprudence. It moves on to analyze the impact, if any, of these clauses on investment contracts in China, including joint venture contracts, joint exploitation of onshore and offshore petroleum resources contracts, and build-operate-transfer contracts. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the implications of umbrella clauses and investment contracts on dispute-resolution planning for foreign investors.
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Katia, Yannaca-Small. Part III Guide to Key Jurisdictional Issues, 16 The Umbrella Clause: Is the Umbrella Closing? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0016.

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‘Umbrella clauses’ are inserted in treaties to provide additional protection to investors and are directed at covering investment agreements that host countries frequently conclude with foreign investors. Inclusion of umbrella clauses in investment treaties provides a mechanism to make host States’ promises ‘enforceable’ and comes as an additional protection of investor-state contracts, which raises the controversial issue of whether the umbrella clause seeks to elevate contractual breaches to treaty breaches. For a better understanding of the clause, this chapter (i) gives an overview of its history; (ii) briefly discusses the significance of the language included in a number of bilateral investment treaties; and (iii) looks at the effect, scope and conditions of application of the umbrella clause as interpreted by arbitral tribunals.
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Jeswald W, Salacuse. 11 Treatment of State Obligations (the ‘Umbrella Clause’). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0011.

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A large number of investment treaties contain provisions, often referred to as ‘umbrella clauses’, that require host states to respect non-treaty commitments and obligations made to foreign investment covered by the treaty. This chapter examines the general nature of umbrella clauses, their historical background, the various forms that they can take, and their application by arbitral tribunals. In view of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence on umbrella clauses, the chapter concludes with a suggested framework of analysis for applying umbrella clauses to specific investments, setting out a number of questions which persons applying umbrella clauses should seek to address.
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Jeffrey, Golden, and Lamm Carolyn, eds. International Financial Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199687862.001.0001.

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This book provides specialist work on the arbitration of international financial disputes. The work covers commercial and investment arbitrations and considers the merits of and relationship between the various types of dispute resolution (mediation, arbitration, and litigation). International arbitration is a growth area and financial disputes have been a consequence of the financial crisis. The need for more specialist knowledge during the conduct of disputes involving complex financial instruments has become particularly apparent in recent years. This book explains the various financial products including debt and equity instruments, currencies, commodities, derivatives, and Islamic instruments and provides guidance on how to draft arbitration clauses with these products in mind. In the part on theories of liability, the issues of applicable law, expropriation, discrimination, fair and equitable treatment, and umbrella clauses are discussed. There are separate chapters on remedies and choice of law, in addition to the more procedural aspects of enforcement and expert witness. The interplay between mediation and arbitration is analysed and explained.
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Arregui, Ana, María Luisa Rivero, and Andrés Salanova, eds. Modality Across Syntactic Categories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.001.0001.

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This volume explores the extremely rich diversity found under the “modal umbrella” in natural language. Offering a cross-linguistic perspective on the encoding of modal meanings that draws on novel data from an extensive set of languages, the book supports a view according to which modality infuses a much more extensive number of syntactic categories and levels of syntactic structure than has traditionally been thought. The volume distinguishes between “low modality,” which concerns modal interpretations that associate with the verbal and nominal cartographies in syntax, “middle modality” or modal interpretation associated to the syntactic cartography internal to the clause, and “high modality” that relates to the cartography known as the left periphery. By offering enticing combinations of cross-linguistic discussions of the more studied sources of modality together with novel or unexpected sources of modality, the volume presents specific case studies that show how meanings associated with low, middle, and high modality crystallize across a large variety of languages. The chapters on low modality explore modal meanings in structures that lack the complexity of full clauses, including conditional readings in noun phrases and modal features in lexical verbs. The chapters on middle modality examine the effects of tense and aspect on constructions with counterfactual readings, and on those that contain canonical modal verbs. The chapters on high modality are dedicated to constructions with imperative, evidential, and epistemic readings, examining, and at times challenging, traditional perspectives that syntactically associate these interpretations with the left periphery of the clause.
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Jonathan, Bonnitcha, Skovgaard Poulsen Lauge N, and Waibel Michael. 4 Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198719540.003.0004.

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This chapter introduces the substantive obligations in investment treaties. Most offer a common core of six substantive protections to foreign investors. The chapter first considers the two ‘relative’ standards of protection—most-favoured nation treatment and national treatment. It then turns to four ‘absolute’ standards of protection: expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, umbrella clauses, and free transfer of funds. The third section examines carve-outs that remove certain state measures from the scope of application of investment treaties, defences that can justify or excuse breaches of investment treaty protections, and the standard of review that tribunals apply when examining host state conduct. The fourth and final section discusses the calculation of compensation or damages if host states have breached investment treaties.
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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part II Ambit of Protection, 4 Parallel Proceedings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 deals with a complex set of problems that have arisen in determining the relationship between parallel claims in investment arbitration and other forms of dispute resolution, including proceedings in host State courts. Five issues which arbitral tribunals have had to confront in considering the impact of other forms of dispute resolution upon their jurisdiction are explored in particular: (1) the distinction between breach of contract and breach of treaty; (2) election, waiver, and ‘fork in the road’; (3) prior resort to local remedies; (4) internationalised contract claims and ‘umbrella clauses’; and (5) parallel treaty arbitration. The chapter considers the extent to which the general doctrines of lis pendens, res judicata, election, waiver, and abuse of process are capable of application in investment treaty arbitration.
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Berka, Walter. CETA, TTIP, TiSA, and Data Protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808893.003.0007.

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Trade agreements cannot avoid dealing with digital services and data sharing. In the cases of TTIP, CETA, and TiSA, different concepts of data protection collide and it is the fear of the European side that the EU’s acquis on data privacy could get compromised through the liberalization of data flows. This chapter analyses the possible impact of these agreements on data protection. It refers to the European Parliament’s call to include a horizontal self-standing clause in TTIP to exclude the current and future EU data protection legislation from being traded in TTIP, a claim which is based on Article XIV of the GATS. In dealing with these issues, it will be considered further that the EU and the US are discussing data transfers and data protection in other fora as well, namely on the tracks of the new Safe Harbor Agreement and the Data Protection Umbrella Agreement.
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Book chapters on the topic "Umbrella clauses"

1

Boltenko, Olga. "The Umbrella Revolution: State Contracts and Umbrella Clauses in Contemporary Investment Law." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_54-1.

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2

Boltenko, Olga. "The Umbrella Revolution: State Contracts and Umbrella Clauses in Contemporary Investment Law." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 399–417. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_54.

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Rajput, Aniruddha. "National Courts as Actors in Investment Arbitration." In Public Actors in International Investment Law, 37–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58916-5_3.

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AbstractNational courts are actors in investment arbitration since they influence the functioning of investment arbitration and are themselves in turn influenced by investment arbitration. The influence of national courts on investment arbitration is larger than the influence of other international courts and tribunals, since national law is part of the applicable law in investment arbitration and national courts are authorised to interpret and apply national law. National courts influence investment arbitration by competing for jurisdiction through the exhaustion of local remedies, umbrella clauses, and the fork-in-the-road rule. National courts facilitate investment arbitration by enforcing awards and at the same time disrupt it when rejecting enforcement or issuing anti-arbitration injunctions. Investment tribunals can restrain national courts by issuing anti-suit injunctions. Above all, they can review the decisions of national courts on grounds of denial of justice, fair and equitable treatment, the effective means test, and indirect expropriation. The the relationship between national courts and investment tribunals is such that the later have the last word, although the role of national courts as actors is certainly noteworthy.
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4

"Umbrella Clauses." In International Investment Law and Arbitration, 349–73. Cambridge University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316847954.016.

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Odumosu-Ayanu, Ibironke T. "Umbrella Clauses." In Rethinking Investment Law, 153–79. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192871084.003.0008.

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Abstract This chapter provides a critical reading of the origins and purpose of umbrella clauses. Its analysis of contemporary arbitral jurisprudence highlights conflicting interpretations of umbrella clauses. The chapter demonstrates that such clauses serve as a mechanism for the depoliticization of investment law with a view to bringing contracts into the framework of investment treaties. The process serves to legitimize often-problematic domestic arrangements and facilitates engagement with those contracts outside of the domestic spaces of contestation. After tracing their origins and examining the conflicting arbitral jurisprudence, the chapter argues for a reimagination of international investment law without umbrella clauses. It is also acknowledged that the elimination of umbrella clauses does not fully respond to the marginalization of local communities. Ultimately, the chapter advocates a turn to a more robust contract regime which can respond to the complex relationship between states, investors, and affected communities.
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"Umbrella Clauses." In International Investment Law and Arbitration, 432–57. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913652.017.

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7

Rowe, Samantha J., and Svetlana Portman. "Umbrella Clauses." In Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800882324.umbrella.clauses.nt.

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8

Jeswald W, Salacuse. "11 Treatment of State Obligations (the ‘Umbrella Clause’)." In The Law of Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198850953.003.0011.

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This chapter explores umbrella clauses. In order to protect investor–state commitments and obligations from obsolescence, many investment treaties contain a clause defining the treatment that the host state will give to obligations it has made to investors or investments covered by the treaty. Known commonly as ‘umbrella clauses’, such provisions generally stipulate that ‘each Contracting Party shall observe any obligation it may have entered into with regard to the investments of investors of the other Contracting Party’. The umbrella clause creates an exception to a well-established principle of international law concerning state contracts with, and obligations to, foreign investors. Its intent is to impose an international treaty obligation on host countries that requires them to respect obligations they have entered into with respect to investments protected by the treaty. This places such obligations under the protective umbrella of international law, not just the domestic law that would otherwise normally apply exclusively. The chapter then looks at the formulations and application of the umbrella clause.
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"Geschichtlicher Hintergrund der umbrella clauses." In Die Schutzwirkung von umbrella clauses für Investor-Staat-Verträge, 39–52. Nomos, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845253756_39.

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10

Samson, Benjamin. "Umbrella Clauses and Contract Claims." In International Investment Law. Hart Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509929078.ch-023.

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