Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'UMARS'

Este proyecto, a través del rediseño de la marca y de la implementación de un sistema de comunicación gráfica integral en sus diferentes áreas (editorial, packaging, web) busca alcanzar una clara identificación de cada uno de los productos, con una mayor diferenciación.
Fil: Paz, Mercedes de. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Artes y Diseño.

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CAPES
A análise estrutural de um maciço rochoso tem por finalidade fornecer elementos para uma melhor compreensão dos parâmetros de descontinuidades. Salienta-se que o controle destes parâmetros constitui o norte científico para orientar a lavra de rochas ornamentais, pois, as dimensões e qualidade dos blocos obtidos dependem principalmente da natureza e equidistância dos fraturamentos associados à distribuição das tensões atuantes em um maciço rochoso. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se a análise estrutural do Sienito Marrom Imperial, localizado em Umari, zona rural do Município de João Alfredo – PE. Ao fornecer tais informações o responsável técnico poderá definir a melhor sistemática tecnológica no plano de aproveitamento econômico a ser adotado, sem provocar o aparecimento de fraturas de alívio na rocha. Os dados coletados durante a visita técnica constituíram um banco de dados utilizado na determinação das projeções estereográficas (rede de Schmidt) e diagramas de rosetas. A análise do fraturamento mostrou que as fraturas de cisalhamento situam-se nas direções 30º Az e 340º Az. A bissetriz do ângulo formado pelo cruzamento destes cisalhamentos corresponde à direção de compressão máxima atuante representada por 1 e disposta na direção 5°Az. Perpendicularmente a essa, encontra-se a direção de distenção, 3. Com base no exposto pode-se concluir que a melhor orientação de corte, para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de abertura da pedreira, de modo a provocar o alivio das tensões e evitar o aparecimento de fraturas durante os serviços de lavra, é a direção SE-NW. Quanto à caracterização tecnológica, os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos estabelecidos pelas normas ABNT NBR 15844:2010, NBR 12042: 1992 e ASTM C 615:1992. Os índices físicos - massa específica aparente seca e saturada, porosidade e absorção aparentes - atenderam satisfatoriamente aos requisitos da ABNT NBR 15844:2010 e americana ASTM C615: 1992. Os resultados dos ensaios de resistência à compressão simples e resistência à flexão quando comparados com os valores requisitados para granitos, mostram que a rocha suporta uma compressão mediana, levemente inferior ao estabelecido por estas normas. Já o ensaio de desgaste Amsler ficou abaixo de 1mm/m, como especificado pela norma brasileira NBR 15844:2010. A avaliação dos ensaios do Marrom Imperial, juntamente com a análise petrográfica, possibilitou um melhor conhecimento da inter-relação dos resultados, e podendo assim relacionar diretamente a uma melhor aplicação do material objeto de estudo. A rocha pode ser aplicada sem restrições, salvo locais úmidos que requerem impermeabilização e de intenso tráfego.
Structural analysis of a rock mass is intended to provide elements for a better understanding of discontinuities parameters. It is noted that the control of these parameters is the scientific north to guide the mining of dimension stones, therefore, the size and quality of the blocks obtained depend mainly on the nature and equidistance of fracturing associated with the distribution of stresses acting on a rock mass. In this paper is presented a structural analysis of the Syenite Brown Imperial, located in Umari, rural municipality of Joao Alfredo - PE. By providing such information the responsible technician can determine the best technology in the systematic economic exploitation plan to be adopted, without causing the onset of relief of fractures in the rock. The data collected during the technical visit constituted a database used in determining the stereographic projections (Schmidt network) and rosettes diagrams. The analysis of fracturing showed that shear fractures are located in directions 30º and Az 340º Az. The bisecting the angle formed by the intersection of these shear is the maximum active compression direction represented by 1 and arranged in 5 ° Az direction. Perpendicular to this, it is the direction of distention, 3. Based on the above it can be concluded that the best cutting guidance for the development of the opening work of the quarry, so as to cause the relief of the stresses and prevent the occurrence of fracture during the mining services is the direction SE- NW. As for technological characterization, the results were compared to the standards established by the NBR 15844: 2010, NBR 12042: 1992 and ASTM C 615: 1992. Physical indices - apparent dry and saturated especific mass, porosity and apparent absorption - satisfactorily met the requirements of NBR 15844: 2010 and American ASTM C615: 1992. The results of tests on the compressive strength and flexural strength when compared to the values required to granites, showed rock that supports a median compression, slightly lower than that established by these standards. However Amsler wear test was less than 1 mm / m, as specified by the Brazilian standard NBR 15844: 2010. The evaluation of the tests of the Imperial Brown, along with petrographic analysis enabled a better understanding of the interrelationship of the results, and thus being able to relate directly to a better implementation of the object of study material. The rock can be applied without restriction, except wet locations that require waterproofing and high traffic.

Background: The epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population, with a focus on racial and ethnic disparities and impact of societal public health measures, remains poorly understood. Methods: This large observational study used electronically abstracted data from pediatric (≤ 19 years of age) patients who received a molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 at a UMass Memorial Health Care (UMMHC) site between March 8, 2020 and April 3, 2021 which was further supplemented by manual chart review of a subset of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 cases. Multivariable logistic regression models with interaction terms were used to identify risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Segmented regression analysis using Poisson models was used to estimate the effect of public health measures on the weekly incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: A total of 25,426 unique pediatric patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 among whom 2,920 (11.5%) tested positive. The average age of those who tested positive was 10.8 years (SD: 5.8) and 48.1% were female. In the subset analysis, nearly three-quarters (75.9%) of SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses occurred through a telephone encounter, meaning that the child was not physically examined by a provider prior diagnosis and only 2.0% were admitted for inpatient care at diagnosis. Results of multivariable regression revealed that children or parents who self-reported Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and non-English primary language were associated with approximately twice the odds of testing positive in comparison with White or English-speaking patients. Furthermore, increasing age was associated with increased odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (aOR: 1.1 (1-4 years), 1.2 (5-9 years), 1.4 (10-14 years), 1.6 (15-17 years), 1.7 (18-19 years)). However, this association between age and positivity rate, varies by race/ethnicity and primary language such that Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-English speaking children had markedly greater odds of testing positive during adolescence in comparison to Non-Hispanic White and English-speaking counterparts. Results from segmented regression analysis demonstrated a decline in weekly incidence of cases 9.9% (95% CI: 7.8 – 11.9) after the Massachusetts state mask mandate was implemented. During the winter holidays, the rate of increase in the weekly incidence of cases was 12.1% (95% CI: 11.9 – 12.3) in this pediatric population. Conclusions: Many SARS-CoV-2 cases have been diagnosed at UMMHC sites and notable racial/ethnic disparities exist that vary based on patient age. Public health measures are effective at preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children.

This thesis is a research into the growth in Nigeria of Modern Arabic Literature, from the impact of modern secular thought on the medieval Arabic-Islamic literary tradition. In chapter one the spread to Nigeria of Islam and the growth within its cultural context of Arabic literature are discussed in the light of the classical Arabic literary theory. Cultivated as an integral part of Islamic traditional sciences, Arabic literature throughout its development in Nigeria had remained the function of Islamic religion. All the literary men were essentially Muslim jurists (al-fuqaha') writing in a sacred medium. The various aspects of this religious literary tradition, al-taqlid, are described with illustrations in chapter two. In chapter three the process of how modern European literature had given birth in Egypt and Greater Syria to Modern Arabic Literature, and its major currents are described. Thus inspired, Modern Arabic Literature is not Islamic but Arab nationalist oriented with very little to offer the non-Arab Muslims in the name of the Islamic Commonwealth. The non-Arab Muslims have accordingly embarked on developing their own national literature in English, French or a vernacular. This phenomenon, seen in Turkey, Iran and Senegal is also demonstrated in Nigeria by the birth of modern Hausa literature instead of Arabic. This development is discussed in chapter four within the context of the Western cultural impact on Islamic Nigeria. But the study of Arabic and Islamic religion in secular institutions imposed by modern political order has begun to challenge the existing religious literary tradition. Nigeria has now produced some Arabists, including Christians, in whose literary innovations Arabic language and literature is no longer an exclusive function of Islamic culture. Influenced by neo-classical Arab writers, the most outstanding contribution to this new trend is the diwan (anthology) of 'Umar Ibrahim, the literary exposition of which is made in chapter five. In conclusion, the scope of the literary innovations introduced into Nigerian Arabic literature is highlighted with an attempt to determine its prospect.

This thesis examines the concept of multiculturalism and its equivalence in Islam. It investigates the Islamic core sources of the Qur'an and Sunnah (Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) in relation to the ‘other’, i.e. those who are seen as different.  In this view, the thesis looks into the Qur'anic injunctions and those Prophetic traditions that deal with issues concerned with the treatment of non-Muslims, their status in Islam, and the Islamic codes of ethics and conduct that outline the basics of the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims, with a particular reference to Ahl Al-Kitāb, i.e. the People of the Book, in multicultural diverse context.  By highlighting these issues the thesis aims to explore the Islamic theoretical concept of multiculturalism and the contribution this framework can make to diverse multicultural societies in our present time. To draw on the application part of the Qur'anic perspective in relation to others, this work examines two historical documents that represent the early Muslim applications of the Qur'anic code of conduct with regards to non-Muslims. The first is the “document of Madīnah” which was concluded by the Prophet Muhammad in the first year of Hijrah (622 CE) in the context of Madīnah of Arabia. The second document is ‘Umar’s Assurance of Safety’ that was granted by the second Caliph ‘Umar Ibn Al-Khattāb to the Christians of Aelia (Jerusalem) shortly after the first Muslim conquest of 637 CE. The objective of this study is to create a paradigm through which Islam as a major religion can contribute to the discourse of multiculturalism in terms of building bridges between Muslims and their non-Muslim fellows.  This work investigates how Islam looks at difference and diversity and the basics on which the relation between Muslims and non-Muslims stands.

Orientador: Maria Filomena Gegori
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A presente tese é um estudo sobre mulheres que se relacionam afetiva e/ou sexualmente com mulheres, realizado a partir da cidade de São Paulo. O foco analítico recai sobre as relações que se estabelecem entre práticas eróticas, identidades, corporalidades e convenções sociais acerca de gênero e sexualidade, enfatizando a intersecção entre diversos eixos de diferenciação social. A pesquisa em campo foi conduzida de modo a obter a maior diversidade possível em termos de classe, geração, "raça"/cor, trajetórias e identidades afetivo-sexuais. Para tanto, realizou-se observação etnográfica no circuito comercial de lazer paulistano freqüentado por essas mulheres e em espaços privativos de sociabilidade, complementada por entrevistas em profundidade. A fim de diversificar os estilos e identidades acessados e evitar a associação de uma "comunidade" a espaços delimitados, realizou-se ainda observação e entrevistas com mulheres integrantes de duas redes: as jovens que se classificam como "minas do rock" e as freqüentadoras de um clube voltado para a prática do BDSM (bondage, disciplina, dominação e submissão, sadismo e masoquismo). Para além do diálogo teórico no interior dos estudos de gênero e sexualidade nas Ciências Sociais, este estudo procura oferecer subsídios para debates sobre as demandas por direitos humanos e por formulação de políticas públicas para sujeitos políticos específicos
Abstract: The present thesis is a study conducted primarily in the city of Sao Paulo and concerns women who have affective and/or sexual relationships with other women. The analytical focus is based on relations between erotic practices, identities, corporalities and social conventions related to gender and sexuality, emphasizing the intersection between several axes of social differentiation. The research was conducted in order to obtain a field as diverse as possible on variables such as class, gender, race/color and sexual-affective trajectories and identities. Aiming to achieve this goal, an ethnographic observation was conducted in the commercial circuit of leisure where these women could be found and also in private spaces of sociability. The ethnographic observation was complemented by indepth interviews. In order to diversify styles and identities accessed, as well as to avoid an association of a "community" linked to delimited spaces, observation and interviews were also done with women identified with two other networks: young women who classify themselves as "minas do rock" (riot grrrls) and women who attend to a BDSM club (bondage, discipline, domination and submission, sadism and masochism). Beyond the theoretical dialogue inside gender and sexuality studies in Social Sciences, this study aims to contribute to debates about human rights and public policies demands for specific political subjects
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a coluna de jornal denominada ...umas, assinada pela artista Lenora de Barros no Jornal da Tarde, de São Paulo, entre 1993 e 1996. Nesta coluna foram veiculadas imagens de suas obras e de outros artistas, bem como poemas visuais e experimentações gráficas, extrapolando o caráter informativo do jornalismo impresso. A pesquisa se deu através da análise de edições de ...umas, mantidas por Lenora de Barros como arquivo em seu ateliê, e de outras obras suas. A artista retomou diversas proposições publicadas em ...umas em seu processo de criação atual, desdobrando assim a coluna ...umas em novas obras. Desta forma, são abordados os deslocamentos entre a coluna de jornal e outros espaços legitimados do sistema das artes. A coluna ...umas é considerada neste estudo sob três principais aspectos: como coluna de jornal, como proposição artística e como arquivo. Evidencia-se, nesta análise, que a mesma traz uma concepção singular de apresentação da arte, pois inseriu-se em um veículo de comunicação e não em uma instituição museológica.
This study’s goal is to analyze the newspaper column titled …umas, by the artist Lenora de Barros, published in the Jornal da Tarde, from São Paulo, between 1993 and 1996. In this column were published images of works by Lenora de Barros’ and of other artists, as well as visual poems and graphic experiments, extrapolating the informative features of the newspaper media. This research occurred through the analysis of works by Lenora de Barros and of different editions of …umas, kept as an archive in the artist’s studio. Taking into account that de Barros has resumed several propositions originally published in …umas in her current creative process, unfolding this column into new works, the displacements between newspaper column and other legitimized spaces in the art system are discussed in this study. Therefore, …umas is considered under three main features: as a newspaper column, as an artistic proposition and as an archive. This analysis points to the fact that …umas has a particular conception of the artwork’s appearance, for it was inserted in a communication vehicle and not in a museum institution.

Em 1933, Oneyda Alvarenga escreve A linguagem musical como trabalho de conclusão do curso de História da Música no Conservatório Dramático e Musical de São Paulo. Sob a orientação de Mário de Andrade, essa primeira versão é ampliada até 1935 e concluída em 1944. Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar o manuscrito A linguagem musical como objeto que documenta o procedimento pedagógico de Mário de Andrade e que recapitula o problema da estética fisiológica a partir da biblioteca e da obra de Mário de Andrade. Uma vez que tal problema surge e se desenvolve através da relação pedagógica entre professor e aluna, parte-se do exame das versões de 1933 e 1935
In 1933, Oneyda Alvarenga writes A linguagem musical as a final paper in history of music in Conservatório Dramático e Musical de São Paulo. Under the guidance of Mário de Andrade, this first version is revised until 1935 and completed in 1944. The aim of this thesis is to study the manuscript A linguagem musical as an object that summarizes the problem of physiological aesthetics from the library and work of Mário de Andrade. Once the problem arises and develops through the pedagogical relationship between teacher and student, the 1933 and 1935 versions are examined.

O presente estudo propõe-se a definir a gênese da moderna canção porto- alegrense, sugerindo o grupo Almôndegas (de Kleiton e Kledir Ramil, Quico Castro Neves, Pery Souza, João Baptista, Gilnei Silveira e Zé Flávio) e o ano de 1975 como o momento em que, usando conceitos candidinianos, as manifestações musicais até então ocorridas nesse processo se tornam inequivocamente um sistema. Analisando tanto os quatro discos lançados pelo grupo - entre 1975 e 1978 – quanto os trabalhos de grupos e artistas que chamaremos de manifestações para- almondegueanas, a tentativa é de estabelecer o conceito de “moderna canção porto- alegrense”: uma música que sintetize em forma e conteúdo o diferencial que, ecoando schwarzianas ideias fora do lugar, aja sobre o material de variadas tradições num resultado conceitualmente original - uma síntese entre elementos musicais regionais específicos do Rio Grande do Sul e sonoridades universais (rock, pop, jazz, mpb, tropicália etc). Além disso, também é tema a forma como se gerou esse sistema - com artistas criando, indústria cultural gerando produtos e pessoas consumindo estes produtos. Que conjuntura fomentou o desenvolvimento dessa geração de criadores com uma meta estética definida: sem virar às costas a uma visão regional, soar sintonizado com o mundo.
The study at hand intends to define the moment of birth of the modern song of Porto Alegre, suggesting both the Almôndegas group (formed by the musicians Kleiton and Kledir Ramil, Quico Castro Neves, Pery Souza, João Baptista, Gilnei Silveira and Zé Flávio) and the year 1975 as the moment in which the musical manifestations that had taken place until then in this process unequivocally became a system, to use a concept taken from Antonio Candido. Through the analysis not only of the four records issued by the group between 1975 and 1978 but also of the work of other groups and artists – which will be called para-almondegueanas manifestations – we will try and establish the concept of “modern song of Porto Alegre”: a kind of music able to synthesize, both in form and in content, the differential that will act upon musical materials from varied traditions, resulting in something conceptually original – to echo Roberto Schwarz’s concept of “Misplaced Ideas”. In short, a kind of music that is a synthesis between specific regional musical elements from the state of Rio Grande do Sul and more universal sounds (rock, pop, jazz, mpb, tropicália, etc). Another topic of this study is to analyse how this musical system took form, with artists inventing, the culture industry generating products and people consuming these products. In other words, to see what kind of social juncture fostered the development of this generation of creative artists, which had a definite aesthetic purpose: to sound in tune with the world without turning their backs on the regional vision.

Conflict over the Caliphate after the assassination of the third Caliph, ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān (d. 35/656), has remained a matter of serious concern amongst the Muslim academia and intellectual circles. This conflict resulted in schism among Muslims and caused two series of civil wars. These wars seem to have been a conflict of approaches (theological, socio-political and tribal) towards the Caliphate. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar (610 – 73/693), a famous companion of the Prophet, opted for an approach distinct from the prevailing various approaches. Besides his meritorious active role in restoration of peace and harmony, Ibn ʿUmar is a prominent scholar too. His command over the traditional Islamic disciplines (tafsīr, ḥadīth, fiqh, sīrah, tārīkh, etc) is exemplary. His life, traditions, viewpoints, and activities are prominently highlighted in the Islamic literatures. Despite the mention of Ibn ʿUmar in many sources reporting his peace promoting efforts, however, there is no comprehensive analytical research focusing on his role for the restoration of peace and harmony, its impact upon contemporary people and legacy in post-Ibn ʿUmar period. There seems to be a gap which this study aims to fill through a critical analysis of his views, activities and dealing with fitan through different measures. This dissertation deals with three aspects of Ibn ʿUmar’s life. First, the positive role that he played during the period of fitan. On the ground of the extensive Islamic literature in Arabic, English and Urdu languages, an attempt has been made to examine the nuances of his approaches to fitan through a chronological study of his life. Second, the impact of Ibn ʿUmar’s role during post-Ibn ʿUmar period. Based on the analysis of the comments on his approaches in fitan and on the comparison of his views with that of Ahl al-Sunnah, an effort has been exerted to measure his influence on later Muslim generations. Third is the leadership model that Ibn ʿUmar offers. On the account of the analysis of his leadership moments specially in fitan times and its comparison with leadership styles, it is aimed to examine his leadership style. Thus, this study argues that with his thoughts and leadership in the times of fitan, Ibn ʿUmar left deep impression on future generations.

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CNPq
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo entender o comportamento do canal fluvial em área urbana denominado de riacho Umas localizado na cidade de Camaragibe, município que pertence a Região Metropolitana do Recife. O intuito foi observar a dinâmica de processo-resposta entre regime pluviométrico de 2014 e as perturbações ocorridas sobre o canal fluvial, e, todavia, a sensitividade do respectivo canal. Além dos transtornos e riscos trazidos a população ribeirinha residente próxima ao canal, portanto configurando-se como trabalho em escala de detalhe. As dinâmicas atmosféricas foram verificadas a partir da análise rítmica observadas pelos gráficos de pluviosidade diária e imagens de satélite. As respostas sobre o canal fluvial (riacho Umas) foram analisadas em três cenários que correspondem a um período seco (menor pluviosidade) e dois úmidos (casos significativos de maior pluviosidade). Contudo os períodos úmidos divididos em cenário pós-evento de perturbação e cenário durante o evento de perturbação, ou seja, ao longo do processo de precipitação significativa. Para as análises espaciais confeccionaram-se mapas de detalhe de direção de fluxo, curvatura das encostas, declividade, que, todavia, estes foram correlacionados com o mapa de uso e ocupação do solo do município de Camaragibe. Mesmo sendo uma escala espacial de detalhe verificaram-se respostas variáveis (dinâmica não linear) sobre o canal com base em suas características naturais e formas de ocupação e uso do solo, fazendo com que a vulnerabilidade da população que ocupa a área também ocorra modo diferente diante ocorrência de inundações. Também foi realizada a análise das assembleias de relevo fluvial e interfluvial com intuito de compreender a relação de conectividade, principalmente em relação aos fluxos hídricos, entre vertentes e canal fluvial.
This paper has the objective to comprehend the behavior of the fluvial pass named Umas stream, located in the urban area of Camaragibe city, municipality in the Metropolitan Area of Recife. The intention was to observe the process-response dynamics between the pluviometric rate of 2014 and the disturbances occurred at the fluvial pass, and, yet, the sensitivity of the same stream. Considering the disturbance and risks brought to the riverside population, so constituting it as a detail scale paper. The atmospheric dynamics was verified from a rhythmic analysis, observing the daily pluviometric graphs and satellite images. The answers concerning the fluvial pass (Umas stream) were analyzed in three scenarios corresponding to one dry stage and two humid stages. Considering the humid stages divided in: post-disturbance-event scenario and during-disturbance-event scenario, that is, along the significant precipitation process. Even though being a spacial detail scale, variable answers (non-linear dynamics) were found about the stream based on its natural characteristics and soil’s occupation/using methods, making the vulnerability of the occupier population also occur in a different manner due to the occurrence of floods. Also was made an analysis of fluvial and interfluvial relief assembly, pointing to understand the connectivity relation, mainly, to the hydric flow between watersheds and streams. Therefore, flow direction detail, hillside curvature and declination maps were made, and, still, were correlated to the soil’s using and occupation map of Camaragibe’s municipality.

Dans le cadre du califat Umayyade nous avons étudié le règne de Umar II. Pour essayer de tracer une esquisse de son système politique qui consista essentiellement à tempérer toutes les tendances anti-umayyade au sein de l'état. Pour ce qui est de sa politique extérieure parallèlement au mouvement des conquêtes, il adopta un autre procédé pour la propagande de l'islam : la correspondance entre lui et l'empereur byzantin Léon III, entre lui et les souverains de l'Inde et du Sind. Pour ce qui est de l'administration il réorganisa la répartition des provinces et nomma de nouveaux gouverneurs et employés qui furent sujets à un contrôle sévère bien que la plupart d'entre eux soient des faqihs et des muhaddiths. Il instaura aussi de nouveaux (diwan) bureaux. Dans le domaine fiscale il interdit la perception de la capitation des nouveaux convertis à l'islam et interdit aussi la vente ou la concession des terres soumises à l'impôt foncier. Il était pour l'idée selon laquelle l'imam jouit d'un plein pouvoir sur le statut des terres soumises à l'impôt foncier (kharadj). Il faut souligner que la politique de Umar II était en quelques sortes une poursuite plus radicale de celle de son prédécesseur Suleyman qui a préparé l'avènement de son cousin Umar II à l'aide du faqih de la cour radja'b. Haywa. L'aspect fondamental de la personalite de "umar ii est que ce souverain Umayyade était un faqih et muhaddith (savant et transmetteur du hadith) médinois qui nous a laissé sans doute le premier musnad (recueil de hadith classifié selon les transmetteurs) qu'il rédigea officiellement
It is within the context of the Umayyad califate that one has endeavored to study the reign of this sovereign. In order to lay out an outline of his rule it is essential that we study his internal policy. In this particular field he managed to suppress all anti-Umayyad tendencies which were prevalent under the Damascus regime. With regard to his foreign policy he was in favor of the conquest and though his correspondence. With the byzantine emperor Leo III and the sovereigns of India and Sind. He also stands for propaganda of Islam. As for the administration of the sovereign he reorganized the reallocation of the provinces to some extent and he also appointed new governors and created new offices (diwan). As for as his tax system was concerned, he abolished the poll-tax collection from those who had been newly converted to Islam. Thus he prohibited the sale and concession of the land which was subjected to the land tax. One must emphasize that the political system of Umar was in same ways a radical continuation of his predecessor Suleiman who together with the court's faqihradja" b. Haywa contrived the succession of Umar II. The basic feature of his personality was that he was in every respect a medinian faih and muhaddith. He was probably the author of the first musnad (a collection of hadith which is classified according to the transmitter) compiled by him

'umar b. Abi rabi 'a est ne l'an 23 au hedjaz. Aristocrate mecquois, issu de la tribu des banu mahzum, il fut le plus illustre des poetes amoureux de son epoque. Il consacra tous ses poemes a l'exaltation de la femme. C'est egalement lui qui fut le premier a elaborer une poesie d'amour intitule (gazal). En fait, notre poete recourt souvent dans ses poemes a differents elements, pour chanter la beaute de la femme (physiquement et moralement). Son recueil frappe aussi par la diversite de son lexique, les mots derives des memes racines, la synonymie qui nuance avec aisance les valeurs d'un mot par rapport a l'autre
" 'umar b. Abi rabi 'a" was born in year 23 in hedjaz. Aristocrat from mecca, descended from the "banu mahzum" tribe, he became the most famous poet "lover" of his time. He dedicated all his poems to the exaltation of the woman. He was also the first one to build up a poetry of love called (gazal). In any way, very often, our poet used in his poems various factors to celebrate the beauty of the woman ( physically and mentally ). His work hits also by the various ways of his language, the words coming out of the same roots, the synonymy giving easy touches of the values of a word in relation to another

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The construction of reservoirs has been adopted as a strategic measure to overcome water shortages and cope with the increase of the multiple uses of this resource. Despite its social importance, the impounding of a lotic ecosystem tends to break possible longitudinal gradients, resulting in biotic and abiotic change both downstream and upstream of the reservoir. In this context, this work sought: (i) to describe the morphometric parameters of the Santa Cruz and Umari reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte; (ii) to spatially and temporally assess the limnological characteristics of these water reservoirs. Bathymetric surveying was carried out in December 2012, with the aid of an ecobathymeter enhanced via DGPS, utilizing horizontal WGS 84 datum and the UTM coordinate system. Four samplings were extracted from the surface, the center and the bottom of the water column (integrated samples) in May, August and November 2012 and February 2013, so that limnological variables could be assessed. With the aid of a multiparameter probe, the following variables were measured in loco: pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity and dissolved oxygen, and, via utilization of the Secchi disk, water transparence. In the Laboratory of Limnology and Water Quality of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, the concentration of total N, total P, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite N, nitrate N and Chlorophyll a was measured. Regression analyses were conducted so as to identify possible relationships between the limnological variables and the distance from the dam, and Principal Component Analyses were carried out in order to observe a spatial pattern of the points sampled during the temporal variation and gather the data concerning the sampling stations (longitudinal variation) and the collections (temporal variation). Bathymetry in Santa Cruz was based on a total of 35.971 point pairs (depth and location) and in Umari, on a total of 26.575. The Santa Cruz reservoir was verified to have a maximum length of 15.984m, average water depth of 13m and maximum depth of 38m. As for the Umari reservoir, maximum length, average depth and maximum depth were confirmed to be 14.227m, 8m and 28m, respectively. In what concerns the storage volume, accentuated differences between the two reservoirs were recorded: 295.858.761m3 in Santa Cruz and 114.866.034m3 in Umari. Despite bearing a smaller volume, Umari presented a larger perimeter area (110.887,26 m). Both reservoirs showed a shallow relative depth which could lead to thermal instability and, consequently, a mixture of the water masses. The results of the PCA showed a spatial pattern in which, as the water ran closer to the influence zone of affluent rivers, there were higher figures of temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total P, total N, and Chlorophyll a. However, it could not be verified, in either reservoir, a clear pattern of temporal variation, likely due to the low rainfall during the entire period of sampling. Finally, the reservoirs proved to be adequate for various uses, abiding to the standards set by the CONAMA resolution nº 357/2005, the average concentrations of limnological variables being considered acceptable for Class 1, with the exception of the concentration of total P in the reservoir of Santa Cruz, which was considered acceptable for Class 2. It was concluded that the classic concept of longitudinal compartmentalization with three evident zones (fluvial, transition and lake) did not apply to the reservoirs in this study; therefore, it was only possible to identify partial compartmentalization: the lake zone, accounting for the larger part of both reservoirs and bearing oligotrophic characteristics, and a reduced fluvial zone, varying between mesotrophic and eutrotrophic
A construção dos reservatórios vem sendo uma medida estratégica adotada para suprir a escassez de água e atender ao aumento dos usos múltiplos. Apesar de sua importância social, o represamento de um ecossistema lótico tende a romper possíveis gradientes longitudinais, produzindo alterações bióticas e abióticas tanto a jusante quanto a montante do reservatório. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou: (i) descrever parâmetros morfométricos dos reservatórios Santa Cruz e Umari, localizados no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte; (ii) avaliar temporalmente e espacialmente as características limnológicas desses reservatórios. O levantamento batimétrico foi realizado em dezembro de 2012, com auxílio de um ecobatímetro acoplado a DGPS, utilizando datum horizontal WGS 84 e sistema de coordenadas em UTM. Já a avaliação das variáveis limnológicas foi realizada nos meses de maio, agosto e novembro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013, através de quatro coletas na superfície, no meio e no fundo da coluna d água (amostras integralizadas). Com uma sonda multiparâmetros foram mensuradas in loco as seguintes variáveis: pH, temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica (CE), sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), turbidez (TURB) e oxigênio dissolvido (OD), e por meio do disco de Secchi a transparência da água. No Laboratório de Limnologia e Qualidade de Água da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido foram determinadas as concentrações de N-total, P-total, N-amoniacal, N-nitrito, N-nitrato e clorofila a. Foi aplicada a análise de regressão no intuito de identificar possíveis relações entre as variáveis limnológica com a distância da barragem e a Análise dos Componentes Principais (ACP) no intuito de observar um padrão de variação espacial e temporal. A batimetria em Santa Cruz esteve baseada num total de 35.971 pares de pontos (profundidade e localização geográfica) e Umari, 26.575. O reservatório Santa Cruz apresentou 15.984 m de comprimento máximo, 13 m de profundidade média e 38 m de profundidade máxima. Já Umari apresentou para esses mesmos parâmetros 14.227 m, 8 m e 28 m, respectivamente. O volume total de armazenamento em Santa Cruz foi de 295.858.761 m3 e o seu perímetro foi de 94.835 m. Já o reservatório de Umari apresentou um volume total de 114.866.034 m3 e perímetro de 110.887 m. Os reservatórios apresentaram baixa profundidade relativa que induz a uma possível instabilidade térmica e, consequentemente, uma mistura das massas de águas. Os resultados da ACP nos reservatórios Santa Cruz e Umari demonstraram um padrão espacial onde à medida que se aproximava da zona de influência fluvial foram registrados valores mais elevados de CE, STD, P-total, N-total e clorofila a. No entanto, em ambos os reservatórios não foi constatado um nítido padrão de variação temporal, provavelmente devido aos índices pluviométricos reduzidos observados durante todo o período de coletas. Os reservatórios apresentaram-se aptos a serem utilizados pelos diversos usos múltiplos conforme a resolução n° 357/2005 - CONAMA, tendo os valores médios das variáveis limnológicas enquadrados na Classe 1, a exceção do fósforo total que esteve dentro do limite para Classe 2 no reservatório Santa Cruz. Pôde-se concluir que o clássico conceito de compartimentalização longitudinal com a evidência das três zonas (fluvial, transição e lacustre) não foi aplicado aos reservatórios estudados, sendo apenas possível identificar uma compartimentalização parcial, evidenciando duas Zonas bem definidas, a Zona Lacustre, ocupando a maior parte de ambos os reservatórios com características ultraoligotrófica e oligotrófica e uma Zona de influência Fluvial reduzida, variando de mesotrófica e eutrófica

The main focus of this study is to examine the development of the theory of the institution of ḥisbah in medieval Islam. In particular, the study will provide an analysis and paraphrase of the work of Yaḥyā ibn ʻUmar (d. 289/901) which is considered the earliest source on the subject. The study is divided into seven chapters, an Introduction and a Conclusion. The Introduction explains the aims of this study and is followed by the discussions on the origin of the role of market supervision and the definition of ḥisbah. Next, works of medieval Muslim scholars and studies made by the contemporary scholars are reviewed. Chapter One discusses the life and career of Yaḥyā ibn ʻUmar, followed by an analysis of the two texts of his work; Kitāb Aḥkām al-Sūq and Kitāb al-Aḥkām fī Jamiʻ Aḥwāl al-Sūq. In Chapter Two, a paraphrase of these two texts is made. Chapter Three deals with the elements of ḥisbah, covering the discussions on the person carrying out the duty of ḥisbah (i.e. the muḥtasib), the person to be supervised, subject of ḥisbah's supervision and stages of ḥisbah's penalties. The remaining four chapters examine the duties of the muḥtasib. The duty of the muḥtasib to supervise the market is discussed in Chapter Four and Chapter Five examines his duty to supervise moral and religious behaviour. The discussions in Chapter Six is concerned with the supervision of medical professions while Chapter Seven deals with the administration of the city. This is followed by a Conclusion which summarizes the discussions previously made and presents the findings of this study.

The thesis examines the level of historical analysis in the works of two third/ninth century Muslim historians, al-Baladhuri and at-Tabari, including their underlying legal, political and socio-economic concerns as manifested in their narratives. By comparing and contextualising their histories regarding the caliphate of ‘Umar, in relation to their social institutions and scholarly disciplines, the purpose is to highlight the subjective agency of the historians as well as the structure of the historiographical discourse in which they formulated their narratives. Based on the notion of discourses as well-defined areas of social fact that defines the forms of (historical) knowledge in societies, the thesis applies de Certeau’s theory of discourses in order to analyse the formation of historical discourses in relation to social institutions and scholarly traditions. By linking the narrative differences to the historians’ scholarly contexts and political concerns, the thesis also show their subjective agency to form certain narratives of history depending on political and scholarly interests, although expressed in the form of the khabar-tradition of ‘Abbasid period. It is argued that the narratives represent attempts to explain social and economic factors involved in civilisational history by means of the accumulated body of what in modern scholarship is labeled “religious knowledge”. Thereby, it also problematises current debates on the level of analytical thinking in early Muslim historiography and suggest new approaches to the subject by discourse analysis.

A Fisiognomonia é uma arte (em árabe se diz cilm, também traduzível por saber ou, mais modernamente, ciência) que atraiu a atenção de inúmeros filósofos e letrados de diversas culturas ao longo da história humana: desde os egípcios antigos, os gregos, os romanos, os hindus até os árabes, todos esses povos que aperfeiçoaram o seu conhecimento e prática desta arte, exercida de diversas maneiras por eles, cada qual colaborando para aprimorá-la. Esta tese tem o propósito de ilustrar a colaboração árabe nesta ciência, apresentando uma primeira tradução comentada da mais importante obra árabe clássica que tratou este assunto. Como a simples tradução dessa obra já oferece, por si mesma, uma visão quase que satisfatória e integral a respeito da fisiognomonia entre os letrados árabes, o estudo anexado à presente tradução visa apresentar o desenvolvimento desta arte, expondo algumas semelhanças existentes entre os antigos filósofos árabes que abordaram o tema, e seus semelhantes em outras culturas, principalmente a grega. Para que tal tarefa se tornasse possível, foi preciso recorrer a algumas conclusões e afirmações feitas por estudiosos árabes modernos.
Physiognomy is an art that has attracted the attention of a number of philosophers and intellectuals different cultures, throughout human history: from the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Indians to the Arabs. Physiognomy has reached its climax with the Arabs, who have made an influential contribution to lift it out of its primitive stages. This thesis, which consists in the translation of an ancient book on the subject, is intended to show how the Arabs have contributed to this science. The book translated gives a satisfactory view of Physiognomy among the intellectual Arab. The study annexed to this translation intends to show how this art has evolved. Also, it intends to show the similarity, as far as dealing with Physiognomy is concerned, between ancient Arab philosophers and their counterparts in other cultures and mainly the Greek one. To make this task possible, one has to resort to some conclusions and affirmations by modern Arab scholars.

L'etude sur la poesie arabe en syrie couvre une phase historique qui va de l'annee de l'independance, 1946 jusqu'a 1958, annee ou fut scellee l'union syro-egyptienne. L'etude comporte trois volets distincts : une introduction generale a la situation sociale, politique et culturelle de la syrie durant l'epoque concernee, et ou sont traites, l'emergence, l'evolution et le pouvoir des principales couches sociales. Pour l'evolution politique sont passes en revue les diverses mutations et changements connus par le pouvoir et ce liaison avec la conjoncture regionale ou internationale. En derniere instance, sont abordees les principales formes de la production culturelle : theatre, roman, et edition. La 1ere partie de l'etude qui est documentaire, traite de vingt sept poetes syriens. Chaque auteur a fait l'objet d'une notice biographique, d'un recensement de ses oeuvres et publication depuis l'independance jusqu'a nos jours. A partir de larges extraits representatifs de chaque oeuvre, un apercu est donne sur ses formes et ses evolutions et ce en liaison avec le contexte socio-politique de l'epoque. La deuxieme partie intitulee essai d'analyse de 3 poetes representatifs, traite de trois poetes syriens, nadim mohammed, umar abu risa, et sulayman al isa. Ces poetes ont ete retenu aussi bien pour leur extraction sociale differente que pour leurs orientations litteraires : les trois sont respectivement representatifs des principales tendances de l'epoque : romantique, neo-classique et moderniste. A partir d'une analyse biographique detaillee, sont abordes les principaux themes traites par chaque auteur, ainsi que les formes d'ecriture, prosodie, et structure du poeme. Cette partie, voulue exhaustive, permet de mieux cerner les preoccupations poetiques de l'epoque et la lente genese de la modernite
The study on arabic poetry in syria covers a historical period from 1946, syria's year of independence, to 1958, year of the syrio-egyptian pact. The study is divided into three distinct parts : a general introduction to the social, political and cultural situation in syria during the period being dealt with, and where the birth, the evolution and the strength of the major social classes are discussed. The political development is explained by the various mutations and changes undergone by the government in contingency with regional and international events. Thirdly, the principal forms of cultural production are approached : theater, novels and editing. The first part of the study is documentary, dealing with 27 syrian poets. A biographical summary is given for each author, as is an inventory of his works and publications from independence until now. Using large extracts representing each work, a general idea is given on its literary construction and its development, as related to the socio-political context of the period. The second part, an analytical study of 3 representative poets, deals with three syrian poets, nadim mohammed, umar abu risa, and sulayman al isa. These poets have been selected for their different social conditions as well as for their literary orientations : the three are respectively representative of the principal tendencies of the period : romantic, neo-classical and modernist. Starting from a detailed biographical analysis, the principal themes treated by each author are exposed, as are his writing style, prosody, and poetical form. The intentionally exhaustive research in this section enables a better comprehension of the poetical preoccupation of the time, and the slow development of modernity

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Comunicação Estratégica,
O presente trabalho analisa o conceito de identidade organizacional, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos empíricos sobre este tema. A literatura analisada permitiu-me desenvolver uma abordagem sobre a origem do conceito de identidade. Apresentando um carácter multifacetado, este conceito tem sido observado em relação à teoria da identidade pessoal e da teoria da identidade social. O estudo da identidade organizacional, aplicado à organização não-governamental UMAR (União de Mulheres Alternativa e Resposta) permitiu-me compreender os aspectos que caracterizam a identidade desta associação. A partir da análise do discurso das associadas desta organização, pude perceber que estas fazem uma valorização ideológica dos atributos centrais, distintivos e duradouros que influenciam a identificação organizacional, que é marcada pelo sentimento de pertença e de afectividade, como também, pela partilha de valores, sendo esses valores projectados através da imagem organizacional. Esta dissertação apresenta três partes. Na primeira parte, é possível analisar a origem do termo identidade e a evolução da aplicação deste conceito nas ciências sociais. A segunda parte apresenta a definição da metodologia seguida e a caracterização do estudo desta investigação. Na terceira parte, o enfoque incide na análise e na discussão de dados.

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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar las experiencias de la clase y lucha de las obreras metalúrgicas enganchadas en el Movimiento de Oposición Sindical Metalúrgica de Sao Paulo, y del Sindicato Metalúrgico de Sao Bernardo del Campo, entre las décadas de 1970 y 1980. Así, pretendimos discutir como estas obreras vivenciaran en este período las luchas desarrolladas en el movimiento obrero, a partir de cómo estas notaran y reinterpretaran sus propias experiencias, relativas a las estrategias de lucha, tanto en el trabajo, en los sindicatos, y en la vida cotidiana a partir de sus narrativas echas en el presente
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar as experiências de classe e luta das operárias metalúrgicas engajadas no Movimento de Oposição Sindical Metalúrgica de São Paulo, e do Sindicato Metalúrgico de São Bernardo do Campo entre nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. Assim, pretendemos discutir como estas ex-operárias vivenciaram neste período as lutas desenvolvidas no movimento operário, a partir de como estas perceberam e reinterpretaram suas próprias experiências, relativas às estratégias de luta, tanto no trabalho, nos sindicatos, e na vida cotidiana, a partir das narrativas produzidas no presente.

L’islam en Afrique Subsaharienne est imprégné de soufisme, ce degré d’excellence (ihsân) du monothéisme muhammadien dont les turuq en sont l’expression depuis le 12e siècle. La tarîqa Tijâniyya est née dans le Sud algérien, avec cheikh Ahmad al-Tijânî qui a atteint le fath et reçu ses awrâd-s du Prophète. Son succès en Afrique subsaharienne fut le fait de grandes figures charismatiques dont deux ont particulièrement retenu notre attention : Ce sont al-Hâjj Umar (m. 1864) auteur du « Rimâh » et cheikh Ibrâhîm Nyass (m. 1975) maître de la fayda auteur de « Kâshif al-ilbâs ». L’étude inédite de ces deux ouvrages où se révèle l’aspect hagiographique de leur auteurs, tout en soulignant la contribution africaine à la connaissance du savoir islamique, apporte un éclairage nouveau au phénomène des turuq grâce à une approche qui va concilier une doctrine ésotérique complexe et la réalité socioéconomique du fidèle. Chercher à comprendre les raisons de la vivacité et du succès de la Tijâniyya va nous entraîner dans une herméneutique de ses enseignements où une exploration profonde de son héritage muhammadien explique son titre de voie du Sceau et sa méthode dite du remerciement, tout comme elle répond à la question de la prééminence des vertus de ses supports éducatifs et l’efficacité de leurs formules de dhikr. L’aptitude du maître réalisé à conduire le murîd, par le biais de la tarbiyya, à dompter son âme afin de permettre à l’esprit de recouvrer sa liberté ontologique pour accéder à nouveau à la connaissance, explique les résultats uniques qu’offre la tarîqa notamment l’école de la fayda
Islam in Africa South the Sahara is impregnated with Sufism, this degree of excellence (ihsân) of Muhammad’s Monotheism, expressed by Turuq since 12th Century. Tijâniyya tarîqa was born in 18th Century with sheikh Ahmad al-Tijânî who had fath and received directly his awrâd from Prophet Muhammad. Charismatic African Leaders participated to the success of Tijâniyya. Two had particularly kept our attention: al-Hâjj Umar (d. 1864) the Author of “Rimâh” and sheikh Ibrâhîm Nyass (d. 1975), sâhib al-fayda al-tijâniyya who wrote “Kâshif al-ilbâs”. This Original study of these two Books are bringing to light a hagiographic angle of their personality and emphasizing about African contribution to Islamic knowledge. It also is clearing up turuq phenomena with an approach combining a complex esoteric doctrine and social reality of the believer. Trying to understand the reason of the success of Tijâniyya is taking us to the hermeneutic of its education system. An exploration of its Muhammad’s legacy will explain its title of “khâtim al-awliyâ tarîqa” with a thanks method and a prominent awrâd. The ability of the sheikh to master murîd’s soul for giving to spirit its ontological freedom with a new access to knowledge, will explain the affect of this education in Tijâniyya, especially in Fayda School

The thesis is concerned with the study of Muslim treatment of Christians in Islam in general and in Islamic Jerusalem in particular. It conducts detailed research based on primary sources illustrating the juristic principles and rules. This formed the conceptual framework o f Muslim treatment o f non-Muslims which later became most useful in finding plausible explanations for ‘Umar and Salah al-Din’s treatment of Christians in Islamic Jerusalem. In order to provide more support for an accurate picture of ‘Umar and Salah al-Din’s treatment of Christians, the study further analyses some historical episodes of their treatment of Christians outside Islamic Jerusalem. The study discusses and analyses the steps taken by the Muslims towards the first and second conquest of Islamic Jerusalem, the situation of Christians in Islamic Jerusalem prior to, and the attitude of the Christian towards, both conquest, and the treatment of the Christians in Islamic Jerusalem after both conquests. As ‘Umar’s assurance of safety defines the status of Christians communities under the new Muslims rule and established the foundations of the way Muslims should follow when treating Christians in Islamic Jerusalem, the study examines and critically analyses the assurance using al-Tabari’s and the orthodox patriarchate versions. After discussing Salah al-Din’s preparation to liberate Islamic Jerusalem the study verifies the accounts of the communication between Salah al-Din and the Crusaders and analytically discusses the peace negotiations between Salah al-Din and Richard, the Lion-Heart King of England. Finally, the study concludes with a final discussion and summary of the findings, together with some critical remarks and recommendations. This study attempts to establish and develop new evidence for an academic debate concerning the Muslim treatment of Christians in Islamic Jerusalem, and to link the juristic principles with the historical facts relating to the Muslim treatment of Christians during ‘Umar and Salah al-Din’s era. The aim of this research is not only intended to make an in depth academic discussion, but also it is hoped that it is a significant contribution to and a valuable source of reference in this field.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
La cuestión principal que nos llevó a realizar este trabajo, fue el determinar un criterio para establecer la existencia de una contradicción entre el Estatuto y los Elementos de los Crímenes, criterio que nos permitirá así mismo establecer si en este caso específico, debemos aplicar tanto el Estatuto como los Elementos, o si en definitiva, debemos prescindir de este último.

Le califat de Hamdallahi a été gouverné successivement par trois dirigeants dont tous portaient le prénom « Amadou » pendant un demi-siècle de 1818 à 1862. La capitale du califat se trouvait dans la région du Macina au centre de l’actuel Mali en Afrique de l’Ouest. Cette région a connu de nombreuses mutations au XIXe siècle, particulièrement sur le plan intellectuel, politique et confrérique. Cette étude couvre uniquement la période de 1800 et 1866 dans la région du Macina. Ce travail s’est basé sur un texte polémique entre les Qādiris et les Tījānis ouest africains du XIXe siècle. Ce choix a pour but d’élargir davantage la documentation sur l’histoire du Macina et surtout faire connaître la littérature ouest africaine du XIXe siècle. L’historiographie de la région s’est jusqu’à présent fondée sur des jugements rapides ne reposant pas sur une étude approfondie des textes, l’intérêt de ce choix est justement de faire parler les textes autour de ces problématiques.Cette étude illustre en partie l’histoire intellectuelle et politique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest au XIXe siècle. Le texte a été composé après la victoire militaire d’al-Ḥājj Umar dans la région du Macina en 1862. Cette conquête a mis fin définitivement à l’existence d’un État théocratique connu sous le nom de califat de Hamdallahi, un des États les plus organisés politiquement en Afrique de l’ouest au XIXe siècle. Ce conflit politique s’est transformé en partie en un conflit d’ordre confrérique. Ibn Yerkoy Talfi disciple d’al-Ḥājj Umar et idéologue tījāni était dans le camp des vainqueurs et s’est retourné contre le plus haut responsable de la confrérie Qādiriyya subsaharienne Aḥmad al-Bakkay. Ce dernier était représentant de la confrérie Qādiriyya et se trouvait parmi les vaincus, Aḥmad al-Bakkay avaient longtemps critiqué al-Ḥājj Umar et sa confrérie.Une investigation beaucoup plus large et une analyse critique des textes nous ont permis de revenir sur certains sujets déjà étudiés auparavant par exemple : la surévaluation de la question confrérique en toile de fond, les enjeux des relations Kunta/Peuls dans la période étudiée. La manipulation des textes religieux pour des raisons politiques, historiques et sociales
For half a century from 1818-1862, the Hamdallahi Caliphate was ruled by three successive leaders who each carried the name “Amadou.” The capital of the Caliphate was located in the Macina region which is in the center of modern-day Mali in West Africa. This region witnessed numerous changes over the course of the nineteenth century, especially in its intellectual, political and Sufi configurations. This study is focused exclusively on the period from 1800 to 1866 in the Macina region. The work is based on a polemical text about the differences between West African members of the Qādiriyya and Tījāniyya brotherhoods during the nineteenth century. This choice was made with the goal of expanding the documentary basis for the history of the Macina, and more than this, to make the West African literature of the nineteenth century better known. The historiography of the region has until now been based on quick analyses which are not based on deep study of texts and as such, the choice made here in this thesis is to concentrate on the contents of texts related to these problems. This study illustrates the intellectual and political history of West Africa in the nineteenth century. The text was written after the military victory of al-Ḥājj Umar in the Macina region in 1862. That conquest put a definitive end to the theocratic state known by the name of the Hamdallahi Caliphate, one of the best organized states in West Africa in the nineteenth century. The political conflict was transformed into a conflict between brotherhoods. Ibn Yerkoy Talfi was a disciple of al-Ḥājj Umar and a Tījāni ideologue who was part of the winning side, and it was directed against Aḥmad al-Bakkay, leader of the Qādiriyya brotherhood in sub-Saharan Africa. Aḥmad al-Bakkay was among those defeated in this conflict, and had been a longtime critic of al-Ḥājj Umar and his brotherhood.A much broader investigation and critical analysis of the texts allows us to return to certain topics which have already been studies such as the wider context of these events, the stakes in the relations between the Kunta and Fulɓe in the period studies, and the manipulation of religious texts for political, historical and social reasons

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is a significant philosopher who is famous for his critics on Avicenna. He also made effective dialogues between two rival doctrines (namely Kalam and Peripateticism) in the Islamic world in Middle Ages. He defended Kalam Atomism in last decades of his life. This thesis is working on his two treatises as manuscripts and translating it into English. One of the treatises is about proving atom and another one is rejecting Hylomorphism. These two treatises are attached together as a manuscript book titled as Proving Atomism
Au Moyen Âge, dans le monde islamique, il y avait deux groupes d'érudits qui avaient deux indications différentes sur l'existence. Le premier groupe était des philosophes, ḥukamā, qui ont approuvé falsafah ou ḥikmah. Cette doctrine avait des bases aristotéliciennes. Un autre groupe était des théologiens, mutikalimūn qui était pour la plupart atomistes. Les théologiens constituaient le kalām qui se traduisait parfois par théologie islamique.Fakhr-e-Razi ou Fakhr al-Din al-Razi était un philosophe et théologien important au 12ème siècle qui a fait des dialogues et des débats entre ces deux doctrines. Il a écrit des critiques sur les livres d'Avicenne et a défendu la doctrine de l'atomisme de Kalam. Bien qu'il ait défendu l'atomisme de Kalam dans beaucoup de livres, il a écrit un traité indépendant sur ce sujet. Cette thèse est l'édition et la traduction d'un livre manuscrit qui comprend deux traités indépendants, dont l'un, prouve atomisme et un autre réfute Hylémorphisme.Cette thèse inclut des commentaires sur l'atomisme et l'hylémorphisme (l'introduction du livre). L'atomisme comme vue générale et l'atomisme de Kalam en particulier sont étudiés. L'histoire de l'atomisme est brièvement passée en revue en tant que racines de l'atomisme de Kalam. Puis la vue de Razi sur l'atomisme est étudiée selon ce livre présent et ses autres livres. Le contraste entre la vision de Razi et la doctrine d'Avicenne comme son rival sont également analysés

Raman spectroscopy is based on inelastic scattering, which gives molecular information. Due to its weak nature, for a long-time Raman spectroscopy was limited to only study of molecular interactions, but with the advancement in technology such as highly compact and stable lasers, high quantum efficiency and low noise detectors and so on, Raman spectroscopy today finds itself in wide applications ranging from study on biological cells to space applications. In the first work we aim to develop a 3D Raman imaging system that can give both chemical and morphological information of the concealed object using Universal Multiple Angle Raman spectroscopy (UMARS). Spatial offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a widely used Raman technique and they can obtain Raman signals upto depth of 5 cm. Using UMARS technique we were able to demonstrate that we could obtain Raman signals of deeply buried objects (>5 cm). In the second work, we developed a 3D Raman Monte Carlo model for the UMARS experiments. The model was developed to simulate light propagation inside a chicken tissue with an ellipsoid object containing different chemicals embedded inside it. The 2D Raman intensity map obtained in this simulation was compared to the 2D Raman intensity map obtained by experiments and they were found to be in agreement. In the third work, we developed a low cost (< 4lakhs INR), portable (30×30cm), high throughput (f/3) and minimum optical aberration Raman spectrometer. In the fourth work, we developed a novel spectrometer design. Unlike current diffraction grating based spectrometer, this novel spectrometer utilizes multi diffraction orders. This design can be operated in an optical addition mode, where the different orders (+1 and -1) of the diffraction grating are focused onto the same detector plane such that the same wavelengths of both the order are optically combined to yield better signal to noise ratio. In another mode, this spectrometer records different wavelength range of the diffracted orders onto the detector, thus obtaining a long range spectrum without the need for a complex mechanism for rotating the grating. In the fifth and final work, we developed a low cost charge coupled devices (CCD) data acquisition module for spectroscopy applications. Here a CCD data acquisition system was developed based on field programmable arrays (FPGA).

September 11 terrorist attacks not only affect the United States but also the entire international community. Hundreds perished; most of them innocent citizens from over ninety different nations. It has changed the history of America, much like Japan’s strike against Pearl Harbor. The 9/11 attacks triggered the United States’ ongoing war against terrorism, starting with Afghanistan as the first target to overthrow Taliban, changing the course of world history. The significance of the incident and severity of that traumatic loss makes a case for a memorial on the UMass campus in tribute to those victims. It is worth mentioning that a UMass community member (computer research specialist) lost his life in that event. The intention of this design is to pay a well-deserved tribute to the victims of the September 11 tragedy, together with providing information about the whole story. The statistics of the event have a visceral interpretation. All different aspects and numbers are incorporated into the design: number of the flights, number of the people killed, nationality of the victims, each have their specific place in the design pattern.

This thesis investigates integration of University’s Dining Hall and Emergency Shelter in terms of their inter-related sustainability factors; the ability to take advantage of the site to harvest, store, grow and learn about all aspects of food production, and to provide a safe place to stay during times of emergency. The program, in addition to being a dining hall, is concerned with teaching about food science and culinary studies, relating to the agrarian history of the University of Massachusetts and bringing that history into the current moment with the resurgence of localized food production and in support of the UMass award winning dining halls. This program is designed for students to develop an understanding of food, water and environmental sustainable systems. Also in close relationship to the life essentials of food and water, this thesis addresses the need of the university to increase the existing shelter footprint on campus. Based on recent climate experiences, we acknowledge there will be times of severe weather which can threaten our safety or even lives. During power outages and dangerous conditions resulting from severe storms, tornadoes, or earthquakes, the university is working to be able to provide shelter for people from our community and ensure them with a well-equipped and warm place to stay. Lastly, the building is designed to have flexible spaces that can be programmed to house classes and events needed to provide learning and funding opportunities during summer time while the university is on break. All aspects of this design intertwine within each other creating an integrated system which is based on people, sun, and water circulation. The “systems” are designed to educate students as well as visitors; how to grow food, harvest green energy, and collect rain water for garden use. It gives a resource for food, energy and water on a daily basis while during emergency, crucial for survival.

Detection of explosives has always been a challenging issue all over the world. Different analytical techniques and instrumentation methods have been explored to obtain a 100% fail proof detector. Some technologies have matured and have been deployed in the field already. However, active research is still being pursued to make the ultimate explosive detection device. The present thesis broadly addresses the development of Raman spectroscopy based techniques for the detection of explosives. Although Raman spectroscopy has technologically developed and has become a regular tool for chemical identification, its use in the field of detection of explosives has been limited. Two aspects of detection were addressed in this thesis. The first part consists of the detection of minute quantities or traces of explosives using a Raman based method. In order to approach this problem, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), an offshoot of Raman spectroscopy was explored. Chapters 2-4 deal with developing efficient SERS substrates. In this endeavour, the first and the most obvious choice as SERS substrates were silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). However, we were exploring methods that could be simple one-pot synthesis methods, cost-effective and without employing strong reducing agents (green). Therefore, Ag NPs were synthesized using biosynthetic route. These nanoparticles were used to study their SERS efficiency. Sub-nano molar concentration of dye as well explosive like trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) could be obtained for both the clove reduced as well as pepper Ag nanoparticles. Hence Ag NPs are very efficient SERS substrates. In the second part of the work on SERS, bimetallic nanoparticles with core-shell (Agcore-Aushell) architecture were synthesized, characterized and tested for SERS activity. After successful synthesis and characterization of the bimetallic nanoparticles, these were tested for their SERS activities using a dye molecule and an explosive molecule. SERS spectra could be obtained for the bimetallic nanoparticles. It was observed that the sensitivity of these NPs were almost at par with the mono-metallic Ag NPs. In order to bring SERS from laboratory to field, a more practical approach was to prepare solid SERS substrates or SERS substrates on solid platform. In the next chapter, we ventured into the most abundant material which forms the backbone of the organic world, carbon. Various carbonaceous materials ranging from chemically synthesized graphene, graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), graphite and activated charcoal were explored as potential substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic applications. The analytes chosen for this particular study were some fluorescent molecules such as rhodamine B (RB), rhodamine 6G (R6G), crystal violet (CV), Nile blue A (NBA) and a non-fluorescent molecule acetaminophen, commonly known as paracetamol. Enhanced Raman signals were observed for the fluorescent molecules, especially for the molecules whose absorbance maxima are near the excitation wavelength of the laser (514.5 nm). The most interesting outcome of this work was obtaining enhanced Raman signals of nanomolar concentration of R6G on activated charcoal. However, for the non-fluorescent molecule, paracetamol, Raman spectra could not be observed beyond -5 10M concentration for all the carbon substrates including chemically synthesized graphene and MWCNT. This study was crucial in our quest for an ideal SERS substrate. Our observations let us to conclude that chemically synthesized graphene was not the only candidate for the preparation of SERS substrates. Since carbon materials efficiently adsorb and also provide a separate channel for energy decay (fluorescence quenching), even activated charcoal could be employed as a SERS platform. However, carbon alone could not provide an effective solution for the preparation of SERS substrates. Therefore, combining the plasmonic effect of the metal nanoparticles with the efficient adsorption and fluorescence quenching of carbon materials would be ideal. In the next part of the carbon studies, graphene-Ag composites which were either prepared by in situ reduction process or physically mixed were studied for SERS activity. An ideal SERS substrate should possess the following properties: (i) Support plasmon, thereby provide SERS enhancement (ii) Easy to fabricate or synthesize (large scale/bulk) (iii) Ensure high reproducibility and sensitivity (iv) Low false alarm from matrix chemicals (v) Cost effective (vi) Solid substrate (in the form of chip, pellet, slide etc.) Hence, as a final study, carbon silver based composites were explored. R6G was chosen as an analyte again and SERS experiments were conducted. Raman signals at low concentration could be obtained for the carbon-Ag composites as well. In addition, feasibility experiments were also conducted for an explosive molecule, FOX-7. From these preliminary experiments we observed that carbon-metal NP composites can be efficient, cost-effective SERS substrates that will overcome the current issue. The previous chapters dealt with the trace detection of explosives. The next part of the thesis deals with the development of the Raman spectroscopic methods for non-invasive detection of concealed objects. Chapters 4 and 5 primarily focus on explosives detection. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) instrumentation was developed in the laboratory for non-invasive detection solid and liquid explosives. Several experiments were carried out to detect concealed materials inside high density polyethylene (HDPE) containers, coloured glass bottles, envelopes etc. with this technique, Raman signals of materials could be retrieved even within 4 mm thick outer-layer. SORS imaging experiments were also performed on bilayered compounds, tablets etc. However, while performing the SORS experiments, it was observed that due to the restriction in geometry imposed by the method, the signals from the inner-layers could be obtained only up to a certain depth. This posed a serious limitation of SORS for practical scenarios, where the thickness of the outer layer may be tens of mm. In such situation, SORS may not be an effective method. We then performed Raman experiments using a transmission geometry using a series of samples. The transmission Raman (TR) experiments yielded better SNR for the inner (concealed) material as compared to the outer material. Although transmission Raman experiments yielded better signal but these experiments were again geometry dependent, hence, less flexible and TR experiments did not provide information about the position of the underlying materials. In order to obtain complete information, it was necessary to understand photon migration in a multiple scattering medium. It is known that a photon in a multiple scattering medium may be approximated to undergo a random-walk. Statistically, the photon that undergoes multiple scattering in a medium loses its sense of origin (direction), hence, there is a finite probability to observe the exiting photon in any direction. Rayleigh and NIR based imaging modalities have been conducted using this model. Diffuse optical tomographic (DOT) measurements also deal with measuring the photons that have exited the sample after undergoing multiple scattering in a turbid medium. If it was possible to collect the Rayleigh photons or the diffuse photons in DOT experiments, in principle, Raman photons could also be collected from several directions. It was then proposed that if Rayleigh scattered photons can exit at 4π solid angle from a sample, then it can be assumed that some Rayleigh photons may convert to Raman photons, which in turn, shall have a finite probability to exit the sample from all the sides (4π solid angles). This idea of collecting Raman photons has never been discussed before! Thus, as expected based on the above principles, we were able to record Raman scattered photons at all angles and on all sides. This new technique has been termed as ‘Universal Multiple Angle Raman Spectroscopy (UMARS)’. Monte Carlo simulation studies were also performed to understand the distribution of photons in a multiple scattering medium. Simulation studies also revealed that Raman photons exited from all sides of the medium at varying percentages. Hence, several fiber optic probes were designed for illumination and collection to perform the UMARS experiments for samples concealed at depths beyond 20 mm. UMARS was not only applied successfully for the detection of concealed explosives, but also for biologically relevant samples as well. In fact a pharmaceutical tablet as thick as 7 mm was also tested with UMARS and signals could be successfully obtained. Since the UMARS signals were obtained from all possible angles, imaging experiments were also conducted to obtain sample specific information. Frequency-specific images of bilayer materials could be obtained. In the case where one material was concealed within another, the reconstruction of the frequency-specific intensities in a contour plot revealed the position of the concealed layer. One of the most challenging and exciting studies that was conducted was to use UMARS to obtain shapes of hidden materials. Several shapes such as dumbbell, ellipsoid etc were fabricated (made of glass) and were filled with a test chemical, trans-stilbene (TS). This shape was placed inside an outer material like ammonium nitrate (AN) that was taken in a glass beaker. The diameter of the beaker was varied from 25 mm to 60 mm. A series of UMARS measurement was carried out with 10 collection fiber optic probes. The spatial resolution (vertical) was varied from 200 μm to 1 mm. Series of UMARS images were obtained which were then processed and the intensity of the individual fibers were averaged (CCD row pixels) based on the image of the individual fiber on the CCD. The frequency specific intensity of the materials was utilized to reconstruct 2D or a 3D shape. The shapes of the objects could be clearly discerned using UMARS imaging. This marks a major step for the development of UMARS as a 3D imaging modality. UMARS experiments conducted so far have affirmed our belief that this technology can be used as an effective technique for screening solid and liquid samples at airports, railway stations and other entry points. 3D imaging for biomedical diagnostics will provide molecular information in addition to the location and shape of an object inside a tissue such as calcified masses and bones. In the final part of the thesis, 2D Raman correlation spectroscopic method was applied to understand the dynamics of a system that was subjected to external perturbation. In the field of explosive processing and formulations, large batches are generally prepared. However, it is very difficult to ascertain the molecular or structural changes that occur during the processing of these formulations in situ. Analytical methods to monitor the changes online are limited. Raman spectroscopy can be an effective technique for such measurements. This process however, generates a large number of spectra. In such cases, it becomes cumbersome to handle such large number of data and obtain meaningful information. 2D correlation spectroscopy can be applied under such situations. 2D correlation analysis generates essentially two maps, synchronous and asynchronous. In this study, 2D Raman correlation spectroscopy was applied to ammonium nitrate that was subjected to temperature variations. 2D maps were constructed to obtain information about the structural changes associated with temperature. The synchronous map reveals the overall similarity of the intensity changes. Whereas, the 2D asynchronous maps provide the sequence of changes that occur. Based on the set of well defined rules proposed by Isao Noda, the synchronous and the asynchronous correlation maps were analysed. Hence, generalized 2D correlation spectroscopy can be extended to any kind of perturbation and will prove useful in understanding the structural dynamics. The objective of the thesis was to explore various facets of Raman spectroscopy that would be useful in the field of high energy materials specifically in the detection of explosives. Attempts were made for the development of trace detection of explosives using Raman based technique, SERS. In addition, bulk detection of concealed explosives was performed non-invasively using SORS and UMARS. In the field of high energy materials, these techniques will find immense applications. Raman spectroscopy, as we saw is a very important technique that can be used as a stand-alone method and can also be interfaced with other analytical or imaging modalities. This treatise is an example where the strength of this powerful spectroscopic method has been explored to some extent.

Detection of explosives has always been a challenging issue all over the world. Different analytical techniques and instrumentation methods have been explored to obtain a 100% fail proof detector. Some technologies have matured and have been deployed in the field already. However, active research is still being pursued to make the ultimate explosive detection device. The present thesis broadly addresses the development of Raman spectroscopy based techniques for the detection of explosives. Although Raman spectroscopy has technologically developed and has become a regular tool for chemical identification, its use in the field of detection of explosives has been limited. Two aspects of detection were addressed in this thesis. The first part consists of the detection of minute quantities or traces of explosives using a Raman based method. In order to approach this problem, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), an offshoot of Raman spectroscopy was explored. Chapters 2-4 deal with developing efficient SERS substrates. In this endeavour, the first and the most obvious choice as SERS substrates were silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). However, we were exploring methods that could be simple one-pot synthesis methods, cost-effective and without employing strong reducing agents (green). Therefore, Ag NPs were synthesized using biosynthetic route. These nanoparticles were used to study their SERS efficiency. Sub-nano molar concentration of dye as well explosive like trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) could be obtained for both the clove reduced as well as pepper Ag nanoparticles. Hence Ag NPs are very efficient SERS substrates. In the second part of the work on SERS, bimetallic nanoparticles with core-shell (Agcore-Aushell) architecture were synthesized, characterized and tested for SERS activity. After successful synthesis and characterization of the bimetallic nanoparticles, these were tested for their SERS activities using a dye molecule and an explosive molecule. SERS spectra could be obtained for the bimetallic nanoparticles. It was observed that the sensitivity of these NPs were almost at par with the mono-metallic Ag NPs. In order to bring SERS from laboratory to field, a more practical approach was to prepare solid SERS substrates or SERS substrates on solid platform. In the next chapter, we ventured into the most abundant material which forms the backbone of the organic world, carbon. Various carbonaceous materials ranging from chemically synthesized graphene, graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), graphite and activated charcoal were explored as potential substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic applications. The analytes chosen for this particular study were some fluorescent molecules such as rhodamine B (RB), rhodamine 6G (R6G), crystal violet (CV), Nile blue A (NBA) and a non-fluorescent molecule acetaminophen, commonly known as paracetamol. Enhanced Raman signals were observed for the fluorescent molecules, especially for the molecules whose absorbance maxima are near the excitation wavelength of the laser (514.5 nm). The most interesting outcome of this work was obtaining enhanced Raman signals of nanomolar concentration of R6G on activated charcoal. However, for the non-fluorescent molecule, paracetamol, Raman spectra could not be observed beyond -5 10M concentration for all the carbon substrates including chemically synthesized graphene and MWCNT. This study was crucial in our quest for an ideal SERS substrate. Our observations let us to conclude that chemically synthesized graphene was not the only candidate for the preparation of SERS substrates. Since carbon materials efficiently adsorb and also provide a separate channel for energy decay (fluorescence quenching), even activated charcoal could be employed as a SERS platform. However, carbon alone could not provide an effective solution for the preparation of SERS substrates. Therefore, combining the plasmonic effect of the metal nanoparticles with the efficient adsorption and fluorescence quenching of carbon materials would be ideal. In the next part of the carbon studies, graphene-Ag composites which were either prepared by in situ reduction process or physically mixed were studied for SERS activity. An ideal SERS substrate should possess the following properties: (i) Support plasmon, thereby provide SERS enhancement (ii) Easy to fabricate or synthesize (large scale/bulk) (iii) Ensure high reproducibility and sensitivity (iv) Low false alarm from matrix chemicals (v) Cost effective (vi) Solid substrate (in the form of chip, pellet, slide etc.) Hence, as a final study, carbon silver based composites were explored. R6G was chosen as an analyte again and SERS experiments were conducted. Raman signals at low concentration could be obtained for the carbon-Ag composites as well. In addition, feasibility experiments were also conducted for an explosive molecule, FOX-7. From these preliminary experiments we observed that carbon-metal NP composites can be efficient, cost-effective SERS substrates that will overcome the current issue. The previous chapters dealt with the trace detection of explosives. The next part of the thesis deals with the development of the Raman spectroscopic methods for non-invasive detection of concealed objects. Chapters 4 and 5 primarily focus on explosives detection. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) instrumentation was developed in the laboratory for non-invasive detection solid and liquid explosives. Several experiments were carried out to detect concealed materials inside high density polyethylene (HDPE) containers, coloured glass bottles, envelopes etc. with this technique, Raman signals of materials could be retrieved even within 4 mm thick outer-layer. SORS imaging experiments were also performed on bilayered compounds, tablets etc. However, while performing the SORS experiments, it was observed that due to the restriction in geometry imposed by the method, the signals from the inner-layers could be obtained only up to a certain depth. This posed a serious limitation of SORS for practical scenarios, where the thickness of the outer layer may be tens of mm. In such situation, SORS may not be an effective method. We then performed Raman experiments using a transmission geometry using a series of samples. The transmission Raman (TR) experiments yielded better SNR for the inner (concealed) material as compared to the outer material. Although transmission Raman experiments yielded better signal but these experiments were again geometry dependent, hence, less flexible and TR experiments did not provide information about the position of the underlying materials. In order to obtain complete information, it was necessary to understand photon migration in a multiple scattering medium. It is known that a photon in a multiple scattering medium may be approximated to undergo a random-walk. Statistically, the photon that undergoes multiple scattering in a medium loses its sense of origin (direction), hence, there is a finite probability to observe the exiting photon in any direction. Rayleigh and NIR based imaging modalities have been conducted using this model. Diffuse optical tomographic (DOT) measurements also deal with measuring the photons that have exited the sample after undergoing multiple scattering in a turbid medium. If it was possible to collect the Rayleigh photons or the diffuse photons in DOT experiments, in principle, Raman photons could also be collected from several directions. It was then proposed that if Rayleigh scattered photons can exit at 4π solid angle from a sample, then it can be assumed that some Rayleigh photons may convert to Raman photons, which in turn, shall have a finite probability to exit the sample from all the sides (4π solid angles). This idea of collecting Raman photons has never been discussed before! Thus, as expected based on the above principles, we were able to record Raman scattered photons at all angles and on all sides. This new technique has been termed as ‘Universal Multiple Angle Raman Spectroscopy (UMARS)’. Monte Carlo simulation studies were also performed to understand the distribution of photons in a multiple scattering medium. Simulation studies also revealed that Raman photons exited from all sides of the medium at varying percentages. Hence, several fiber optic probes were designed for illumination and collection to perform the UMARS experiments for samples concealed at depths beyond 20 mm. UMARS was not only applied successfully for the detection of concealed explosives, but also for biologically relevant samples as well. In fact a pharmaceutical tablet as thick as 7 mm was also tested with UMARS and signals could be successfully obtained. Since the UMARS signals were obtained from all possible angles, imaging experiments were also conducted to obtain sample specific information. Frequency-specific images of bilayer materials could be obtained. In the case where one material was concealed within another, the reconstruction of the frequency-specific intensities in a contour plot revealed the position of the concealed layer. One of the most challenging and exciting studies that was conducted was to use UMARS to obtain shapes of hidden materials. Several shapes such as dumbbell, ellipsoid etc were fabricated (made of glass) and were filled with a test chemical, trans-stilbene (TS). This shape was placed inside an outer material like ammonium nitrate (AN) that was taken in a glass beaker. The diameter of the beaker was varied from 25 mm to 60 mm. A series of UMARS measurement was carried out with 10 collection fiber optic probes. The spatial resolution (vertical) was varied from 200 μm to 1 mm. Series of UMARS images were obtained which were then processed and the intensity of the individual fibers were averaged (CCD row pixels) based on the image of the individual fiber on the CCD. The frequency specific intensity of the materials was utilized to reconstruct 2D or a 3D shape. The shapes of the objects could be clearly discerned using UMARS imaging. This marks a major step for the development of UMARS as a 3D imaging modality. UMARS experiments conducted so far have affirmed our belief that this technology can be used as an effective technique for screening solid and liquid samples at airports, railway stations and other entry points. 3D imaging for biomedical diagnostics will provide molecular information in addition to the location and shape of an object inside a tissue such as calcified masses and bones. In the final part of the thesis, 2D Raman correlation spectroscopic method was applied to understand the dynamics of a system that was subjected to external perturbation. In the field of explosive processing and formulations, large batches are generally prepared. However, it is very difficult to ascertain the molecular or structural changes that occur during the processing of these formulations in situ. Analytical methods to monitor the changes online are limited. Raman spectroscopy can be an effective technique for such measurements. This process however, generates a large number of spectra. In such cases, it becomes cumbersome to handle such large number of data and obtain meaningful information. 2D correlation spectroscopy can be applied under such situations. 2D correlation analysis generates essentially two maps, synchronous and asynchronous. In this study, 2D Raman correlation spectroscopy was applied to ammonium nitrate that was subjected to temperature variations. 2D maps were constructed to obtain information about the structural changes associated with temperature. The synchronous map reveals the overall similarity of the intensity changes. Whereas, the 2D asynchronous maps provide the sequence of changes that occur. Based on the set of well defined rules proposed by Isao Noda, the synchronous and the asynchronous correlation maps were analysed. Hence, generalized 2D correlation spectroscopy can be extended to any kind of perturbation and will prove useful in understanding the structural dynamics. The objective of the thesis was to explore various facets of Raman spectroscopy that would be useful in the field of high energy materials specifically in the detection of explosives. Attempts were made for the development of trace detection of explosives using Raman based technique, SERS. In addition, bulk detection of concealed explosives was performed non-invasively using SORS and UMARS. In the field of high energy materials, these techniques will find immense applications. Raman spectroscopy, as we saw is a very important technique that can be used as a stand-alone method and can also be interfaced with other analytical or imaging modalities. This treatise is an example where the strength of this powerful spectroscopic method has been explored to some extent.

The Advanced Multi-Frequency Radar is a three-frequency system designed and built by the University of Massachusetts Microwave Remote Sensing Lab (MIRSL). The radar has three frequencies, Ku-band (13.4 GHz), Ka-band (35.6 GHz), and W-band (94.92GHz). The additional information gained from additional frequencies allows the system to be sensitive to a wide range of atmospheric and precipitation particle sizes, while increasing the ability to derive particle microphysics from radar retrievals. This thesis details the calibration of data from the Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP) held during January 2007 in Ontario, Canada. The calibration used internal calibration path data and was confirmed through comparison of precipitation reflectivity with an Environment Canada radar. The calibrated data was then used to estimate the median mass diameter of precipitating snow from a high-priority C3VP data set. This median mass diameter retrieval was compared to the results from a local ground instrument, the Snow Video Imager (SVI), showing good agreement.

Com a evolução da ferramenta manutenção, a sua importância tem vindo a aumentar de modo significativo. Para fazer face às economias emergentes de mão de obra barata, é necessária, uma industria competitiva, com eficiência e boa taxa de disponibilidade. De modo a manter esses padrões, é essencial, realizar uma gestão da manutenção eficaz, de forma a reduzir nos custos directos e indirectos e aumentar as receitas. È nesse contexto socioeconómico que o presente trabalho é desenvolvido, com o objectivo de realizar a caracterização e respectivo plano de manutenção para as câmaras de frio (edifício) e equipamentos e, analisar indicadores num período com a duração de um ano. Com o desenvolvimento e execução do plano de manutenção preventivo, é esperada uma economia significativa. É ainda analisado o sistema integrado da gestão da manutenção, com uma proposta de melhoria que se irá traduzir por uma caracterização mais pormenorizada e adequada ao equipamento, criando assim uma maior quantidade de dados.
With the evolution of maintenance, its importance has increased significantly. To address the emerging economies of cheap labor it’s required, a competitive industry, with efficiency and good availability rate. In order to maintain these standards, it is essential perform an efficient management of maintenance, in order to reduce the direct and indirect costs and increase revenues. It is this socio-economic context that the present work was developed, with the main purpose to perform the characterization and the maintenance plan for the cold rooms (building) and equipment, and analyze indicators during a period of one year. With the development and implementation of a preventive maintenance plan, it is expected to have significant savings. Furthermore, the integrated system of maintenance management is analyzed, with an improvement proposal which will end with a more detailed characterization and appropriate to the equipment, therefore producing a greater amount of data.

Through an analysis of the details of The Merchant of Venice, I will show that a costume design which only satisfies the basic role of articulating the relationships, status, time and place, etc of the play but has no point of view regarding that text’s inherent assumptions will always support, rather than subvert, any problematic issues present therein. Secondly, I will show that without tandem movement from the creative team, no rehabilitation or subversion is possible.

Based on the research of university Student centers and students’ daily activities within a campus, this Thesis focuses on how to strengthen the relationship between the student and the Student Center, by developing a methodology for a successful architecture that towards making the daily life of a student better. This approach will help overcome current disconnectbetween students’ daily activities and an environmentally integrated experience. The Thesis project focus will be the UMass Amherst’s Student Union. The existing Student Union has long been unable to meet the needs of today’s students, and its shortcomings have been felt throughout the campus, from a sense of alienation to the absence of places for activities and for actively connecting the campus with the environment. Methods: Studying two student centers through visiting and investigating. Studying campus life through observing and recording; Using Questionnaire to collect data; studyingthe interaction between campus and facilities. Using Ecotect and concerned software to build and analyze solar radiation, shading and wind.