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Journal articles on the topic 'Ultraviolet irradiation for potable water'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Cutler, Timothy D., and Jeffrey J. Zimmerman. "Ultraviolet irradiation and the mechanisms underlying its inactivation of infectious agents." Animal Health Research Reviews 12, no. 1 (June 2011): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252311000016.

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AbstractWe review the principles of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the inactivation of infectious agents by UV, and current applications for the control of microorganisms. In particular, wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm (germicidal UV) affect the double-bond stability of adjacent carbon atoms in molecules including pyrimidines, purines and flavin. Thus, UV inactivation of microorganisms results from the formation of dimers in RNA (uracil and cytosine) and DNA (thymine and cytosine). The classic application of UV irradiation is the inactivation of microorganisms in biological safety cabinets. In the food-processing industry, germicidal UV irradiation has shown potential for the surface disinfection of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. UV treatment of water (potable and wastewater) is increasingly common because the process is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, overdose is not possible, chemical residues or by-products are avoided, and water quality is unaffected. UV has been used to reduce the concentration of airborne microorganisms in limited studies, but the technology will require further development if it is to gain wider application. For bioaerosols, the primary technical challenge is delivery of sufficient UV irradiation to large volumes of air, but the absence of UV inactivation constants for airborne pathogens under a range of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) further compounds the problem.

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2

Abdul-Halim, Nadiya, and Kenneth R. Davey. "A Friday 13th risk assessment of failure of ultraviolet irradiation for potable water in turbulent flow." Food Control 50 (April 2015): 770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.036.

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3

Soliman, Amany, Azza El-Adawy, Amany A. Abd El-Aal, Marwa A. Elmallawany, Reham K. Nahnoush, Asmaa R. Abd Eiaghni, Mohamed Sherif Negm, and Amira Mohsen. "Usefulness of Sunlight and Artificial UV Radiation Versus Chlorine for the Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Oocysts: An in Vivo Animal Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (June 10, 2018): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.180.

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BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium is an important waterborne protozoan.AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sunlight being the natural source of UV and artificial UV irradiation on Cryptosporidium oocysts versus the effect of chlorination, being the traditional method of water disinfection and to provide an insight into the viability and degree of infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts, using an animal model.METHODS: An experimental study including 300 neonatal mice was carried out to investigate the effect of artificial ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and sunlight being the natural source of UV irradiation versus chlorine, the traditionally used water disinfectant on the infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts present in water. For each item, nine different exposure times were investigated. Parasitological assessment (Modified Ziehl Neelsen stained stool smears) and histopathological assessment of the excised segments of the small intestine (stained by both Haematoxylin & Eosin and ZN stain) of mice were used to verify the inactivation of oocysts.RESULTS: Cryptosporidium oocysts failed to induce any noticeable infection after 4 hours of artificial UV exposure that provided a UV dose of 10mJ/cm2 and after an 8 hours exposure to sunlight, whereas they showed resistance to disinfection by chlorine.CONCLUSION: The results of the study demonstrate the important role of an 8 hours sunlight exposure of potable water in plastic bottles in achieving complete inactivation of any contaminating Cryptosporidium oocysts, thus offering an applicable, economical and convenient method for the control of cryptosporidiosis especially in developing countries.

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4

Kalisvaart, Ben F. "Photobiological effects of polychromatic medium pressure UV lamps." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2001): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0219.

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Ultraviolet (UV) light has become widely accepted for the disinfection of potable water, process water and wastewater as an alternative to chlorination. To avoid the failure of a UV disinfection system due to the recovery of micro-organisms, certain additional wavelengths in the UV area are emitted by newly developed UV lamps. To reduce the chance of microbial recovery after ultraviolet irradiation, damage must be inflicted in as many areas of the micro-organism as possible. The effective killing of micro-organisms by improved polychromatic medium pressure UV lamps is due to their exceptionally high UV energy output at specific wavelengths across a broad section of the UV spectrum. The combination of these properties results in several different lethal effects in small and large micro-organisms. Important biological molecules other than DNA are likely to be damaged, which helps to prevent the recovery of irradiated micro-organisms. Absorption line spectra of absorbing nucleotide bases, DNA and other biological molecules, including proteins and enzymes, show how effective UV light can be. Recent findings on the biological effects of short wavelengths on Bacillus subtilis, Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli confirm the effect of short wavelengths. Practical comparisons with conventional low pressure UV lamps at equal UV dosages show better killing rates from polychromatic medium pressure lamps, without formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs).

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5

Abdul-Halim, Nadiya, and Kenneth R. Davey. "A risk model for Escherichia coli survival in a sequential sand-filter (SF) and turbulent flow annular-reactor with ultraviolet irradiation (UV) for potable water production." Chemical Engineering Science 243 (November 2021): 116736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2021.116736.

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6

Wolfe, Roy L. "Ultraviolet disinfection of potable water." Environmental Science & Technology 24, no. 6 (June 1990): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00076a001.

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7

Uddin Sikder, Md Kabir. "ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION OF POTABLE WATER IN RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 11 (April 30, 2020): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v04i11.098.

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8

Christianto, Victor. "Extended experiment on potable water irradiated with low-intensity laser pen and Solfeggio scale frequencies." Journal of Cosmology, Filaments and Astrobiology 2, no. 1 (2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jcfa.020102.

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In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt-water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of these experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following those previous reports, this writer also conducted several tests to see effect of low-intensity laser irradiation on potable water. While the first series of our experiment clearly indicated possible laser cooling effect of low intensity laser irradiation of potable water and salt water, the following extended experiment on low intensity laser irradiation shows a rather mixed result. In a series of initial experiment, laser irradiation with laser pen gave lower electric potential (down to several minus milli Volt to the Voltmeter reading), but later on after more than 180 sec of irradiation, it shows increased positive milli Volt of electric potential of the system. In this experiment, we found that combination of low-intensity laser irradiation and Solfeggio scale frequencies applied to potable water shows dim result.

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9

Blatchley, E. R., N. Dumoutier, T. N. Halaby, Y. Levi, and J. M. Laîne. "Bacterial responses to ultraviolet irradiation." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0614.

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The UV dose-response behavior of laboratory cultures of waterborne bacteria were examined for UV doses ranging from ca. 0 -100 mW•s/cm2 using a collimated-beam reactor. Specific physiological responses measured in these tests included viability (ability to reproduce) and respiration (oxygen uptake rate). The results of these exposures indicated that resistance to UV-imposed loss of viability in E. coli cultures can be partially attributed to agglomeration during the irradiation process. From these results, it is conjectured that a bacterial population may be comprised of two sub-populations: one with low resistance (discrete or paired cells) and a second with high resistance (bacterial aggregates). A small fraction of the high-resistance portion of the population appears to be essentially unaffected by UV irradiation, thereby causing a discontinuity in the measured dose-response behavior. Moreover, the dose-response behavior of the highly resistant fraction is variable and difficult to describe quantitatively. The basis of these statements and most information in the literature is microbial viability as quantified by the membrane filtration assay. In contrast to these findings, the results of analyses for bacterial activity (respiration) suggest that comparatively little change in the population can be found to result from UV irradiation. This suggests that UV radiation accomplishes inactivation of the bacteria, but does not “kill” the bacterial cells per se, thereby highlighting the importance of considering bacterial repair processes in the design of UV disinfection systems.

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10

Agwa, Obioma Kenechukwu, Nkechi Joy Eze, and Gideon Chijioke Okpokwasili. "Mutagenic Potentials of Potable Water From Ground Sources." Open Biotechnology Journal 11, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701711010081.

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Background:The presence of compounds with mutagenic activity in drinking water by means of short-term mutagenicity tests have been revealed in many studies. The influence of the different water treatment steps on the mutagenicity of some drinking water samples were evaluated using the Ames test.Method:Four different types of samples were collected from four water treatment factories within Port Harcourt metropolis: raw water from borehole (1), water after sand and granular activated carbon filtration (2), water after reverse osmosis (3), and water after Ozone and UV treatment (4). These samples were subjected to mutagenicity test using two mutant strains ofSalmonella typhimurium(TA 100 and TA 98) without S9 activation enzyme.Result:The mutagenic analysis results revealed that raw water samples from Kent and Rivoli table water products showed mutagenic potential with TA100 and TA 98, respectively. But Kent table water showed more mutagenic potential than Rivoli and Fressi table water samples. Fressi table water is predominantly cytotoxic with all the treatment processes except for UV treatment with TA 98 strain. The finished products (water after ozone and UV treatment) of Kent table water and Rivoli table water also showed mutagenic potentials higher than those treated with TA100 and TA98 without S9 mix, respectively. Only the samples treated with activated carbon showed highly reduced mutagenic potential.Conclusion:This study highlights the mutagenic effects of water treatment as another quality assessment option for assessing the portability of water samples. Water treatment with activated carbon can be reintroduced after disinfection with ozone/ultraviolet to eliminate possible mutagenic by-product in the finished product.

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11

Lim, Seung Joo, Tak-Hyun Kim, and In Hwan Shin. "Characterization of modified PVDF membrane by gamma irradiation for non-potable water reuse." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 6 (February 5, 2015): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.056.

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Poly(vinylidene fluorine) (PVDF) membranes were grafted by gamma-ray irradiation and were sulfonated by sodium sulfite to modify the surface of the membranes. The characteristics of the modified PVDF membranes were evaluated by the data of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), the contact angle of the membrane surface and the water permeability. From the results of FT-IR, XPS and FE-SEM, it was shown that the modified membranes were successfully grafted by gamma-ray irradiation and were sulfonated. The content of oxygen and sulfur increased with the monomer concentration, while the content of fluorine sharply decreased. The pore size of the modified membranes decreased after gamma-ray irradiation. The contact angle and the water permeability showed that the hydrophilicity of the modified membranes played a role in determining the membrane performance. The feasibility study of the modified PVDF membranes for using non-potable water reuse were carried out using a laboratory-scale microfiltration system. Grey wastewater was used as the influent in the filtration unit, and permeate quality satisfied non-potable water reuse guidelines in the Republic of Korea.

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12

Fu, J., J. Huang, Z. Liu, Q. F. Zeng, S. Q. An, and H. L. Zhu. "Comparative study of degradation of 4-chlorophenol by ultraviolet irradiation/sodium hypochlorite and ultraviolet irradiation/ozonation." Water Supply 9, no. 5 (December 1, 2009): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.490.

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The photochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol solutions by ultraviolet irradiation/sodium hypochlorite (UV/NaClO) and ultraviolet irradiation/ozonation (UV/O3) respectively was studied in a pilot scale photochemical reactor. The degradation efficiency of UV/NaClO was lower than that of UV/O3. The final UV absorption removals of the two processes were approximately 80% and approximately 90% respectively. During the two processes, dihydroxylated chlorophenols were the main intermediates. And pH values decreased with the oxidation being carried on. However, the UV/NaClO process was incomplete and some adsorbable organic halogens, such as ethyl 2-chloroacetate, 3,4-dichlorobut-3-en-2-one, ethyl 2,2-dichloroacetate, 2-chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane, ethyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetate and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, still existed in the final solution. The costs of the two processes were also estimated. On a small scale, UV/NaClO process had significant economic advantage.

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13

Belovolova, L. V., E. A. Vinogradov, and M. V. Glushkov. "Variations in the water redox potential under ultraviolet irradiation." Physics of Wave Phenomena 21, no. 3 (July 2013): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1541308x13030035.

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14

Sakai, Hiroshi, Pierre Callaud, Koji Kosaka, and Satoshi Takizawa. "Degradation of nine nitrosamines in water by ultraviolet irradiation." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 58 (2017): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.11427.

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15

Stragier, A., and M. Jadoul. "Ultraviolet irradiation to preserve high reverse osmosis water quality." Clinical Nephrology 63, no. 01 (January 1, 2005): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/cnp63035.

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16

Abrams, Michael. "Closing the Water Cycle." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 04 (April 1, 2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-apr-3.

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This article discusses how wastewater can be recycled for consumption if there is scarcity of water. It gives the example of the Orange County plant that is in operation since 2008, and is the largest “indirect to potable reuse” plant in the world. It is “indirect” because that water does not flow straight from the plant to the faucet. Instead, after being treated with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and then ultraviolet light, the water is pumped back into the ground. Pumping water to an underground basin gives the county time to react if there’s a problem. The soil also works to remove accidental contaminants. The Orange County facility processes some 70 million gallons of water a day, using 14 different reverse osmosis units. Currently, the water is tested – for total organic carbon – at the point where it is all mixed to a single stream.

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17

Bhullar, Manreet S., Ankit Patras, Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge, Bharat Pokharel, and Michael Sasges. "Ultraviolet inactivation of bacteria and model viruses in coconut water using a collimated beam system." Food Science and Technology International 25, no. 7 (May 8, 2019): 562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013219843395.

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This study investigated the effect of ultraviolet-C irradiation on the inactivation of microorganisms in coconut water, a highly opaque liquid food (1.01 ± 0.018 absorption coefficient). Ultraviolet-C inactivation kinetics of two bacteriophages (MS2, T1UV) and three surrogate bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes) in 0.1% (w/v) peptone and coconut water were investigated. Ultraviolet-C irradiation at 254 nm was applied to stirred samples, using a collimated beam device. A series of known ultraviolet-C doses (0–40 mJ cm−2) were applied for ultraviolet-C treatment except for MS2 where higher doses were delivered (100 mJ cm−2). Inactivation levels of all organisms were proportional to ultraviolet-C dose. At the highest dose of 40 mJ cm−2, three surrogates of pathogenic bacteria were inactivated by more than 5-log10 (p < 0.05) in 0.1% (w/v) peptone and coconut water. Results showed that ultraviolet-C irradiation effectively inactivated bacteriophage and surrogate bacteria in highly opaque coconut water. The log reduction kinetics of microorganisms followed log-linear and exponential models with higher R2 (>0.95) and low root mean square error values. The D10 values of 3, 5.48, and 4.58 mJ cm−2 were obtained from the inactivation of E. coli, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Models for predicting log reduction as a function of ultraviolet-C irradiation dose were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Fluid optics were the key controlling parameters for efficient microbial inactivation. Therefore, the ultraviolet-C dose must be calculated not only from the incident ultraviolet-C intensity but must also consider the attenuation in the samples. The results from this study imply that adequate log reduction of vegetative cells and model viruses is achievable in coconut water and suggested significant potential for ultraviolet-C treatment of other liquid foods.

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18

TANAKA, Takumi, Takako AIZAWA, and Mari ASAMI. "Inactivation of Bacteria in Water by Ultraviolet Irradiation and Photocatalyst." Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment 24, no. 4 (2001): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe.24.233.

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19

NIITSUMA, TAKUITSU, KOHKI SUZUKI, EIICHI HACHIYA, HIDEO OHTSU, and TSUKASA SHINADA. "Ozonation of Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone in Water under Ultraviolet Irradiation." Eisei kagaku 41, no. 1 (1995): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.41.42.

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20

Yabushita, Akihiro, Tetsuya Hama, and Masahiro Kawasaki. "Photochemical reaction processes during vacuum-ultraviolet irradiation of water ice." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 16 (September 2013): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.01.001.

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21

Vick, Brian D., R. Nolan Clark, Junyi Ling, and Shitao Ling. "Remote Solar, Wind, and Hybrid Solar/Wind Energy Systems for Purifying Water." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 27, 2003): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1531148.

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Solar energy, wind energy, and a combination of wind and solar energy have been used successfully to power an UV (ultraviolet) water purification system. Five different solar and wind energy systems have been tested and although these renewable energy systems have been used for water purification, graphs contained in the paper can be used to determine the feasibility of powering other electrical loads. Combining a 100-W solar-PV system with a 500-W wind turbine resulted in pumping and purifying enough water to satisfy the potable water requirements of 4000 people (16000 liters/day) at an estimated equipment cost of $4630.

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22

Ismillayli, Nurul, Laili Mardiana, Rina Kurnianingsih, Dhony Hermanto, and Fahrurazi Fahrurazi. "PENERAPAN METODE FILTRASI, ADSORPSI DAN REVERSE OSMOSIS UNTUK PENGOLAHAN AIR SUNGAI MENJADI AIR SIAP MINUM." JURNAL PIJAR MIPA 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v13i1.506.

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Penerapan teknologi tepat guna tentang proses pengolahan air siap minum dengan menggunakan metode filtrasi, adsorpsi dan reverse osmosis telah dilakukan. Rancangan alat pengelolaan air siap minum menggunakan kombinasi filtrasi-adsorpsi meliputi saringan pasir lambat (terdiri dari pasir silika, arang aktif, ijuk, kapas, dan kerikil) membran selulosa, granula karbon, karbon aktif, membran RO (reverse osmosis), dan lampu ultraviolet untuk desinfikasi. Penentuan beberapa parameter fisik (bau, warna), kimia (pH, Fe, nitrit, amonia, BOD5, COD, DO) dan biologi (bakteri E-coli) dari sumber air (irigasi) dan air hasil pemurnian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia Universitas Mataram dan Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Pengujian dan Kalibrasi Provinsi NTB. Air siap minum yang dihasilkan memiliki kualitas sesuai dengan baku mutu air minum Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Tanggal 19 April 2010. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat menyukai air hasil pengolahan dan merespon positif terhadap alih teknologi pengolahan air. Pembangunan sentra pengelohan air siap minum diharapkan menjadi edukasi bagi masyarakat mengenai perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat. Implementation of appropriate technology on the process of potable water using filtration, adsorption and reverse osmosis methods has been done. Its design used a combination of filtration-adsorption includes slow sand filters (consisting of silica sand, activated charcoal, palm fiber, cotton, and gravel) cellulosic membranes, carbon granules, activated carbon, RO (reverse osmosis) membranes, and ultraviolet for disinfection. Determination of several physical (odor, color), chemical (pH, Fe, nitrite, ammonia, BOD5, COD, DO) and biological parameters (E-coli) of purified water were conducted at Chemical Laboratory of Mataram University and Health Laboratory Testing and Calibration Center of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The potable water produced has quality according to the quality standard of drinking water Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Date April 19, 2010. The organoleptic test showed that the community responds positively to the knowledge transfer of water treatment technology. The construction of potable water center is expected to educate the public about clean and healthy living behaviorKata kunci: filtrasi, adsorpsi, reverse osmosis, air sungai, air siap minum

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23

Saran, S., P. Arunkumar, and S. P. Devipriya. "Disinfection of roof harvested rainwater for potable purpose using pilot-scale solar photocatalytic fixed bed tubular reactor." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.097.

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Abstract The potable use of harvested rainwater is limited, mainly due to contamination with various pathogenic microorganisms. Disinfection of microorganisms by solar photocatalysis is emerging as a promising technique for drinking water treatment. The present study deals with the preparation of Ag-doped TiO2 by the sol gel method, and its immobilization over the inner surface of the Pyrex glass pipes used in fabrication of pilot-scale reactors. The solar photocatalytic efficiency of the reactors was tested for the disinfection of microorganisms in tap water and roof harvested rainwater. The photocatalytic experiments under solar irradiation illustrate that doping with silver ions significantly increases the inactivation rate of all microorganisms compared with pure TiO2 and direct photolysis. The inactivation efficiency against various microorganisms was found in the following decreasing order: E. coli>MS-2 phage>Aspergillus spores. The roof harvested rainwater was completely disinfected in addition to chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, within 120 minutes of solar irradiation. The experimental cycle was repeated several times to study the stability of the reactor. The pilot-scale solar photocatalytic fixed bed tubular reactors were found to be very effective for the disinfection of rainwater for potable use.

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24

Rose, L. J., and E. W. Rice. "Inactivation of bacterial biothreat agents in water, a review." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 4 (April 23, 2014): 618–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.038.

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Water supplies and water distribution systems have been identified as potential targets for contamination by bacterial biothreat agents. Since the 2001 Bacillus anthracis bioterrorist attacks, additional efforts have been aimed at research to characterize biothreat organisms in regards to their susceptibility to disinfectants and technologies currently in use for potable water. Here, we present a review of research relevant to disinfection of bacteria with the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety, and their potential surrogates. The efficacy of chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet light to inactivate each organism in suspension is described. The complexities of disinfection under varying water conditions and when the organisms are associated with biofilms in distribution systems are discussed.

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25

Li, Xu Chun, Jun Ma, and Si Yang Yue. "Efficient Destruction of Chlorophenols by Ultraviolet Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 1955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1955.

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Chlorophenols (CPs), a group of recalcitrant and toxic pollutants, are widespread in the environment and threating human health. The environment-friendly technology, UV irradiation, could efficiently destruct CPs. The study investigated the influence of solution pH and positions and number of substituted chlorine atoms on photodegradation process of CPs, and also studied the photodegradation pathway. It found that the photodegradaton process of CPs was highly dependent on solution pH, and higher pH favored the degradation. The photodegradation processes agreed well with the pseudo-first order kinetics, and para- and ortho- positions and lower chlorination degree were more favorable for photodegradation of CPs. Most of the chlorine atoms were released as chloride ions, and suggest that the cleavage of the C-Cl bond occurred during the photodegradation process. It will provide some guidance for efficient treatment of CPs in water.

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26

Yeryganov, K., and B. Iegorov. "USING ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION TO DISINFECTCOMPOUND FEEDS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 22, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v22i2.2445.

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Compound feeds are sources of not only nutrients required to maintain animals’ vital activity, but also of a complex of microorganisms inhabiting them. This complex develops in them after the heat treatment of raw materials (extrusion, conditioning, expansion, etc.), which creates non-competitive conditions for the foreign microorganisms to enter (in particular, from non-grain and animal raw materials). At the same time, the animal's gastrointestinal tract contains its own complex microbiome, which in young animals (at the time of switching to pre-starter) is not yet fully formed and not very stable. It can be disturbed by foreign microbiota, which will lead to a decrease in productivity. In addition, the foreign microbiota requires an immune response from the body, which is a very energy-consuming process. Therefore, the disinfection of compound feed for young animals at the stage of production and in finished form is reasonable and important. The most promising method of disinfection today is ultraviolet irradiation, which is widely used for disinfection of surfaces, air and water. It is cheap, easy in mounting and maintenance and effective without disrupting any properties of the product or feed. For compound feeds, it is currently used only on livestock farms, and is not used on production lines. Therefore, the task of this study was to test the effectiveness of ultraviolet irradiation of a compound feed for further implementation in manufacture. Irradiation with a bactericidal lamp of a model feed mixture (60% crushed wheat, 30% sunflower oilcake, 10% wheat bran) was conducted. The numbers of MAFAnM (mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms) declined from 1 million to 20 thousand cells per gram after 5 hours (300 minutes) of UVC exposition (254 nm wavelength). The diagram obtained coincides well with the reference diagram for a typical bacterial strain and shows that the use of ultraviolet irradiation is quite effective even without requiring a long-time exposition. Therefore, it can be used industrially to disinfect compound feeds and their raw materials.

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27

Yamagiwa, K., M. Tsujikawa, M. Yoshida, and A. Ohkawa. "Disinfection kinetics of Legionella pneumophila by ultraviolet irradiation." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0755.

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Disinfection kinetics of Legionella pneumophila by ultraviolet irradiation was investigated. The change in viable cell concentration with exposure time could be divided into three steps: lag step in which little change in viable cell concentration was observed, fast disinfection step and slow disinfection step. The slow disinfection step was not observed at the initial cell concentrations below about 106 cfu/mL. The disinfection kinetics were well described with two parameters; lag time and disinfection rate constant of the fast disinfection step. The effects of UV intensity, temperature and initial cell concentration in the kinetic parameters were investigated. With increasing initial cell concentration, the lag time decreased and the disinfection rate constant increased. The effects of initial cell concentration on the kinetic parameters were considered to be attributed to the decrease in the effective UV irradiation intensity due to the partial shield of UV light by the disinfected cells. The empirical correlations were presented for predicting the lag time and disinfection rate constant. Furthermore, UV disinfection of L. pneuophila in a model hot-tub connected with external irradiation chamber was also discussed.

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28

Li, Z., H. Gulyas, M. Jahn, D. R. Gajurel, and R. Otterpohl. "Greywater treatment by constructed wetlands in combination with TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation for suburban and rural areas without sewer system." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2004): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0815.

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In this study greywater treatment through constructed wetlands and subsequently through TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation was investigated. Through constructed wetlands treatment the organic substances have been reduced greatly. For further removal of organic substances and pathogens, a TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation process was used subsequently. The results showed that the treated greywater through constructed wetlands and subsequent through TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation with short irradiation time (3 hours irradiation time) met the requirements of European bathing water quality easily. Therefore, the greywater treated with the processes combination can directly be reused for non-potable purposes. Moreover, since residual organic substances through TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation with long irradiation time can be eliminated almost totally, it is also possible that treated greywater is used for groundwater recharge as a drinking water resource.

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Slade, J. S., N. R. Harris, and R. G. Chisholm. "Disinfection of Chlorine Resistent Enteroviruses in Ground Water by Ultraviolet Irradiation." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0119.

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Human enteroviruses, predominantly poliovirus type 1, occurring naturally in chalk well water, have been found to survive disinfection consisting of a nominal 1.0 mg/1 of free residual chlorine maintained for a minimum contact time of 15 minutes at a pH value of 7.2 and a temperature of 11°C. Disinfection with 1.5 mg/1 of chlorine under the same conditions resulted in virus inactivation and they were also destroyed by exposure to 25 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet light. It is considered that the apparent chlorine resistance of these viruses is due to their association with an organic floc rather than to any innate property of the virus or of the water. The implications of these results for the treatment of this water are discussed.

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Mayor-Smith, Ian, and Michael R. Templeton. "Methodological considerations when conducting bench scale polychromatic ultraviolet irradiation of water." Water Supply 14, no. 2 (October 21, 2013): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.202.

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The use of a bench scale apparatus (often referred to as a ‘collimated beam’) to apply fluences to water samples is common practice in disinfection research and in validating the performance of full-scale UV disinfection reactors. This study investigated the sources of potential experimental variations in the calculation of fluence when conducting polychromatic collimated beam exposures. Spectral variations associated with lamp operating conditions (e.g. cooling of the lamp), the angle of the spectroradiometer relative to the lamp when measuring the UV fluence rate, and the shape of the arc within the lamp are important to consider in order to achieve reproducible UV fluences when using a polychromatic collimated beam. Specific recommendations are provided to encourage greater experimental rigour and reproducibility in polychromatic UV disinfection studies, including taking spectral output measurements before and after UV exposures and monitoring the lamp voltage as an indication of lamp output stability.

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31

Stapleton, D. R., R. J. Emery, C. Smith, C. Pochet, A. Fernandez Dominguez, M. Papadaki, and D. Mantzavinos. "Degradation of 2-chloropyridine in water by ultraviolet and ultrasound irradiation." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 28, no. 1/2 (2006): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2006.010877.

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Fiscus, Edwin L., Fitzgerald L. Booker, and Joseph E. Miller. "Response of Soybean Bulk Leaf Water Relations to Ultraviolet-B Irradiation." Journal of Plant Physiology 148, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(96)80295-1.

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33

BOTARO, VAGNER ROBERTO, KÁTIA MONTEIRO NOVACK, JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE, and LEONARDO SOUZA DE CAUX. "Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the thermal stability of bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp." February 2012 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.2.69.

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The changes occurring on cellulosic fibers caused by ultraviolet irradiation at 360 nm for 24 h and 48 h were investigated. A never-dried industrial Eucalyptus urograndis elemental chlorine free–bleached kraft pulp sample (O/OD[EP]DP sequence) was used throughout the work. After irradiation, the cellulosic fibers were analyzed for polymerization degree changes, extractive and pentosan content, ultraviolet and visible spectrometric changes of water leachate from the fibers and thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The ultraviolet treatment had no effect on the degree of cellulose polymerization. The water extracted from ultraviolet-treated fibers revealed cellulose oxidation, with increasing absorbance signals for carbonyl and carboxyl groups. Those oxidations influenced fiber thermal stability.

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34

Zhao, Fuzheng, Qing Hu, Hongqiang Ren, and Xu-Xiang Zhang. "Ultraviolet irradiation sensitizes Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to multiple antibiotics." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 12 (2018): 2051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00293b.

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UV irradiation disturbs the regulatory system of efflux pump proteins to sensitize P. aeruginosa to multiple antibiotics. The increasing susceptibility to rifampicin and vancomycin might be caused by UV-mediated mutations in antibiotic resistance genes.

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35

Shah, Surabhi K., Edward A. Mcbean, and William A. Anderson. "Preliminary studies into the disinfection of potable water using solar radiation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-042.

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The efficacy and kinetics of water disinfection using solar radiation was studied, with respect to potential household or individual use in regions where treated drinking water is unavailable. Small volumes of sterilized water (1 L or less) were deliberately contaminated with various concentrations of Escherichia coli, and then exposed to solar radiation for several hours with periodic bacterial enumeration using plate count methods. An agar which was selective for fecal coliforms (mFC) was found to be inappropriate in this work as it often gave false negative counts, compared to the nonselective total plate count agar. The die-off of bacteria could be modelled, as a function of cumulative solar dose, in an exponential decay model. Decay rate constants of 0.071 to 0.486 m2∙MJ−1 were estimated. Volumes of 250 mL or less (in a 1 L bottle), and waters with lower bacterial concentrations or higher ionic strength, exhibited higher rates of die-off. Bacterial counts could be reduced from several thousands to less than 1 per millilitre (lower detection limit) during one day of solar irradiation. The source of the water and bottle material had a significant effect on the die-off rate. A Weibull distribution-based model has a conceptually better theoretical basis, and also fits the experimental data adequately at low and high doses. At intermediate solar doses, the Weibull model fit tended to underestimate the bacterial inactivation whereas the exponential decay model overestimated it. While solar disinfection appears useful for bacterial inactivation, it may be ineffective in situations where the major contaminants are the more UV resistant viruses or parasites, or where significant competition from physical or chemical water characteristics exists. It is not likely to be a suitable alternative to conventional chemical disinfection, but may be applicable in situations where no other disinfection is available. Key words: solar disinfection, potable water, coliform bacteria, inactivation kinetics, modelling.

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Patton, Samuel, Wei Li, Kylie D. Couch, Stephen P. Mezyk, Kenneth P. Ishida, and Haizhou Liu. "Impact of the Ultraviolet Photolysis of Monochloramine on 1,4-Dioxane Removal: New Insights into Potable Water Reuse." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 4, no. 1 (December 22, 2016): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00444.

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37

Christianto, Victor. "A frugal experiment on potential cooling effect of potable water irradiated with laser pen." Journal of Cosmology, Filaments and Astrobiology 2, no. 1 (2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jcfa.020103.

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In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt- water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of these experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following that previous reports, we tried to conduct further simple experiments on possible effect of low intensity laser irradiation on potable water’s electrical features. Nonetheless, this report is slightly disappointing, because as an effect, there is no increase of water electrical feature, instead it may support initial reports by others such as Cohen Tannoudji, Alain Aspect et al, on laser cooling effect to molecules [3][4].

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38

Myronyuk, Oleksiy, and Denys Baklan. "Aging analysis of textured water-repellent coatings under ultraviolet radiation and water." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 3(66) (August 31, 2022): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.263528.

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The object of research in this work is a coating based on styrene butyl methacrylate binder and calcium carbonate modified with stearic acid. The existing problem is that the stability of the properties of superhydrophobic coatings when interacting with environmental factors – ultraviolet radiation, water vapor or dynamic action of water is limited. Establishing the relationship between the change in the chemical composition and texture of structured water-repellent surfaces under the influence of environmental factors is an essential step towards creating a stability model for such coatings. The work carried out is aimed at establishing the nature of the loss of water repellency of textured organo-mineral coatings under exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the UV-A range and water. UV resistance testing was performed in accordance with ASTM D 4329. The surface texture was examined using electron microscopy. The study of the change in chemical composition was performed using the IR spectroscopy method. As a result, it was shown that, under UV radiation, the most vulnerable component of organo-mineral coatings consisting of styrene-butyl methacrylate polymer and calcium carbonate modified with stearic acid is the polymer matrix, the oxidation of which leads to surface hydrophilization. The action of water in both static and dynamic modes leads to the loss of the upper layer of microparticles which forms the structure. It was found that in the surface layer of the polymer, upon irradiation with ultraviolet, the formation of polar carboxyl groups occurs at the initial stages of irradiation, which is accompanied by noticeable hydrophilization. Based on the obtained results, one of the ways to increase the resistance of additive water-repellent coatings to environmental factors can be the use of polymers that are more resistant to UV radiation. An alternative way is to use the optimization of the interfacial contact, which will ensure the slowing down of the loss of texture elements in the water environment.

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Wu, Chengqiang, Li Xu, Kangling Bian, Xiao Chen, and Feng He. "Synergetic degradation of benzotriazole by ultraviolet and ultrasound irradiation." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 38 (October 7, 2015): 17955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1087880.

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Li, Xu Chun, Jun Ma, and Si Yang Yue. "Total and Efficient Removal of Tribromoacetic Acid by Ultraviolet Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2939.

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Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA), one of the typically recalcitrant and toxic chlorine disinfection byproducts (DBPs), is widespread in the drinking water and threating human health. The environment-friendly technology, UV irradiation, could efficiently destruct TBAA. The present study investigated the removal efficiency, photodegradation kinetics, and photodegradation mechanism of TBAA under UV irradiation. It revealed that the photodegradaton process of TBAA agreed well with the pseudo-first order kinetics, with the rate constant of 1.084 min-1and half-time of 0.64 minutes. Further study on intermediate products formation and mass balance indicated that complete debromination and detoxification were obtained with almost all the bromine atoms released as bromide ions, and suggest that the cleavage of three C-Br bonds concurrently occurred during the photolysis of one TBAA molecule. It will provide some guidance for efficient treatment of brominated contaminants in water.

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41

Sisti, Maurizio, Barbara Pieretti, Mauro De Santi, and Giorgio Brandi. "Inactivation of pathogenic dermatophytes by ultraviolet irradiation in swimming pool thermal water." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 24, no. 5 (September 11, 2013): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.835034.

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42

Cruz-Diaz, Gustavo A., Rafael Martín-Doménech, Elena Moreno, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, and Yu-Jung Chen. "New measurements on water ice photodesorption and product formation under ultraviolet irradiation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 474, no. 3 (November 17, 2017): 3080–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2966.

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43

Zhang, Chunmei, Changzhen Man, Weiwei Wang, Long Jiang, and Yi Dan. "Degradation of Poly(L-lactide) Films under Ultraviolet Irradiation and Water Bath." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 50, no. 8 (May 2011): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2011.551970.

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44

Maeno, Yuki, and Noriyuki Kitaori. "Sterilization Properties of Ozonated Water and Sodium Hypochlorite Assisted by Ultraviolet Irradiation." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 92, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 1234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20190023.

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45

Taheri, Fatemeh, Abolfazl Amini, Ebrahim Kouhsari, Mohammad Reza Kiaei, Roja Movaseghi, and Farhad Niknejad. "Photocatalytic inactivation of microorganisms in water under ultraviolet C irradiation and TiO2." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 31, no. 2 (April 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mrm.0000000000000192.

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46

Zaiyou, Liu, and Wu Limin. "Determination of total phosphorus in water by photochemical decomposition with ultraviolet irradiation." Talanta 33, no. 1 (January 1986): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80020-0.

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47

Bae, Geundong, Taehyun Park, and In-Hyouk Song. "Surface Modification of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation and IPA Rinsing." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111952.

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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is commonly applied to microfluidic devices due to its excellent biocompatibility, high optical transparency, and suitability for mass production. Recently, various surface treatment methods have been reported to improve the wettability of polymers, which is directly related to adhesion. In this research, the effect of a UV irradiation technique and an IPA rinsing technique as surface treatments for PMMA is investigated regarding the water contact angle of the PMMA surface. PMMA sheets that were 1.62 mm thick and commercially available were exposed to UV light with four different exposure times. Significant decreases in the water contact angle were observed after exposure to UV light, and the lowered contact angles due to the UV irradiation increased over time. According to the measurement, the water contact angle is a function of UV exposure dose as well as storage time after UV exposure. We examined the effect of a IPA rinsing process after UV irradiation and observed an increase in the water contact angle.

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48

Zhang, Zhi Xian, Fan Xiao, and Fei Gao. "UV-Enhanced Bioactivity of PS/TiO₂ Coating Prepared by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly Method." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.579.

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The TiO2 nanopowder was prepared with TiOSO4 as raw material at low temperature by hydrolysis method, and microspheres coated polyethylene and TiO2 were then fabricated on titanium by layer-by-layer self-assembly technology. Using ultraviolet irradiation of titanium coating in distilled water for some time, titanium with enhanced bioactivity was achieved when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The morphology, size and crystal shape before and after ultraviolet irradiation were characterized by scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV irradiation of titanium results in the conversion of Ti4+ to Ti3+ and the generation of oxygen vacancies, which could react with the absorbed water to form basic Ti–OH groups. Compared with the coating non-UV irradiation, the UV-irradiated coatings do not present any obvious differences in morphology, surface roughness, grain size and phase component; however, they have more abundant basic Ti–OH groups thus the water contact angle decreases greatly so the surface become much more hydrophilic.

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49

Kamińska, B., K. Majewska, A. Skwierawska, and K. Kozłowska-Tylingo. "Degradation kinetics and mechanism of pentoxifylline by ultraviolet activated peroxydisulfate." RSC Advances 8, no. 42 (2018): 23648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02631a.

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50

Matsumoto, Takahiro, Tsuyoshi Hoshiai, Ichiro Tatsuno, and Tadao Hasegawa. "Action Spectra of Bacteria and Purification of Pollutant Water at Faucets Using a Water Waveguide Method." Water 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091394.

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatment is an effective method for purifying pollutant water contaminated with bacteria and/or chemicals. As an emerging technology, purification by deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is promising. Few studies have used the point-source characteristics of LEDs and have instead replaced mercury vapor lamps with LEDs. Here, we show our recent progress in the instantaneous purification of contaminated water by combining the point-source characteristics of DUV-LEDs with a water waveguide (WW). Before the demonstration, we determined the efficacy of disinfection as a function of irradiation wavelength (action spectra) by constructing a wavelength tunable DUV light source. We found that, as a function of irradiation wavelength, there is a strong correlation between the dose-based inactivation rate constants and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) absorbance. Based on this correlation, the emission wavelength of 265 nm was determined as the most effective wavelength for disinfecting water contaminated with bacteria. Instantaneous 2-log disinfection levels of water contaminated with Escherichia coli O1 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were demonstrated by using the DUV-LED WW method. We also discuss how far-UVC radiation shorter than 230 nm, which has recently been attracting attention and is known as a safe and effective disinfection wavelength for the human body, cannot give a higher-dose-based inactivation rate constant compared to that of 265 nm irradiation due to the larger absorption coefficient of water with a wavelength shorter than 230 nm.

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