Academic literature on the topic 'Ultrasound-Enzyme-Assisted extraction'

Sesame is the oldest oilseed crop in agriculture, and it produces more oil than any other crop on the planet. This research aimed to investigate the impact of different oil extraction procedures on sesame seed oil physicochemical quality and oil recovery. The oil was extracted from the clean and healthy seeds using four extraction methods: aqueous, enzyme-assisted aqueous, ultrasound-assisted aqueous and solvent extraction using the Soxhlet apparatus. It was observed that ultrasound-assisted aqueous extracted oil had maximum saponification value and minimum acid value, refractive index, and lower free fatty acid value, compared with aqueous extracted oil and enzyme-assisted aqueous extracted oil. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction method also yielded maximum oil, retrieval followed by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction and aqueous extraction.

In this study, different oil extraction processes, such as extrusion pretreatment, ultrasound-ethanol assisted demulsification and traditional hexane extraction of oil, were employed to extract oil from soybean in order to compare their different effects on oil quality, fatty acid distribution and VE content of oil. The result shows that the quality of oil from extrusion pretreatment aqueous enzyme extraction (EAEP) of oil and ultrasound-ethanol assisted demulsification aqueous enzyme extraction of oil were same. The raw oil quality from the above two processes was better than the hexane extraction of oil. The fatty acid contents of oil were similar in different oil extraction processes. The VE content of oil from ultrasound-ethanol assisted demulsification process was decreased, while the extrusion pretreatment aqueous enzyme extraction of oil had no influence on VE concentration.

Extraction techniques are continuously developed by the scientific community. Meanwhile, avocado peel is a by-product of avocado processing and a source of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this review was to summarize the use of advanced techniques for extracting bioactive compounds from avocado peel to help understand which techniques have and have not been applied to avocado peel. Three primary databases were used to collect the information, including Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, by using the keywords “avocado”, “peel”, and “extraction”. Additional keywords related to the extraction technique were also used, including “Microwave-Assisted Extraction”, “Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction”, “Enzyme-Assisted Extraction”, “Pressurized Liquid Extraction”, “Supercritical Fluid Extraction”, “Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents”, “Three-phase partitioning (TPP)”, “Pulsed-Electric Field”, “High Voltage Electric Discharge Plasma”, “Centrifugal Partition Extraction”, and “Surfactant-Mediated Extraction”. The results show that microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, TPP, and natural deep eutectic solvent extraction have been used to retrieve bioactive compounds from avocado peel. Other techniques have not yet been applied for the extraction of bioactive compounds from avocado peel. This article is the first review discussing the advanced extraction technique for retrieving bioactive compounds from avocado peel. This article creates a paradigm for future studies.

The chemical and nutritional constituents of mushrooms can alter significantly when grown on different substrates. Based on this fact, an approach was made to cultivate a new type of mushroom, Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake, by growing Shiitake mushrooms on beds supplemented with the roots of an edible herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. In this study, three green extraction techniques, including microwave-enzyme assisted (MEA), ultrasound-enzyme assisted (UEA) and microwave-ultrasound-enzyme assisted (MUEA) extractions, were used to compare both the yield and antiproliferative activity of the polysaccharide-rich extracts (PREs) from HAS in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT 116). Both HAS-A and HAS-B extracts contain significantly higher amounts of polysaccharides when compared to the control (Shiitake extract), regardless of the extraction methods. The PREs from HAS-B have significantly higher anti-proliferative activity in HCT 116 compared to the control when using the UEA extraction method. Our findings demonstrate that HAS-B can become a novel functional food with anti-proliferative activities and the optimization of UEA extraction would help to develop new active extract-based health products.

This review explores eco-friendly methods for extracting bioactive natural products from diverse sources. The introductory exploration emphasizes the increasing demand for sustainable extraction methods, with a focus on the environmental impact of conventional approaches. Addressing existing knowledge gaps, this review outlines the key objectives of evaluating various green extraction technologies, including supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, and others. The primary findings underscore the remarkable potential and advancements achieved with green solvents, specifically deep eutectic solvents and bio-based solvents. This review elucidates the synergistic effects achieved by combining different extraction techniques, exemplified by ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction and sequential supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extraction, among others. Notwithstanding the promising results, this review emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and addressing challenges such as standardization, selectivity, scalability, and economic viability.

This article was intended to extract betacyanin from the peel of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and used it as a natural colorant. In this study, enzyme and ultrasound techniques for the extraction of betacyanin from dried dragon fruit peel were compared. The ultrasonic power and sonication time levels were varied between 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and W/g; and 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 min. The enzyme concentrations were 0.25, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, and 2.75 %v/w. The results revealed that the maximum betacyanin content obtained by the optimal UAE condition (3.5 W/g and 7.5 min) was 0.3402 mg/g, and 9.47 % higher than that by the EAE method. The first- order kinetic extraction was used to describe the mechanism of extraction of betacyanin from red dragon fruit peels. The initial extraction rate (h) and extraction rate constant (k) of the UAE model were 30.80 and 27.81 % higher than those of the enzyme assisted extraction (EAE) model. The UAE treated only 5.0 min to obtain the highest level of betacyanin (0.323 mg/g), whereas the EAE took up to 20 min to achieve the maximal value (0.309 mg/g). The research clearly shows that the UAE method is a useful method for extracting betacyanin from dried red dragon fruit peel.

Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were popular methods used to extract bioactive compounds from citrus peels, by-products of fruit processing industry. In this study, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), naringin and hesperidin contents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts from pomelo peels using the combined enzyme and ultrasound-assisted extraction (E-UAE) or ultrasound and enzyme-assisted extraction (U-EAE) technique were investigated and compared with those extracted using the EAE and UAE. The optimal EAE conditions were as follows: enzyme concentration of 2%, water-solid ratio of 40 ml/g, incubation temperature of 50°C, and extraction time of 60 min, whereas the optimal UAE conditions were ultrasonic energy of 40 kHz, water-solid ratio of 40 ml/g at room temperature, and extraction time of 60 min. The results indicate that the total phenolics, total flavonoids, naringin, and hesperidin contents of the extracts significantly increased in the following order of the extraction techniques: UAE < EAE < U-EAE < E-UAE (p<0.05). The combined E-UAE technique was the most effective technique for bioactive compound extraction with the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The results also indicate that chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts were different depending on the pomelo species.

This study was carried out to survey the effects of viscozyme L and ultrasound on the efficiency ofsaponin extraction with distilled water from Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch) Nannf) roots. Ratio of materialto solvent, hydrolysis time, enzyme concentration, ultrasonic power were investigated. Results showed that the extraction efficiency was significantly increased when viscozyme L and ultrasound wereapplied. The highest content of saponin was 7,75 g/g of dry matter at the ratio of raw materials:to solvent of 1 : 15; hydrolysis time of 1,5 h; viscozyme L concentration of 0,15% (ml/g dry matter) and ultrasonic power of 82 W/g in 5 minutes. The results confirmed the effectiveness of enzyme-assisted extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction forobtaining of natural compounds from plants.

This review presents an overview of various advanced solid–liquid extraction techniques used for extraction of compounds with organoleptic properties from natural sources. These compounds are important additives to food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. The most frequently used techniques are ultrasound assisted extraction and microwave assisted one, but there are other efficient techniques, such as pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pulsed electric field and enzyme assisted extraction. These techniques reduce or eliminate the volume of toxic solvents required for extraction, decrease the extraction time and mostly are more energy efficient. Low energy extraction conditions (pulsed electric field and enzyme assisted) can better preserve the compounds sensitive to heat, pH, and light.

The phenolic composition of the skin of the Băbească neagră grapes grown in south-eastern Romania was studied by two extraction techniques, i. e., ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). This study aimed to analyze the grape skin bioactive compounds and the antioxidant potential using ethanol of three different concentrations 50%, 70%, and 96% and acidified with acetic, citric acid, or hydrochloric acid. This research aimed to maximize the extraction of bioactive compounds from red grape skin by using commercially available oenological enzyme preparations, varying the enzyme dosage, pH, temperature and extraction time. The results indicated that the highest total anthocyanin content was obtained when using 70 % ethanol extract acidified with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, characterized by 4.29±0.04 mg C3G/g DW for ultrasound extraction and 2.54±0.13 for enzyme-assisted extraction. The results of antioxidant potential of the extracts investigated showed that the 96% ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity (18.76±0.24 mM of Trolox/g DW), followed by the 50% ethanol extract and 70% ethanol extract (16.35±0.79 and 16.48±0.54 mM of Trolox/g DW, respectively). The results disclosed that the highest extraction yield for antioxidant activity quantification was obtained by cellulase (61.48±1.19 mMol Trolox / g DW) after only one hour of extraction.

Depuis 2010, 100 millions de tonnes de fruits rouges sont produits chaque année dans le monde. 20% de déchets résultent de leur 1ère transformation industrielle, comprenant les graines et les peaux, appelés marcs. L’épandage et l’alimentation animale constituent leurs principales voies de valorisation, alors qu’ils peuvent être une source potentielle de composés bioactifs hydrophiles (fibres, protéines, polyphénols, oligo-éléments) et lipophiles (acides gras polyinsaturés, phytostérols, tocols). Par conséquent, il devient intéressant de concevoir des procédés d’extraction simultanée de l’ensemble de ces biomolécules pour exploiter pleinement les activités biologiques qui leurs sont associées.Le travail de cette thèse s'est fixé deux objectifs majeurs. Tout d'abord, développer un procédé d'éco-extraction innovant, combinant l’utilisation d’enzymes et d’ultrasons pour extraire, simultanément et en milieu aqueux, les composés hydrophiles et lipophiles des marcs de fruits rouges. Ensuite, évaluer in vitro les propriétés prébiotiques des extraits obtenus.Les différents travaux de la thèse se sont articulés autour de quatre phases successives : (i) la caractérisation chimique des marcs de framboise, de fraise, de mûre et de cassis, (ii) le développement du ou des procédé(s) d’éco-extraction, (iii) la caractérisation chimique globale des « éco-extraits » obtenus et (iv) l’évaluation in vitro de leur activité prébiotique potentielle.Le développement du procédé d’éco-extraction des composés d’intérêt à partir des quatre marcs de fruits s’est déroulé en trois étapes. Tout d'abord, trois enzymes (un mélange de glycohydrolases, une protéase acide et une protéase alcaline) ont été testées seules ou combinées séquentiellement. Ensuite, les systèmes enzymatiques sélectionnés ont été associés à des ultrasons, soit simultanément (enzyme + ultrasons) soit de manière séquentielle (enzyme → ultrasons ou ultrasons → enzyme). Le choix des systèmes enzymatiques et de leurs combinaisons avec les ultrasons s'est basé sur leur efficacité, leur facilité d'utilisation et leur caractère novateur par rapport aux travaux existants. Enfin, les combinaisons retenues ont été optimisées à l'aide d'un plan d'expérience (Definitive Screening Design) en ajustant six paramètres comprenant chacun trois niveaux : amplitude des ultrasons, pH, ratio enzyme/substrat, ratio solide/liquide, durée et température.La combinaison simultanée « protéase alcaline-ultrasons » a été retenue et optimisée pour les marcs de framboise, de fraise et de mûre. Elle a permis d’extraire, dans un solvant aqueux et en une seule étape, la totalité de leurs composés phénoliques, ayant préservé 75% de leur capacité antioxydante, ainsi que 75% de l’huile présente dans ces marcs. Concernant le marc de cassis, la combinaison simultanée « protéase acide-ultrasons » optimisée a permis l’extraction de 75% des polyphénols totaux (dont la totalité des anthocyanes), ainsi que 50% de l’huile.Les extraits obtenus ont également démontré des propriétés prébiotiques, favorisant la croissance de bactéries probiotiques (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Lactobacillus rhamnosus), les positionnant comme des candidats potentiels pour l'industrie nutraceutique. Ils pourraient être intégrés dans des compléments alimentaires visant à maintenir ou rétablir l'équilibre du microbiote intestinal
Since 2010, 100 million tons of red fruits have been produced globally each year. 20% of wastes result from their first industrial transformation, which includes the seeds and the skins, known as pomace. While spreading and animal feeding are common ways to valorise these wastes, they are also a potential source of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds (fibres, proteins, polyphenols, minerals & poly-unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocols). Therefore, it is interesting to design simultaneous extraction processes to extract simultaneously all of these biomolecules to fully exploit their biological activities.This thesis aimed to achieve two goals. The first goal was to develop an innovative extraction process by combining the use of an enzyme(s) with the use of ultrasounds to extract simultaneously, in an aqueous medium, the hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds of red fruit pomaces. The second goal was to assess in vitro the prebiotic properties of the extracts.The thesis was divided into four successive steps: (i) the characterisation of the proximate compositions of the raspberry, strawberry, blackberry and black currant pomaces, (ii) the design of one or several eco-extraction process(es), (iii) the global chemical characterization of the “eco-extracts” and (iv) the in vitro assessment of their potential prebiotic properties.The design of the eco-extraction process was divided into three steps. First, three enzymes (a cocktail of glycohydrolases, an acid protease and an alkaline protease) were tested, alone or sequentially combined. Secondly, the selected enzymatic systems were associated with ultrasounds, either simultaneously (enzyme + ultrasounds) or sequentially (enzyme → ultrasounds and ultrasounds → enzyme). The choice of the enzymatic system(s) and their combination with ultrasounds was based on their extraction efficiencies, ease of implementation and innovative character compared to existing literature. Finally, the selected combination(s) were optimised by an experimental design (Definitive Screening Design) by adjusting six parameters comprising three levels: ultrasound amplitude, pH, enzyme/substrate ratio, solid/liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature.The simultaneous combination “alkaline protease-ultrasounds” was selected and optimised for the raspberry, strawberry and blackberry pomaces. All of the polyphenols, with 75% of their antioxidant capacities, and 75% of the oil present in the pomaces were extracted in a single step in an aqueous medium. The optimised simultaneous combination “acid protease-ultrasounds” extracted 75% of the polyphenols, with the totality of the anthocyanins, and 50% of the oil of the black currant pomace.The eco-extracts demonstrated prebiotic properties towards probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Lactobacillus rhamnosus) by favouring their growth. This makes them potential candidates for the nutraceutical industry. The eco-extracts could be integrated into dietary complements to maintain or restore the intestinal microbiota balance

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant by-product of the brewing industry and its main application is limited to low-value cattle feed. Since BSG contains 20 to 25% of proteins, it has the potential to provide a new protein source to the food industry. In this research, an ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction was designed to extract protein hydrolysates from BSG. Original BSG and ultrasound pretreated BSG were hydrolyzed under different enzyme (Alcalase) loadings and incubation times. Centrifugation was applied to separate solubilized proteins from insoluble BSG residue. When the enzyme loading increased from 1 to 40 uL /g BSG, the solubilized proteins increased from 34% to 64.8%. The application of ultrasound further increased the solubilized proteins from 64.8% to 69.8%. Solubilized proteins from ultrasound pretreated BSG was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that from the original BSG. Particle size distribution analysis showed that the application of ultrasound pretreatment reduced the BSG particle size from 331.2 to 215.7 um. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the BSG particle surface was partially ruptured by the ultrasound pretreatment. These two phenomena might have contributed to the increased protein separation efficiency with ultrasound pretreatment. The solubility (pH 1.0 to 11.0) of protein hydrolysate increased by the application of ultrasound and the ultrasound did not lead to the change of the amino acid composition of the separated protein hydrolysates. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile, the protein was degraded to peptides which had molecular weights lower than 15 kDa. The color of the separated protein hydrolysates by enzymatic hydrolysis was brighter and lighter than the original BSG. The application of ultrasound did not affect the color of the separated protein hydrolysates. Overall, the ultrasound pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the extraction of proteins from BSG in terms of higher protein separation efficiency, lower enzyme loadings, and reduced incubation time. This study developed a novel and green method to effectively extract value-added protein hydrolysates from the low-value food processing byproducts.
MSLFS

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
106
Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) possess the advantages of being environmentally friendly and easily operated owing to relatively mild reaction conditions while ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) owns high frequency and strong penetration that both of EAE and UAE are considered to be the innovative and green extraction technology. Therefore, in this study, mucilage from Aspenlenium australasicum was first extracted by xylanase, glucanase and a combination of these two enzymes, followed by ultrasound treatment. The effects of enzyme and ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties of the mucilage were investigated including basic composition, monosaccharide composition, polysaccharide functional groups, molecular weight distribution, intrinsic viscosity, rheological properties, water and oil holding capacity, and glucose dialysis retardation index. It was observed that compared to the control, the yield of mucilage increased significantly by EAE and UAE (from 3.64% to 6.04~7.47%). SEM results showed that enzymes can erode the raw material which contributed to the higher yield of mucilage, especially in assisted with ultrasound. The FT-IR fingerprint did not change pronouncedly due to the action of the enzymes and ultrasound, which meant they wouldn’t destroy polysaccharide structure. In monosaccharide composition, the ratio of uronic acid to neutral sugar is about 3:17, which galacturonic acid is approximately 4~5 times that of glucuronic acid while galactose, glucose and fucose were primary neutral sugar. Compared with the control group, the content of galacturonic acid and glucose increased significantly after EAE. It could be the change of monosaccharide composition and the complexity of polysaccharide branching that significantly reduced the intrinsic viscosity and the glucose dialysis retardation index of the mucilage. EAE mucilage possessed higher molecular weight, but after UAE, the polysaccharide branches were degraded by ultrasound, which in turn reduced the molecular weight and increased the intrinsic viscosity. Further studies on rheological properties found that in steady shear test, mucilage from Aspenlenium australasicum was non-Newtonian fluid with shear thinning property while frequency sweep showed that G’ and G” increased with increasing concentration, and G’ was higher than G” (gel-like) in the concentration of 6%. However, both G’ and G” decreased after UAE, indicating that ultrasound treatment would reduce gelling capacity of the mucilage. The water holding capacity of the EAE mucilage was slightly lower than the control but increased after UAE, while there was no significant difference in oil holding capacity. As compared to other dietary fibers, the mucilage from Aspenlenium australasicum still showed good water and oil holding capacity.

Fucoidans exhibit various biological activities, including immunomodulation, anti-cancer, and pathogenic inhibition. This approach can be used to isolate numerous natural resources and various applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Fucoidan surrounds sulfated L-fucose as a vital monosaccharide and small amounts of mannose, galactose, glucose, xylose, arabinose, uronic acid, and glucuronic acid. Structural analysis revealed that purified fucoidan consists of a carbohydrate chain composed mainly of (1→3)-linked or (1→4)-linked Lfucose residues, with sulfate groups at C-2 and C-4 positions. Fucose residues at C-3 or C-4 serve as branch sites for galactose residues with 1–4)-linkages. Low molecular weight fucoidan, medium molecular weight fucoidan, and high molecular weight fucoidan are the three different types of fucoidan based on molecular weights. The structure of fucoidan determines its bioactivity and its economic and commercial value depending on the species, geographical location, and harvest season. Therefore, shortened phases, low temperatures, and low acidity are used in the extraction technique to determine the distinct structures of fucoidans. In industrial manufacturing, the extraction techniques must be environmentally friendly and cost-effective. In this chapter, classical extraction and purification procedures such as hot water, acidic or alkaline extractions, and chromatographic techniques are discussed and detailed. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) are innovative techniques for fucoidan extraction. Optimization strategies for pH, temperature, pretreatment conditions, extraction time, and yield parameters also discussed in detail.

Fruit waste is a treasure trove of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, and a diverse array of phytochemicals, including pigments. Beyond its environmental implications, harnessing the value of fruit waste presents promising economic opportunities, paving the way for innovative food products and ingredients that contribute to a circular economy. Organic phenolic compounds, in particular, have garnered significant attention in various industries, serving not only as nutritional supplements and functional foods but also as sustainable commodities. While numerous methods for extracting phenolic compounds from fruit waste exist, many rely on organic solvents, which can raise ecological concerns. There is a growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable extraction techniques that yield phenolic-rich extracts with minimal environmental impact. The adoption of these innovative "green" extraction methods not only addresses the global fruit waste crisis but also converts fruit residue into valuable bio-based materials. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the most promising and inventive methods for isolating bioactive substances from fruit waste. Our focus is on environmentally friendly technologies, including bioreactors, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and their combinations, which offer sustainable solutions for both industry and the environment

The antioxidants available in fresh organic materials could vary significantly from all those we consume through diet, as it has historically been recognized. Plants contain several phytochemicals, which possess strong antioxidant activities. A large variety of phytochemicals have been isolated and characterized from familiar sources, including vegetables, such as onion and broccoli; fruits, such as apples and grapes; spices, such as nutmeg, pepper, and turmeric; and brews, such as green tea, oolong tea, and red wine; which possess strong antioxidant properties. This is typically affected by the usage of thermal and nonthermal food processing methods. This chapter deals with various traditional and unconventional techniques that can be utilized to recover bioactive constituents. Any traditional method’s extraction effectiveness is primarily influenced by the solvents utilized. Among the most effective approaches, notably pressurized solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized low-polarity water extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction were reviewed. The contrasting antioxidant activities of various extraction techniques were emphasized, as well as the processing techniques and industrial applications for unconventional ways of antioxidant extraction. How well this varies throughout absorption, how this impacts gastrointestinal function, and subsequent accumulation into the plasma, but which in vivo biological consequences it has on the internal organs all are aspects to consider.

The finding of metabolites and biological activity from seaweed has intensely increased over the past three decades. There are several research techniques for creating chemical compounds, but still naturally occurring bioactive molecules in natures are play an important role. Scientists are searching for additional physiologically active compounds. Pharmaceutical industry and researchers are increased attention to the bioactive compounds found in seaweeds that can be used for development of drugs. Seaweeds are receiving scientific attention because of their bioactive compound and several beneficial features, including anti-viral, anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, and. The key topics covered in this review were chemicals like metabolites, seaweed types, and their characteristics. The primary metabolite and its characteristics are highlighted. Marine seaweeds include a variety of bioactive substances that can be used for dietary, cosmetic, and therapeutic purposes to enhance health. Several compounds, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, and fatty acids, were shown to exhibit bioactive properties. These chemicals have been extracted using cutting-edge methods such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and microwave-assisted extraction, which have an advantages over traditional methods. To produce extracts containing the desired bioactive chemicals, each method's process parameters must be tuned.

Essential oils are formed by a complex matrix of substances that are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants. Nowadays, different ecofriendly extraction techniques (e.g., ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid by CO2, etc.) have been adopted to obtain essential oils. These techniques provide unique quality of essentials oils or extracts from aromatic plants in a short time with high energy savings. Essential oils not only impart aroma, but also possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Health limitations in the use of synthetic additives have drawn researchers’ attention towards essential oils as safe natural preservatives. Therefore, this chapter summarizes novel technologies to recover essential oils or extracts. In addition, it focuses on application of essential oils and their constituents as green preservatives to retard microbial growth and oxidative spoilage.

The escalating demand for bioactive compounds from plants has grown substantially, primarily attributed to their potential therapeutic applications across diverse industries such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. This comprehensive review examines the extraction methods employed for isolating bioactive compounds from plant sources, focusing on techniques that maximise yield, maintain compound integrity, and ensure sustainability. Conventional methods, including solvent extraction, are extensively discussed, encompassing well-established techniques such as maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation. These methods have gained widespread usage due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. In addition to traditional approaches, this review explores novel methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). These emerging techniques are recognised for their capacity to enhance extraction efficiency and reduce processing times significantly. Factors influencing the extraction process and subsequent bioactive compound yield, such as solvent selection, particle size, and temperature, are thoroughly investigated. The review also scrutinises the ecological impact and economic considerations associated with each method, aligning with the growing emphasis on sustainable practices in plantbased compound extraction. Advancements in extraction technologies, including ionic liquids and enzyme-assisted extraction, are highlighted, emphasising their potential to improve specificity and selectivity in isolating bioactive compounds. The paramount importance of selecting the most suitable extraction method based on the chemical nature of the target compounds and the characteristics of the plant matrix is underscored throughout the discussion. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of plant extraction methods for bioactive compounds. It meticulously delineates the advantages and limitations of conventional and emerging techniques. It offers valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and industries aiming to optimise the extraction process for enhanced bioactive compound yields while prioritising environmental and economic sustainability

Proteins possess their techno-functionalities by virtues of their state of being, i.e., their molecular makeup and structure, which in turn, is affected by the technologies employed to extract them from the matrices they belong to. This is true for both plant proteins and cell-based proteins. While pH-modulated solubility based aqueous extraction, followed by isolation, is the overwhelming method for plant protein preparations, other technologies, for example dry fractionation (separation based on density, air drag or electrostatic charges), enzyme-, microwave-, ultrasound-, pulsed electric energy- and high pressure-assisted extraction, subcritical water, reverse micelles extraction, and aqueous two-phase systems extraction have been researched for better yields and functionality. Physical separation or dry fractionation preserves the molecular structure and protein possesses better techno-functional and sensory properties than conventional alkaline and acid-based methods. However, dry fractionation can produce only protein concentrate, not isolate. Although alkaline and acid-based methods can prepare to isolate efficiently, subsequent acid precipitation and drying methods form insoluble aggregates and enhance oxidation, which in turn, affect solubility and related functional properties as well as contribute to off-flavor. This presentation will summarize such technologies for extraction, potential for sustainability and their impact on protein's structure and techno-functionalities such as solubility, foaming/emulsion, gelation etc. It will also present authors' recent research on ultrasound-assisted extraction of soy protein and changes in major isolate structure/ function.