Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ultrasonic system

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ultrasonic system'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ultrasonic system"

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Kudoh, Yoshimitsu, and Hiroyuki Karasawa. "ULTRASONIC PROBE AND ULTRASONIC PROBE SYSTEM." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, no. 1 (2014): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4861515.

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Zhu, Yong Wei, Xing Lei Miao, and Chao Feng Zhang. "Precise-Micro PECM System and its Applications Combining Synchronizing Ultrasonical Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.834.

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The micro-PECM (Pulse Electrochemical Machining) combining synchronous ultrasonic vibration is proposed as a new technology for to solve the difficulty machining problems of conductive hard and tough materials. The feasibility of micro-PECM combining synchronous ultrasonic vibration is studied. The synchronous way is analyzed; the synchronous electrical circuit is designed and made. The synchronous electrochemical micro-machining system combining ultrasonical vibration are built and improved，which machining parameters can be adjusted in a wide ranges, and the synchronous target of the ultrasonical vibration with the voltage of micro-PECM can be realized. The micro-machining electrodes are manufactured in different sections and sizes by combined electrical discharge machining. The mechanism tests of micro-PECM are carried, which kentaniums （YBD151、YG8）and stainless steel are machined and the results are analyzed and discussed. Contrast with the single micro-USM, the micro-PECM combining ultrasonic vibration has high productivity, good machining accuracy and surface quality; furthermore, its cathode wastage is low. The micro-PECM combining synchronous ultrasonic vibration has the best machining precision and surface quality.
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Hashimoto, Shinichi. "Ultrasonic probe and ultrasonic diagnosing system using ultrasonic probe." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, no. 2 (February 1995): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.412118.

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Jackson, John I. "Ultrasonic Imaging System." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (2011): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3650361.

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Shirai, Takeshi. "Ultrasonic diagnostic system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 1 (July 1997): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.419834.

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Seo, Yasutsugu. "Ultrasonic diagnosing system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 6 (June 1991): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.400779.

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Takeuchi, Yasuhito. "Ultrasonic diagnostic system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 6 (June 1991): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.400780.

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Dorr, John A. "Ultrasonic measuring system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 1 (July 1991): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401218.

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Li, Yan. "Ultrasonic transducer system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 5 (1996): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417176.

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Muller, Lon J., Austin Franklin, and Robert W. George. "Ultrasonic ranging system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83, no. 6 (June 1988): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.396339.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ultrasonic system"

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Albuquerque, Daniel Filipe. "Ultrasonic location system." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11508.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Electrotécnica
Esta tese apresenta um sistema de localização baseado exclusivamente em ultrassons, não necessitando de recorrer a qualquer outra tecnologia. Este sistema de localização foi concebido para poder operar em ambientes onde qualquer outra tecnologia não pode ser utilizada ou o seu uso está condicionado, como são exemplo aplicações subaquáticas ou ambientes hospitalares. O sistema de localização proposto faz uso de uma rede de faróis fixos permitindo que estações móveis se localizem. Devido à necessidade de transmissão de dados e medição de distâncias foi desenvolvido um pulso de ultrassons robusto a ecos que permite realizar ambas as tarefas com sucesso. O sistema de localização permite que as estações móveis se localizem escutando apenas a informação em pulsos de ultrassons enviados pelos faróis usando para tal um algoritmo baseado em diferenças de tempo de chegada. Desta forma a privacidade dos utilizadores é garantida e o sistema torna-se completamente independente do número de utilizadores. Por forma a facilitar a implementação da rede de faróis apenas será necessário determinar manualmente a posição de alguns dos faróis, designados por faróis âncora. Estes irão permitir que os restantes faróis, completamente autónomos, se possam localizar através de um algoritmo iterativo de localização baseado na minimização de uma função de custo. Para que este sistema possa funcionar como previsto será necessário que os faróis possam sincronizar os seus relógios e medir a distância entre eles. Para tal, esta tese propõe um protocolo de sincronização de relógio que permite também obter as medidas de distância entre os faróis trocando somente três mensagens de ultrassons. Adicionalmente, o sistema de localização permite que faróis danificados possam ser substituídos sem comprometer a operabilidade da rede reduzindo a complexidade na manutenção. Para além do mencionado, foi igualmente implementado um simulador de ultrassons para ambientes fechados, o qual provou ser bastante preciso e uma ferramenta de elevado valor para simular o comportamento do sistema de localização sobre condições controladas.
This thesis presents a location system based exclusively on ultrasonic signals, without using any other technology. This location system was designed to operate in environments where the use of other technologies is not possible or the use of them is limited, such as underwater applications or hospital environments. The proposed location system uses a network of fixed beacons allowing the mobile stations to locate. Due to the necessity of data transmission and distance measurement an ultrasonic pulse robust to echoes was developed that allows to perform both tasks with success. The location system allows that mobiles locate themselves only listening to the information in the ultrasonic pulse sent by the beacons, for that an algorithm based on time difference of arrival is used. Therefore, the user privacy is guaranteed as well as the complete independence of the system number of users. To simplify the network implementation it is only necessary to manually define the position of some of the beacons, called anchor beacons. These will allow the remaining autonomous beacons to locate themselves by an iterative location algorithm based on a local cost function minimization. For this system to work properly the beacons must synchronize their clocks and measure the distance between them. Therefore, this thesis proposes a clock synchronization protocol which also allows to measure the distance between the beacons by exchanging only three ultrasonic messages. Additionally, the location system permits that damaged beacons may be replaced without compromising the network operability reducing the maintenance complexity. Additionally, a simplified ultrasonic simulator for indoor environments was developed, which has proved to be very accurate and a valuable tool to simulate the location system behavior under controlled conditions.
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Al, Homsi Mustafa. "Ultrasonic timer system." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/272.

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Senior Honors Thesis (Electrical and Computer Engineering)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains 29 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Wu, Chung Hao. "DETERMINATION OF BLADDER VOLUMES BY MICROPROCESSOR BASED ULTRASONIC SYSTEM." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275392.

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Goode, Ashley Harford. "High resolution ultrasonic imaging system." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329278.

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Wylie, Stephen Robert. "An underwater ultrasonic imaging system." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266220.

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Redd, Justin D. "An Ultrasonic Angular Measurement System." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/611880.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
An original design is presented for a system capable of measuring the relative angle of a flat surface using reflected ultrasonic wave pulses. No physical contact with the surface is necessary. The measurement range is from 0 to 54 degrees. Theoretical resolution is 5 minutes of arc, with actual measured resolution of approximately 20 minutes of arc. The system has performed successfully in limited flight tests, is capable of rates up to 80 angle measurements per second, and has a solid-state memory recording capacity of 24,000 bytes. The measurements are time-tagged as they are recorded and may be transferred to a personal computer at a later time over a standard RS-232 serial communications link. The system is small (approx. 6 by 4 by 1.5 inches) and uses two standard 9-volt batteries as its power source.
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Nadkarni, Aditya. "Reflector geometry specific modeling of an annular array based ultrasound pulse-echo system." Link to electronic thesis, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-091207-114218/.

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Salido, Monzú David, and Sánchez Oliver Roldán. "Robot Positioning System : Underwater Ultrasonic Measurement." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-5817.

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This document provides a description about how the problem of the detection of thecenter of a defined geometry object was solved.This named object has been placed in an experimental environment surrounded bywater to be explored using microwaves under the water, to try to find a possibletumor. The receiver antenna is fixed in the tip of the tool of an ABB robot.Due to this working method, it was necessary to locate the center of this object tomake correctly the microwave scanning turning always around the actual center. Thiswork not only consist in give a hypothetic solution to the people who gave us theresponsibility of solve their problem, it is also to actually develop a system whichcarries out the function explained before.For the task of measuring the distance between the tip of the tool where themicrowave antenna is, ultrasonic sensors has been used, as a complement of acomplete system of communication between the sensor and finally the robot handler,using Matlab as the main controller of the whole system.One of these sensors will work out of water, measuring the zone of the object which isout of the water. In the other hand, as the researching side of the thesis, a completeultrasonic sensor will be developed to work under water, and the results obtained willbe shown as the conclusion of our investigation.The document provides a description about how the hardware and software necessaryto implement the system mentioned and some equipment more which were essentialto the final implementation was developed step by step.

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Thyagaraj, Suraj. "Dynamic System Analysis of 3D Ultrasonic Neuro-Navigation System." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1967797551&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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York, George W. P. "Architecture and algorithms for a fully programmable ultrasound system /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5931.

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Books on the topic "Ultrasonic system"

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Getty, Marcus Neill. An ultrasonic ranging system. [S.l: The Author], 1999.

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Goode, Ashley Harford. High resolution ultrasonic imaging system. Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic,School of Systems Engineering (Electrical), 1989.

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Penttinen, Auvo. Ultrasonic proximity system for outdoor robots. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1994.

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Daane, Larry. A demountable interconnect system for a 50 x 50 ultrasonic imaging transducer array. Palo Alto, Calif: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Dept., 1996.

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Priston, A. M. An intergrated PVDF/fibre optic ultrasonic system. Manchester: UMIST, 1988.

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Clarke, J. A. A fibre-optic system for ultrasonic detection. Manchester: UMIST, 1989.

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Morris, K. J. Development of a PVDF/fibre optic ultrasonic detection system. Manchester: UMIST, 1990.

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Carlson, N. M. Ultrasonic sensing of GMAW: Laser/EMAT defect detection system. Idaho Falls, ID: E.G. & G Idaho Inc., 1992.

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J, Roth Don, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Development of a high performance acousto-ultrasonic scan system. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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J, Roth Don, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Development of a high performance acousto-ultrasonic scan system. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ultrasonic system"

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Schmerr, Lester W. "An Ultrasonic System." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30463-2_1.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "An Ultrasonic System." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, 1–13. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0142-2_1.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Phased Array System Functions." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 195–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_10.

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Fujinaga, Shigeki, Eizo Tsuda, and Hiroshi Imafuku. "The Ultrasonic Inspection Robot System." In Advanced Robotics: 1989, 269–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83957-3_19.

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Roye, Werner. "Portable Ultrasonic Phased Array System." In Acoustical Imaging, 11–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2402-3_2.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Material Properties and System Function Determination." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, 385–418. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30463-2_9.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Linear System Modeling of Phased Arrays." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 179–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_9.

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Waag, Robert C., and Jeffrey P. Astheimer. "Measurement System Effects in Ultrasonic Scattering Experiments." In Ultrasonic Scattering in Biological Tissues, 251–90. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203734797-8.

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Hazas, Mike, and Andy Ward. "A Novel Broadband Ultrasonic Location System." In UbiComp 2002: Ubiquitous Computing, 264–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45809-3_21.

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Kripfgans, Oliver D., and Hsun-Liang Chan. "System Requirements for Intraoral Ultrasonic Scanning." In Dental Ultrasound in Periodontology and Implantology, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51288-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ultrasonic system"

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Hopko, Sandra N., I. Charles Ume, and Dathan S. Erdahl. "Design of Laser Ultrasonic System for In-Process Weld Penetration Monitoring and Control." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0727.

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Abstract Ultrasonics is a widely used nondestructive testing technique, which is often applied off-line for weld quality inspection. Laser ultrasonic (LU) inspection systems have the potential for on-line application, providing the means to identify unacceptable welds as they are formed. Because LU systems are non-contacting, they can be used for testing moving specimens or for operation in hazardous and/or high temperature environments. A highly versatile system can be created when an optical fiber delivery system is incorporated into the design. Introduction of a focusing objective increases the allowable working distance and permits stronger generation using material ablation as the generating mechanism. This paper describes the development of a laser ultrasonic probe using an optical fiber delivery system with a distal end, focusing objective. The optical fiber delivery system can be configured as a single fiber source, a linear array (fiber bundle) or a phased array. Results include experimentally obtained directivity patterns demonstrating ultrasonic generation using ablation sources. Thermoelastic source results are also included. This paper demonstrates the potential of the fiber tool and presents an overview of the weld control scheme.
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Zhang Ping and Guo Hui. "High-precision ultrasonic ranging system." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2011.6037762.

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Byun, Eunjeong, Juhong Nam, Hyunji Shim, Esther Kim, Albert Kim, and Seunghyun Song. "Ultrasonic Hydrogel Biochemical Sensor System." In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) in conjunction with the 43rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176216.

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Gunarathne, G. P. P., and J. Szilard. "A New Ultrasonic Imaging System." In IEEE 1985 Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1985.198665.

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Epure, Silviu, Radu Belea, Dorel Aiordachioaie, and Razvan Solea. "On automated ultrasonic measurement system." In 2011 IEEE 17th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siitme.2011.6102702.

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Sundararaman, Vijayaraghavan, Vijayalakshmi T G, and Swathi Venkatadri. "Ultrasonic sensor animal safety system." In 2014 Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icraie.2014.6909216.

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He, Yitao, and Junyu Bian. "Novel Ultrasonic Broadcast Communication System." In 2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555902.

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Zhao, Junhui, and Yongcai Wang. "Autonomous Ultrasonic Indoor Tracking System." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications (ISPA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispa.2008.37.

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Roa-Prada, S., H. A. Scarton, G. J. Saulnier, D. A. Shoudy, J. D. Ashdown, P. K. Das, and A. J. Gavens. "Modeling of an Ultrasonic Communication System." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43432.

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This paper discusses the use of ultrasound to convey data from one side of a metallic wall to the other side. A communication channel is established by attaching a set of three ultrasonic transducers to the wall. The first transducer injects a continuous ultrasonic wave into the wall. The second transducer is mounted on the inside and operates as a receiver and signal modulator. The third transducer is installed on the same side as the first transducer and receives the signal that is reflected from the inside transducer. A sensor on the inside provides analog data that is then digitized. The digitized bits are used to vary the electrical load applied to the electrical terminals of the inside transducer, changing its acoustic impedance in accordance with the data bits. The impedance changes, in turn, modulate the amplitude of the reflected ultrasonic signal. This modulated signal is detected at the outside receiving transducer, where it is then demodulated to recover the data. Additionally, some of the acoustic power received at the inside transducer is harvested to produce the electrical power needed to operate the communication and sensor system on the inside. The entire system (ultrasonic, solid wall, and electronic) is modeled in the electrical domain through electro-mechanical analogies. This approach enables the simultaneous examination of the ultrasonic and electronic components. The electric circuit simulation package PSpice is used to simulate the communication system, which assisted in the analysis and optimization of the communication channel. Both simulation and experimental results are presented and discussed.
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Chou, Tzu-Chieh, Ramkumar Subramanian, Jiwoong Park, and Patrick P. Mercier. "A miniaturized ultrasonic power delivery system." In 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2014.6981757.

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Reports on the topic "Ultrasonic system"

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GE Renewable Energy, Myron, Karyn Coppinger, Leslie New, Jeff Mintz, Patrick Sullivan, and Dr Skalski. ULTRASONIC JET BAT DETERRENT SYSTEM ADVANCEMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1867251.

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Sheen, S. H., W. P. Lawrence, H. T. Chien, and A. C. Raptis. Ultrasonic flow imaging system: A feasibility study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6175116.

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Fasching, G. E., W. J. Loudin, D. E. Paton, and N. S. Jr Smith. Phased-array ultrasonic surface contour mapping system. Technical note. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10175361.

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Pardini, Allan F., and Todd J. Samuel. Functions and Requirements for the DST Knuckle Region Ultrasonic Scanning System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/782697.

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Pardini, Allan F., and Todd J. Samuel. Functions and Requirements for the DST Knuckle Region Ultrasonic Scanning System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/965717.

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Harris, R. V. Jr, and L. J. Angel. Review of P-scan computer-based ultrasonic inservice inspection system. Supplement 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/212537.

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Murphy, Timothy L. Ultrasonic Digital Communication System for a Steel Wall Multipath Channel: Methods and Results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881291.

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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.
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Alexander, A. Michael, and Richard W. Haskins. Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Ultrasonic Pulse Echo System for Detecting Microcracks in Concrete. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada347421.

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10

Roach, Dennis Patrick, Phillip D. Walkington, and Kirk A. Rackow. Pulse-echo ultrasonic inspection system for in-situ nondestructive inspection of Space Shuttle RCC heat shields. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923155.

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