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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ultrasonic scanning'
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Moros, Eduardo Gerardo 1960. "SIMULATIONS OF SCANNED FOCUSSED ULTRASOUND HYPERTHERMIA: THE EFFECTS OF SCANNING SPEED, SCANNING PATTERN AND MULTIPLE TILTED TRANSDUCERS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276440.
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A transient three-dimensional simulation program was developed to study the effects of scanning speed, scanning pattern, blood perfusion, transducer choice and multiple tilted transducers with overlapping foci during scanned focussed ultrasound hyperthermia. The results showed that (1) the temperature fluctuations increase linearly with decreasing scanning speed, (2) the temperature fluctuations are a weak, increasingly exponential function of the blood perfusion rate, and (3) that the largest temperature fluctuation is always located at the acoustical focal depth on the scan path independently of focal plane depth. Simulations using multiple scan paths showed that relatively uniform average temperature distributions can be achieved at the focal zone as long as the spacing between the concentric scans was not greater than the diameter of the focus of the power field. Finally, the results showed that using multiple tilted transducers with overlapping foci, increased focussing can be obtained at the focal depth.
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Heys, Richard. "Extraction of anthropological data with ultrasound." Thesis, Brunel University, 2007. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7896.
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Human body scanners used to extract anthropological data have a significant drawback, the subject is required to undress or wear tight fitting clothing. This thesis demonstrates an ultrasonic based alternative to the current optical systems, that can potentially operate on a fully clothed subject. To validate the concept several experiments were performed to determine the acoustic properties of multiple garments. The results indicated that such an approach was possible. Beamforming is introduced as a method by which the ultrasonic scanning area can be increased, the concept is thoroughly studied and a clear theoretical analysis is performed. Additionally, Matlab has been used to demonstrate graphically, the results of such analysis, providing an invaluable tool during the simulation, experimental and results stages of the thesis. To evaluate beamfoming as a composite part of ultrasonic body imaging, a hardware solution was necessary. During the concept phase, both FPGA and digital signal processors were evaluated to determine their suitability for the role. An FPGA approach was finally chosen, which allows highly parallel operation, essential to the high acquisition speeds required by some beamforming methodologies. In addition, analogue circuitry was also designed to provide an interface with the ultrasonic transducers, which, included variable gain amplifiers, charge amplifiers and signal conditioning. Finally, a digital acquisition card was used to transfer data between the FPGA and a desktop computer, on which, the sampled data was processed and displayed in a coherent graphical manner. The beamforming results clearly demonstrate that imaging multiple layers in air, with ultrasound, is a viable technique for anthroplogical data collection. Furthermore, a wavelet based method of improving the axial resolution is also proposed and demonstrated.
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Zhang, Peihong. "Amplitude correction for reduced axis scanning of layered materials." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 5.49 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131705.
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Anhalt, Dennis Paul 1960. "MODIFICATION OF A DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND UNIT'S MOVEMENT SYSTEM TO PERFORM SCANNING DURING FOCUSSED, ULTRASOUND HYPERTHERMIA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275546.
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Horne, Michael R. "Scanning measurement testbed for advanced nondestructive evaluation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30979.
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New materials and manufacturing processes, and the quest for economy and user safety, have necessitated the development of nondestructive testing methods to quantify the life and reliability of a product during manufacture and service. Described herein, is a testbed to be used in the research and development of these testing methods. A brief motivation for using ultrasonics applied to nondestructive evaluation is followed by a chapter on the feasibility of using a unique testing method and animated data presentation on advanced composite materials. This testing method, conceived by the author, utilizes oblique injection of ultrasound into the specimen. Several cycles of the ultrasonic waveform radiated from the specimen downstream of the injection area is digitized and recorded. The data has three independent dimensions; cartesion location and time. The time variable is the key to the presentation of the data as an animated two dimensional image. It was this work that illustrated the need for a flexible scanning imaging research testbed, not only for the discussed method, of which it is an integral part, but for advanced development of other techniques. Software development and integration of off -the-shelf parts into a unified computer controlled testing facility is the contribution by the author in the second phase of this research. Chapters on the description of the system, an example showing the capabilities of the system analogous to traditional ultasonic C-scanning, accomplishments, and a look to the future conclude this thesis. The appendices include listings of the programs developed for the system, a manufacturer address list. A videotape of the animation data presentation is included as a second volume of this thesis.Master of Science
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Kelly, Stephen P. "An air-coupled ultrasonic array scanning system for rapid through transmission NDT." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24320.
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Within the aerospace industry there is an increasing requirement to investigate the structural integrity of the new composite materials that are now being used frequently in the manufacture of aircraft. The complexity of the material manufacture necessitates that evaluation is required prior to final production and it is the development of a novel approach to this testing that constitutes the focus for the work of this Thesis. Existing techniques frequently utilise ultrasonic signals to interrogate the sample under investigation, however, these are cumbersome and scan speed is invariably slow when testing of large samples is considered. This is because large samples are normally tested using a through transmission approach, where narrow jets of water are used to couple the ultrasonic signal through the propagation channel. The fundamental basis of the proposed approach is the removal of the water couplant, enabling a receiver array to be employed, and thus scan large areas more quickly. Flexibility would also be increased with this technique due to a capability to scan moisture sensitive parts. In order to achieve this, however, the considerable problem of the acoustic impedance mismatch at each solid/air boundary would have to be overcome. Firstly, a narrowband, relatively low frequency approach is selected. It is concluded however, that in order to maximise the scan speed benefit, parallel data acquisition from the receiver array elements must be achieved and no signal averaging must be performed. A small array element pitch and focussing are deemed necessary in the pursuit of adequate defect detection resolution. It is important to select the most appropriate transducer technology for coupling in air and a comprehensive comparison of two relevant technologies (piezocomposite and electrostatic) is carried out. Piezocomposites are found to be superior in terms of sensitivity, robustness and focusing capability. A novel acoustic matching layer is developed to improve coupling from the transducers to the air load. This is investigated microscopically and acoustically and a linear model is developed to enable the design for the most successful operation. Prototype air-coupled systems are produced and scan results compared favourably with the results using water-coupled techniques.
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Reed, Jordan Derek. "Ultrasonic Processing of Aluminum 2139 and 7050." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248496/.
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Acoustics is the study of all sound waves, with ultrasound classified as those frequencies above 20,000 Hz. Currently, ultrasound is being used in many industries for a variety of purposes such as ultrasonic imaging, ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding, and ultrasonic spot welding. Despite these uses, the effects of ultrasound on phase stability and resultant mechanical properties has been minimally analyzed. Here we study the impact waves play in ultrasonic welding and design an apparatus to maximize waves entering aluminum alloy samples. Aluminum 2139 and 7050 are used because they are precipitation strengthened by metastable phases so temperature change, and the corresponding phase stability, can greatly impact their strength. Results suggest that the ultrasonic welder primarily imposes a localized temperature spike due to friction, averaging over 200°C in a few seconds, which generally lowers the Vickers hardness due to coarsening or even dissolution of strengthening precipitates. Conversely, the new design increases the Vickers hardness by up to 30% over the initial hardness of approximately 63HV for aluminum 2139 and 83HV for aluminum 7050, respectively, while only increasing the temperature by an average of approximately 10°C. This new design was unable to achieve peak hardness, but the strengthening it achieved in two minutes was equivalent to one month of natural aging. If this system was able to be fine-tuned, it could serve as a quick strengthening process for recently weakened aluminum alloys, such as after friction stir welding.
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Parhar, Mark Azad. "Evaluation of ultrasonic irrigation systems for debris and smear removal in root canals : a scanning electron microscope study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42833.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of continuous flow ultrasonic irrigation systems to conventional syringe irrigation in removing debris and smear layer in straight and curved root canals.
Methods: Twenty-four maxillary recently extracted anterior teeth of curvature less than 10 degrees and 24 mesial roots of mandibular molars with a curvature between 15-30 degrees were instrumented to size 40, 0.04 taper and 35, 0.04 taper, respectively, using 3% sodium hypochlorite. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups according to the final irrigation technique: conventional syringe irrigation with a 30 gauge side vented needle, the PiezoFlow Ultrasonic irrigation system, and the VPro StreamClean Ultrasonic irrigation system. In all experimental groups, 15 mL of 3% sodium hypochlorite was used after instrumentation. Both ultrasonic systems were set at a flow rate of 15 mL/min and used for 1 minute at the ultrasonic power setting recommended by the manufacturer. This was followed by 3 mL of 17% EDTA for 2 minutes and 2 mL of sterile water. The teeth were sectioned and prepared for scanning electron microscope observation to assess the presence of debris and smear layer at the apical level (1, 3, 5 mm) with 200x and 1000x magnification, respectively. The debris was graded using Adobe Photoshop CS5 and two calibrated observers using a five-score scale graded the smear. All grading was blinded. The debris data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Dunett’s test and the smear layer scores were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis.
Results: Concerning debris removal, no significant differences among groups were detected, however, the PiezoFlow Ultrasonic system approached significance at the 1 and 3 mm levels in the straight canals. The PiezoFlow Ultrasonic system resulted in significantly more smear layer removal at the 1 mm level in the straight canals compared to conventional syringe irrigation.
Conclusion. The final irrigation techniques were unable to completely remove debris or smear layer from the apical 5 mm of the straight and curved canals, however, the PiezoFlow removed significantly more smear layer at the 1 mm level in straight canals.
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Fares, Ali F. "Volume measurements of human upper-arm muscles using compounded ultrasound imaging system." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179510154.
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Parlak, Zehra. "Quantitative imaging of subsurface structures and mechanical properties at nanoscale using atomic force microscope." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37181.
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This dissertation focuses on quantitative subsurface and mechanical properties imaging potential of AFM probes. Extensive modeling of AFM probes are presented for thorough understanding of capabilities and limitations of current techniques, these models are verified by various experiments, and different methods are developed by utilizing force-sensing integrated read-out active tip (FIRAT), which is an active AFM probe with broad bandwidth. For quantitative subsurface imaging, a 3-D FEA model of AFM tip-sample contact is developed and this model can simulate AFM tip scan on nanoscale-sized buried structures. FIRAT probe, which is active and broadband, is utilized for interaction forces imaging during intermittent contact mode and mechanical characterization capability of this probe is investigated. It is shown that probe dynamics, stiffness, stiffness ambiguity, assumed contact mechanics, and noise are important parameters for the accuracy of mechanical properties imaging. An active tip control mechanism is introduced to limit contact forces during intermittent contact mode. In addition to these, a combined ultrasonic AFM and interaction forces imaging method is developed and modeled to solve the reduced elasticity measurement sensitivity on composite materials. This method is capable of imaging a broader range of elasticity on combination samples such as metal nanoparticles in polymers at nanoscale.
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Thabot, Arnaud Henri. "Porosity Analysis in Starch Imbued Handsheets - Challenges using impulse drying and methods for image analysis." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19804.
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In about 30 years of experiments and development, impulse drying is now considered as a well known technology and a good candidate in the constant effort to save energy in the paper industry. The drying section is indeed the most expensive section in the process of paper production. However, this potential technology has a major disadvantage, stopping its implementation in the industry. Paper, which is a porous material with a variable compressibility, experienced a sudden release of energy at the nip opening during impulse drying. Under these conditions of high intensity process (both in temperature and pressure), the fiber mat has a tendency to delaminate. This web disruption is a critical issue against impulse drying.
This thesis comes up with a new approach to the problem. These last years, the technology itself has been addressed in this issue and many improvements have been reached in terms of energy release (heat transfer control, material coating ). The novel idea is then to investigate the inner structure of the paper once it has been coated with starch to a large extent (up to 10 or 20% of the relative basis weight). Starch is known for its large use in industry, but also its capability to expand under high temperature. Hence, both relative strength and bulking effects are investigated in this thesis, using numerous experiments with variable temperatures and pressures, along with ultrasonic testing and image analysis. We have the opportunity to appreciate the phenomenon of heat transfer and mass transport in the coated medium, while reaching promising results in terms of strength and bulk. These are finally investigated using scanning electron microscopy as a first step toward a pore expansion model for starch imbued handsheets.
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Dratnal, Lukáš. "Analýza vad typu nekovových vměstků v odlitcích hlav motorů a návrh metod jejich odstranění." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241731.
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Improving the quality of metal castings for serial production of automotive industry, leading to improvements in the properties of casts and their lower costs. This publication analyzes the non-metallic inclusions contained in casts of heads of internal combustion engines, molded of Nemak Czech Republic, Ltd. Tackling includes analysis of size, shape, chemical composition and hardness of the specific non-metallic inclusions. The thesis describes the purity metal holding furnaces and proposals to eliminate inclusions from metal.
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Wasserbauer, Jaromír. "Mechanické vlastnosti mikrostrukturních komponent anorganických materiálů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233368.
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Disertační práce se zabývá studiem strukturních a mechanických vlastností anorganických materiálů. Cílem je nalezení jednotlivých fází ve zkoumaném materiálu a hlavně lokalizace (mechanicky) nejslabšího místa, jeho ovlivnění a následně výroba materiálu o lepších mechanických vlastnostech. Z důvodu velkého množství použitých metod je základní teorie vložena vždy na začátku příslušné kapitoly. Taktéž z důvodu značného množství výsledků jsou na konci kapitol uvedeny dílčí závěry. Práce je rozdělena na tři části, kdy první se zabývá seznámením s možnostmi modelování mikro-mechanických vlastností a provedením experimentů umožňujících posouzení rozsahu platnosti některého modelu. V druhé části je provedeno shrnutí současných možností indentačních zkoušek pro měření mechanických vlastností strukturních složek betonu a praktické zvládnutí metodiky vhodné k užití pro výzkum materiálů zkoumaných domovským pracovištěm. V třetí části je navržena metoda identifikace nejslabších článků struktury anorganických pojiv a její ověření na konkrétním materiálu zkoumaném na domovském pracovišti. V této dizertační práci jsou použity tyto metody: kalorimetrie, ultrazvukové testování, jednoosá pevnost v tlaku, nanoindentace, korelativní mikroskopie a rastrovací elektronová mikroskopie s energiově disperzním spektrometrem. Dílčími výsledky jsou kompletní charakterizace cementových materiálů, upřesnění stávajících poznatků a nalezení optimálního postupu pro charakterizaci. Hlavním výsledkem je inovativní přístup vedoucí k pozitivnímu ovlivnění materiálu.
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Pernefur, Emil. "Extremvärdesanalys (SEV) av högkvalitativt verktygsstål : Uppskattning av maximal inneslutningsstorlek i pulverstål." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-63859.
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This work were requested by Uddeholms AB. Uddeholm is the worldś leading manufacturer of high performance tool steel for industrial tools. The company exists worldwide and is present in over 100 countries. One of the company’s main production processes is manufacturing powder steels with extremely high quality. In this work, one of these steels has been analyzed to evaluate the presence and distribution of non-metallic inclusions. Higher demands on quality and more global competition worldwide means that you always have to strive towards perfection in the manufacturing processes. Non-metallic inclusions have severe effects on the mechanical properties of steels. That's why it's of utmost importance to investigate their presence in the tool steel and especially their size. The reason for this is because it's the largest inclusions that's the most dangerous for the material. To obtain a statistically number of certainty of the largest of inclusions, very vast areas of steel have to be examined. Therefore a theoretical method of extrapolation is often used instead to approximate the distribution of the largest inclusions. The precision of this method is still very uncertain. Different methods of this kind of analysis do exist. The method applied in this work of degree is extreme values analysis by statistics of extreme values (SEV). To ensure the pre-conditions of the extreme values analysis, a large quantity of powder steel was analyzed. This was done by light-optic microscopy (LOM) and exclusively performed by Uddeholms AB at their R&D-facility (Research and development-facility) in Hagfors. At Karlstad Universityś test-facility specimens were subjected to ultrasonic fatigue testing at 20 kHz. The specimens derived from the same material as the ones examined in LOM. The result from the ultrasonic fatigue testing were that the largest inclusions in the material were found. This was done by applying very high cycle fatigue (VHCF). To calculate the maximum theoretical inclusion size, SEV was used. The extreme values analysis was performed on gathered data from both LOM and VHCF. All fracture surfaces from the ultrasonic fatigue testing were then examined in scanning electron microscope (SEM) at Karlstad University. In SEM, the largest inclusion in every fractured surface was identified and measured. The maximum real inclusion size from the fractured surfaces was then compared to the maximum theoretically calculated inclusion size from the extreme values analysis. As it turned out the real inclusion size proved to be slightly larger than the theoretical. The difference between them was found to be 3,25 µm. Conclusions drawn were that Uddeholms powder steel exhibits very high purity and that extreme values analysis as an analytical method is recommended. However, the analysis should be repeated to underline the chosen solution methodology.
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Escobar, Carolina Gealh Navarro. "INFLUÊNCIA DA APLICAÇÃO ULTRASSÔNICA EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS ADESIVOS NA ADESÃO DE PINOS DE FIBRA DE VIDRO AO CANAL RADICULAR." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2016. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1734.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-18The aim of this study was evaluate the influence of the aplication mode of adhesive systems on the push-out bond strenght (POBS), silver nitrate uptake (SNU) and in situ degree of conversion (ISDC) on the hibrid layer after cementation luted posts.The roots of 66 human premolars were prepared and divided in six groups (n=11), according to the following combination: application mode (manual passive, manual active and ultrassonic vibration) and etch and rinse and self-etch adhesive systems (Adper Single Bond 2 and Single Bond Universal). The posts were cemented in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions of each cementation system. After one week of water storage, the roots were seccioned transversely into six slabs and were tasted in POBS (0.5mm/min). Two roots for group were data immersed in 50% silver nitrate, photo-developed and analyzed by SEM to measure the SNU. Two roots for group were evaluated by micro-Raman spectroscopy to measure ISDC. The data were analyzed by 3-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey´s tests (5%). With the results obtained, it was observed: bond strength increased with the use of active application (manual and ultrasonic) of the adhesive. Using adhesive system Adper Single Bond the nitrate leakage values increase but with ultrasound prototype the nitrate leakage values reduce in relation active application. In ISDC a significant increase in the cervical and middle thirds with active application was observed and all thirds using ultrasound prototype, the passive application using Single Bond Universal adhesive showed worse results.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do modo de aplicação de sistemas adesivos nos valores de resistência de união (RU), nanoinfiltração (NI) e grau de conversão (GC) da camada híbrida após a cimentação dos pinos no interior do conduto radicular. Canais de 66 pré-molares unirradiculares foram tratados endodônticamente, e foram aleatoriamente divididos em seis grupos (n=11) de acordo com a combinação da técnica de aplicação adesiva (manual passiva, manual ativa e aplicação vibratória com um dispositivo ultrassônico) e dos sistemas adesivos com seus respectivos cimentos resinosos (Sistema Adesivo Adper Single Bond 2 com RelyX ARC e Single Bond Universal e RelyX Ultimate [3M ESPE]). Após uma semana dos procedimentos de cimentação, cada raiz foi seccionada transversalmente em seis discos com 1 mm de espessura cada, e os terços coronário (TC), médio (TM) e apical (TA) do canal radicular identificados. Sete raízes por grupo (n=7) foram submetidas ao teste de push-out para avaliação da RU, a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Duas raízes por grupo (n=2) foram imersas em 50% de nitrato de prata, e após revelação, foram analisadas por MEV para avaliação da NI, e os corpos de prova das duas raízes restantes de cada grupo (n=2) foram avaliadas por espectroscopia de micro-Raman para medir GC. Os dados de RU, NI e GC foram analisados por análise de variância de 3 fatores de medidas repetidas (terço radicular) e teste de Tukey (5%). Com os resultados obtidos, foi observado: aumento de resistência de união com a utilização da aplicação ativa (manual e utrassônica) do adesivo. Maiores valores de infiltração de nitrato utilizando o sistema adesivo Adper Single Bond, uma redução dos valores de infiltração de nitrato utilizando o protótipo de ultrassom em relação aplicação ativa. No teste de grau de conversão foi observado um aumento significativo de GC nos terços cervical e médio com a utilização da aplicação ativa e em todos os terços utilizando o protótipo de ultrassom, na aplicação passiva utilizando o adesivo Single Bond Universal foram obtidos os piores resultados.
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Cardoso, Marcio Vivan. "\"Estudo da influência de instrumentos e técnicas alternativas de preparo cavitário na resistência de união de sistema adesivos à dentina\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23134/tde-14032007-145908/.
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A atual tendência ao desenvolvimento de uma odontologia minimamente invasiva tem sido responsável pela introdução de instrumentos e técnicas alternativas de preparo cavitário. Porém, tais tecnologias deveriam não somente preencher os requisitos de uma odontologia conservadora, mas também preparar as paredes da cavidade para o tratamento restaurador adesivo subseqüente. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hipótese nula de que: 1) tanto técnicas convencionais quanto técnicas alternativas de preparo cavitário são capazes de produzir um substrato dentinário receptivo à adesão de sistemas autocondicionantes; e 2) A efetividade adesiva de sistemas autocondicionantes não é influenciada pela interposição da camada de esfregaço. Cem molares humanos íntegros foram aleatoriamente divididos em 20 grupos de acordo com o adesivo e a técnica ou instrumento utilizado. Superfícies planas de dentina média oclusal foram preparadas com instrumento rotatório diamantado convencional (IR); fratura; instrumento rotatório CVD (IRCVD); instrumento ultra-sônico CVD (IUCVD); e laser de Er,Cr:YSGG .Um adesivo condicione-e-lave (Optibond FL/OB) e três autocondicionantes (Adper Prompt L-Pop/AP, Clearfil SE Bond/SE e Clearfil S3 Bond/S3) foram empregados. Os espécimes foram construídos com o compósito Z100/3M ESPE. A resist6encia adesiva foi determinada por meio de teste de microtração após 24 h de estocagem em água a 37oC. Amostras adicionais foram processadas para análise em MEV quanto às características morfológicas apresentas após o preparo das superfícies dentinárias em cada caso. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05) determinou que os grupos preparados com IRCVD, IUCVD e laser apresentaram menores valores de resistência adesiva quando comparados aos grupos controle (IR e fratura). Além disso, os adesivos de menor acidez (SE e S3) foram mais eficientes quando aplicados em dentina fraturada. Concluiu-se que o uso de instrumentos e técnicas alternativas de preparo cavitário comprometeu a adesão à dentina e que a camada de esfregaço influencia de forma negativa a adesão de sistemas autocondicionantes suaves.The current trend toward minimal invasive dentistry has introduced alternative cavity preparation techniques. However, these technologies should not only fulfill the requirements of a conservative philosophy, but also prepare the cavity walls for the subsequent bonding restoration. The purpose of this study was to assess the null hypotheses that: (1) both conventional and alternative cavity preparation techniques are equally receptive to adhesion; and (2) bonding effectiveness of mild adhesives is not influenced by smear layer (SL) interposition. Eighty sound human molars were divided into 20 groups according to adhesive and cavity preparation technique. Flat mid-occlusal dentin surfaces were prepared with regular diamond bur (DB), scalpel blade (SB), CVDentus bur in high speed turbine (CB), CVDentus tip in ultrasound (CT), and Er,Cr:YSGG laser (L). One etch-and-rinse (Optibond FL (OB)) and three self-etch systems (Adper Prompt L-Pop (AP), Clearfil SE Bond (SE) and Clearfil S3 Bond (3S)) were employed. Specimens were built up with Z100/3M ESPE composite. The microtensile bond strength was determined after 24h of storage in water at 37oC. Additional samples were processed for SEM analysis on morphological aspects in each situation. Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0,05) determined that groups prepared with CB, CT and L presented lower ?TBS values than the control groups (DB and SB), and that adhesives with lower acidity (SE and 3S) were more effective when applied on fractured surfaces (SB). It was concluded that the use of alternative techniques for cavity preparation caused damages to dentin surface, compromising the adhesion to this substrate. Moreover, the bonding effectiveness of mild adhesives was improved by SL absence.
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Khadhraoui, Boutheina. "éco-extraction assistée par ultrasons des plantes médicinales : mécanisme(s), intensification et industrialisation ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGY FOR FOOD PROCESSING, PRESERVATION AND EXTRACTION Histo-cytochemistry and scanning electron microscopy for studying spatial and temporal extraction of metabolites induced by ultrasound. Towards chain detexturation mechanism Microscopic imaging as a tool to target spatial and temporal extraction of bioactive compounds through ultrasound intensificationUltrason. Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Green solvents for analytical chemistry." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0715.
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Le retour à la naturalité a favorisé le développement des compléments alimentaires à base de ressources végétales qui apparaissent comme un réservoir quasi-infini de nutriments et de substances naturelles bioactives. Ceci fait de l’extraction solide/liquide une étape incontournable au sein des industries intéressées par ce type de molécules. Avec les préoccupations environnementale set sociétales, il est devenu nécessaire d’inventer et développer de nouveaux procédés qui répondent aux six principes de l’éco-extraction. Cette démarche a totalement inspiré cette thèse qui a pour principal objectif le développement d’une technique d’éco-extraction assistée par ultrasons en substitution de la technique conventionnelle. Ce travail a permis de montrer qu’il était possible d’intensifier l’extraction de composés d’intérêt en utilisant les ultrasons avec une meilleure sélectivité et de meilleurs rendements d’extraction. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la compréhension des mécanismes d’action des ultrasons via une étude macroscopique et microscopique approfondie des structures végétales. Cette investigation a prouvé que les ultrasons agissent différemment en fonction des structures végétales et de leurs propriétés morphologiques et chimiques qui leur confèrent un degré de résistance plus ou moins important face à l’action des ultrasons. Partant de ces résultats, l’étude macroscopique et microscopique a été définie comme un outil de décision pour une extraction ciblée. Cette variabilité a été aussi constatée à l’échelle industrielle prouvant davantage l’importance de l’analyse microscopique. Enfin, le procédé d’extraction par ultrasons a été adopté à l’échelle industrielle pour ses performances d’extraction et pour son empreinte environnementale significativement réduite par rapport au procédé CV. Ce travail a également conduit à des travaux complémentaires sur l’étude du potentiel de solubilisation des produits naturels en vue d’une utilisation pour l’extraction de composés végétaux difficiles à solubiliser dans l’eau. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus en termes de pouvoirs de solubilisation et d’extraction notamment à partir de la matière végétale broyée. Les résultats de cette dernière partie soulèvent cependant des questions qui pourraient faire l’objet de futures recherches et de perspectives pour ce travail qui sont principalement liés à l’étude des problèmes liés au changement du solvant et au prétraitement de la matière première et de la faisabilité industrielle de ce nouveau procédéWith recent trends in the increasing interest to environmental, economic and safety considerations,extraction techniques have largely focused on finding solutions with sustainable and green values toimplement in food processing, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this context, new “green”extraction techniques were developed such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The mainobjective of this thesis is industrial implementation of this new process in substitution to theconventional (CV) process. It has been shown in this work that the extraction of compounds ofinterest from rosemary and other plant matrices could be intensified using ultrasound, and thatdifferent performance gain could be achieved according to the plant matrix structural properties.Indeed, macroscopic and microscopic investigation of untreated and treated raw materials provedthat US act through different mechanisms and its resulting impacts can be extremely limited by plantstructural morphological and chemical properties, especially those of the specialized structures.Significant variability in performance gain was also observed at the industrial scale. Overall, USappears as a promising technique with a significant performance gain in terms of extraction yield andselectivity. Moreover, this process presents low environmental footprint compared to the CV one.Finally, it has been shown that natural products, such as honey and fruit juices, can be used toimprove solubilization and extraction of molecules that are poorly soluble in water. Encouragingresults were obtained in terms of solubilization and extraction abilities, especially from ground rawmaterials. However, these results raise questions related to the feasibility of industrialimplementation of this new process
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Ming-Hua, Xue, and 薛明華. "Ultrasonic Image Scanning System and Material Evaluation." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74051952602766284351.
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碩士國立成功大學
機械工程學系
88
Acoustic image scanning techniques are widely used on various non-destructive applications such as material characterization, defect detection, and failure analysis. Due to its nondestructive feature and its large penetration depth, the acoustic image scanning system is very useful for IC package inspection in semi-conductor industries. In this thesis, we develop an acoustic image scanning system which can be used for IC package inspection as well as for material defect detection. Although such a system has been developed for a long time and is quite mature in the industry, we believe that there are still a lot of improvements can be made if one can thoroughly understand each details of the system. The system’s hardware includes data acquisition board, motion control card, ball screw linear translation stage, servo motor, encoder, ultrasound pulser/receiver, focusing transducer and PC. As for the software, we adopt Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 and develop the window program for system controlling. Most of frequently used functions of commercial acoustic image scanning systems are incorporated into our system, such as A-Scan、B-Scan、C-Scan。 Finally, we experimentally test and characterize the performance of our system, including resolution, scanning speed and noise disturbance. A number of IC packages that are commonly used in the industry, such as DIP、SOP、SOJ、QFP、BGA, have been actually inspected with the system. Good scanning images of these ICs are obtained and a few improvements have been made to the system to enhance its performance.
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Chi-TseKuo and 郭奇澤. "An FPGA-Based Ultrasonic Image Scanning System and Non-immersed Ultrasonic Inspection." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94422215381460325358.
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碩士國立成功大學
機械工程學系
102
This study constructs a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based non-destructive inspection system and a non-immersion ultrasonic scanning device. The inspection system exploits the high integration and flexibility of FPGA for real-time motion monitoring, acoustic trigger, data acquisition and signal analysis and reduces the host system loading by sending shortest data. Furthermore a concise concept of non-immersion ultrasonic scanning device is designed for non-destructive testing specimen that is apt to rust. This scanning system realizes a multiple profile and flatness correction ultrasonic signal measurement with FPGA chip. The FPGA programs use 100 multiple gates to split signal for realizing multiple profiles and two-step analysis to fix the sample’s flatness problem. The available scanning modes include A-scan, B-scan, P-scan, C-scan, X-scan, G-scan, and S-scan. A horizontal deviation less than 0.23 mm or 5.2 degree can be fixed by the surface detection function in the FPGA. The maximum scanning speed reaches 2000 mm/s. The vertical and horizontal scanning resolution of simple specimen is 3 μm and 20 μm respectively and the horizontal scanning resolution of complex large curvature specimen is 50 μm. The nominal sampling rate is 22 kHz and the average sampling rate is 8 kHz. Its performance is compatible with some commercial models of ultrasonic inspection systems. For non-immersion scanning, a special device is developed in order to couple the specimen surface with very little water for scanning over a 220 mm × 220 mm large area. The results of non-immersion and immersion resolution and image quality are quite the same. However, if the specimen is not well leveled over a wide range, the signals will show vertical deviations.
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Pan, Wei-Han, and 潘威翰. "Underground metal pipeline positioning and ultrasonic contour scanning system." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vts6d8.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
機電整合研究所
105
Pressure pipelines that transport fresh water, seawater, storm water, waste water, oil, etc., are often partially blocked during their useful life. The purpose of this study is to establish a set of intelligent adaptive new type underground pipeline path contour scanning system to carry out the internal contour detection of pipelines. In this paper, the pipeline robot, which contains the adaptive detection of vehicle design, automation control, power drive system, pipeline path mapping system and ultrasonic contour scanning system development. Most of the parts of the robot are printed by a 3D printer. The control system uses the Arduino nano and Arduino micro board to construct these three systems. The power drive system is mainly responsible for controlling the speed and direction of the robot, The pipeline path mapping system is responsible for recording the pipeline path and positioning, Ultrasonic contour scanning system is responsible for pipeline contour scanning. This paper mainly uses the servo motor to drive the ultrasonic probe to scan the inner wall of the tube 360 degrees, and the use of the Bluetooth module to coordinate the power drive system to achieve the pipeline of automated detection. In the simulation test of the existence of clogging in the pipeline. We succeeded in converting the test data into an image of the 3D graph, and the ideal angle between the robot probe and the clogging is between 80 and 90 degrees. However, we can still be less than 80 degrees in the case, that is, when the width of the clogging is within 50 degrees of the center angle of the pipe diameter, the measured pipe area error of less than 7%, and the position of the clogging is positioned
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TSENG, KUO-MING, and 曾國銘. "High-frequency ultrasonic vibration absorber applied to the study of mechanical scanning motor." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07553644047885829052.
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碩士國立中央大學
機械工程研究所碩士在職專班
100
This paper aims to solve the high-frequency ultrasound scanning motor mechanical scanning in clinical bio-swing caused due to vibration of the probe and thus affect the stability of the image，This problem will result in increased cost of waste and subsequent image processing problems。The paper is to design a vibration absorber to solve this problem，The design principle is the use of vibration absorber，The external frequency close to the system natural frequency，The vibration will gradually become smaller with reference to the characteristics and considerations to design the system itself，While the vibration absorber system within the parameters set using Newton''s second principle is， and rigid body kinematics of the first derivation，And then its simulation matlab software to obtain the vibration absorber in the elastic constants and other parameters of the best quality of，Finally，to do with the real system，To explore the feasibility of this method。Finally， this method will be a lot of practical application of high frequency ultrasound scanning machine in the motor industry，Can significantly reduce the time and make the last line to adjust the cost to control。
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Binkley, Steven Wayne 1975. "An in-vitro SEM study comparing the debridement efficacy of the Endoactivator™ system versus the Ultrasonic Bypass™ system following hand-rotary instrumentation." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2227.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the debridement efficacy of the EndoActivator (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) versus the Ultrasonic Bypass system (Vista Dental) following hand-rotary instrumentation in anterior teeth. Sixty extracted human, maxillary anterior teeth were randomly assigned to three groups. Teeth were instrumented using (ISO k-flex) hand files and EndoSequence nickel-titanium rotary files (Brasseler, Savannah, GA) to a size 40/.06 taper. Group 1 served as the control group and had no additional treatment performed. Groups 2 and 3 were subjected to a final irrigating regimen that consisted of 6-percent sodium hypochlorite for a 1- minute duration. For group 2 the irrigation solution was activated for 1 minute using the EndoActivator system (DENTSPLY). For group 3, the irrigation solution was activated for 1 minute using the Ultrasonic Bypass System (Vista Dental). The teeth were then sectioned longitudinally and each half was divided into three equal parts 3 mm from the anatomic apex. The sample with the most visibly identifiable section of the apex was used for SEM evaluation. A scoring system to measure the efficacy of debris removal was utilized to quantify the results. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal- Wallis test. If the overall test is significant, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests was used to compare each pair of groups. The results of this study indicate that both the EndoActivator and Ultrasonic Bypass groups had a smaller percentage of canal space occupied by smear layer and debris when compared with the control group at all three levels. This difference was statistically significant for the Ultrasonic Bypass System when compared with the control at both the coronal and middle thirds of the samples evaluated. This difference was not statistically significant in the apical third. When compared with the EndoActivator, the Ultrasonic Bypass System produced cleaner canals in the coronal and middle thirds, with the difference being statistically significant in the middle third only. These results of this research support the use of either of these two devices when compared with the controls. Smear layer removal and debridement efficacy was greatly increased when using either sonic or ultrasonic activation of sodium hypochlorite. More research is warranted concerning these two devices. Examining the antimicrobial efficacy with the use of these two devices could lend additional validation to their use in non-surgical endodontic therapy.
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Hsiao, Ching, and 蕭景. "Study on the Field Emission Lighting Devices with the Scanning-ultrasonic-sprayed Carbon Nanotube Thin Films on the Flexible Microstructured Substrates." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/466g7k.
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碩士國立交通大學
電子工程學系 電子研究所
101
Excellent properties of the field emission devices made them be greatly potential in the flexible lighting recently. The carbon nanotube thin films (CNTFs) had competitive advantages of remarkable mechanical strength, outstanding chemical stability, and high conductivity on the applications of the cathodes in the large-area and the low-cost flexible field emission lighting devices (FELDs). However, applying the CNTFs as the cathodes of the FELDs encountered the challenges of severe screening effect, the choice of the flexible substrate, the adhesion issue, and the uniformity issue. With the theoretical simulation and the device realization in this thesis, the techniques of applying the CNTFs on the micro-structured flexible substrates for the FELDs were established. Using the potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution to etch the (100) silicon wafers as the templates which were used to transfer the pyramid structures to the polydimethylsilicone (PDMS) for the flexible FELDs to reduce the screening effect, applying the O2 plasma treatment on the surface of PDMS for improving the adhesion, and using the scanning-ultrasonic-spray techniques to deposit the uniform CNTFs on the flexible microstructured PDMS, a high-performance flexible lighting devices could be thereby easily fabricated. Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulation software was applied to investigate the effects of the microstructures on the field emission characteristics. By designing of the height(H) and the interspacing(R) of the pyramid microstructures, we generalized that there were the “height effect” and the “R/H ratio effect” would affect the electrical fields on the pyramid tips. We also successfully found the optimum pyramid microstructure with the pyramid height of 30 μm and R/H of 2. According to the simulation results, we fabricated the samples with different R/H ratios by the mask design and KOH solution anisotropic etching on the (100) silicon wafers, and then transferred the pyramid structures on the etched silicon to the flexible PDMS. The CNT solution was then uniformly scanning-ultrasonic-sprayed on the pyramid-structured PDMS substrates and the measurements of field emission characteristics were completed. The field emission characteristics of the CNTFs on the pyramid-structured PDMS with the pyramid height of 30 μm and R/H of 2 are obviously superior to the CNTFs on the planar PDMS. The experiment results are consistent with the simulation results. It is a significant proof that the microstructured substrates can greatly reduce the screening effect and enhance the characteristics of the FELDs. In addition, for improving the adhesion between the CNTF and the PDMS, the O2 plasma treatment on the surface of PDMS was proposed. The bias powers were modulated to control the ion bombardment on the PDMS. For the bias power of 70 W, the contact angle of DI water on the PDMS changed from 105.59゜(hydrophobic ) to 14.55゜(hydrophilic). Therefore, the adhesion-improved CNTFs on the pyramid-structured PDMS with the pyramid height of 30 μm , R/H of 2 and the bias power of 70 W had the optimum field emission characteristics with the turn on field of 1.39 V/μm. In the reliability test at 4 V/μm for 6000 sec, there is a much stable emission current density of 200 μA/cm2 as compared to the emission current density of 2~3 μA/cm2 without O2 plasma treatment. These results indicated that the O2 plasma treatment on the PDMS will significant improve the adhesion between the CNTFs and the PDMS.
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Fröjd, Felicia. "Evaluation of quantification methods for inclusion distribution in clean steel." Thesis, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255890.
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Ovako products are in many cases used in high fatigue applications. Currently Ovako use ultrasonic evaluation at 10 MHz as a volumetric method for inclusion control. This study intends to investigate two new methods for quantification of micro inclusions.The aim of this study is to develop a method for large area scanning by creating a polishing method that allows you to polish away a specified amount of material, in this case 60 μm. This method will be used to capture the true distribution of critically sized non-metallic inclusions by creating a 3D image out of several 2D scans from the light optical microscope. These results will be compared to the results of high frequency ultrasonic testing at 125 MHz to get a quantitative idea of what can be captured by the high frequency ultrasonic investigation.Two different steel grades were studied, named Grade A and Grade B, with one sample of each. Both grades have similar composition, except that Grade B contains more sulphur. Both grades are of approximately the same hardness. The two steel samples were scanned with a scanning acoustic microscope at the same time as a method to polish away 60 μm was developed. After this, the method was used to scan several layers with an image recognition program in the light optical microscope. The results from both methods were then compared.After testing, it was concluded that the inclusion distribution pattern was completely different for the two steel grades, however the same pattern could be seen for each grade in the LOM and in the ultrasonic. This indicates that the same types of inclusions could be found. It was also found that the ultrasonic enlarges the indications by a severe amount making it hard to take any measurements directly from the ultrasonic images in this study. What is possible to see in the ultrasonic images are the distribution of inclusions and the inclusion placement in the sample. A result of 10 % matching inclusions between both methods is found, which is to say that the same 50 inclusions out of the 500 largest indications from each method in the steel sample is found. These 10 % is however not sufficient enough to conclude by how much the ultrasonic enlarges the indications compared to the light optical microscope.Ovako i Hofors tillverkar stål för komponenter som kräver hög utmattningshållfasthet. För närvarande utför Ovako ultraljudsundersökningar på 10 MHz som en volymetrisk testmetod för inneslutningskontroll. Den har studien kommer att undersöka två nya testmetoder för kvantifiering av mikroinneslutningar.Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en slipmetod för att polera bort 60 μm material som sedan kan användas för att bygga en 3D bild från ett flertal 2D scanningar i ett ljusoptiskt mikroskop. Detta resultat kommer att jämföras med resultatet från högfrekvens ultraljud på 125 MHz för att få en kvantitativ uppfattning av vad ett högfrekvens ultraljud kan undersöka.Två stålsorter, ett prov av vardera, används i undersökningen, dessa benämns Prov A och Prov B. Båda stålsorterna har ungefär samma hårdhet och sammansättning. Skillnaden i sammansättningen finns i svavelhalten, där Prov B innehåller mer svavel än Prov A. De två stålproverna skannades med ett akustiskt mikroskop samtidigt som en slipmetod för att polera bort 60 μm skapades. Därefter användes metoden för att skanna flera lager med ett bildigenkänningsprogram i det ljusoptiska mikroskopet. Resultatet från både metoderna jämfördes sedan.Ett resultat av studien är att samma inneslutningsmönster kan ses i ultraljudsresultaten och de ljusoptiska resultaten, detta trots att de två olika stålsorterna uppvisade helt olika mönster i sig. Ultraljudet tenderar att förstora upp inneslutningar vilket gör det svårt att mäta inneslutningens storlek direkt från ultraljudsbilden i den här studien. Däremot går det att se fördelningen och placeringen av inneslutningarna direkt i bilden. Ett resultat av 10 % matchning av inneslutnings-indikationer mellan ultraljud och ljusoptiskt hittades. Med detta resultat så går det i denna undersökning inte att jämföra samma inneslutning på ett bra sätt mellan ultraljud och ljusoptiskt för att hitta en faktor av hur mycket ultraljudet förstorar inneslutningarna.
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Pereira, Erika Cristina. "Remoção de “Smear Layer” em endodontia - estudo in vitro com microscopia de varrimento de baixo vácuo." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/8639.
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Objetivos: Este trabalho “in vitro” teve por objetivo comparar a capacidade de limpeza da Irrigação Ultrassónica Passiva versus a ativação mecânica com XP-Endo Finisher® na remoção de “smear layer” das paredes radiculares A hipótese nula considerada foi a de que as duas técnicas seriam equivalentes nos níveis pré-estabelecidos.
Materiais e Métodos: Doze canais mesio-vestibulares foram instrumentados com o sistema ProTaper Next® até à lima X2 (25.06).. As raízes foram seccionadas longitudinalmente e um sulco padrão foi confeccionado na porção vestibular estendendo-se desde os 2 até aos 6 mm relativamente ao foramen apical. Ao longo do sulco foram realizadas demarcações horizontais, em relação ao longo eixo do canal radicular, a cada milímetro, num total de 5. A mesma raiz foi usada para preparar um grupo controlo negativo, um grupo controlo positivo e 2 grupos experimentais: Irrigação Ultrassónica Passiva e XP-Endo Finisher®. Por recurso à Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento de Baixo Vácuo, foram obtidas imagens padronizadas das 5 demarcações horizontais e avaliadas por 3 examinadores calibrados. O teste Kappa foi aplicado para determinar a concordância entre os examinadores e o teste Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn foram utilizados para comparar os escores. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%.
Resultados: Os grupos experimentais - Irrigação Ultrassónica Passiva e XP-Endo Finisher® - apresentaram resultados estatisticamente semelhantes de capacidade de limpeza radicular
Conclusão: Os grupos experimentais - Irrigação Ultrassónica Passiva e XP-Endo Finisher® - apresentaram resultados estatisticamente semelhantes de capacidade de limpeza radicular.Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the eficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation versus mechanical agitation of the irrigant promoted by the XP-Endo finisher® systems in removing “smear layer” from root canal walls, using Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy. Materials and Methods: Twelve mesiobucal curved root canals of mandibular molars were prepared with the ProTaper Next® system up to file X2 (25.06). The roots were longitudinally sectioned, and a standard groove was made in the buccal portion extending from 2 to 6 mm relative to the apical foramen. Along the groove, horizontal demarcations were made in relation to the long axis of the root canal, every millimeter, for a total of 5. The same root was used to prepare the negative control group, the positive control group and 2 experimental groups: Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation and XP-Endo Finisher®. Using Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy, standardized images of the 5 horizontal demarcations were obtained and evaluated by 3 previous calibrated examiners. The Kappa test was applied to determine the agreement between the examiners and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used to compare the scores. The adopted significance level was 5%. Results: The experimental groups - Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation and XP-Endo Finisher® - presented statistically similar results of root canal cleaning capacity Conclusions: The experimental groups - Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation and XP-Endo Finisher® - presented statistically similar results of root canal cleaning capacity.