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Tan, Junyang, Dan Xia, Shiyun Dong, Honghao Zhu, and Binshi Xu. "Multivariate non-destructive evaluation for tensile strength of steel based on neural network." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2021.63.7.427.
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Tensile strength (TS) is an important mechanical property of a material. The conventional mechanical measurement method destroys the object under investigation; hence, the non-destructive evaluation of tensile strength of materials has become a research hotspot in recent years. Currently, there are some accuracy problems associated with evaluating the tensile strength of materials on the basis of single non-destructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasonic or electromagnetic methods. In this study, 45 steel is used as an example to study various non-destructive testing methods. First, seven different heat treatment systems are used to prepare standard specimens with different tensile strengths, which are measured by tensile tests. Second, non-destructive testing signals for each specimen are obtained as ultrasonic signals, magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic hysteresis signals, and the characteristic parameters of the signals are extracted. Then, single-parameter non-destructive evaluation (SNE) models of tensile strength with three different non-destructive testing methods are developed. Furthermore, a multivariate non-destructive evaluation (MNE) method based on ultrasonic signals, magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic hysteresis is proposed to improve the accuracy of the tensile strength measurements obtained from non-destructive testing. A deep residual network (ResNet) is used to combine the features of the three non-destructive testing parameters and an MNE model of tensile strength is developed. Moreover, a data pretreatment method based on the fuzzy mapping relationship is applied to train the MNE model successfully and enhance the stability, accuracy and reliability of the obtained results. Finally, the accuracies of the above four tensile strength evaluation models are confirmed by verification using the specimens. The results show that the MNE model has higher accuracy than the SNE models.
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Oh, Se-Beom, Jongbeom Kim, Soon-Woo Han, Kyung-Mo Kim, Dong-Seok Yun, and Dong-Wook Kim. "Analysis of Platen Superheater Tube Degradation in Thermal Power Plants via Destructive/Non-Destructive Characteristic Evaluation." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020581.
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Coal-fired power plants operating under Korea’s standard supercritical pressure operate in a high-temperature environment, with steam temperatures reaching 540 °C. A standard coal-fired power plant has a 30-year design life, and lifespan diagnosis is performed on facilities that have operated for more than 100,000 h or 20 years. Visual inspection, thickness measurements, and hardness measurements in the field are used to assess the degree of material degradation at the time of diagnosis. In this study, aging degradation was assessed using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer to measure the change in transverse ultrasonic propagation speed, and the results were compared to microstructural analysis and tensile test results. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the boiler tube exposed to a high-temperature environment during long-term boiler operation was degraded and damaged, the ultrasonic wave velocity was reduced, and the microstructural grains were coarsened. It was also confirmed through tensile testing that the tensile and yield strengths increased with degradation. Our findings prove that the degree of change in mechanical properties as a function of the material’s degradation state is proportional to the change in ultrasonic wave velocity.
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Aoujdad, Khalid, Mounsif Ech-Cherif El-Kettani, Damien Leduc, and Pierre Marechal. "Determination of ageing indicators on glass-fiber polyester composite skins using Lamb guided waves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2904, no. 1 (November 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2904/1/012007.
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Abstract This paper investigates the structural integrity of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites used in offshore wind turbine blades. Samples of two thicknesses (4-plies and 6-plies) undergo accelerated ageing inside tanks full of seawater of salinity 28-30% heated at 40°C, whereas non-aged samples remain as a reference. Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (UNDE) using Lamb guided waves is applied to assess the behaviour of samples in those conditions based on ageing indicators investigation. The findings indicate a trend toward an increase in wavenumber and a decrease in phase velocity of Lamb waves modes for aged samples, which suggests a decrease in mechanical properties over time. Furthermore, this disparity becomes noticeably more evident with longer ageing times.
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Kowalewski, Zbigniew L., Sławomir Mackiewicz, and Jacek Szelażek. "Destructive and Ultrasonic Investigations of Damage Development in Metallic Materials." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.229.
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Damage development due to creep under uniaxial tension at elevated temperatures is assessed using destructive and non-destructive methods in steels, commonly used in power plants or chemical industry, and in aluminium alloy used in aircrafts for responsible elements. The results obtained using two different destructive methods for assessments of damage development are critically discussed. In the first method the specimens of steel after different amounts of creep prestraining were stretched up to failure and variations of the selected tension parameters were taken into account for damage identification. In the second one, a damage degree was evaluated by studying variations of an initial yield locus position in the stress space and by determination of the yield loci dimensions. The ultrasonic investigations were selected as the non-destructive method for damage development evaluation.
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Kessie, Ezouwè, Irina Pachoukova, and Abalo P’kla. "Evaluation of the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Gneiss from Southern Togo from Non-Destructive Tests." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 8 (August 23, 2023): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230886.
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The mechanical and physical characteristics of rocks hold significant importance across various realms of research and engineering, particularly in the field of Civil Engineering. The utilization of rocks as construction materials hinges on several of their mechanical traits (Los Angeles, Micro Deval under water presence, Young's Modulus, Compression Strength) as well as physical attributes (homogeneity, porosity, etc.). Tests for determining certain of these characteristics are expensive, challenging, and time-consuming. Among these attributes, mention can be made of determining compression strength, which necessitates substantial equipment for proper sample preparation. This renders the process very costly, laborious, and leads to the complete destruction of samples during experimental measurements. Our objective in this study is to assess the uniaxial compression strength of gneiss from southern Togo using non-destructive testing. This would help mitigate the relatively high costs associated with this test. To address this issue, the development of new methods for determining this test using non-destructive testing approaches is necessary. Among the most commonly used reference techniques for characterizing materials and determining their physical and mechanical properties are non-destructive evaluation techniques based on ultrasonic wave propagation and rebound hammer testing. The adopted methodological approach involves the collection of rock samples (amphibole and biotite gneiss) from 33 sites in southern Togo, their proper sampling, and the execution of various tests on the obtained samples. The obtained results have facilitated the examination of several approaches, notably the ANFIS model (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) and the MLR model (Multiple Linear Regression), for predicting the uniaxial compression strength value based on the sclerometer index and the ultrasonic wave propagation velocity (in parallel or perpendicular orientation to the foliations). It emerges from the ANFIS model, combining ultrasonic waves in the perpendicular orientation to the foliations and the sclerometer index, that the uniaxial compression strength can be predicted with an R² of 0.9884, an RMSE of 2.9271, a MAPE of 1.160, and a VAF of 98.83. In comparison, the MLR model yields an R² of 0.9832, an RMSE of 3.686, a MAPE of 1.402, and a VAF of 98.22. The derived ANFIS models can be utilized to estimate the uniaxial compression strength of gneiss in Togo and beyond. Keywords: Gneiss, Non-destructive Testing, Sclerometer Index, Ultrasonic, Compression Strength.
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Bělský, Petr, and Martin Kadlec. "Non-destructive Methods for Damage Assessment of Composite Sandwich Structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818801008.
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Sandwich structures are capable of absorbing large amounts of energy under impact loads which results in high structural crashworthiness. Comparison of detection capabilities of selected C-scan NDT methods applicable for inspections of sandwich structures was performed using water-squirt, air-coupled and pitch-catch ultrasonic techniques, supplemented by laser shearography. Test results have shown that water-squirt and pitch-catch techniques are the most suitable methods for the core damage evaluation. Air-coupled method showed lower sensitive for detection of some artificial defects and impact damages in honeycomb sandwiches when unfocused transducers were used. The combination of the presented methods was able to reveal most of the defects.
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Pirinu, Alessandra, and Francesco Panella. "Fatigue Damage Monitoring of CFRP Elements by Thermographic Procedure under Bending Loads." Key Engineering Materials 873 (January 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.873.47.
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For structural health of mechanical structures, non-destructive detection and material defect characterization represent the main useful tools for mechanical decay prediction caused by local composite damage phenomena. In this work, internal delamination due to alternate bending were characterized in flat specimens, performing fatigue and static tests, coupled with thermographic, optical, and ultrasonic analysis for damage detection and evolution purposes. Damage to rupture behavior of CFRP material through mechanical tensile tests is performed on several samples and non-destructive inspection procedures are optimized during successive HCF tests to detect in real time local compliance variations and damage initiation. Thermographic continuous monitoring and occasional ultrasonic analysis are implemented to analyze composite anomalies during fatigue life and to elaborate a procedure for identification of delamination induced damage before failure. IRT and UT results are computed with MATLAB analysis for damage evaluation with strain and compliance data acquired during tests.
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Cherepetskaya, Elena B., Alexander A. Karabutov, Elena A. Mironova, Natalia B. Podymova, and Alexey N. Zharinov. "Contact Laser-Ultrasonic Evaluation of Residual Stress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 843 (July 2016): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.843.118.
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Investigation of residual stresses in an infrastructure is important due to the reason of safety. One of the most important problems is non-destructive testing of residual stresses particularly in welded constructions. A quite lot of technologies are used to solve this problem. Ultrasonic testing is based on the dependence of the velocity of ultrasonic waves on the stress value within a material under study. This technology is robust, operative and can be used in field conditions. The main problem is to measure the velocity of ultrasonic waves with high precision at a short trace. The proposed technique of the Contact Laser-Ultrasonic Evaluation (CLUE) is used in our work to overcome this difficulty. The variation of the results of the measurement of the ultrasonic wave velocity using CLUE does not exceed 0.05% and provides the threshold of the detection of the residual stress in steel at the level of 2-3 MPa. Basics of CLUE and some experimental cases of the study of the uniaxial stress in compressed and tensioned rail steel specimens are described. The advantages and disadvantages of CLUE for the stress measurement are discussed.
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Zeng, YK, SY Qiu, FH Li, and J. Chen. "Subsurface defect detection of high-temperatured components with laser induced surface wave." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2822, no. 1 (September 1, 2024): 012128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012128.
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Abstract Subsurface defects are detrimental to the safety and integrity of critical components in various fields, particularly for those used in high-temperature environments. For this reason, a reliable non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method for in-situ inspection of subsurface defects of high-temperatured components is highly desired. Laser ultrasonic technique offers a promising potential to accommodate the demands in virtue of non-contact generation and detection of ultrasonic waves. In this work, laser ultrasosnic inspection of subsurface defects in high-temperatured components is proposed, which exploits the modal conversion of surface longitudinal wave to Rayleigh wave. The modal conversion was firstly investigated with finite element simulation, from which the phenomenon of modal conversion can be readily identified. Thereafter, an experimental setup is built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method. Notably, a delay-and-sum method based on a scanning procedure is conducted to coherently increase the detection sensitivity of subsurface defects, since the surface longitudinal wave rapidly vanishes with propagation distance., and the temperature-dependant velocity variation can be adaptively compensated. This work provides a viable route for in-situ inspection of subsurface defects in high-temperatured components where conventional ultrasonic method fails, and it would find potential applications in broad fields, such as coating quality evaluation in fabrication, bearing assessment under load, and in-situ monitoring for additive manufacturing.
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Alil, Ana, Sanja Martinović, and Tatjana Volkov-Husović. "Non-destructive Evaluation of Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Alumina-based Ceramic Samples." Metallurgical and Materials Data 2, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/mmd31.
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Numerous industrial parts, devices, and processes are designed to withstand the conditions that lead to cavitation erosion. Metallic, ceramic, and composite materials used for these conditions must achieve specific mechanical characteristics required to resist cavitation erosion. When molten metal or alloy flows and comes into contact with refractory material or coated furnace linings, cavitation erosion can occur. This phenomenon is particularly expected in metallurgy, especially in casting operations. Alumina-based refractories, specifically low cement castable (ALCC), are often used in furnace lining applications due to their superior properties, such as high refractoriness, thermal stability, and mechanical characteristics. Mullite is another refractory material frequently used in foundry lining applications. It can be utilized as a coating in casting processes, such as the Lost Foam process, which is a novel method for producing high-quality, cost-effective castings. These two refractory materials were chosen to study their behavior under cavitation conditions. An ultrasonic vibratory test with a stationary specimen (ASTM G-32) was used for experimental cavitation determination. The results of mass loss and surface morphological parameters of degradation revealed that ALCC samples eroded predominantly at the surface, while the mullite samples exhibited more significant degradation by depth.
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Tafkirte, Mounir, Adil Hamine, Hicham Mesbah, and Mohamed Ettahiri. "Computational ultrasound testing for non-destructive evaluation of multilayered structures: 3D modeling of longitudinal wave propagation signal responses." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 4_Supplement (October 1, 2024): A116. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035299.
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Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) using ultrasonic imaging (UI) is essential for detecting defects in complex multilayered structures, which are commonly encountered in aerospace, automotive, and medical fields. A thorough understanding of material properties, wave propagation, and dispersion behavior is crucial for accurate defect detection. The Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) provides a comprehensive approach by modeling the entire UI process, including the control system, ultrasonic transmitter, wave propagation (both bulk and guided modes), and receiver response. This study focuses on predicting the backscattered ultrasonic signal during longitudinal wave propagation in a multilayer structure immersed in water, considering normal incidence and specific frequencies. TMM, employing a quadrupole formalism, integrates stress and velocities at layer boundaries and models the multilayer structure as a transfer matrix derived from individual layer matrices. This approach allows for the calculation of reflection coefficients across a wide frequency spectrum. TMM generates detailed distance-time and distance-frequency representations that illustrate the propagation of various longitudinal modes in configurations, such as plexiglass/water/glass under direct (PWG) and reverse (GWP) insonation. Comparisons between PWG and GWP distance-time planes may be affected by layer arrangement and properties, which influence the reflection coefficient, highlighting the system's sensitivity to layer order even with similar thicknesses and materials.
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Shao, Zhaoyu, Chengcheng Zhang, Yankai Li, Hai Shen, Dehan Zhang, Xudong Yu, and Ying Zhang. "A Review of Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) Techniques for Residual Stress Profiling of Metallic Components in Aircraft Engines." Aerospace 9, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9100534.
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Residual stresses are one of the main factors determining the failure of aircraft engine materials. It is not possible to reliably and accurately predict the remaining service life of aircraft engine components without properly accounting for the presence of residual stresses. The absolute level and spatial distribution of the residual stress is uncertain in aircraft engines because the residual stress profile is highly susceptible to variations in the manufacturing process. In addition, residual stresses keep evolving under complex thermal-mechanical loadings. Non-destructive techniques are desired by the aerospace industries for the regular monitoring of subsurface residual stress profile in aircraft engine components. The insufficient penetrating capability of the only currently available non-destructive residual stress assessment technique X-ray diffraction has prompted an active search for alternative non-destructive techniques. This paper provides an overview of the principle, practical applications, advantages, and limitations of four categories of nondestructive (diffraction, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic) techniques for residual stress profiling of metallic components in aircraft engines.
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Achbal, Mariam, Abdellatif Khamlichi, and Fadoua El Khannoussi. "Optimizing linear phased array transducers for non-destructive evaluation of thin layers." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 2 (August 2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.20022.
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AbstractIn this work, a numerical method is proposed in order to achieve design optimisation of phased array (PA) probes for the special application of defects detection in thin films. This approach relies on an extended Fourier-based model that was adapted to predict the two-dimensional ultrasonic displacement field taking place in a thin plate under individual excitation of PA probe elements which have arbitrary orientation with respect to the examined part surface. Excitation is applied through a fluid couplant and is operated at scheduled delays that are managed to enable emission of constructive pulses. This gives the possibility to steer sound waves towards a direction and to focalize the beam in a selected point. An optimisation algorithm based on the concept of pattern search that does not require evaluation of a gradient was used to find the best match in the multidimensional analysis space of possibilities including the elements orientation angles, the elements lengths, the inter-elements distances and work frequency. Optimisation was performed with the objective to maximize the displacement amplitude at the focal point while minimizing simultaneously the effect of beam side lobes. The results obtained by this approach reveal that focalisation can be achieved with enhanced features in comparison with previous algorithms assuming linear elements that are parallel to the surface of the plate.
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Clifton, R. J. "Stress Wave Propagation, Dynamic Material Response, and Quantitative Non-Destructive Evaluation." Applied Mechanics Reviews 38, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143690.
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Stress wave propagation is of fundamental importance in modern technology because it provides the primary means for the nondestructive examination of defects and in-homogeneities in opaque materials and the only means for studying the response of materials under the dynamic loading conditions associated with impact and explosions. Advances in such diverse technologies as nuclear reactor safety, integrated circuit inspection, and armor penetration depend strongly on advances in the modeling of the propagation of stress waves and in the improved characterization of the dynamic response of materials. Stress waves play a central role in a wide range of geotechnical and geophysical applications including reservoir exploration, earthquake monitoring, and the prediction of ground motion due to earthquakes and blast loading. Because of the inherent complexity of stress waves in solids (i.e., three wave speeds, anisotropy, and inhomogeneity), as well as the importance of nonlinearity in applications involving intense loading, progress in the modeling of stress wave phenomena depends critically on large scale computations. Increased availability of supercomputers provides an excellent opportunity for advances in the modeling of three dimensional phenomena, including such complicating features as anisotropy, inhomogeneity, defects, nonlinearity, and sliding interfaces. Research is needed on accurate and efficient algorithms for these calculations and for acoustic imaging which requires algorithms for inverse problems in which the size and shape of defects, as well as variations in density and in elastic moduli, are to be obtained by probing the region of interest with ultrasonic waves. Improved characterization of the sources and receivers of ultrasound is essential for reliable determination of the required geometrical features and material properties. Improved understanding of the dynamic inelastic response of materials is crucial to realizing the full benefits of the emerging computational power. Strain rate sensitivity, shear strain localization, crack propagation, twinning, and phase transformations are all aspects of mechanical response that need to be modeled in many dynamic loading applications. Basic experiments on these aspects of material behavior combined with computer simulation of the experiments should lead to significant progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms and, thereby, to improved models for use in computations.
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Li, Xiaoyu, Chuxin Wu, Chen Fu, Shanpu Zheng, and Jindong Tian. "State Characterization of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Ultrasonic Guided Wave Scanning." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 6027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166027.
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Accurate state characterization of batteries is conducive to ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of their work. In recent years, ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology has been gradually applied to battery state estimation. In this paper, research on the state characterization of lithium-ion batteries based on ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) scanning is carried out. The laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) and the X-Y stage are used to obtain the surface scanning UGW signal and the line scanning UGW signal of lithium-ion batteries under different states of charge and different aging degrees. The propagation law of UGWs in the battery is analyzed by surface scanning signals, then the energy spectrum of the signals is calculated, showing that the aging of the battery attenuates the transmission energy of UGWs. The “point” parameters are extracted from the scanning point signals. On this basis, the “line” parameters composed of line scanning multi-point signals are extracted. By analyzing the changing law of parameters during the charge–discharge process of batteries, several characteristic parameters that can be used to characterize the battery state of charge and state of health are obtained. The method has good consistency in the state characterization of the three batteries and provides a new approach for non-destructive testing and evaluation of battery states.
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Krawczyk, Ryszard, Jacek Słania, Grzegorz Golański, and Adam Zieliński. "Evaluation of the Properties and Microstructure of Thick-Walled Welded Joint of Wear Resistant Materials." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 7009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15197009.
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The research was conducted on a thick-walled welded joint between the HTK 900H wear-resistant steel plates and the A6 cast profile. The aim of the experiment was to produce a joint with the relevant performance requirements, i.e., a good abrasion resistance joint in the weld face area while ensuring its proper plasticity. The welded joint was made using the MAG PULSE and the high-performance MAG TANDEM methods under automated conditions using the linear welding energy ranging from 1.2 to 2.2 kJ/mm for the different joint regions. The scope of the research included both non-destructive and destructive testing. The non-destructive visual (VT), magnetic-particle (MT), and ultrasonic (UT) tests revealed a good quality of the welded joint with no significant welding imperfections. The microstructure of the welded joint in the weld zone was characterized by a dominant volume fraction of martensite/bainite. The measurement of hardness near the face of the weld confirmed obtaining similar values for this parameter. The HTK 900H steel was characterized by hardness at the level of 383 HV10, whereas the A6 cast-328 HV10, and the weld-276 HV10. At the same time, the analyzed joint showed high ductility in the range of 86 to 159 J. The tests carried out showed that the linear energy control allowed a welded joint with the required performance characteristics to be obtained.
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Xia, Fu Yong, Wei Zhong Li, and Yan Lei Liu. "Research on Ultrasonic Testing Technology for Polyethylene Pipe Hot-Melting Welded Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.170.
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Due to the advantages of corrosion resistance, no scaling, light weight, polyethylene pipes are widely used in low pressure gas networks and their safety has also been duly noted. As for heat fusion welding of PE pipeline connectors, there is no effective means of detection internally. In this paper, welding specimens were tested under the condition of normal conditions, low melting temperature, low pressure, low heating time melts, underwater welding by the United States imported equipment based on the echo pulse method of ultrasonic testing technology. Comparing with the results of related conditions of tensile tests, this paper found that ultrasound can effectively identify internal defects of hot-melt connectors. And there is a corresponding relationship between the ultrasonic system evaluation grades and the elongation at break, the higher the level, the lower the elongation at break. Related research results can provide the basis for the establishment of PE pipe ultrasonic non-destructive testing inspection standards.
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Lefever, Gerlinde, Ahmad Shawki Charkieh, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Didier Snoeck, and Dimitrios G. Aggelis. "Monitoring of self-healing cementitious materials through contactless ultrasound." MATEC Web of Conferences 378 (2023): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337804001.
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Self-healing cementitious composites provide an alternative to labour-intensive and costly manual repairs. While a cementitious blend possesses an inherent ability to repair its own damage through autogenous healing, an enhancement of the self-healing capacity can be obtained through the inclusion of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). The implementation of such innovative materials within the construction industry requires proper evaluation methods to ensure a safe environment for the user. Over the past few years, contact ultrasonic measurements have proven their potential in assessing the self-healing progress. The sensitivity of ultrasonic waves to the elastic properties of the material under study allows for a direct link with the regained mechanical performance. Additionally, its non-destructive nature enables in-situ evaluations. However, the coupling of the sensors leads to a certain variability in the obtained results, as the application of the sensors is not identical between measurements. In an effort to increase the reliability of the results, contactless ultrasound can be applied, which is investigated in the present research.
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Viswanathan, S., S. Chandrasekaran, R. Mathiyarasu, M. T. Jose, and B. Venkatraman. "Non-destructive evaluation of ultrasonic under-sodium scanner (USUSS) shield plug of prototype fast breeder reactor by gamma radiometry." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 59, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2017.59.10.527.
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Ostasevicius, Vytautas, Agne Paulauskaite-Taraseviciene, Ieva Paleviciute, Vytautas Jurenas, Paulius Griskevicius, Darius Eidukynas, and Laura Kizauskiene. "Investigation of the Robotized Incremental Metal-Sheet Forming Process with Ultrasonic Excitation." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031024.
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During the single-point incremental forming (SPIF) process, a sheet is formed by a locally acting stress field on the surface consisting of a normal and shear component that is strongly affected by friction of the dragging forming tool. SPIF is usually performed under well-lubricated conditions in order to reduce friction. Instead of lubricating the contact surface of the sheet metal, we propose an innovative, environmentally friendly method to reduce the coefficient of friction by ultrasonic excitation of the metal sheet. By evaluating the tool-workpiece interaction process as non-linear due to large deformations in the metal sheet, the finite element method (FEM) allows for a virtual evaluation of the deformation and piercing parameters of the SPIF process in order to determine destructive loads.
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Bělský, Petr, and Martin Kadlec. "Capability of non-destructive techniques in evaluating damage to composite sandwich structures." International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-10-2018-0067.
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Purpose Defects can be caused by a number of factors, such as maintenance damage, ground handling and foreign objects thrown up from runways during an in-service use of composite aerospace structures. Sandwich structures are capable of absorbing large amounts of energy under impact loads, resulting in high structural crashworthiness. This situation is one of the many reasons why sandwich structures are extensively used in many aerospace applications nowadays. Their non-destructive inspection is often more complex. Hence, the choice of a suitable non-destructive testing (NDT) method can play a key role in successful damage detection. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A comparison of detection capabilities of selected C-scan NDT methods applicable for inspections of sandwich structures was performed using water-squirt, air-coupled and pitch-catch (PC) ultrasonic techniques, supplemented by laser shearography (LS). Findings Test results showed that the water-squirt and PC techniques are the most suitable methods for core damage evaluation. Meanwhile, the air-coupled method showed lower sensitivity for the detection of several artificial defects and impact damage in honeycomb sandwiches when unfocussed transducers were used. LS can detect most of the defects in the panels, but it has lower sensitivity and resolution for honeycomb core-type sandwiches. Originality/value This study quantitatively compared the damage size indication capabilities of sandwich structures by using various NDT techniques. Results of the realised tests can be used for successful selection of a suitable NDT method. Combinations of the presented methods revealed most defects.
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Muñoz, Romina, Juan-Francisco Fuentealba, Sebastián Michea, Paula A. Santana, Juan Ignacio Martinez, Nathalie Casanova-Morales, and Vicente Salinas-Barrera. "Ultrasonic Sensor: A Fast and Non-Destructive System to Measure the Viscosity and Density of Molecular Fluids." Biosensors 14, no. 7 (July 16, 2024): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios14070346.
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This study presents the design and development of an ultrasonic sensor as a fundamental tool for characterizing the properties of fluids and biofluids. The analysis primarily focuses on measuring the electrical parameters of the system, which correlate with the density and viscosity of the solutions, in sample volumes of microliters and with high temporal resolution (up to 1 data point per second). The use of this sensor allows the fast and non-destructive evaluation of the viscosity and density of fluids deposited on its free surface. The measurements are based on obtaining the impedance versus frequency curve and the phase difference curve (between current and voltage) versus frequency. In this way, characteristic parameters of the transducer, such as the resonance frequency, phase, minimum impedance, and the quality factor of the resonant system, can characterize variations in density and viscosity in the fluid under study. The results obtained revealed the sensor’s ability to identify two parameters sensitive to viscosity and two parameters sensitive to density. As a proof of concept, the unfolding of the bovine albumin protein was studied, resulting in a curve that reflects its unfolding kinetics in the presence of urea.
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Pozhanka, Mariya, Andrei Zagrai, Fidel Baez Avila, and Borys Drach. "Application of Ultrasonic Testing for Assessing the Elastic Properties of PLA Manufactured by Fused Deposition Modeling." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2024): 7639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177639.
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This study demonstrated the potential of a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method to assess the elastic properties of materials printed under various parameters. A database was created documenting the relationship between the elastic properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) of PLA (polylactic acid) materials and selected printing parameters such as temperature, speed, and layer height. PLA, which is widely used in additive manufacturing, offers convenient testing conditions due to its less demanding control compared to materials like metals. Ultrasonic testing was conducted on specimens printed under different nozzle temperatures, speeds, and layer heights. The results indicated that an increase in the printing temperature corresponded to an increase in material density and elastic properties of the material. In contrast, an increase in layer height led to a decrease in both density and the elastic properties of the material. Variations in the nozzle speed had a negligible effect on density and did not show a notable effect on the elastic moduli. This study demonstrated that ultrasonic testing is effective in measuring the elastic properties of PLA materials and shows the potential of real-time ultrasonic NDE.
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Jian, Yinghua, Dunwen Liu, Kunpeng Cao, and Yu Tang. "Compartmentalized Quantitative Analysis of Concrete Sulfate-Damaged Area Based on Ultrasonic Velocity." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072658.
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The corrosion of concrete in sulfate environments is a difficult problem in the durability of civil engineering structures. To investigate the variability of deterioration damage to concrete structures by sulfate erosion under non-destructive testing and quantify the protective effect of silane coatings on concrete under the action of sulfate erosion, an accelerated erosion experiment was carried out using field sampling in a tunnel project under a sulfate erosion environment. By means of ultrasonic velocity measurement and CT scanning, the samples protected by a silane coating under the sulfate attack environment were compared with those not protected. The deterioration characteristics of concrete under the sulfate attack environment and the protective effect of silane coating on the concrete structure were analyzed. In addition, a method for evaluating the sulfate damage to concrete based on CT images and ultrasonic velocity analysis was proposed. The results show that the samples prepared in the field show a significant difference in ultrasonic velocity in the process of erosion and deterioration according to the material difference at the measuring point interface. Through the overall damage evaluation analysis of the sample, it is concluded that the damage degree of the protected group sample is light and the heterogeneity is weak, whereas the local damage to the exposed group is serious. Combined with the CT image analysis of concrete before and after loading, the distribution characteristics of the damaged area divided by the concrete sulfate damage evaluation method proposed in this paper are highly similar to the real situation. The results of the study can provide a reference for similar projects for the detection, analysis, protection and evaluation of sulfate-attacked concrete.
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Velichko, A., and A. J. Croxford. "Strategies for data acquisition using ultrasonic phased arrays." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2218 (October 2018): 20180451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0451.
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Ultrasonic phased arrays have produced major benefits in a range of fields, from medical imaging to non-destructive evaluation. The maximum information, which can be measured by an array, corresponds to the Full Matrix Capture (FMC) data acquisition technique and contains all possible combinations of transmitter–receiver signals. However, this method is not fast enough for some applications and can result in a very large volume of data. In this paper, the problem of optimal array data acquisition strategy is considered, that is, how to make the minimum number of array measurements without loss of information. The main result is that under the single scattering assumption the FMC dataset has a specific sparse structure, and this property can be used to design an optimal data acquisition method. An analytical relationship between the minimum number of array firings, maximum steering angle and signal-to-noise ratio is derived, and validated experimentally. An important conclusion is that the optimal number of emissions decreases when the angular aperture of the array increases. It is also shown that plane wave imaging data are equivalent to the FMC dataset, but requires up to an order of magnitude fewer array firings.
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Haddad, Rami H., Ruba A. Odeh, Hala A. Amawi, and Ayman N. Ababneh. "Thermal performance of self-compacting concrete: destructive and nondestructive evaluation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 12 (December 2013): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0037.
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Recently, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been increasingly used in high-rise buildings and industrial units, susceptible to accidental fires. The probable degradation of these structures necessitates understanding SCC behavior under elevated temperatures. For this, an extensive experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature (300–600 °C) on the mechanical compressive properties of SCC; considering the effect of water-to-cement ratio (0.40–0.50), type of mineral aggregate and filler (limestone and basalt), and internal humidity. Standard cylinder (150 mm × 300 mm) and prism (100 mm × 100 mm × 300 mm) specimens were prepared from various SCC mixtures, cured for 28 d in limewater, and then stored at different environments for an additional 90 d to create varying internal humidity levels; ranging from 28 to 95%. Later, specimens were subjected to elevated temperatures in an electrical furnace, then cooled and tested for compressive mechanical response or non-destructively using resonance frequency, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer evaluation techniques. The results showed significant reduction in residual compressive strength, and elastic modulus, and an increase in compressive strain at peak stress and toughness as elevated temperature was increased. The SCC mixtures at upper water-to-cement ratios with basalt aggregate showed higher resistance to elevated temperatures than corresponding ones with limestone. Internal humidity in SCC had a detrimental impact on compressive strength and elastic modulus; especially at exposure temperatures below 400 °C. The statistical correlations between residuals for compressive strength or elastic modulus and nondestructive damage indices can be classified as very good. Furthermore, the nonlinear empirical models, developed to predict residuals for compressive strength and elastic modulus in terms of the study parameters, showed relatively high prediction potential, hence are recommended to be used in designing SCC mixtures for best resistance against possible fire attack.
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Rejani, Sofia, Abdellatif Khamlichi, and Abdellah El-Hajjaji. "Robustness of ultrasonic detection of flaws by using synthetic aperture focusing technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819100012.
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One of the challenging problems in non-destructive evaluation is related to identification and sizing of flaws. A high resolution image of the scanned part is required. This allows, through using adequate post-processing of data, to perform localisation and sizing of a flaw. Several techniques have been introduced recently for this purpose. These include among others the synthetic aperture focusing technique, inverse wave-field extrapolation and the total focusing method. However, large uncertainties are affecting the inverse problem solution as provided by these methods when dealing with small defects. It was recognized that reconstruction based on the ultrasonic synthetic aperture focusing technique elaborated in frequency domain provides high resolution imaging even at large distances. This work focused on this promising procedure for the special case of ultrasonic imaging of flaws in 2D elastic medium under plane strain conditions, where the image is provided by a B-scan. Robustness of detection was investigated through perturbing the radargram by white noise and assessed as function of noise energy. It was found that synthetic aperture focusing technique is insensitive to noise.
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Olisa, Samuel Chukwuemeka, Muhammad A. Khan, and Andrew Starr. "Review of Current Guided Wave Ultrasonic Testing (GWUT) Limitations and Future Directions." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030811.
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Damage is an inevitable occurrence in metallic structures and when unchecked could result in a catastrophic breakdown of structural assets. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) is adopted in industries for assessment and health inspection of structural assets. Prominent among the NDE techniques is guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT). This method is cost-effective and possesses an enormous capability for long-range inspection of corroded structures, detection of sundries of crack and other metallic damage structures at low frequency and energy attenuation. However, the parametric features of the GWUT are affected by structural and environmental operating conditions and result in masking damage signal. Most studies focused on identifying individual damage under varying conditions while combined damage phenomena can coexist in structure and hasten its deterioration. Hence, it is an impending task to study the effect of combined damage on a structure under varying conditions and correlate it with GWUT parametric features. In this respect, this work reviewed the literature on UGWs, damage inspection, severity, temperature influence on the guided wave and parametric characteristics of the inspecting wave. The review is limited to the piezoelectric transduction unit. It was keenly observed that no significant work had been done to correlate the parametric feature of GWUT with combined damage effect under varying conditions. It is therefore proposed to investigate this impending task.
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Ratajczak, Filip, Bassam Jameel, Rafał Bielas, and Arkadiusz Józefczak. "Ultrasound Control of Pickering Emulsion-Based Capsule Preparation." Sensors 24, no. 17 (September 2, 2024): 5710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175710.
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Capsules with microparticle shells became of great interest due to their potential in many fields. Those capsules can be fabricated at high temperatures from particle-stabilized emulsions (Pickering emulsions) by sintering together particles that cover droplets. One of the problems with such an approach is accurately controlling whether particles are already sintered and creating the rigid capsule shell of a capsule. Here, we propose using a non-destructive ultrasound method for monitoring Pickering emulsion-based capsules prepared using heating under an alternating magnetic field. The polyethylene microparticles that were responsive to temperatures higher than 112 °C were used as droplet stabilizers together with iron oxide nanoparticles. During the coalescence of the droplets, facilitated by an external electric field, the ultrasonic attenuation increased, giving evidence that the ultrasound method detects structural changes in Pickering emulsions. The main change was the difference in the droplets’ size, which was also observed via optical microscopy. The attenuation of ultrasound increased even more when measured after magnetic heating for the same concentration of particle stabilizers. Simultaneously, the values of ultrasonic velocity did not exhibit similar variety. The results show that the values of the attenuation coefficient can be used for a quantitative evaluation of the capsule formation process.
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Jain, Harshit, and V. H. Patankar. "FPGA: Field programmable gate array-based four-channel embedded system for ultrasonic imaging of under-water concrete structures." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 114706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101490.
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Non-destructive testing is needed for the evaluation of quality and safety of concrete structures in the field of civil engineering. The imaging of concrete/reinforced cement concrete structures (RCC) is a challenging task due to the non-homogeneous properties of the concrete material. To address this challenge, a novel real-time, re-configurable, four-channel embedded system has been designed and developed to image the internal details of the concrete samples using the water immersion pulse-echo (PE) mode under automation, which needs access from one side of the structure. The system performs data acquisition (DAQ) of the amplified echo signals under the control of the computer via a universal serial bus interface. A graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed using C# in a Visual environment, for image acquisition and control of the DAQ parameters. The performance of the system has been evaluated by acquiring B-Scan images of three types of concrete test blocks having side drilled holes (SDHs) and simulated inclusions embedded in concrete blocks of M20 grade using a linear array of 92 kHz water immersion transducers operating in under-water PE mode. The acquired B-Scan images revealed the internal details of the concrete test blocks with sizing of the SDHs and inclusions. Therefore, the developed four-channel ultrasonic imaging system can visualize the internal details of under-water concrete structures, such as bridges and sea links, with the help of corresponding 2-D cross-sectional images, acquired using the developed system.
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Research Fellow, HARDEV. "Industrial Radiography Testing & Technique (NDT)." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 008 (August 22, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem37132.
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This paper provides the recent advances and researches about non-destructive testing paper covers the review on the capabilities of NDT applications such as Visual Testing (VT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Acoustic Emission (AE) and Dye Penetrate testing( DPT) with respect to advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Further methods are classified on basis of their intrinsic characteristics and their applications. Mostly, an NDT evaluator uses only one non-destructive test method to perform the evaluation. If the scope of work is straight forward, using a single test method is acceptable. However, there are times when a single test method does not provide enough information about the material integrity And thereby combination of different methods is essential. Non destructive testing is widely applied in power plants, aerospace, nuclear industry, military and defiance, storage tank inspection, pipe and tube inspection and composite defects characterization. This paper mainly focuses on the scope of NDT application for composite materials The use of Industrial Radiography for examining the quality of Weld joints is very popular worldwide. In India, many welding activities like construction and laying the huge pipelines for gas and water transportation and distribution as well construction of storage tanks are performed. The objects are working under high pressure and therefore, it is important to produce the weld beads with high quality. Industrial radiography uses ionizing radiation to view objects in a way that cannot be seen otherwise. The method has grown out of engineering, and is a major element of Non destructive testing (NDT) to inspect materials for hidden flaws. The radiation caused by these facilities is very dangerous however, with the use of new technologies and proper protection, risks of injury and death associated with radiation can be greatly reduced. Radiographic Testing (RT) is widely used in industries, at airport for security checks, medical applications etc. to detect anomalies in materials and human bodies. Radiographic Testing is the common NDT methods used in the construction and fabrication industries for the oil & gas sectors using welding, gas/liquid transmission pipelines, casting foundries, and condition monitoring in existing oil & gas refineries and facilities. This paper will discuss radiographic testing sensitivity using industrial X-ray films mainly on welds and castings. No in-depth discussion in related science and physics, merely the perspective of an industrial radiographer based on his experience. Keywords: IQI, Quantitative, Qualitative, DIN- sensitivity, contrast, definition, geometric un-sharpness RT,UT MT DPT ET, NDT, TAEC,,AE ET SFD LOP ,LOF,UNDER FIL UNDER CUT.
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Morkun, V. S., N. V. Morkun, V. V. Tron, O. Y. Serdiuk, and A. Haponenko. "Use of backscattering ultrasound parameters for iron ore varieties recognition." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 6 (December 23, 2023): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-6/019.
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Purpose. Development of the method for recognizing the main mineral-technological varieties of iron ore in the deposits being developed by selecting an analytical model for the spectral characteristics of the received ultrasonic echo signals and quantitative assessment of their parameters. Methodology. The work uses methods for modeling the processes of propagation of ultrasonic waves in a randomly heterogeneous medium. The process of backscattering of ultrasound in mineral structures formed by inclusions of iron ore of various varieties and associated rock was considered. The estimated parameters of the spectral characteristics of the inversely scattered probing ultrasound pulse were studied. Findings. A method for recognizing the main mineral and technological varieties of iron ore of the deposit being developed, based on the parameters of the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the studied samples, was proposed. This is achieved by selecting an analytical model for the spectral characteristics of the received echo signals and quantifying their parameters. The amplitude of the echo signal and its spectral properties depends on the size and concentration of the scatterers, i.e., the structural and textural features of the iron ore sample under study. Taking into account these factors, the extracted parameters of the model were used to identify the main mineralogical and technological varieties of iron ore of the studied deposit. Originality. The proposed method for recognizing mineral-technological varieties of iron ore differs from the known ones in that the amplitude, central frequency, and bandwidth of the amplitude spectrum of the Gaussian parametric model of the measured echo signals are used as evaluation parameters. Practical value. The proposed scientific and technical solution allows for operational non-destructive control of the main mineralogical and technological types of iron ore in the process of its extraction and processing.
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Tsyhanchuk, V. V., and L. S. Shlapak. "Investigation of the properties correlation of physical and mechanical characteristics of ferromagnets based on magnetoelastic sensors of mechanical stresses." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(30) (December 5, 2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2018-2(30)-32-39.
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The determination of the stress condition is a topical issue. At present, various non-destructive examination methods, such as strain gauge, magnetic, ultrasonic methods, and others are used to analyze pipelines stress condition. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. There is often the need to use several experimental non-destructive methods simultaneously. In this regard, the magnetic inspection holds a unique position. In this case a significant role is played by primary transducers, which directly perceive the effect of mechanical stresses and turn it into the electrical signal for further processing of the input information. The change of magnetic characteristics is closely connected with the physical effect on the monitored object. The advantages include the high mobility of equipment, the ability to perform control without the direct contact of transducer with the object under study. At the same time, there are several disadvantages inherent particularly in the magnetic methods – magnetoelastic hysteresis, in which there is the divergence of induction values during loading and unloading. The greatest divergence occurs in the lead-off cycle and decreases during repeated cycles. The best way is to embrace the complete information available in the hysteresis loop. Another method is not only to take measurements at one point (even if this measurement is carried out in two mutually perpendicular directions), but to perform surface sounding of the object in a certain plane. Therefore, the most efficient method is to compare the magnetic relief of loaded (in the structure) and unloaded (in reserve) pipes of one manufacturer and from one lot. Thus, using the examination method of pipelines stress condition, based on the evaluation of metal magnetic properties of pipes, creates the complex solution to the problems of reliability improvement of pipeline systems.
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Vernezi, N. L. "Determination of the Optimal Volume of Elements of Building and Engineering Structures by Non-Destructive Testing of Their Strength." Safety of Technogenic and Natural Systems, no. 4 (November 27, 2024): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2024-8-4-29-38.
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Introduction. Before repairing or reconstructing steel structures, it is necessary to obtain information about the strength capacities of the metal. The estimated service life of metal structures is tens of years, but it is known that the mechanical properties of the original metal change over time. Additionally, many facilities operate beyond these anticipated lifespans. As some researchers have noted, the challenge of obtaining such information is due to several factors. Firstly, in most cases, it is impossible to cut samples from existing structures. Secondly, the use of non-destructive testing methods needs to ensure sufficient accuracy in assessment. Thirdly, non-destructive testing may not be physically possible due to the design features of the object. Fourthly, survey work on the operating structure can be very laborious and expensive, requiring a reduction in volume and cost. Fifthly, when assessing the mechanical characteristics of the metal, it is important to apply an approach that guarantees the accuracy of results while minimizing work by utilizing previously obtained information on similar metals. Given these challenges, the development of a methodology that combines non-destructive testing with prior information is crucial.In non-destructive testing of structures, methods for qualitative assessment of the condition of metal or welded joints are used, such as ultrasonic, magnetic, and radiation techniques. There are also quantitative methods for evaluating mechanical characteristics, such as using portable hardness testers. However, most methods for assessing strength characteristics, such as yield strength and temporary tear resistance, are cumbersome and limited to laboratory settings.The methods of clarifying experimental information using a priori data by experts are conventionally divided into three categories:− according to the priority of the weight of a priori and experimental data;− extrapolation of past data to future periods;− based on Bayesian procedures.This article describes a non-destructive strength testing method based on indentation developed with the author's participation and repeatedly tested in actual surveys. The aim of this article is to justify the author's methodology to minimize the amount of required samples during survey work by combining non-destructive testing methods and Bayesian accounting for experimental information.Materials and Methods. The research plan involved analyzing experimental data on the mechanical properties of metals and developing an algorithm to minimize the number of samples of control objects. Before measuring, the metal of the structures was cleaned with a hand grinder. The method of non-destructive testing of the evaluation of mechanical characteristics according to the parameters of the impact insertion of the indenter into the surface under study was used. To minimize the amount of work, a Bayesian approach was used to reduce the variability of posterior values by utilizing additional experimental data on the mechanical characteristics of such steels. The material St3 of strength class KP 245 with yield strength of 245 MPa and tensile strength of 412 MPA was studied. Additional experimental data on this material's properties were available from a previously studied metal structure.Results. The method of non-destructive testing of the strength of metal in pipe structures has been implemented. This method used prior information obtained from previous surveys of similar materials. Based on a Bayesian approach, experimental and previous information was combined, in particular, the values of time resistance to rupture. A method for estimating the minimum required sample size of the examined structural elements was proposed provided there was minimal risk from an estimation error. As a result of calculations, it was shown that the use of such a technique was possible with a sample size of 2–3 elements.Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed methodology was developed based on an analysis of more than 20 surveys conducted to assess the strength of the existing metal structures. Using the non-destructive testing method, we were able to simultaneously determine the yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness. The article presents data on the values of tensile strength. It should be noted that although the duration of each measurement was 20–30 seconds, in some cases it took longer to inspect large structures, such as bridges, which could take weeks. The calculation performed using the proposed method, which combined experimental and pre-experimental information about one of the strength characteristics of steel, temporary tear resistance, showed the high efficiency and potential for further application in future surveys.
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Ran, Tao, Jianyong Pang, and Jincheng Yu. "Performance of Rubber Concrete Containing Polypropylene and Basalt Fibers under Coupled Sulfate Attack and Freeze–Thaw Conditions: An Experimental Evaluation." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092066.
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Rubber concrete (RC) is a new type of concrete that is currently receiving a lot of attention, solving serious pollution problems by grinding waste tires into granules and adding them to concrete. However, rubber concrete has deficiencies in mechanics and durability, and has been reinforced by adding fibers in many studies. In this study, the mechanical and durability properties of rubber concrete with added polypropylene and basalt fibers (PBRC) were investigated in a series of experiments including apparent morphology, mass, static compressive and tensile tests, ultrasonic non-destructive testing, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests under coupled environments of sulfate attack and freeze–thaw. The results showed that the mass loss rate of RC and PBRC gradually increased with the number of freeze–thaw cycles, with more pits and cement paste peeling from the specimen surface. Moreover, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of RC and PBRC groups exhibited distinct trends, with the former group showing a lower residual strength relative to the latter. The residual compressive strength of the RC group was only 69.4% after 160 freeze–thaw cycles in 5% MgSO4 solution. However, it is worth noting that the addition of too many fibers also had a negative effect on the strength of the rubber concrete. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the fibers restricted the formation of microcracks in the microstructure and curtailed the brittleness of the concrete. This study can provide a valuable reference for the application of environmentally friendly material fibers in recycled aggregate concrete.
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Tiwari, Kumar Anubhav, Renaldas Raisutis, and Liudas Mazeika. "Analysis of Wave Patterns Under the Region of Macro-Fiber Composite Transducer to Improve the Analytical Modelling for Directivity Calculation in Isotropic Medium." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082280.
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Analytical modelling is an efficient approach to estimate the directivity of a transducer generating guided waves in the research field of ultrasonic non-destructive testing of the large and complex structures due to its short processing time as compared to the numerical modelling and experimental techniques. The wave patterns or the amplitude variations along the region of ultrasonic transducer itself depend on its behavior, excitation frequency, and the type of propagating wave mode. Depending on the wave-pattern of a propagating wave mode, the appropriate value of the amplitude correction factor must be multiplied to the amplitudes of the excitation signal for the accurate evaluation of directivity pattern of the ultrasonic transducers generating guided waves in analytical modelling. The objective of this work is to analyse the wave patterns under the region of macro-fiber composite (MFC) transducer to improve the accuracy of a previously developed analytical model for the prediction of directivity patterns. Firstly, the amplitude correction factor based on the wave patterns under the region of P1-type MFC (MFC-2814) transducer at two different frequencies (80 kHz, 3 periods and 220 kHz, 3 period) glued on 2 mm Al alloy plate has been estimated analytically in the case of an asymmetric (A0) guided Lamb wave. The validation of analytically estimated amplitude correction factor is performed by a proposed experimental method that allows analyzing the behaviour of MFC transducer under its region by gluing MFC on bottom surface and scanning the receiver on the top surface of the sample. Later on, the estimated amplitude correction factor is included in the previously developed 2D analytical model for the improvement in the directivity patterns of the A0 mode. The modified analytical model shows a significant improvement in the directivity pattern of the A0 wave mode in comparison to the results obtained by the previous model without considering the proper wave patterns. The results reveal that errors between the directivity estimated by the present modified 2D analytical model and experimental investigation are reduced by more than 58% in comparison to the previously developed analytical model.
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Ramezani, Majid G., Behnoush Golchinfar, Dimitri Donskoy, Sophia Hassiotis, and Giri Venkiteela. "Steel Material Degradation Assessment Via Vibro-Acoustic Modulation Technique." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119838271.
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The increasing probability of collapse in defective structures owing to aging is one of the major issues in transportation. Therefore, different methodologies that are capable of monitoring structural components have been used to identify defects and predict failure. Among these methods, the non-linear vibro-acoustic modulation (VAM) technique has been implemented for many years in a variety of industries, such as aerospace. This method utilizes the effect of nonlinear interactions between a high frequency ultrasonic wave (carrier signal) and a much lower frequency structural vibration (modulating signal). This interaction takes place at nonlinear interfaces (cracks, bolted connections, delaminations, etc.) manifesting itself in the spectrum as side-band components around the carrier frequency. In this study, the VAM method was investigated as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method for fracture critical members (FCMs) in steel bridges. The results of the experimental studies revealed that using the VAM technique on test specimens during the tension only fatigue tests would provide some useful information on the existence of micro-cracks and on failure prediction. The use of the VAM technique for center-notched rectangular test specimens of structural steel under low-amplitude fatigue loading at a frequency of 10 Hz is capable of predicting the failure at 70–80% of the fatigue lifetime of the specimen. Moreover, in this investigation utilizing fatigue cycling as a modulating signal was successfully substituted for the conventional utilization of resonance structural bending vibrations.
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Nosov, V. V., and A. R. Yamilova. "INFORMATION AND KINETIC APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF STRESS STATE OF VESSELS OPERATING UNDER PRESSURE IN HYDROGEN ENVIRONMENTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 276 (June 2021): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.06.pp.030-045.
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Separation of the influence of various factors on the strength of the material and control parameters is the basis for increasing the diagnostic efficiency. The article describes methods for assessing the state of pressure vessels, features of their damage under conditions of hydrogen absorption, presents data from acoustic emission and ultrasonic testing, compares them, sets out an approach to non-destructive assessment of the strength state of technical objects, based on a multilevel model of time dependences of acoustic emission parameters (AE), the kinetic concept of strength, micromechanics of fracture of discrete media, their relationship with the resource, parameters of fatigue curves and characteristics of the material structure, the problems of the influence of strength and metrological heterogeneity on the information content of control, the sequence of assessing the indicators of the strength state and resource of vessels, the model of strength and metrological heterogeneity of the AE are presented control, explaining the maximum activity of AE during tests in the first periods of operation, a methodology for assessing the strength state of pressure vessels is presented. Demonstration of the effectiveness of the technique is shown as an example of AE testing of an absorber for purifying hydrogen sulfide with a monoethanolamine solution by predicting the resource of its components and comparing the prediction results with the coordinate-altitude level of the adsorber belt, which correlates with the average internal hydrostatic stresses. Approbation of the approach has shown its versatility on the example of effective application for objects with defects of both fatigue and chemical origin under conditions of hydrogenation. Using the example of assessing the state of the most damaged lower belt, it is shown that an increase in the AE activity during hydrogenation of the material occurs mainly due to the growth of the acoustically active volume of the controlled zone, which is not unambiguously associated with the resource, and therefore the activity and energy intensity of the AE should not be considered sufficient a sign of the danger of a defect formed under the influence of hydrogen-containing media.
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Hwang, Young-In, Mu-Kyung Seo, Hyun Geun Oh, Namkyoung Choi, Geonwoo Kim, and Ki-Bok Kim. "Detection and Classification of Artificial Defects on Stainless Steel Plate for a Liquefied Hydrogen Storage Vessel Using Short-Time Fourier Transform of Ultrasonic Guided Waves and Linear Discriminant Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 6502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136502.
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Liquefied hydrogen storage vessels (LHSVs) are vulnerable to surface-crack initiation, propagation, and fracture on their surfaces because they are under high-pressure, low-temperature conditions. Defects can also occur in the coatings of the storage containers used to prevent hydrogen permeation, and these lead to surface defects such as pitting corrosions. Together, these increase the probability of liquid hydrogen leaks and can cause serious accidents. Therefore, it is important to detect surface defects during periodic surface inspections of LHSVs. Among the candidate non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, testing using guided waves (GWs) is effective for detecting surface defects. Because of the ability of GWs to travel long distances without significant acoustic attenuation, GW testing has attracted much attention as a promising structural monitoring technique for LHSVs. In this study, an ultrasonic NDE method was designed for detecting surface defects of 304SS plate, which is the main material used for fabricating LHSVs. It involves the use of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT) pixel information produced from GW data. To accomplish this, the differences in the number of STFT pixels between sound and defective specimens were used as a major factor in distinguishing the two groups. Consequently, surface defects could be detected and classified with 97% accuracy by the newly developed pixel-based mapping method. This indicates that the newly developed NDE method with LDA can be used to detect defects and classify LHSVs as either sound or defective.
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Jamil, Muhammad, Aqib Mashood Khan, Hussien Hegab, Shoaib Sarfraz, Neeraj Sharma, Mozammel Mia, Munish Kumar Gupta, GuLong Zhao, H. Moustabchir, and Catalin I. Pruncu. "Internal Cracks and Non-Metallic Inclusions as Root Causes of Casting Failure in Sugar Mill Roller Shafts." Materials 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152474.
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The sugar mill roller shaft is one of the critical parts of the sugar industry. It requires careful manufacturing and testing in order to meet the stringent specification when it is used for applications under continuous fatigue and wear environments. For heavy industry, the manufacturing of such heavy parts (>600 mm diameter) is a challenge, owing to ease of occurrence of surface/subsurface cracks and inclusions that lead to the rejection of the final product. Therefore, the identification and continuous reduction of defects are inevitable tasks. If the defect activity is controlled, this offers the possibility to extend the component (sugar mill roller) life cycle and resistance to failure. The current study aims to explore the benefits of using ultrasonic testing (UT) to avoid the rejection of the shaft in heavy industry. This study performed a rigorous evaluation of defects through destructive and nondestructive quality checks in order to detect the causes and effects of rejection. The results gathered in this study depict macro-surface cracks and sub-surface microcracks. The results also found alumina and oxide type non-metallic inclusions, which led to surface/subsurface cracks and ultimately the rejection of the mill roller shaft. A root cause analysis (RCA) approach highlighted the refractory lining, the hot-top of the furnace and the ladle as significant causes of inclusions. The low-quality flux and refractory lining material of the furnace and the hot-top, which were possible causes of rejection, were replaced by standard materials with better quality, applied by their standardized procedure, to prevent this problem in future production. The feedback statistics, evaluated over more than one year, indicated that the rejection rate was reduced for defective production by up to 7.6%.
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Tanary, S., Y. M. Haddad, A. Fahr, and S. Lee. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Adhesively Bonded Joints in Graphite/Epoxy Composites Using Acousto-Ultrasonics." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929050.
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This paper is concerned with the use of the acousto-ultrasonic technique to evaluate nondestructively the mechanical performance of composite bonded joints. In this context, acousto-ultrasonic measurements followed by destructive shear tests were performed on single lap joint specimens made from graphite/epoxy adherends joined with FM 300 film adhesive. The results indicate a good correlation between acousto-ultransonic wave propagation characteristics and the shear strength of the bonded joints under different testing conditions. These correlations suggest that an estimation of the joint strength can be made by using acousto-ultrasonics provided that the measurement system is calibrated for variations of the material and geometry of the specimen.
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Fradkin, Larissa Ju, Victor Zalipaev, and Dmitri Gridin. "Mathematical modelling of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 5, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912601000190.
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High-frequency asymptotics have been used at our Centre to develop codes for modelling pulse propagation and scattering in the near-field of the ultrasonic transducers used in NDE (Non-Destructive Evaluation), particularly of walls of nuclear reactors. The codes are hundreds of times faster than the direct numerical codes but no less accurate.
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Kim, Jae Yeol, Kyeung Cheun Jang, Myung Soo Ko, Chang Hyun Kim, and Kyung Seok Song. "Non-Destructive Evaluation Using Laser-Generated Ultrasonic Waves." Key Engineering Materials 270-273 (August 2004): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.270-273.258.
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Drinkwater, Bruce W., and Paul D. Wilcox. "Ultrasonic arrays for non-destructive evaluation: A review." NDT & E International 39, no. 7 (October 2006): 525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2006.03.006.
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Joseph, S. "Application of ultrasonic microscopy to non-destructive evaluation." Materials Science and Engineering: A 122, no. 1 (December 1989): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(89)90785-5.
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Milne, K., P. Cawley, P. B. Nagy, D. C. Wright, and A. Dunhill. "Ultrasonic Non-destructive Evaluation of Titanium Diffusion Bonds." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 30, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10921-011-0111-y.
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Belouadah, Messaouda, Zine Elabidine Rahmouni, Nadia Tebbal, and Mokrani El Hassen Hicham. "Evaluation of Concretes Made with Marble Waste Using Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 45, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.450501.
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The present study aims primarily to investigate the possibility of assessing the physico-mechanical behavior of concrete incorporating marble waste or marble powder as a partial replacement for cement using destructive and non-destructive testing methods. Indeed, in this work, cement was partially replaced with marble powder at six different substitution levels, i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by weight, with 1.5% adjuvant (super plasticizer) for each mixture. The samples prepared were then analyzed. In addition, the physico-mechanical properties, in the fresh and hardened states, water-to-cement ratio, absorption and compressive strengths of the concrete samples were examined as well. Moreover, the compressive strength of concrete was assessed through non-destructive testing methods such as the ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer. Likewise, the relationship between the ultrasound velocity and compressive strength of concrete were also estimated after 3, 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. The findings of the study indicated that, at early age of curing, the values of the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were quite small for all replacement levels, of cement with marble powder, between 15 and 30%. Nevertheless, when the curing period was increased, the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of all the samples went up as well. In the end, a linear relationship was observed between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength for all substitution levels of cement with marble powder.
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KAWASHIMA, Koichiro. "Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation of Material Properties and Cracks." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2003 (2003): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2003.0_933.
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Morrison, D. S., and U. R. Abeyratne. "Ultrasonic technique for non-destructive quality evaluation of oranges." Journal of Food Engineering 141 (November 2014): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.05.018.
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Bridge, B., and K. H. Cheng. "Non-destructive ultrasonic evaluation of CaC03-filled polypropylene mouldings." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 9 (September 1987): 3118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01161172.
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