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Journal articles on the topic 'Ultrasonic array'

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Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Liu, Zi Hong, Jia Wen Jia, and Gang Xiong. "Research of the Design and Simulation of Ultrasonic Focusing System with Phased Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.162.

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At present, the most common way of ultrasonic focusing is concave spherical self-focusing, ultrasonic focusing on lens and phased array ultrasonic focusing. Phased array ultrasonic focusing system is made up by multiple independent transducer unit array, according to the specific way and timing, real-time control of different arrays of ultrasonic signal phase. Established the ideal point source consisting of piezoelectric transducer phased array model 4 * 4 by the use of COMSOL, and results got the phased array focused in the simulation experiments.

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2

Okamoto, Kyoka, and Kan Okubo. "Arrangement design for horizontally omnidirectional audible sound source using facing ultrasonic transducer arrays." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SG (March 30, 2022): SG1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4c09.

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Abstract We developed an audible sound source with horizontal omnidirectional patterns using facing ultrasonic transducer arrays. The arrays emitted sound with different ultrasonic frequencies from each side, and an audible sound with a differential frequency is generated between input ultrasonic signals. In particular, we designed and created a new array that can control the number of transducers driven in the array. We evaluated the frequency–amplitude characteristics and directivity when the transducers in the array were driven in an annular shape. There is an optimum array shape and number of transducers that can be driven for a specific distance between arrays.

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3

Xu, Qian, and Haitao Wang. "Sound Field Modeling Method and Key Imaging Technology of an Ultrasonic Phased Array: A Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 7962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12167962.

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An ultrasonic phased array consists of multiple ultrasonic probes arranged in a certain regular order, and the delay time of the excitation signal sent to each array element is controlled electronically. The testing system model based on ultrasonic propagation theory is established to obtain a controllable and focused sound field, which has theoretical and engineering guiding significance for the calculation and analysis of ultrasonic array sound fields. Perfecting array theory and exploring array imaging methods can obtain rich acoustic information, provide more intuitive and reliable research results, and further the development of ultrasonic phased-array systems. This paper reviews the progress of research on the application of ultrasound arrays for non-destructive testing (NDT) and brings together the most relevant published work on the application of simulation methods and popular imaging techniques for ultrasonic arrays. It mainly reviews the modeling approaches, including the angular spectrum method (ASM), multi-Gaussian beam method (MGB), ray tracing method, finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), and distributed point source method (DPSM), which have been used to assess the performance and inspection modality of a given array. In addition, the array of imaging approaches, including the total focusing method (TFM), compression sensing imaging (CSI), and acoustic nonlinearity imaging (ANI), are discussed. This paper is expected to provide strong technical support in related areas such as ultrasonic array testing theory and imaging methods.

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4

Zhang, Chi, Jing Ren, and Chuang Shi. "Sub-array equalization technique for the parametric array loudspeaker to reduce nonlinear distortion." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1856.

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The parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) is a directional loudspeaker which uses the nonlinear acoustic effect, namely the parametric array, to produce an audio beam from narrow ultrasonic beams. The PAL can efficiently deliver audible information, without generating noise to the surroundings. One significant drawback of the PAL is the nonlinear distortion. Therefore, many sophisticated methods have been proposed to preprocess the input signal of the PAL. However, those methods usually request a flat frequency response of the ultrasonic transducer array (UTA). In the past, equalization has been tried out for the whole UTA, but the performance was sometimes not satisfactory due to the inconsistent productions of ultrasonic transducers. This paper proposes to group the ultrasonic transducers by their impedances. Several sub-arrays are thereafter formed and equalized individually. The comparison results demonstrate that the propose sub-array equalization technique can suppress the nonlinear distortion of the PAL more effectively than the previous method.

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5

Li, Wentao, Zhenggan Zhou, and Yang Li. "Application of Ultrasonic Array Method for the Inspection of TC18 Addictive Manufacturing Titanium Alloy." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 4371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204371.

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Ultrasonic arrays have been investigated for inspecting the quality of special materials. Unfortunately, non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) of internal defects in additive manufacturing (AM) materials are difficult due to the anisotropy and the coarse grain. To solve the problem, this paper brings forward research on the inspection of TC18 AM titanium alloy products using an ultrasonic array. Firstly, a three-dimensional acoustic field distribution of different ultrasonic array transducers is established to design an optimal detection solution for an AM titanium alloy. Then, a total focusing method (TFM) for the ultrasonic annular array transducer is proposed and its imaging method is analyzed. Besides, the relation between ultrasonic group velocities in a TC18 AM specimen with different propagating angles is measured using the full matrix capture (FMC) method. Based on the measurements, the anisotropy of the AM titanium alloy is discussed and the TFM algorithm of annular array is optimized as well. Finally, C-scan experiments are conducted on the specimen with a height of 55 mm using the linear ultrasonic array transducer of the conventional focusing method and the TFM of annular array transducer, respectively. The results show that the TFM of annular array has higher accuracy in quantifying the defects of flat bottom holes and transverse holes with a diameter of 0.8 mm. In addition, the detection results of different forming directions are analyzed and the 3D imaging of defects in the specimen is realized based on FMC data. The TFM of annular array is an innovative ultrasonic testing technology with high resolution for AM titanium alloy products.

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6

Opieliński, Krzysztof J., Piotr Pruchnicki, and Tadeusz Gudra. "Ultrasonic Mammography with Circular Transducer Array." Archives of Acoustics 39, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0060.

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Abstract Ultrasonic projection imaging is similar to X-ray radiography. Nowadays, ultrasonic projection methods have been developed in the set-up of multi-element flat arrays with miniature transducers, where one of the array acts as a transmitter and the other one is a receiver. In the paper, a new method of the projection imaging using a 1024-element circular ultrasonic transducer array is presented. It allows the choice of a projection scanning plane for any angle around a studied object submerged in water. Fast acquisition of measurement data is achieved as a result of parallel switching of opposite transmitting and receiving transducers in the circular array and vertical movement of the array. The algorithm equalizing the length of measurement rays and the distances between them was elaborated for the reconstruction of projection images. Projection research results of breast phantom obtained by means of the elaborated measurement set-up and compared with mammography simulations (acquired through overlapping of X-ray tomographic images) show that ultrasonic projection method presented in this paper (so-called ultrasonic mammogra-phy) can be applied to the woman's breast and be used as a diagnosis for an early detection of cancerous lesions. It can, most of all, be used as an alternative or complementary method to standard mammography, which is harmful because of ionizing radiation and invasive due to the mechanical compression of tissue.

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7

MURAI, Junichi. "Ultrasonic Phased Array Testing." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 81, no. 4 (2012): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.81.235.

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8

Umemura, Shinichiro. "Convex array ultrasonic probe." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, no. 3 (March 1989): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.397372.

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9

Sandhu, Jaswinder S. "Movable ultrasonic transducer array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 2 (February 1986): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393485.

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10

Sun, Xiaoyu, Anthony J. Croxford, and Bruce W. Drinkwater. "Rapid ultrasonic array assessment framework method for evaluating ultrasonic array transducer performance." Applied Acoustics 182 (November 2021): 108246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2021.108246.

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11

Movahed, Ali, Thomas Waschkies, and Ute Rabe. "Air Ultrasonic Signal Localization with a Beamforming Microphone Array." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2019 (February 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7691645.

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Nondestructive testing methods are used to inspect and test materials and components for discontinuities or differences in mechanical characteristics. Phased array signal processing techniques have been widely used in different applications, but less research has been conducted on contactless nondestructive testing with passive arrays. This paper presents an application of beamforming techniques analysis using a passive synthetic microphone array to calculate the origin and intensity of sound waves in the ultrasonic frequency range. Acoustic cameras operating in the audible frequency range are well known. In order to conduct measurements in higher frequencies, the arrangement of microphones in an array has to be taken into consideration. This arrangement has a strong influence on the array properties, such as its beam pattern, its dynamics, and its susceptibility to spatial aliasing. Based on simulations, optimized configurations with 16, 32, and 48 microphones and 20 cm diameter were implemented in real experiments to investigate the array resolution and localize ultrasonic sources at 75 kHz signal frequency. The results show that development of an ultrasonic camera to localize ultrasonic sound sources is beneficial.

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12

Wang, Hong Liang, Xiang Jun Wang, Chang De He, and Chen Yang Xue. "Analysis of Ultrasonic Radiation Field Based on Linear MEMS Ultrasonic Transducer Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.84.

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The analysis of the acoustic field distribution characteristics for the ultrasonic transducer array plays a very important role in both the optimization of the design parameters of the array and the improvement of image quality. In this paper, the acoustic analysis method based on spatial impulse response is studied for the linear MEMS ultrasonic transducer array. The spatial impulse response for the ultrasonic transducer array and the lateral ultrasonic radiation field for the transducer array are obtained by simulation and calculation, and the simulation results are analyzed, which has important implications on the further optimization of MEMS ultrasound transducer design parameters.

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13

Roh, Yongrae. "Design and Fabrication of a 2D Array Ultrasonic Transducer." JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF KOREA 32, no. 5 (2013): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.7776/ask.2013.32.5.393.

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14

Zubair, Achmad, Andani Achmad, and Faizal Arya Samman. "Ultrasonic Cleaner Berbasis Field Programable Gate Array (FPGA)." Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring 21, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/jpe.112017.06.

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Pada penelitian ini dibuat pembangkit pulsa ultrasonik dengan menggunakan teknologi FPGA dengan type chip Altera Cyclone IV EP4CE22F17C6N. Pembangkit pulsa ultrasonic sangat diperlukan untuk inspeksi tak merusak menggunakan karena memiliki kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan sumber radiasi lain, diantaranya: portable (bisa dibawa ke mana-mana), bahaya radiasi kecil, harga relatif murah, lebih banyak data fisis yang diperoleh, dan penggunaan energi pencatu daya kecil. Tigggi pulsa dan frekuensi gelombang ultrasonik yang diradiasikan pada obyek disesuaikan dengan material yang di radiasi. Pada medium gas diperlukan tegangan pulsa 20 volt, sedangkan untuk material padat ketinggian pulsa pembangkit ultrasonik hingga 350 volt. Lebar pulsa ultrasonik dibangkitkan melalui bahasa pemrograman assembly mikrokontroler tersebut. Pulsa keluaran dikuatkan menggunakan IC Optocoupler agar memperoleh taraf arus yang cukup untuk memicu rangkaian MOSFET IRF832. Rangkaian saklar MOSFET digunakan untuk membangkitkan pulsa tegangan tinggi dan tegangan keluarannya dapat divariasi dari resistor yang dipasang pada kaki Drain. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh variasi lebar pulsa yang dapat diatur melalui prosedur permrograman tunda dengan frekuensi keluaran 33 KHz – 48 KHz. Dari hasil pengujian kestabilan pulsa diperoleh nilai kestabilan 99,89% pada lebar 1 us dan 99,07 % pada lebar pulsa 250 ns. Tegangan tinggi pulsa dapat diatur dari 36,8 volt hingga 354,8 volt melalui resistor Drain (RD) dari MOSFET IRF832 yang digunakan. Nilai resitansi dari resistor RD yang digunakan tersebut berada pada kisaran 10Ω hingga 470kΩ. Pulsa yang dihasilkan pada rangkaian tersebut dapat menembus material padat yang digunakan sebagai bahan uji.

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15

de Souza, Júlio Cesar Eduardo, Montserrat Parrilla Romero, Ricardo Tokio Higuti, and Óscar Martínez-Graullera. "Design of Ultrasonic Synthetic Aperture Imaging Systems Based on a Non-Grid 2D Sparse Array." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 8001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238001.

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This work provides a guide to design ultrasonic synthetic aperture systems for non-grid two-dimensional sparse arrays such as spirals or annular segmented arrays. It presents an algorithm that identifies which elements have a more significant impact on the beampattern characteristics and uses this information to reduce the number of signals, the number of emitters and the number of parallel receiver channels involved in the beamforming process. Consequently, we can optimise the 3D synthetic aperture ultrasonic imaging system for a specific sparse array, reducing the computational cost, the hardware requirements and the system complexity. Simulations using a Fermat spiral array and experimental data based on an annular segmented array with 64 elements are used to assess this algorithm.

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16

Yano, Masahiko. "Ultrasonic transducer array used in ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 2 (August 1989): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398164.

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17

Zeng, Wei Liang, Yan Ping Gong, Ying Liu, and Zhen Long Wang. "Experimental Study of Microelectrode Array and Micro-Hole Array Fabricated by Ultrasonic Enhanced Micro-EDM." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.482.

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Micro electrical discharge machining (EDM), enhanced with ultrasonic vibration, is explored and assessed as a method for developing microelectrode array, for microelectrode array fabricated by LIGA has shortcomings such as complex technology and high price. Based on the mechanism of micro-EDM, micro-hole array discharges to fabricate microelectrode array by reverse copying. In the process of reverse copying, the thicker rod electrode can not rotate, resulting in electric arc and short-circuit occurring easily, so it is necessary to add ultrasonic vibration on the plane plate electrode, in order to exclude debris as soon as possible and stabilize machining process. In the process of machining, four parameters, such as working voltage, working capacity, ultrasonic amplitude and holes spacing, are important to machining efficiency, each parameter has four typical values. In order to reduce experiment times, a scheme of orthogonal experiment was designed with different parameters combination. With result of experiments, the ratio of mean square deviation to error mean square deviation of each parameter was calculated and significance of each parameter was obtained, and the best parameters combination was asserted through theoretical calculation. Also, experimental study of using microelectrode array to machine micro-hole array by Micro- EDM was made and influence curve of each parameter was drawn. Finally, 5×5 arrays of microelectrode were obtained, the diameter of single electrode is less than about 30.m and heightto- width aspect ratios is more than 8, moreover, these microelectrode arrays have good coaxiality and surface quality.

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18

Lao, Jin Jie, and Chao Lu. "Application of Portable Ultrasonic Phased Array Instrument for Rail Welds Ultrasonic Inspection." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.384.

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In order to promote the phased array technology for the application of weld inspection, the advantage of phased array technology was introduced and the application of rails welding inspection with phased array technology was also introduced. Through detecting nature and machining flaws of aluminum-themic welding of rails, contrast to results of conventional ultrasound test, validate the effectiveness of ultrasonic phased array method, concluding characteristics of ultrasonic phased array method for the aluminum-themic welding of rails. From the result of application, the efficiency of weld inspection could be greatly improved and the inspection cost could be greatly reduced by phased array technology.

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19

Celmer, Mateusz, and Krzysztof J. Opieliński. "Research and Modeling of Mechanical Crosstalk in Linear Arrays of Ultrasonic Transducers." Archives of Acoustics 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0058.

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Abstract Linear arrays of ultrasonic transducers are commonly used as ultrasonic probes in medical diagnostics for imaging the interior of a human body in vivo. The crosstalk phenomenon occurs during the operation of transducers in which electrical voltages and mechanical vibrations are transmitted to adjacent components. As a result of such additional excitation of the transducers in the array, the directivity characteristics of the aperture used changes, and consequently there is interference with properoperation of a given array and the emergence of distortions in the obtained ultra sound image that reduce its quality. This paper studies the manner of propagation of mechanical crosstalk in the designed model of a linear array of ultrasonic transducers on the basis of unwanted signals, which appeared on elementary piezo-electric transducers when power is supplied to the selected transducer in the array. The universal model of linear array of ultrasonic transducers, which has been developed, allowed the simulation of mechanical crosstalk, taking in to account the cross-coupling phenomenon in all of its structure with the use of finite elements method (FEM) implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The analysis of crosstalk signals showed that they consist of aggregated pulses propagating with different speeds and frequencies. This signifies the formation of different vibration modes transmitted simultaneously via different paths. The paper is an original approach which enables to identify different vibration modes and estimate their participation in the crosstalk signal and their ways of propagation. Conclusions from the research allow predicting specific design changes which are significant due to the minimization of mechanical crosstalk in linear arrays of ultrasonic transducers.

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20

Velichko, A., and A. J. Croxford. "Strategies for data acquisition using ultrasonic phased arrays." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2218 (October 2018): 20180451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0451.

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Ultrasonic phased arrays have produced major benefits in a range of fields, from medical imaging to non-destructive evaluation. The maximum information, which can be measured by an array, corresponds to the Full Matrix Capture (FMC) data acquisition technique and contains all possible combinations of transmitter–receiver signals. However, this method is not fast enough for some applications and can result in a very large volume of data. In this paper, the problem of optimal array data acquisition strategy is considered, that is, how to make the minimum number of array measurements without loss of information. The main result is that under the single scattering assumption the FMC dataset has a specific sparse structure, and this property can be used to design an optimal data acquisition method. An analytical relationship between the minimum number of array firings, maximum steering angle and signal-to-noise ratio is derived, and validated experimentally. An important conclusion is that the optimal number of emissions decreases when the angular aperture of the array increases. It is also shown that plane wave imaging data are equivalent to the FMC dataset, but requires up to an order of magnitude fewer array firings.

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21

Liu, Fuping. "Application of Ultrasonic Phased Array Technology in the Inspection of Small Diameter Pipe Welds on the Heating Surface of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2442, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2442/1/012005.

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Abstract As a new type of testing technology, ultrasonic phased array testing technology can achieve the efficiency and quality that other testing methods cannot achieve. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of the application of ultrasonic phased array technology in the inspection of small diameter pipe welds of circulating fluidized bed boiler, analyzes the difficulties in the inspection process, and summarizes the possible non-relevant indications generated by the ultrasonic phased array. This paper can provide a reference for the application of ultrasonic phased array testing technology in the detection of small diameter pipe welds of circulating fluidized bed boilers and has practical significance for the relevant research of ultrasonic phased array testing technology.

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22

Andreassen, Annemarie Surlykke, Tórur, and John Hallam. "Scalable distributed ultrasonic microphone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (October 2011): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3654448.

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23

Palczewska, Grazyna. "Multi-dimensional ultrasonic array interconnect." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.419647.

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24

Brown, Lewis F. "Ultrasonic contact transducer and array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 5 (November 1994): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.411235.

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25

Smith, S. W. "Two‐dimensional array ultrasonic transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98, no. 3 (September 1995): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.413464.

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26

Ballinger, Dale O. "Phased array for ultrasonic transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 3 (March 1986): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393737.

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27

Kawabuchi, Masami, Junichi Satoh, Fumio Muramatsu, and Koetsu Saitoh. "Arc scan ultrasonic transducer array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, no. 2 (February 1985): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.392301.

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28

Morkun, V., and O. Kravchenko. "Spatial control over ultrasonic cleaning of mining equipment using a phased array technology." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/031.

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Purpose. To develop methods for spatial control over ultrasonic cleaning by using ultrasonic phased array of radiators. To simulate the cleaning process using the developed methods to prove their effectiveness. Methodology. Application of the ultrasonic array as a basic radiator for ultrasonic cleaning enables redistribution of intensity in the bath by increasing it in the most contaminated zones of the cleaned object. Geometric and physical laws provide analytically defined parameters of the beam. Findings. The authors determine basic parameters for the ultrasonic beam through considering input and output data of the 3-D fuzzy interval controller. The focus distance is calculated by means of the arrival time of the threshold signal considering distances between the sensor and the array. The azimuth is directed into the bath center and dependent on its height only. The zenithal angle is calculated as a ratio of intensities of the current arrays and the nearest adjacent ones towards the greatest one. By default, the beam is directed to the bath center for the phased array with the greatest intensity. The simulation reveals that the applied approach enables a 41.5% increase in intensity in the contamination zone, this improving energy efficiency of cleaning and reducing time required for ultrasonic treatment. Originality. The authors suggest new methods for forming control over ultrasonic cleaning, which enables considering spatial distribution of this process by optimizing energy losses. Practical value. The new approach to spatial control over ultrasonic cleaning enables redirecting intensity in the bath to the most contaminated zones, this allowing an increase in energy efficiency of large mining machines of complicated configuration.

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Kazys, Rymantas Jonas, Justina Sestoke, and Egidijus Zukauskas. "Numerical Investigation of Excitation of Various Lamb Waves Modes in Thin Plastic Films." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020849.

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Ultrasonic-guided waves are widely used for the non-destructive testing and material characterization of plates and thin films. In the case of thin plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC), films up to 3.2 MHz with only two Lamb wave modes, antisymmetrical A0 and symmetrical S0, may propagate. At frequencies lower that 240 kHz, the velocity of the A0 mode becomes slower than the ultrasonic velocity in air which makes excitation and reception of such mode complicated. For excitation of both modes, we propose instead a single air-coupled ultrasonic transducer to use linear air-coupled arrays, which can be electronically readjusted to optimally excite and receive the A0 and S0 guided wave modes. The objective of this article was the numerical investigation of feasibility to excite different types of ultrasonic-guided waves, such as S0 and A0 modes in thin plastic films with the same electronically readjusted linear phased array. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations of A0 and S0 Lamb wave modes using a single ultrasonic transducer and a linear phased array were performed. The obtained results clearly demonstrate feasibility to excite efficiently different guided wave modes in thin plastic films with readjusted phased array.

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Jiang, Xue-Jiao, Meng-Wei Liu, Fang-Fang Shi, Wen Wang, Xian-Mei Wu, and Jia-Yi Chen. "A Microscale Linear Phased-Array Ultrasonic Transducer Based on PZT Ceramics." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051244.

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In this paper, a microscale high-frequency ultrasonic transducer was prepared by combining traditional planar ultrasonic phased-array technology and micro processing technology. The piezoelectric ceramic material PZT was used as the functional material of the transducer. The number of the arrays was 72, the width of each array was 50 μm, the pitch of each array was 70 μm, and the length of each array was 3 mm. The PZT chip was finely ground to a thickness of 130 μm and could reach a frequency of 10 MHz. The experimental platform of micron-scale precision was set up for a beam-forming lateral sound field test and imaging experiment to validate the theoretical analysis. The echo imaging test showed that a mold with a feature size of about 400 μm could be imaged well.

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31

Lee. "Thermal Dispersion Method for a Medical Ultrasonic Phased Array Transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea 34, no. 3 (2015): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.7776/ask.2015.34.3.210.

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32

Achbal, Mariam, Abdellatif Khamlichi, and Fadoua El Khannoussi. "Optimizing the focal laws of ultrasonic arrays for non-destructive evaluation of composite panels with delamination." MATEC Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 00001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819100001.

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The use of ultrasonic arrays in the field of non-destructive evaluation of composites is a recent technique. This method offers the possibility to achieve fast inspection of components having complex geometries. As compared with the single element transducers, arrays configuration yields more effective detection of defects. However, to achieve adequate imaging by ultrasonic array elements, each element should be excited according to a specific sequence which is called the focal law. At each instant a subset of the array elements is activated and the incident waves are better directed to scattered at the defect. The reflected signals can then be more intensified. In this work, two-dimensional approximation of wave propagation problem was supposed. Array elements with linear geometry and with the elements assumed to be fully coupled with the composite panel were considered. A delamination defect was inserted between the plies of the composite panel at a given depth. The forward model enabling to simulate ultrasonic array data was built by means of the FEM. As each focal position requires a different focal law that fixes a proper protocol of excitation and reception, synthesis of these focal laws was studied. Optimization of signal focalization and reception as function of the delamination extent was achieved.

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33

Wang, Xu-Bo, Le-Ming He, You-Cao Ma, Wen-Juan Liu, Wei-Jiang Xu, Jun-Yan Ren, Antoine Riaud, and Jia Zhou. "Development of Broadband High-Frequency Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Array." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051823.

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Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT) are promising elements to fabricate a two-dimensional (2D) array with a pitch small enough (approximately half wavelength) to form and receive arbitrary acoustic beams for medical imaging. However, PMUT arrays have so far failed to combine the wide, high-frequency bandwidth needed to achieve a high axial resolution. In this paper, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) backing structure is introduced into the PMUTs to improve the device bandwidth while keeping a sub-wavelength (λ) pitch. We implement this backing on a 16 × 8 array with 75 µm pitch (3λ/4) with a 15 MHz working frequency. Adding the backing nearly doubles the bandwidth to 92% (−6 dB) and has little influence on the impulse response sensitivity. By widening the transducer bandwidth, this backing may enable using PMUT ultrasonic arrays for high-resolution 3D imaging.

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Emery, Charles D., H. C. Casey, and Stephen W. Smith. "Ultrasonic Imaging Using Optoelectronic Transmitters." Ultrasonic Imaging 20, no. 2 (April 1998): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469802000203.

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Conventional ultrasound scanners utilize electronic transmitters and receivers at the scanner with a separate coaxial cable connected to each transducer element in the handle. The number of transducer elements determines the size and weight of the transducer cable assembly that connects the imaging array to the scanner. 2-D arrays that allow new imaging modalities to be introduced significantly increase the channel count making the transducer cable assembly more difficult to handle. Therefore, reducing the size and increasing the flexibility of the transducer cable assembly is a concern. Fiber optics can be used to transmit signals optically and has distinct advantages over standard coaxial cable to increase flexibility and decrease the weight of the transducer cable for large channel numbers. The use of fiber optics to connect the array and the scanner entails the use of optoelectronics such as detectors and laser diodes to send and receive signals. In transmit, optoelectronics would have to be designed to produce high-voltage wide-bandwidth pulses across the transducer element. In this paper, we describe a 48 channel ultrasound system having 16 optoelectronic transmitters and 32 conventional electronic receivers. We investigated both silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD's) and GaAs lateral photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS's) for producing the transmit pulses. A Siemens SI-1200 scanner and a 2.25 MHz linear array were used to compare the optoelectronic system to a conventional electronic transmit system. Transmit signal results and images in tissue mimicking phantoms of cysts and tumors are provided for comparison.

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Mondal, Shyamal C., Paul D. Wilcox, and Bruce W. Drinkwater. "Design of Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Phased Array Transducers." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 3 (March 2, 2005): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1991873.

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Two-dimensional (2D) phased arrays have the potential to significantly change the way in which engineering components in safety critical industries are inspected. In addition to enabling a three-dimensional (3D) volume of a component to be inspected from a single location, they could also be used in a C-scan configuration. The latter would enable any point in a component to be interrogated over a range of solid angles, allowing more accurate defect characterization and sizing. This paper describes the simulation and evaluation of grid, cross and circular 2D phased array element configurations. The aim of the cross and circle configurations is to increase the effective aperture for a given number of elements. Due to the multitude of possible array element configurations a model, based on Huygens’ principle, has been developed to allow analysis and comparison of candidate array designs. In addition to the element configuration, key issues such as element size, spacing, and frequency are discussed and quantitatively compared using the volume of the 3D point spread function (PSF) as a measurand. The results of this modeling indicate that, for a given number of elements, a circular array performs best and that the element spacing should be less than half a wavelength to avoid grating lobes. A prototype circular array has been built and initial results are presented. These show that a flat bottomed hole, half a wavelength in diameter, can be imaged. Furthermore, it is shown that the volume of the 3D reflection obtained experimentally from the end of the hole compares well with the volume of the 3D PSF predicted for the array at that point.

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Wang, Zhe, Chao Zhang, and Xiahui Li. "Research on factors affecting ultrasonic phased array detection imaging quality for curved component." AIP Advances 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 065114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090499.

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An in-depth analysis on the beam directivity of ultrasonic phased arrays has been made to solve the problems of low image quality and identification difficulties caused by a suboptimal configuration of array elements. The influence on the number and spacing of array elements on the imaging quality of curved components was studied. The simulation and experimental verification of the phased array sound field for curved components were carried out. The rules governing the influence of phased array transducer parameters on imaging quality were obtained, and an approach to the optimization of parameters was proposed. The results of this study have important significance for transducer design and the phased array detection of curved components.

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Hopko, Sandra N., I. Charles Ume, and Dathan S. Erdahl. "Development of a Flexible Laser Ultrasonic Probe." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 2 (April 29, 2002): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1379369.

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Ultrasonics is a widely used nondestructive testing technique, which is often applied off-line for weld quality inspection. Laser ultrasonic (LU) inspection systems have the potential for on-line application, providing the means to identify unacceptable welds as they are formed. Because LU systems are non-contacting, they can be used for testing moving specimens or for operation in hazardous and/or high temperature environments. A highly versatile system can be created when an optical fiber delivery system is incorporated into the design. Introduction of a focusing objective increases the allowable working distance and permits stronger generation using material ablation as the generating mechanism. This paper describes the development of a laser ultrasonic probe using an optical fiber delivery system with a distal end, focusing objective. The optical fiber delivery system can be configured as a single fiber source, a linear array (fiber bundle) or a phased array. Results include experimentally obtained directivity patterns demonstrating ultrasonic generation using ablation sources. Thermoelastic source results are also included. This paper demonstrates the potential of the fiber tool and presents an overview of the weld control scheme.

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Chen, Zeyu, Xuejun Qian, Xuan Song, Qiangguo Jiang, Rongji Huang, Yang Yang, Runze Li, Kirk Shung, Yong Chen, and Qifa Zhou. "Three-Dimensional Printed Piezoelectric Array for Improving Acoustic Field and Spatial Resolution in Medical Ultrasonic Imaging." Micromachines 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10030170.

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Piezoelectric arrays are widely used in non-destructive detecting, medical imaging and therapy. However, limited by traditional manufacturing methods, the array’s element is usually designed in simple geometry such as a cube or rectangle, restricting potential applications of the array. This work demonstrates an annular piezoelectric array consisting of different concentric elements printed by Mask-Image-Projection-based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) technology. The printed array displays stable piezoelectric and dielectric properties. Compared to a traditional single element transducer, the ultrasonic transducer with printed array successfully modifies the acoustic beam and significantly improves spatial resolution.

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Li, Bolun, Changhe Sun, Shouchun Xin, Mingzhang Luo, Chuang Hei, Guofeng Du, and Ankang Feng. "Development of a 16-Channel Broadband Piezoelectric Micro Ultrasonic Transducer Array Probe for Pipeline Butt-Welded Defect Detection." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 7133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197133.

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Butt welding is extensively applied in long-distance oil and gas pipelines, and it is of great significance to conduct non-destructive ultrasonic testing of girth welds in order to avoid leakage and safety accidents during pipeline production and operation. In view of the limitations of large transducer size, single fixed beam angle, low detection resolution and high cost of conventional ultrasonic inspection technologies, a 16-channel piezoelectric micro ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) array probe was developed through theoretical analysis and structural optimization design. After the probe impedance characterization, the experimental results show that the theoretical model can effectively guide the design of the ultrasonic transducer array, offering the maximum operating frequency deviation of less than 5%. The ultrasonic echo performance tests indicate that the average −6 dB bandwidth of the PMUT array probe can be up to 77.9%. In addition, the fabricated PMUT array probe has been used to successfully detect five common internal defects in pipeline girth welds. Due to the multiple micro array elements, flexible handling of each element, large bandwidth and high resolution of defect detection, the designed PMUT array probe can provide a good application potential in structural health monitoring and medical ultrasound imaging fields.

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Jiang, Qiu Yue, Xiao Rong Gao, Chao Yong Peng, and Jin Long Li. "Application of Water Immersion Ultrasonic Phased Array Technology in Wheel Rim Inspection." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.733.

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Rim is an important part of the wheels. It is often over loaded and has a complicated stress in use. Specially, at high speed circumstances, the quality of the work piece is closely connected. This paper combines the water immersion technology with the ultrasonic phased array technology to wheel detection. It introduces the basic principle, current situation at home and abroad of the water immersion ultrasonic phased array technology, and the comparison with the contacted ultrasonic phased array detection technology. According to the feature of the rim flaws, the methods to detect rim flaws with water immersion ultrasonic phased array technology are analyzed and tested. This system can finish the whole scanning in one time, improve the work efficiency and satisfy the testing requirements.

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Song, Sung Jin, Joon Soo Park, Hak Joon Kim, Un Hak Seong, Suk Chull Kang, and Young Hwan Choi. "A Model to Predict Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing Signals from a Flat-Bottomed Hole in Two Medium." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.501.

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In this study, the expanded multi-Gaussian beam model is adopted to develop a model to calculate the ultrasonic beam fields radiated from an ultrasonic phased array transducer. Combining this beam model with three other components including time delays, a far-field scattering model and a system efficiency factor, we develop a complete ultrasonic measurement model for predicting the phased array ultrasonic signals that can be captured from a flat-bottom hole in a steel specimen in a pulse-echo set-up using an array transducer mounted in a solid wedge. This paper describes the complete model developed with its key ingredients.

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SCHMMER, LESTER W. "FUNDAMENTALS OF ULTRASONIC PHASED ARRAYS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015607.

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It is shown that the wave field of an ultrasonic linear array is closely related to that of an equivalent single element transducer. Using this relationship, it is demonstrated how one can construct a simple and efficient ultrasonic beam model for the wave field of a steered linear array.

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Y.B, Gandole, and Rodge S.A. "Design of Ultrasonic Linear Array Transducer." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 5 (2014): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-09520107.

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TAKANASHI, Nobuaki. "Ultrasonic Sensor System Using Transducer Array." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 9, no. 7 (1991): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.9.900.

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Kim, Jung-Ho, In-Jin Song, Chun-Duck Kim, Moo-Joon Kim, Kang-Lyeol Ha, and Noriyoshi Chubachi. "Beam-Width-Controllable Ultrasonic Transducer Array." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 2003): 3198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.3198.

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Liang, Kenneth, Gérard Fleury, Benoit Froelich, Jean‐Luc Guey, and Pascal Schoeb. "Cylindrical ultrasonic array for borehole applications." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933993.

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Sednev, D., O. Kataeva, V. Abramets, P. Pushenko, and T. Tverdokhlebova. "Ultrasonic fingerprinting by phased array transducer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 135 (June 2016): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/135/1/012039.

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Cerofolini, Marino. "Electronic array probe for ultrasonic imaging." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127, no. 1 (2010): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3294124.

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Cheng, Xiaoyang, Jingkuang Chen, Chuan Li, Jian-Hung Liu, I.-Ming Shen, and Pai-Chi Li. "A Miniature Capacitive Ultrasonic Imager Array." IEEE Sensors Journal 9, no. 5 (May 2009): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2013502.

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Cerofolini, Marino. "ELECTRONIC ARRAY PROBE FOR ULTRASONIC IMAGING." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 3 (2013): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4820219.

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