Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ultrasonic array

Academic literature on the topic 'Ultrasonic array'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ultrasonic array"

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Liu, Zi Hong, Jia Wen Jia, and Gang Xiong. "Research of the Design and Simulation of Ultrasonic Focusing System with Phased Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.162.

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At present, the most common way of ultrasonic focusing is concave spherical self-focusing, ultrasonic focusing on lens and phased array ultrasonic focusing. Phased array ultrasonic focusing system is made up by multiple independent transducer unit array, according to the specific way and timing, real-time control of different arrays of ultrasonic signal phase. Established the ideal point source consisting of piezoelectric transducer phased array model 4 * 4 by the use of COMSOL, and results got the phased array focused in the simulation experiments.
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Okamoto, Kyoka, and Kan Okubo. "Arrangement design for horizontally omnidirectional audible sound source using facing ultrasonic transducer arrays." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SG (March 30, 2022): SG1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4c09.

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Abstract We developed an audible sound source with horizontal omnidirectional patterns using facing ultrasonic transducer arrays. The arrays emitted sound with different ultrasonic frequencies from each side, and an audible sound with a differential frequency is generated between input ultrasonic signals. In particular, we designed and created a new array that can control the number of transducers driven in the array. We evaluated the frequency–amplitude characteristics and directivity when the transducers in the array were driven in an annular shape. There is an optimum array shape and number of transducers that can be driven for a specific distance between arrays.
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Xu, Qian, and Haitao Wang. "Sound Field Modeling Method and Key Imaging Technology of an Ultrasonic Phased Array: A Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 7962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12167962.

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An ultrasonic phased array consists of multiple ultrasonic probes arranged in a certain regular order, and the delay time of the excitation signal sent to each array element is controlled electronically. The testing system model based on ultrasonic propagation theory is established to obtain a controllable and focused sound field, which has theoretical and engineering guiding significance for the calculation and analysis of ultrasonic array sound fields. Perfecting array theory and exploring array imaging methods can obtain rich acoustic information, provide more intuitive and reliable research results, and further the development of ultrasonic phased-array systems. This paper reviews the progress of research on the application of ultrasound arrays for non-destructive testing (NDT) and brings together the most relevant published work on the application of simulation methods and popular imaging techniques for ultrasonic arrays. It mainly reviews the modeling approaches, including the angular spectrum method (ASM), multi-Gaussian beam method (MGB), ray tracing method, finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), and distributed point source method (DPSM), which have been used to assess the performance and inspection modality of a given array. In addition, the array of imaging approaches, including the total focusing method (TFM), compression sensing imaging (CSI), and acoustic nonlinearity imaging (ANI), are discussed. This paper is expected to provide strong technical support in related areas such as ultrasonic array testing theory and imaging methods.
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Zhang, Chi, Jing Ren, and Chuang Shi. "Sub-array equalization technique for the parametric array loudspeaker to reduce nonlinear distortion." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1856.

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The parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) is a directional loudspeaker which uses the nonlinear acoustic effect, namely the parametric array, to produce an audio beam from narrow ultrasonic beams. The PAL can efficiently deliver audible information, without generating noise to the surroundings. One significant drawback of the PAL is the nonlinear distortion. Therefore, many sophisticated methods have been proposed to preprocess the input signal of the PAL. However, those methods usually request a flat frequency response of the ultrasonic transducer array (UTA). In the past, equalization has been tried out for the whole UTA, but the performance was sometimes not satisfactory due to the inconsistent productions of ultrasonic transducers. This paper proposes to group the ultrasonic transducers by their impedances. Several sub-arrays are thereafter formed and equalized individually. The comparison results demonstrate that the propose sub-array equalization technique can suppress the nonlinear distortion of the PAL more effectively than the previous method.
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Li, Wentao, Zhenggan Zhou, and Yang Li. "Application of Ultrasonic Array Method for the Inspection of TC18 Addictive Manufacturing Titanium Alloy." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 4371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204371.

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Ultrasonic arrays have been investigated for inspecting the quality of special materials. Unfortunately, non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) of internal defects in additive manufacturing (AM) materials are difficult due to the anisotropy and the coarse grain. To solve the problem, this paper brings forward research on the inspection of TC18 AM titanium alloy products using an ultrasonic array. Firstly, a three-dimensional acoustic field distribution of different ultrasonic array transducers is established to design an optimal detection solution for an AM titanium alloy. Then, a total focusing method (TFM) for the ultrasonic annular array transducer is proposed and its imaging method is analyzed. Besides, the relation between ultrasonic group velocities in a TC18 AM specimen with different propagating angles is measured using the full matrix capture (FMC) method. Based on the measurements, the anisotropy of the AM titanium alloy is discussed and the TFM algorithm of annular array is optimized as well. Finally, C-scan experiments are conducted on the specimen with a height of 55 mm using the linear ultrasonic array transducer of the conventional focusing method and the TFM of annular array transducer, respectively. The results show that the TFM of annular array has higher accuracy in quantifying the defects of flat bottom holes and transverse holes with a diameter of 0.8 mm. In addition, the detection results of different forming directions are analyzed and the 3D imaging of defects in the specimen is realized based on FMC data. The TFM of annular array is an innovative ultrasonic testing technology with high resolution for AM titanium alloy products.
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Opieliński, Krzysztof J., Piotr Pruchnicki, and Tadeusz Gudra. "Ultrasonic Mammography with Circular Transducer Array." Archives of Acoustics 39, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0060.

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Abstract Ultrasonic projection imaging is similar to X-ray radiography. Nowadays, ultrasonic projection methods have been developed in the set-up of multi-element flat arrays with miniature transducers, where one of the array acts as a transmitter and the other one is a receiver. In the paper, a new method of the projection imaging using a 1024-element circular ultrasonic transducer array is presented. It allows the choice of a projection scanning plane for any angle around a studied object submerged in water. Fast acquisition of measurement data is achieved as a result of parallel switching of opposite transmitting and receiving transducers in the circular array and vertical movement of the array. The algorithm equalizing the length of measurement rays and the distances between them was elaborated for the reconstruction of projection images. Projection research results of breast phantom obtained by means of the elaborated measurement set-up and compared with mammography simulations (acquired through overlapping of X-ray tomographic images) show that ultrasonic projection method presented in this paper (so-called ultrasonic mammogra-phy) can be applied to the woman's breast and be used as a diagnosis for an early detection of cancerous lesions. It can, most of all, be used as an alternative or complementary method to standard mammography, which is harmful because of ionizing radiation and invasive due to the mechanical compression of tissue.
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MURAI, Junichi. "Ultrasonic Phased Array Testing." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 81, no. 4 (2012): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.81.235.

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Umemura, Shinichiro. "Convex array ultrasonic probe." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, no. 3 (March 1989): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.397372.

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Sandhu, Jaswinder S. "Movable ultrasonic transducer array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 2 (February 1986): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393485.

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Sun, Xiaoyu, Anthony J. Croxford, and Bruce W. Drinkwater. "Rapid ultrasonic array assessment framework method for evaluating ultrasonic array transducer performance." Applied Acoustics 182 (November 2021): 108246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2021.108246.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ultrasonic array"

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Wang, Ji-yong 1967. "Hybrid ultrasonic array." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84216.

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Felice, Maria Victoria. "Ultrasonic array inspections for complex defects." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687061.

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The aim of this thesis is to develop a simulation-assisted methodology for optimising ultrasonic array inspections and to apply it to an industrial problem. In particular, the focus is on inspections for complex defects and the motivation behind the work is an aerospace engine component that may suffer from stress corrosion cracking. Unlike fatigue cracks, these cracks are typically branched and are therefore difficult to detect with ultrasonic inspections. The development of the simulation-assisted methodology consists of two key parts. The first part is to implement a computer model that correctly simulates the interaction of ultrasound with complex cracks, while being efficient enough to be used in an optimisation exercise. An efficient Finite Element method and the Kirchhoff Approximation are compared with regards to their capability for simulating the ultrasonic scattering from complex cracks, and the Finite Element method is found to be preferable. This method is combined with ray tracing to obtain a hybrid model that simulates ultrasonic array data from the cracks and the complete model is successfully validated experimentally. The second part of the development of the methodology is to establish a process of obtaining real crack shapes to input into the hybrid model. The process which is developed involves the use of X-ray Computed Tomography to obtain high-resolution images of cracked parts and then segmenting the images. The computer model and real crack shape extraction process are used together to optimise the detection capability of an ultrasonic array inspection for the aerospace engine component. The signal-to-noise ratios obtained with a selection of array designs are compared with each other and with those obtained using a single element ultrasonic probe. The sizing capability of the array inspections is also investigated and the use of the Half-Skip Total Focusing Method to size cracks is analysed in detail.
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Nadkarni, Aditya. "Reflector geometry specific modeling of an annular array based ultrasound pulse-echo system." Link to electronic thesis, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-091207-114218/.

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Poon, Wai Tsun William. "The performance of large element ultrasonic array transducers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411096.

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Smith, Peter Raymond. "Ultrasonic phased array techniques using switched-mode excitation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4570/.

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Ultrasound is predominantly an ‘active’ sensing modality, with information obtained by transmission of an acoustic wave, followed by analysis of received signals. Transmission occurs when electrical signals are converted to acoustic signals. This thesis covers the design and application of these electrical signals to an array transducer. As an introduction, the development of a bespoke ultrasound array research platform is discussed. This enabling technology is built around switched-mode excitation: a method of approximating an analogue waveform by selecting between discrete voltage levels. The use of switched-mode methods has led to three major topics of research. Firstly, a transmit beamformer architecture that provides fine control of excitation sequence timing using embedded-phase locked loops is presented. This enables accurate implementation of firing sequences or phasing between transducer elements, thus minimizing time-quantization error, and providing an improved representation of the expected pressure field. An introduction to transmit beamforming is given, the impact of timequantization is discussed, and the transmit beamformer’s performance is demonstrated. Secondly, a method of arbitrary waveform generation using switched-mode excitation is described. The method encodes width-modulated sequences of three or five discrete voltage levels, that, once passed through a transducer, give close approximation to the desired arbitrary waveform. Applications include: power control, pulse shaping, and array apodization. Each application is demonstrated by simulation and experimentation. An extension to the method is shown for ‘chirp’ coded imaging, demonstrating the capability for generation of frequency modulated waveforms. The improvement in image quality when compared with conventional square-wave, ‘pseudo-chirp’ excitation signals is shown. Lastly, the performance of the width-modulated signals is further extended so as to remove unwanted third-harmonic content whilst still maintaining pulse amplitude control.Removal of the third harmonic reduces harmonic distortion, has benefits in applications such as harmonic imaging, and extends the use of switched-mode operation with wide bandwidth transducers.
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Duxbury, David. "Calibration and control of advanced ultrasonic array technology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/27618.

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Ultrasonic inspection is the primary method of Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) for the detection of planar flaws in engineering components. In recent years phased array technology has been adopted for use in NDE following success in related fields, such as medical and sonar applications. Phased array technology provides increased flexibility relative to single element monolithic transducers and the development of controlling hardware with large numbers of parallel channels has allowed the use of large phased arrays able to focus at long range, and offer increased performance. Full Matrix Capture (FMC) is a method of recording data using a phased array transducer that allows image reconstruction to be performed for any inspection technique than could be deployed using delay laws applied to the transmit voltage pulses applied to the array and receiving amplifiers. FMC technology provides a step change in inspection flexibility, and also provides the opportunity to take advantage of imaging techniques that are not practical to implement using phased arrays in the conventional way. However, existing inspection calibration procedures defined in standards do not allow these benefits to be fully realised. This thesis reports the development of a calibration framework designed for FMC based inspection for both rigid and conformable wedge mounted arrays. A large part of this work has been the development of acceptance limits on transducer performance variations. The developments of these limits have required a significant amount of modelling work, often using a Monte Carlo approach. To accommodate this, modelling tools have been developed to investigate the effect of array element directivity, sensitivity, and relative phase on system performance. For conformable phased arrays the effect of surface profile measurement accuracies has also been assessed. The developed calibration framework includes the tools necessary to monitor transducer performance throughout an inspection, with minimum impact on inspection duration. A means of calibrating imaging tools against known reflectors, in accordance with established industrial practice, has also been produced.
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Bowler, Adam I. "Strain Measurement in Solids using Ultrasonic Array Speckle Images." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525470.

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Qian, Yichen. "Design of high frequency ultrasonic array transducers for medical imaging." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336225/.

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Ultrasonic transducers have been widely used in the medical applications. High frequency array transducers have recently attracted many research interests, since it provides not only the electronic beamforming but also the very fine image resolution. The transducers are usually either annular or linear arrays. This study concentrates on the design of both types of array in high frequency applications. The annular array is firstly investigated, and an optimized design of array geometry is developed including the kerfs influence which is usually neglected in the design of high frequency arrays. The improved imaging performance is found by this optimized design. More interestingly, the conventional annular array with element having the same surface area has a relatively large sidelobe closest to the main lobe. Two methods are applied to suppress the sidelobe. The method of using high-impedance single matching to enlarge the element bandwidth only shows very limited lobe suppression, however, a novel matching approach is found. Another method of changing the array geometry from equal area elements to equal width ones successfully suppressed the sidelobe. The imaging results suggest that the novel equal width array shows a good improvement. The linear array is then analyzed. The kerfs influence again is found to be significant for the array especially for high frequency. It is essential to use a high attenuated kerfs material in the linear array design. More importantly, the limitation of current fabrication techniques forces the linear array to concede a high grating lobe in the imaging field if it operates in a relatively high frequency. A novel linear array is developed to suppress the grating lobe without using advanced fabrication techniques. The imaging results show that the novel linear array has a general reduction of -6dB for the lobe suppression. The novel design made the linear array operate in a very high frequency without strong grating lobe, and the array can be fabricated by current techniques.
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Russell, Jonathan. "The development and implementation of advanced ultrasonic phased array technology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5684.

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Ultrasonic inspection is the primary technique for the detection of planar flaws within the nuclear industry. Current inspections are typically limited to the application of rigid wedge, single element transducers to components with regular surface geometry. This thesis addresses some of the limitations of this approach and develops new methods and techniques that are suitable for application in an industrial environment. Inspection modelling is a cost effective technique for inspection design and qualification; it can be used to aid understanding of the inspection process, and provides valuable insight into inspection data interpretation. In this work semianalytical and numerical modelling tools have been used to accurately and efficiently simulate the ultrasonic inspection of large complex components. Modelling tools have also been applied to aid in the design of a membrane coupled conformable phased array device. The membrane coupled array is a low-cost, robust device that uses a conventional phased array coupled to the outer surface of the component under test via a water path encapsulated by low-loss membrane. Early design of this device was performed by Long and Cawley at Imperial College, London. The work reviewed in this thesis discussed the further development of this membrane coupled device and its application for the inspection of a specific target application component. The target application is a safety critical, thick-walled stainless steel section of pipework that contains an austenitic weld. The current inspection of this component is carried out by first removing the component weld cap and then mechanically raster scanning a large number of rigid wedge single element transducers. Weld cap removal is an expensive time consuming task that can lead to excessive wall thinning and the exposure of small surface breaking defects. The motivation for this work is to provide complete inspection of the weld and heat affected zone with the weld cap in place. It is also designed to improve inspection speed and accuracy, and to reduce the amount of user intervention required to complete the inspection in a hostile environment Inspection results from the 2nd and 3rd generation membrane coupled device on multiple test-pieces representative of the target application are presented. These results demonstrate that the membrane coupled device can be used to detect defects in locations that cannot be inspected using conventional techniques. The amount of scanning required can be significantly reduced, simplifying the inspection and helping to improve inspection speed by over 60% in comparison to the single element approach.
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Zeng, Xiaozheng. "Ultrasound phased array simulations for hyperthermia." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Books on the topic "Ultrasonic array"

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Michael, Greenstein, and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, eds. A 2.5 MHz 2D array with Z-axis backing. Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Department, 1996.

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Daane, Larry. A demountable interconnect system for a 50 x 50 ultrasonic imaging transducer array. Palo Alto, Calif: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Dept., 1996.

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Armitage, A. D. A hand held, high resolution, phased array ultrasonic scanner. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Michael, Greenstein, and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, eds. A 2.5 MHz 2D array with z-axis electrically conductive backing. Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Department, 1996.

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F, Tennis Richard, Pickens Keith S, Southwest Research Institute, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Ultrasonic phased-array characterization for NDE applications: Final report, project 17-9891. San Antonio: Southwest Research Institute, 1995.

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F, Tennis Richard, Pickens Keith S, Southwest Research Institute, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Ultrasonic phased-array characterization for NDE applications: Final report, project 17-9891. San Antonio: Southwest Research Institute, 1995.

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F, Tennis Richard, Pickens Keith S, Southwest Research Institute, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Ultrasonic phased-array characterization for NDE applications: Final report, project 17-9891. San Antonio: Southwest Research Institute, 1995.

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Lane, Christopher. The Development of a 2D Ultrasonic Array Inspection for Single Crystal Turbine Blades. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02517-9.

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Miller, James G. Application of linear array imaging techniques to the real-time inspection of airframe structures and substuctures: Annual progress report, March 15, 1995 - October 31, 1995. St. Louis, Mo: Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Application of linear array imaging techniques to the real-time inspection of airframe structures and substuctures: Annual progress report, March 15, 1995 - October 31, 1995. St. Louis, Mo: Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ultrasonic array"

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Phased Array System Functions." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 195–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_10.

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Roye, Werner. "Portable Ultrasonic Phased Array System." In Acoustical Imaging, 11–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2402-3_2.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Phased Array Beam Modeling (1-D Elements)." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 73–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_4.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Phased Array Beam Modeling (2-D Elements)." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 147–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_7.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Acoustic Field of a 1-D Array Element." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 17–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_2.

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Acoustic Field of a 2-D Array Element." In Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays, 113–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_6.

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Mirchev, Y. N., A. L. Shekero, and V. V. Kozhushko. "Directional Properties of Ultrasonic Antenna Array." In Non-destructive Testing and Repair of Pipelines, 31–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56579-8_3.

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Kleinert, Wolf. "New Probe Technology, Phased Array Probes." In Defect Sizing Using Non-destructive Ultrasonic Testing, 47–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32836-2_5.

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Kaajakari, Ville, Abhijit Sathaye, and Amit Lal. "A Frequency Addressable Ultrasonic Microfluidic Actuator Array." In Transducers ’01 Eurosensors XV, 930–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59497-7_220.

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Erikson, Ken, Allen Hairston, Anthony Nicoli, Jason Stockwell, and Tim White. "A128 X128 (16K) Ultrasonic Transducer Hybrid Array." In Acoustical Imaging, 485–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8588-0_77.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ultrasonic array"

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Moles, Michael, Noe¨l Dube´, and Ed Ginzel. "Pipeline Girth Weld Inspections Using Ultrasonic Phased Arrays." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1848.

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Automated ultrasonics is rapidly replacing radiography worldwide for gas pipeline girth weld inspections. Compared with radiography, mechanized ultrasonics is more reliable, faster, has better detection of critical Lack of Fusion defects, and poses no safety hazard. Phased arrays are the latest development in AUT, and present major improvements over conventional ultrasonics. Probe pans are lighter and smaller; scans are quicker due to the smaller probe pan; phased arrays are considerably more flexible for changes in pipe dimensions or weld profiles, and for different scan patterns for unusual defects; special scans can be made for specific problems. This paper describes the PipeWIZARD ultrasonic phased array system for girth weld inspections, based on the ASTM E-1961 code and compatible with API 1104 19th Edition. Some comments on AUT codes will be made. The paper will describe the latest phased array UT results, plus developments like automated set-ups and improved imaging using an increased number of zones. PipeWIZARD’s track record and capabilities will be illustrated.
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Moles, Michael, Noe¨l Dube´, and Ed Ginzel. "Pipeline Girth Weld Inspections Using Ultrasonic Phased Arrays." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27393.

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Mechanized ultrasonics is rapidly replacing radiography worldwide for gas pipeline girth weld inspections. Compared with radiography, mechanized ultrasonics is more reliable, faster, has better detectability for critical Lack of Fusion defects, and poses no safety hazard. Phased arrays present major improvements over conventional multiprobe ultrasonics, both for onshore and for offshore use. Probe pans are lighter and smaller, permitting less cutback; scans are quicker due to the smaller probe pan; phased arrays are considerably more flexible for changes in pipe dimensions or weld profiles, and for different scan patterns; phased arrays have great potential for the future, such as compensating for variations in pipe wall thickness or temperature. This paper describes the evaluation of the PipeWIZARD ultrasonic phased array system for girth weld inspections, using standard ASTM E-1961 Mechanized Ultrasonics set-ups. Some typical results will be shown. The paper will describe the latest phased array UT results, plus developments like automated set-ups and improved imaging using an increased number of zones. A brief comparison of E-1961 and the recent API 1104 19th Edition codes will be made, plus a summary of approvals and track record to date.
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Dobie, Gordon, Walter Galbraith, Charles MacLeod, Rahul Summan, Gareth Pierce, and Anthony Gachagan. "Automatic ultrasonic robotic array." In 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2013.0474.

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Chi, Guanxin, Weiliang Zeng, Desheng Dong, and Zhenlong Wang. "Key Technology of Microelectrode Array Fabrication by Ultrasonic Enhanced Micro-EDM." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21128.

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Micro electrical discharge machining (EDM), enhanced with ultrasonic vibration, is explored and assessed as a new technology for developing microelectrode array, for microelectrode array fabricated by LIGA has shortcomings such as complex technology and high price. Based on the mechanism of micro-EDM, micro-hole array discharges to fabricate microelectrode array by reverse copying. In the process of reverse copying, the thicker rod electrode can’t rotate, resulting in electric arc and short-circuit easily, so it is necessary to add ultrasonic vibration on the plane plate electrode. According to the technology, a set of micro-EDM system is designed and developed. On the machining system, influence of ultrasonic vibration is analysed from the way of vibration mechanics through theoretical analysis and experimental observation. Compared with machining without ultrasonic vibration, single discharging energy decreases 1/2, discharge frequency improves three times, machining efficiency increases two times and better surface quality is achieved. Finally, 5×5 arrays of microelectrode and microhole made by these microelectrode arrays are got, the diameter of single electrode is less than 30μm and height-to-width aspect ratio is more than 8, moreover these arrays of microelectrode and micro-hole have very good surface quality.
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Fullerton, Anne, Brian Fullerton, and Thomas Fu. "A Directional Wave Array Using Ultrasonic Sensors." In SNAME 29th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2010-008.

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A typical approach to determining wave direction is to assume that the sea surface is made up of several sinusoidal waves of various frequencies and directions. One method to determine wave direction as a function of frequency is to use an array of time-series point measurements of water elevation. These multi-element arrays can either be linear or polygonal, and utilize phase, time and path differences to determine wave direction. Typically, pressure gages or capacitance wave probes are used in a directional wave array, however, recently at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, a directional wave array was employed using five ultrasonic level sensors in an array to quantify wave direction in the Maneuvering and Seakeeping basin (MASK). Two methods were then used to calculate wave direction, a phase/path/time difference method of Esteva which yields a mean direction for each frequency bin, and the Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), which yields a directional spectrum for each frequency bin. Testing in the MASK was performed to assess the feasibility of using the array on a moving vessel to measure directional seas in the field. The sensors' sampling rate was set at 20 Hz and the five sensors were set up in "slave-master" mode, with the “master” driving the four “slaves” to sample concurrently. This method helped to reduce cross-talk between the sensors and their subsequent dropouts and spikes. Data was collected using LabView software with custom written real-time analysis in MATLAB. Wave direction was measured with regular and irregular waves, with unidirectional and bi-directional systems ninety degrees apart. Tests were performed with the array in a stationary position, as well as with forward motion and simulated pitch and roll motions to assess the potential of using the array on a moving vessel. Results with the stationary array from the basin are good, with the array correctly measuring regular waves of a single frequency from two directions, as well as irregular waves from two directions. Results from the system undergoing motions have increased variability.
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Chen, Shili, Guangde Song, Shijiu Jin, and Xianglin Zhan. "The Design of an Ultrasonic Phased Array System on Pipelines’ Weld Inspection." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0719.

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Phased arrays generate ultrasonic waves by using recisely-defined time delays for each element in an ultrasonic array group, this permits constructive and destructive interference of the wavefronts to form the pre-defined beam. So, ultrasonic phased arrays are well suited to weld inspections. First, beams can be multiplexed across the array, in what is called “electronic scanning”. This permits very rapid inspections of components, typically an order of magnitude faster than a single transducer raster scan. Second, the beam can be swept through a range of angles without moving the array; this is called “beam steering”, and the inspections are typically called “azimuthal” scans or “sectorial” scans. Before weld inspecting, the time delays between elements were computed using a specific model and compared to experimental delays obtained using through transmission tests. This paper describes the application of phased array on pipelines’ weld inspection. The detail hardware designs of linear phased arrays system and the summary of system performance are presented. This inspection system includes eight ultrasonic signal transmitting and receiving circuit units, which are used to control time sequence of ultrasonic beam and select channel used for waves construction, and amplify the received ultrasonic signal. Each unit is connected with 16 probe elements (total 128 elements in this system), and can receive 4-way ultrasonic signals (channel selection is done by RF switching). Additional performance is gained by intensively using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) technology for memory and delay counters. Since the working frequency or FPGA is 100MHz, the delay time less than 10 ns is realized by analogue delay line. This system not only has the functions of conventional ultrasonic inspector, but also can display the defect shape and its size on the screen.
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Engle, Brady J., Lester W. Schmerr, Jr., and Alexander Sedov. "Quantitative ultrasonic phased array imaging." In 40TH ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Incorporating the 10th International Conference on Barkhausen Noise and Micromagnetic Testing. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4864801.

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Drinkwater, B. W. "An Ultrasonic Wheel-Array Probe." In QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1711701.

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Benoist, Philippe, Clarisse Poidevin, and Olivier Roy. "Simulation and Applications of NDT Ultrasonic Array Techniques." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77716.

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More and more, phased arrays play an increasing role in ultrasonic non destructive testing, as they provide improved versatility, adaptability to complex configurations and efficiency compared to conventional techniques. The possibilities offered by arrays are numerous, involving electronic commutation, applications of electronic delays in the aim of beam forming, signal processing, etc... Besides the most standard techniques based on 2D beam steering and focusing, more sophisticated techniques are emerging involving matrix arrays and 3D beam forming. Flexible arrays are now available which allow to overcome problems due to complex and varying geometries of the inspected part (elbow, nozzles, butt weld...). The conception and optimization of the techniques, the design of the arrays, as well as the imaging and interpretation of the data requires dedicated simulation tools. Such tools based on an accurate modelling of ultrasound propagation in the part and dedicated to the conception and optimization of the techniques, the design of the arrays, as well as the imaging and interpretation of the data have been developed and implemented in the CIVA software plat-form. They allow to fully exploit electronic commutation over linear or matrix arrays, to compute adapted delay laws which take into account the whole complexity of the inspection, to predict transmitted beams in the part as well as echoes arising for prescribed flaws. In this communication the efficiency of array techniques and the capabilities of related simulation are illustrated on various complex applications such as nozzles, welds, and pipes inspection.
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Moles, Michael, Noe¨l Dube´, and Simon Labbe´. "Special Phased Array Applications for Pipeline Girth Weld Inspections." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0417.

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Ultrasonic phased arrays present major improvements over conventional multiprobe ultrasonics for inspecting pipeline girth welds, both for onshore and for offshore use. Probe pans are lighter and smaller, permitting less cutback; scans are quicker due to the smaller probe pan; phased arrays are considerably more flexible for changes in pipe dimensions or weld profiles, and for different scan patterns. More important, some of the potential advantages of phased arrays are now becoming commercially available. These include: compensating for variations in seamless pipe wall thickness; wedge temperature compensation; premium inspections for risers, tendons and other components; small diameter pipes; multiple displays; clad pipe; portable phased arrays for tie-ins and repairs; improved sizing approaches. The paper will describe the latest phased array UT results for special applications.
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Reports on the topic "Ultrasonic array"

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Everett, B. A Multi-Element Ultrasonic Ranging Array. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada150898.

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Sheen, S. H., H. T. Chien, K. Wang, W. P. Lawrence, and D. Engel. Linear-array ultrasonic waveguide transducer for under sodium viewing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/994058.

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Fasching, G. E., W. J. Loudin, D. E. Paton, and N. S. Jr Smith. Phased-array ultrasonic surface contour mapping system. Technical note. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10175361.

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Crawford, Susan, Matthew Prowant, Anthony Cinson, Michael Larche, Aaron Diaz, and Michael Anderson. Phased Array Ultrasonic Sound Field Mapping in Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1136237.

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Clayton, Dwight A., Dr Lev Khazanovich, and Lucio Salles. Linear Array Ultrasonic Test Results from Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Specimens. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1248797.

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Jonathan D Buttram. Ultrasonic Phased Array Technique for Accurate Flaw Sizing in Dissimilar Metal Welds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/862411.

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Clayton, Dwight A., Lev Khazanovich, Mattia Zammerachi, and N. Dianne Bull Ezell. Linear Array Ultrasonic Testing Of A Thick Concrete Specimens For Non-Destructive Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1355888.

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Crawford, S. L., A. D. Cinson, A. A. Diaz, and M. T. Anderson. Phased Array Ultrasonic Examination of Reactor Coolant System (Carbon Steel-to-CASS) Dissimilar Metal Weld Mockup Specimen. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1259948.

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Diaz, Aaron A., Michael R. Larche, Royce Mathews, Kevin J. Neill, David L. Baldwin, Matthew S. Prowant, Matthew K. Edwards, and Clyde E. Chamberlin. FY15 Status of Immersion Phased Array Ultrasonic Probe Development and Performance Demonstration Results for Under Sodium Viewing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1339924.

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Diaz, Aaron A., Clyde E. Chamberlin, Matthew K. Edwards, Tobias J. Hagge, Michael S. Hughes, Michael R. Larche, Royce A. Mathews, Kevin J. Neill, and Matthew S. Prowant. FY16 Status of Immersion Phased Array Ultrasonic Probe Development and Performance Demonstration Results for Under Sodium Viewing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1340893.

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