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Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Neuberger, Manfred. "Ultrafine Particles in Viennese Gastronomy after Introduction of a National Smoking Ban." Advances in Clinical Toxicology 8, no. 2 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/act-16000264.

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Background: Ultrafine particles have a substantial influence on the pathogenesis of diseases from ambient air pollution including personal and indoor tobacco smoke. In public rooms such as gastronomy venues without complete smoking ban, the main source of ultrafine particles is cigarette smoke. Objectives: In accordance with the research question if the legislative smoking ban reduced ultrafine particle pollution in Viennese bars, cafés and pubs, the effectiveness of this ban for the protection of nonsmokers was evaluated. As a further objective, the comparison with the ultrafine particle concentrations in smoking and non-smoking areas before and after the general smoking ban was relevant, whereby the data from the survey period April to October 2019 were used. Hereby, the effectiveness of the measure could be derived from the direct comparison of the earlier and the current recordings. Methods: 2 years after the national Non-Smoking Protection Law in November 2019 had gone into force, the indoor exposures with ultrafine particles were surveyed in 22 Viennese bars/discotheques, 5 cafés and 12 pubs/restaurants and bars. By unannounced and undercover measurements over 20 minutes each, these well frequented gastronomy locations were investigated between October 2021 and February 2022. The concentration of ultrafine particles (PNC, pt/cm³), the corresponding diameter (10 - 300 nm) and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) were recorded via Miniature Diffusion Size Classifier (miniDiSC®) in all three types of locations. Results: The ultrafine particle loadings in 2021/22 in the three location types were not significantly different any more. Two years after the ban the median PNC (pt/cm³) was 19,751 in bars, 18,854 in cafés and 19,357 in pubs. The average diameter (AD, nm) was 54.17 in bars, 44.27 in cafés and 52.08 in pubs. For average LDSA (µm²/cm³), the values were 51.65 in bars, 35.76 in cafés, and 60.71 in pubs. 2019 data had shown significantly higher median values for PNC (pt/cm³) for smoking locations at 72,802 versus non-smoking areas at 27,776 and non-smoking locations at 18,854. Similarly, smoking locations showed significantly higher values for AD (nm) at 78 versus non-smoking areas at 62 and non-smoking locations at 52. For average LDSA (µm²/cm³), smoking locations also had the highest values at 402.0 versus non-smoking areas at 108.0 and non-smoking locations at 51.9. From comparison of data, it was possible to derive the UFP concentrations above which a hospitality indoor area - regardless of its declared status - may be classified as polluted by nanoparticles (tobacco smoke): For PNC, 34,435 pt/ cm³, for average diameter 67.45 nm and for LDSA 163.68 µm²/cm³ are proposed as cut-off values. Conclusion: The national smoking ban significantly improved air quality in Viennese hospitality venues. Two years after the ban ultrafines were comparably low and not significantly different between bars, cafés and pubs, whether they were used before for smoking or not. The decrease of ultrafine particle pollution was attributed to regular non-smoking in localities. Some outliers of the present investigation after the smoking ban indicated, that control of compliance with the law has to be continued.
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2

Joo, Song-Yi, Ji-Hee Hwang, Seung-Hon Ham, and Ki-Young Lee. "Exposures of Ultrafine Particles for Passengers of Elephant Vehicle in the Seoul Grand Park." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 38, no. 5 (October 31, 2012): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2012.38.5.393.

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3

Eckert, Kerstin, Edgar Schach, Gunter Gerbeth, and Martin Rudolph. "Carrier Flotation: State of the Art and its Potential for the Separation of Fine and Ultrafine Mineral Particles." Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.125.

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Critical raw materials (CRMs) are of primary importance for energy storage systems as needed for electromobility. Many mineral deposits which contain CRMs are low-grade ores. To liberate the CRMs, a grinding of the mineral ores to very fine sizes below 20 µm particle size is necessary. However, the present class of industrial flotation plants fail to extract such fine and ultrafine particles. To improve the recovery in fine particle flotation, techniques have been developed which attempt to agglomerate the fine valuable particles into larger aggregates which subsequently can be separated by established technologies such as froth flotation. Carrier flotation is one of these techniques. The present work reviews the state of the art of this technique for the recovery of fines and ultrafines.
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4

Uda, Masahiro. "Ultrafine particles." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 54, no. 6 (1985): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.54.318.

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5

KATO, AKIO. "Ultrafine particles." Nihon Kessho Gakkaishi 31, no. 2 (1989): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5940/jcrsj.31.116.

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6

Hayashi, Chikara. "Ultrafine particles." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 5, no. 4 (July 1987): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.574773.

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7

Donaldson, K. "Ultrafine particles." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.3.211.

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8

Hayashi, Chikara. "Ultrafine Particles." Physics Today 40, no. 12 (December 1987): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.881093.

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9

Sahni, V. "Ultrafine particles." British Dental Journal 234, no. 3 (February 10, 2023): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-023-5563-9.

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10

Choi, Wonsik. "Indoor and Outdoor Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations and Deposition Fractions in the Respiratory Tract in a Single-family House near the Major Roadway." Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2021.37.2.276.

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11

Cho, Hyeri, Seulgi Gu, Jeonghoon Kim, Satbyul Kim, and Kiyoung Lee. "Exposures to Ultrafine Particles, PM2.5and PM10in Cooking and Non-Cooking Areas of Department Stores in Seoul." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2013.39.2.144.

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12

IWASAWA, Yasuhiro. "Fine particles, ultrafine particles." Hyomen Kagaku 10, no. 10 (1989): 824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.10.824.

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13

Hara, K., K. Osada, C. Nishita-Hara, M. Yabuki, M. Hayashi, T. Yamanouchi, M. Wada, and M. Shiobara. "Seasonal features of ultrafine particle volatility in the coastal Antarctic troposphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2011): 14777–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-14777-2011.

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Abstract. The size distribution and volatility of ultrafine aerosol particles were measured using scanning mobility particle sizer and thermodenuder at Syowa Station during the 46–47 Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (2005–2007). The relative abundance of non-volatile particles in a 240 C scan was approximately 20 % during the summer, whereas the abundance of non-volatile particles increased by >90 % during winter–spring. During the summer, most ultrafine particles were NH4+, SO42− and CH3SO3−, while major constituents of ultrafine particles were sea-salts (Na+ and Cl−) in winter–spring. Therefore, the seasonal feature of volatility of ultrafine particles at Syowa might result from seasonal variations of the major aerosol constituents. Although the relative abundance of non-volatile particles was usually higher during winter–spring, the abundance dropped occasionally to <30 %. The lower abundance of non-volatile ultrafine particles during winter–spring corresponded to the lower number concentration of ultrafine particles and transport from the free troposphere over Antarctica.
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14

Li, Yijiang, Wencheng Xia, Yaoli Peng, Yanfeng Li, and Guangyuan Xie. "Effect of ultrafine kaolinite particles on the flotation behavior of coking coal." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 7, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00304-5.

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Abstract Kaolinite, as a mineral in fine coal, has an important influence on the flotation of coal particles. In this study, the effects of ultrafine kaolinite particles on the flotation recovery of coal particles were investigated. Flotation tests were carried out using a mixture of coal particles and different amounts of ultrafine kaolinite particles. Combined with the Stefan–Reynold theory, the effect of liquid film drainage rate between coal bubbles in a kaolinite suspension was calculated. The yield of flotation clean coal increases quickly with the increasing content of ultrafine kaolinite particles. The ultrafine kaolinite particles can reduce the surface tension of the suspension, weaken the bubble coalescence, and stabilize the structure of the froth layer. In addition, the ultrafine kaolinite particles increase the apparent viscosity of the flotation pulp slightly. It is concluded that the role of ultrafine kaolinite particles on the positive effect of froth properties conceals the negative effect on the liquid film drainage rate between coal particles and bubbles caused by the kaolinite particles, which ultimately leads to an increasing yield of clean coal with an increasing content of kaolinite particles. This study is important for understanding the influence of ultrafine kaolinite on coal particle flotation.
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15

Hara, K., K. Osada, C. Nishita-Hara, M. Yabuki, M. Hayashi, T. Yamanouchi, M. Wada, and M. Shiobara. "Seasonal features of ultrafine particle volatility in the coastal Antarctic troposphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 18 (September 21, 2011): 9803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9803-2011.

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Abstract. The size distribution and volatility of ultrafine aerosol particles were measured using scanning mobility particle sizer and thermodenuder at Syowa Station during the 46–47 Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (2005–2007). The relative abundance of non-volatile particles in a 240 °C scan was approximately 20% during the summer, whereas the abundance of non-volatile particles increased by >90% during the winter–spring. Most ultrafine particles were volatilized at temperature of 150–210 °C. This volatility was consistent well to major aerosol constituents (NH4+, SO42− and CH3SO3−) during the summer. In contrast, major constituents of ultrafine particles were sea-salts (Na+ and Cl−) in winter–spring. Therefore, the seasonal feature of volatility of ultrafine particles at Syowa was associated with seasonal variations of the major aerosol constituents. Although the relative abundance of non-volatile particles was usually higher during the winter–spring, the abundance dropped occasionally to <30%. The lower abundance of non-volatile ultrafine particles during winter–spring corresponded to the lower number concentration of ultrafine particles and transport from the free troposphere over Antarctica.
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16

Adhikari, Atin, Aniruddha Mitra, Abbas Rashidi, Imaobong Ekpo, Jacob Schwartz, and Jefferson Doehling. "Field Evaluation of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators on Construction Jobsites for Protection against Airborne Ultrafine Particles." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091958.

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Exposure to high concentrations of airborne ultrafine particles in construction jobsites may play an important role in the adverse health effects among construction workers, therefore adequate respiratory protection is required. The performance of particulate respirators has never been evaluated in field conditions against ultrafine particles on construction jobsites. In this study, respiratory protection levels against ultrafine particles of different size ranges were assessed during three common construction related jobs using a manikin-based set-up at 85 L/min air flow rate. Two NanoScan SMPS nanoparticle counters were utilized for measuring ultrafine particles in two sampling lines of the test filtering facepiece respirator—one from inside the respirator and one from outside the respirator. Particle size distributions were characterized using the NanoScan data collected from outside of the respirator. Two models of N95 respirators were tested—foldable and pleated. Collected data indicate that penetration of all categories of ultrafine particles can exceed 5% and smaller ultrafine particles of <36.5 nm size generally penetrated least. Foldable N95 filtering facepiece respirators were found to be less efficient than pleated N95 respirators in filtering nanoparticles mostly at the soil moving site and the wooden building frameworks construction site. Upon charge neutralization by isopropanol treatment, the ultrafine particles of larger sizes penetrated more compared to particles of smaller sizes. Our findings, therefore, indicate that N95 filtering facepiece respirators may not provide desirable 95% protection for most categories of ultrafine particles and generally, 95% protection is achievable for smaller particles of 11.5 to 20.5 nm sizes. We also conclude that foldable N95 respirators are less efficient than pleated N95 respirators in filtering ultrafine particles, mostly in the soil moving site and the wooden building framework construction site.
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17

Emmerechts, J., and M. F. Hoylaerts. "The effect of air pollution on haemostasis." Hämostaseologie 32, no. 01 (2012): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5482/ha-1179.

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SummaryAmbient environmental air pollutants include gaseous and particulate components. In polluted air, especially particulate matter seems responsible for cardiovascular complications: It consists of a heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid particles with different diameters ranging from large thoracic to ultrafine particles, with a diameter < 100 nm. Ultrafines can penetrate deeply into the lung to deposit in the alveoli. Cardiovascular manifestations result both from short-term and long-term exposure and have been linked to interference with the autonomic nervous system, direct translocation into the systemic circulation, pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Thrombotic complications associated with air pollution comprise arterial and probably venous thrombogenicity.This review describes the existing epidemiological and experimental evidence to explain the rapid induction of myocardial infarction within 1–2 hours after exposure to polluted air and advances several explanations as to why more chronic exposure will lead to enhanced venous thrombogenicity. Mechanisms such as platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation factor changes and microvesicle production are discussed.
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18

Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Lenie van den Broek, Flemming R. Cassee, Roxana O. Carare, Sweelin Chew, Andras Dinnyes, et al. "TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010311.

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The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.
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19

Periasamy, Ravindran, Fu-Lin Chen, David Ensor, Robert Donovan, and Robert Denyszyn. "Particles in High Pressure Cylinder Gases: Gas to Particle Conversion During Expansion." Journal of the IEST 31, no. 4 (July 1, 1988): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.31.4.tq403v88424131p3.

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The formation of ultrafine particles by gas to particle conversion is hypothesized to explain the large concentration of ultrafine particles measured downstream of pressure reducing devices on cylinder gases of helium, nitrogen, and argon. These high concentrations of ultrafine particles can be reduced by the insertion of an appropriate purifying stage upstream of the pressure reducing device.
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20

Gomes, J. F., R. M. Miranda, P. A. Carvalho, and M. L. Quintino. "The effect of metal transfer modes and shielding gas composition on the emission of ultrafine particles in MAG steel welding." Soldagem & Inspeção 19, no. 2 (June 2014): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si1902.09.

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The present study aims to characterize ultrafine particles emitted during gas metal arc welding of mild steel and stainless steel, using different shielding gas mixtures, and to evaluate the effect of metal transfer modes, controlled by both processing parameters and shielding gas composition, on the quantity and morphology of the ultrafine particles. It was found that the amount of emitted ultrafine particles (measured by particle number and alveolar deposited surface area) are clearly dependent from the main welding parameters, namely the current intensity and the heat input of the welding process. The emission of airborne ultrafine particles increases with the current intensity as fume formation rate does. When comparing the shielding gas mixtures, higher emissions were observed for more oxidizing mixtures, that is, with higher CO2content, which means that these mixtures originate higher concentrations of ultrafine particles (as measured by number of particles by cubic centimeter of air) and higher values of alveolar deposited surface area of particles, thus resulting in a more hazardous condition regarding welders exposure.
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21

Tlebaev, K. B. "MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE ON THE BASE OF ULTRAFINE POWDER." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 3 (37) (September 24, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no3/25-29.

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This paper presents the results of a study of the influence of thermal and mechanical effects on the formation of a structure in an ultrafine powder heated to a temperature above the melting point of polytetrafluoroethylene (327°C). The ultrafine powder was obtained by mechanical grinding of an industrial sample of polytetrafluoroethylene in a rotary knife mill. Studies of the ultra powder with a transmission microscope showed that the powder particles are quasi-spherical particles of a size of 5 microns. The thermal (sintering, slow and fast quenching) and mechanical (creation of high pressure) effects on ultrafine powder particles were determined by the methods of an automated digital microscope Leica DM 6000, X-ray diffraction, and Vickers. It was found that the formation of a supramolecular structure depends on the applied force (pressure) and temperature. Measurement of the hardness of the modified sample showed that its hardness in relation to the hardness of the industrial sample increased by 4 units.
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22

XU, Wenzheng, Hao LI, Xin LIANG, Jie WANG, Jinyu PENG, and Jingyu WANG. "β-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane Particles Prepared by Spray Drying and its Characterization." Materials Science 27, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.22853.

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In this paper, the ultrafine β-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (β – CL – 20) particles were prepared by spray drying method. The CL – 20 samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Furthermore, the safety properties of samples under impact and thermal stimulus were tested and analyzed. The results of SEM showed that the average particle size of ultrafine CL – 20 particles with a narrow particle size distribution, were about 320 nm, and the shape was elliptical. The XRD patterns indicated that the polymorphic phase of ultrafine particles was mainly β-type. Compared with that of raw CL – 20, the impact sensitivity of the ultrafine CL – 20 had been decreased significantly, for the drop height (H50) was increased from 13.0 to 33.5 cm. The critical explosion temperature of the ultrafine CL – 20 decreased from 232.16 ℃ to 227.93 ℃, indicating that the thermal stability of the ultrafine CL – 20 is lower than that of raw CL – 20.
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23

Xie, Jincheng, Dengpan Qiao, Runsheng Han, Tao Deng, and Jun Wang. "New Definition of Ultrafine Particles in Mine Paste and Its Relationship with Rheological Properties." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5560899.

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Mine backfill paste is generally composed of tailings and coarse aggregates. In engineering practice, the definitions in fill material classification are vague. In this paper, the size range of ultrafine particles is defined by the Stokes sedimentation test and hydraulic coarseness method. The size range of ultrafine particles is affected not only by the geometric size of the particles but also by the physical characteristics of the particles themselves. This definition has more comprehensive considerations and stricter physical and mathematical significance than the traditional definition of ultrafine particles based only on size. There is a strong correlation between ultrafine particles in fill materials and the rheological properties of the mine backfill paste. In this study, through experiments and correlation analysis, it was found that the content of ultrafine particles is positively correlated with the plastic viscosity of the mine backfill paste, and its growth range is exponential. The coarse aggregate content is positively correlated with the yield stress of the mine backfill paste. A regression analysis model was established for the rheological properties of mine backfill paste. The model has few factors and high correlation, so it can simply and efficiently predict the rheological properties of mine backfill paste and guide engineering practice.
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24

Cao, X. C., C. Y. Zhou, Y. Y. Li, W. Zong, J. Wang, and M. Chen. "Study on Ultrafine Particles Used in Drilling Fluids." MATEC Web of Conferences 319 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031905002.

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In this paper, several ultrafine particles were prepared and characterized, then the performance of drilling fluids were evaluated after ultrafine particles were added in water base drilling fluids. The viscosity property of drilling fluids were increased, however, filtration reduction could not be strictly controlled. All filtration volume was difficult to control just like common ultrafine calcium carbonate unless some polymers could be used. Titanium dioxide and zinc dioxide could be used as substitutes of calcium carbonate in drilling fluids.
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25

Pierce, J. R., and P. J. Adams. "Efficiency of cloud condensation nuclei formation from ultrafine particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 3, 2006): 10991–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-10991-2006.

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Abstract. Atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are a key uncertainty in the assessment of the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds and climate. The ability of new ultrafine particles to grow to become CCN varies throughout the atmosphere and must be understood in order to understand CCN formation. We have developed the Probability of Ultrafine particle Growth (PUG) model to answer questions regarding which growth and sink mechanisms control this growth, how the growth varies between different parts of the atmosphere and how uncertainties with respect to the magnitude and size distribution of ultrafine emissions translates into uncertainty in CCN generation. It was found in most cases that condensation is the dominant growth mechanism and coagulation with larger particles is the dominant sink mechanism for ultrafine particles. In this work we found that the probability of a new ultrafine particle generating a CCN varies from <0.1% to >90% in different parts of the atmosphere, though in the boundary layer a large fraction of ultrafine particles have a probability between 5% and 40%. Some regions, such as the tropical free troposphere, are areas with high probabilities; however, variability within regions makes it difficult to predict which regions of the atmosphere are most efficient for generating CCN from ultrafine particles. For a given mass of primary ultrafine aerosol, an uncertainty of a factor of two in the modal diameter can lead to an uncertainty in the number of CCN generated as high as a factor for eight. It was found that no single moment of the primary aerosol size distribution, such as total mass or number, is a robust predictor of the number of CCN ultimately generated. Therefore, a complete description of the size distribution is generally required for global aerosol microphysics models.
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26

O'Kelly, Eugenia, Sophia Pirog, James Ward, and P. John Clarkson. "Ability of fabric face mask materials to filter ultrafine particles at coughing velocity." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e039424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039424.

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ObjectiveWe examined the ability of fabrics which might be used to create home-made face masks to filter out ultrafine (0.02–0.1 µm) particles at the velocity of adult human coughing.MethodsTwenty commonly available fabrics and materials were evaluated for their ability to reduce air concentrations of ultrafine particles at coughing face velocities. Further assessment was made on the filtration ability of selected fabrics while damp and of fabric combinations which might be used to construct home-made masks.ResultsSingle fabric layers blocked a range of ultrafine particles. When fabrics were layered, a higher percentage of ultrafine particles were filtered. The average filtration efficiency of single layer fabrics and of layered combination was found to be 35% and 45%, respectively. Non-woven fusible interfacing, when combined with other fabrics, could add up to 11% additional filtration efficiency. However, fabric and fabric combinations were more difficult to breathe through than N95 masks.ConclusionsThe current coronavirus pandemic has left many communities without access to N95 face masks. Our findings suggest that face masks made from layered common fabric can help filter ultrafine particles and provide some protection for the wearer when commercial face masks are unavailable.
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27

Ng, C. W., J. Ding, P. Y. Chow, L. M. Gan, and C. H. Quek. "Ultrafine magnetic cyanide particles." Journal of Applied Physics 87, no. 9 (May 2000): 6049–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372608.

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28

Linderoth, Søren. "Ultrafine amorphous alloy particles." Hyperfine Interactions 68, no. 1-4 (April 1992): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02396456.

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29

Kumar, Prashant, Lidia Morawska, Wolfram Birmili, Pauli Paasonen, Min Hu, Markku Kulmala, Roy M. Harrison, Leslie Norford, and Rex Britter. "Ultrafine particles in cities." Environment International 66 (May 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.013.

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30

Gangopadhyay, S., G. C. Hadjipanayis, B. Dale, C. M. Sorensen, and K. J. Klabunde. "Magnetism of ultrafine particles." Nanostructured Materials 1, no. 1 (January 1992): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(92)90056-4.

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31

Jiao, Y. L., L. Xiao, M. H. Zheng, X. H. Ma, Xin Tai Su, and Qing Zhi Yan. "Effect of Ultrafine Gd211 on Processing and Superconducting Properties of Gdbacuo Bulk Superconductors." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1893.

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GdBaCuO bulk superconductors from precursors of Gd123 and ultrafine Gd211 powder have been fabricated by melt-textured-growth method in air. The ultrafine Gd211 powder was synthesized by an improved Pechini method. It was found that the lower temperature of synthesizing ultrafine Gd211 powder, the higher peritectic reaction temperature of GdBaCuO bulk superconductors. Jc reaches 4.7×104 A/cm2 at 77 K and self-field for ultrafine Gd211 starting particles with 0.2μm in diameter, and higher compared to larger Gd211 starting particles fabricated by solid state reaction. However, a large secondary peak effect did not appeared at Jc-B curves. ,
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32

Jiang, Bing, Meicheng Li, Dandan Song, Yingfeng Li, and Trevor Mwenya. "Facile Deposition of Ultrafine Silver Particles on Silicon Surface Not Submerged in Precursor Solutions for Applications in Antireflective Layer." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/351360.

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Using a facile deposition method, the ultrafine silver particles are successfully deposited on the Si surface that is not submerged in precursor solutions. The ultrafine silver particles have many advantages, such as quasiround shape, uniformity in size, monodisperse distribution, and reduction of agglomeration. The internal physical procedure in the deposition is also investigated. The results show that there are more particles on the rough Si surface due to the wetting effect of solid-liquid interface. The higher concentration of ethanol solvent can induce the increase of quantity and size of particles on Si surface not in solutions. The ultrafine particles can be used to prepare porous Si antireflective layer in solar cell applications.
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33

Dong, X. L., Z. D. Zhang, X. G. Zhao, Y. C. Chuang, S. R. Jin, and W. M. Sun. "The preparation and characterization of ultrafine Fe–Ni particles." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 2 (February 1999): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0058.

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Ultrafine Fe, Fe–Ni, and Ni particles were prepared by using the hydrogen plasma-metal reaction method in a mixture of H2 and Ar of 0.1 MPa. The particles were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron spectroscopy, energy disperse spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In contrast with bulk Fe–Ni alloys, the distinguishing features in corresponding ultrafine particles are that two phases with fcc and bcc structures coexist in a wide composition range. Ultrafine Fe–Ni particles have higher resistance to oxidation than Fe and Ni particles. The mechanism of forming particles was analyzed by means of structural and magnetic measurements. It was found that quenching is a dominant mechanism for forming paramagnetic particles. Hyperfine interactions were studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy in comparison with those in bulk Fe–Ni alloys.
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34

Pierce, J. R., and P. J. Adams. "Efficiency of cloud condensation nuclei formation from ultrafine particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 5 (February 27, 2007): 1367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1367-2007.

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Abstract. Atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are a key uncertainty in the assessment of the effect of anthropogenic aerosol on clouds and climate. The ability of new ultrafine particles to grow to become CCN varies throughout the atmosphere and must be understood in order to understand CCN formation. We have developed the Probability of Ultrafine particle Growth (PUG) model to answer questions regarding which growth and sink mechanisms control this growth, how the growth varies between different parts of the atmosphere and how uncertainties with respect to the magnitude and size distribution of ultrafine emissions translates into uncertainty in CCN generation. The inputs to the PUG model are the concentrations of condensable gases, the size distribution of ambient aerosol, particle deposition timescales and physical properties of the particles and condensable gases. It was found in most cases that condensation is the dominant growth mechanism and coagulation with larger particles is the dominant sink mechanism for ultrafine particles. In this work we found that the probability of a new ultrafine particle generating a CCN varies from <0.1% to ~90% in different parts of the atmosphere, though in the boundary layer a large fraction of ultrafine particles have a probability between 1% and 40%. Some regions, such as the tropical free troposphere, are areas with high probabilities; however, variability within regions makes it difficult to predict which regions of the atmosphere are most efficient for generating CCN from ultrafine particles. For a given mass of primary ultrafine aerosol, an uncertainty of a factor of two in the modal diameter can lead to an uncertainty in the number of CCN generated as high as a factor for eight. It was found that no single moment of the primary aerosol size distribution, such as total mass or number, is a robust predictor of the number of CCN ultimately generated. Therefore, a complete description of the emissions size distribution is generally required for global aerosol microphysics models.
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Daramola, O. O. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF KAOLINITE CLAY PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES." FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51459/futajeet.2021.15.2.317.

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Epoxy matrix composites reinforced with clay particles were developed by hand lay-up open mould casting technique. The clay used in this study was pulverized and processed into ultrafine particles through the sedimentation process. The composites were developed by blending the epoxy matrix and hardener with various weight fractions of the ultrafine clay particles (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt%) in open test moulds. In order to accomplish a homogeneous blend of the constituents; manual mixing of the blend was carried out for 3 min. The test specimens were left to cure for 24 hours in the moulds and for additional 27 days at room temperature of 27 ± 2 °C and were thereafter detached from the moulds. The developed composites test specimens were subjected to mechanical tests (flexural, tensile and impact) in accordance with ASTM standards and performed at room temperature. Structural characteristics of the clay particles were determined with the aid of an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The morphologies of the composites were determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). There was a progressive enhancement in the mechanical properties of epoxy composites containing 2-6 wt.% ultrafine clay particles while a drastic decrease in the mechanical properties was noticed in the epoxy/clay composites reinforced with 8-10 wt.% ultrafine clay particles. The SEM images revealed homogeneous particles distributions within the epoxy matrix at lower ultrafine clay particles weight fractions (2 wt. % and 6 wt.%).
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36

Zhao, Panchao, Wei Yi, Qigao Cao, Bosheng Zhang, Kunkun Chen, Jigang Li, and Chensiqi Yao. "Synthesis and Characterization of High-Purity Ultrafine Platinum Particles by Chemical Refining Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (March 25, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8524950.

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High-purity ultrafine platinum particles are widely used to fabricate platinum electrode oxygen sensors for automobiles and thick-film platinum resistance temperature elements. In this study, the near-spherical ultrafine Pt particles of high purity were synthesized by chemical purification, spray-drying, and ignition from crude Pt powder. Impurities in the initial Pt powder were eliminated by the 001×7 strong acid cation resin exchange column and precipitation treatment. Near-spherical (NH4)2PtCl6 particles were obtained after spray-drying, and then the microstructure and size of as-synthesized Pt particles were controlled by the ignition process. The influences of different heating temperatures during ignition treatment on the microstructure and size of Pt particles were investigated. The purity of as-synthesized Pt particles was higher than 99.999 wt%, and the average size was about 1.12 μm. The results indicate that high-purity ultrafine Pt particles can be efficiently synthesized by chemical refining.
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37

Bonevich, John E. "Sintering in Ultrafine Ceramic Particles." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 950–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089068.

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Nanocrystalline materials in many respects represent a ‘cutting-edge’ of technology. Ceramists desire ultrafine-grained materials to improve mechanical behavior and exploit their novel properties. However, the sintering behavior of these materials is not well understood. We have endeavored to study the process of sintering in ultrafine alumina particles on an atomic scale. As many properties of nanocrystalline materials exhibit surface-controlled behavior, and alumina surfaces are highly reactive, a concerted effort was made to minimize contamination by conducting the experiments in ultra-high vacuum (UHV).
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38

Kosach, A. F., M. A. Rashchupkina, M. A. Darulis, and V. G. Gorchakov. "CEMENT BRICK PROPERTIES MODIFIED BY ULTRAFINE ASH-BASED ADDITIVE." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-1-150-158.

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Purpose: The aim of the paper is to obtain the cement brick having high physical and mechanical properties due to the additive based on ultrafine ash particles obtained after the wet ash discharge at Omsk power-and-heating plant. Methodology: The mechanical and mechanochemical grinding is used to generate ultrafine ash particles. Research findings: Research investigations show that the use of ultrafine ash particles the size of which varies between 0.3 and 0.9 μm, allows up to 30% cement saving and increase the physical and mechanical properties of fly ashcement and fly ash sand-lime bricks. The compressive and flexural strength of the former increases by 35 % and 32.4 %, respectively. And the compressive strength of the latter increases by 30 %, while its thermal conductivity reduces by 6.5 %. The addition of ultrafine ash particles to cement brick composition improves the ecological situation in the region. Practical implications: The proposed technique can be used in the production of cement brick with improved physical and mechanical properties. The optimum ash/cement ratio is 30:70.
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WANG, CHANGBIN, SHUJIE ZHI, ZHANHONG WAN, ZHILIN SUN, and HAI DING. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLE-LADEN CYLINDER WAKE FLOW WITH COHERENT STRUCTURES." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 03 (January 30, 2009): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909018825.

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The phenomena of the wake flows containing ultrafine particles such as dust and pollutant in the atmosphere are usually observed downwind of the mountains and buildings. Different from the usually heavy particles, the ultrafine particles suspended in fluid undergo the processes of nucleation, growth and coagulation. Coherent structure in typical occurrence of the stretching of the Karman vortex street can be clearly seen in above mentioned gas-particle wakes. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of coherent structures on the coagulation and growth of ultrafine particles suspended in wake flow. The particle field is represented by employing a moment method to approximate the ultrafine particle general dynamic equation. The fluid flow is obtained by solving the continuity and momentum equations with the large eddy simulation method and the subgrid-scale stresses were parametrized using the dynamic eddy viscosity model. The calculated contours of vorticity were compared with the relevant experimental results. The instantaneous spatial-temporal distribution of the particles are given and analyzed. The effects of the coherent structure on the diffusion and distribution of particle number concentration, polydispersity are discussed in detail.
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40

Churg, A., B. Gilks, and J. Dai. "Induction of fibrogenic mediators by fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide in rat tracheal explants." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 277, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): L975—L982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.5.l975.

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Respirable ambient particles [particulate matter <10 μm (PM10)] are associated with both acute and chronic adverse health effects including chronic airflow obstruction. PM10 can induce expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators, but there is controversy about the types and/or sizes of particles involved and, in particular, whether ultrafine particles are the major toxic agents. To examine whether particle size affects mediator generation, we exposed rat tracheal explants, an inflammatory cell-free model of the airway wall, to various concentrations up to 500 μg/cm2 of fine (0.12 μm) or ultrafine (0.021 μm) titanium dioxide (anatase), maintained the explants in an organ culture in air for 1–7 days, and used RT-PCR to examine the expression of fibrogenic mediators and procollagen. No increase in gene expression was seen at 1 or 3 days, but at 5 days, ultrafine dust induced a small increase in procollagen. At 7 days, fine titanium dioxide produced significantly greater increases for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B, transforming growth factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β compared with those by ultrafine dust; both dusts produced similar increases for PDGF-A; and ultrafine dust produced increases in procollagen expression, whereas fine dust had no effect. Expression levels were dose related. Both dusts produced a similar decrease in expression of PDGF receptor-α and a similar increase in PDGF receptor-β. These observations suggest that ultrafine particles are intrinsically able to induce procollagen expression even in the absence of inflammatory cells; that chronic exposure to PM10 may result in chronic airflow obstruction, in part because of ultrafine particle-mediated increases in airway wall fibrosis; and that chemically identical dusts of differing size can produce quite different patterns of gene expression in the airway wall. Differential upregulation of PDGF receptors does not appear to explain dust-induced fibrosis in this model.
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41

Xu, Jing. "Preparation of Ultra-Fine Clarithromycin Particles by Anti-Solvent Recrystallization." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.534.

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Ultrafine drug powders have higher bioavaibability than the larger signed particles. Ultrafine powders of clarithromycin were produced by anti-solvent recrystallization with the acetone - water solvent systems. The effects of volume ratio of clarithromycin acetone solution to anti-solvent, stirring speed, precipitation temperature and precipitation time on the preparation process were investigated. The results show that ultrafine powders can be yielded and well-controlled under the following optimal conditions: the volume ratio of clarithromycin acetone solution to anti-solvent 1:10, stirring speed 900 r/min, precipitation temperature 20°C, and precipitation time 10 min. The ultrafine powders with the rod-shape and the mean diameter of 1.8μm with the narrow distribution were successfully obtained. The yield of drug powders is more than 83%. The powders were analyzed with FT-IR and metalloscope. The purity of drug powders is more than 98%, according with Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The operation of the experiment was very simple, and the powders were separated easily.
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42

Haryanto, Budi. "Human Health Risk to Ultrafine Particles in Jakarta." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v4i2.189.

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In Jakarta, the main pollution sources are vehicles and industry, with motorized traffic accounting for 71% of the oxides of nitrogen (NOX), 15% of sulphur-dioxide (SO2), and 70% of particulate matter (PM 10 ) of the total emission load. Both urban population size and the fraction of the population that owns a pri-vate vehicle are increasing. The study objective is to determine the numbers of ultrafine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 mm or less, or PM0.1 inhaled by elementary school children, commute workers with private car and commute workers with public transport. A cross-sectional study design is implemented in Jakarta 2005. Ten elementary school children, ten commuters with private car and ten commuters with public transports are purpo-sively selected as subjects and measured personally for 3 x 24 hours using Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) real-time personal exposure measurement (measured in terms of the number of particles per cubic centimeter, or # cm-3). The average concentration of ultrafine particulate matter of elementary school children at home, on the road and at school is 29,254/cm3, 147,897/cm3 and 61,033/cm3 respectively. For those commuters with private car at home, on the road and at office is 29,213/cm3, 310,179/cm3 and 42,496/cm3 respectively. For those commuters with public transport, the concentration average of at home, on the road and at office is found higher: 35,332/cm3, 453,547/cm3, and 69,867/cm3, respectively. Keywords: Ultrafine particles, human health riskAbstrakPerhatian terhadap pencemaran udara ini menjadi semakin meningkat ketika banyak diketemukan dampaknya pada anak-anak, terutama kaitannya dengan insidens dan prevalens asma. Sumber utama pencemaran udara di Jakarta adalah dari kendaraan bermotor dan industri, dimana transportasi berkontribusi terhadap 71% NOX, 15% SO 2, dan 70% partikel debu kurang dari 10 mikronmeter (PM 10). Tujuan penelitian mengetahui jumlah partikel debu berdiameter ultrafine (partikel berukuran <0,1 mm) yang terhirup oleh anak sekolah dasar, pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi dan kendaraan umum. Studi ini menggunakan desain crosssectional dan dilakukan di Jakarta tahun 2005. Sebanyak 30 responden anak sekolah dasar, pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi dan kendaraan umum dipilih secara purposif sebagai subyek penelitian. Jumlah partikel ultrafine terhirup secara individu diukur selama 3 x 24 jam menggunakan Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) real time personal exposure measurement (jumlah ultrafine partikel per cm 3). Rerata konsentrasi partikel ultrafine terhirup pada anak sekolah dasar di rumah, di perjalanan, dan di sekolah adalah berurutan sebagai berikut: 29.254/cm 3, 147.897/cm 3 dan 61.033/cm 3. Pada pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi di rumah, di perjalanan, dan di kantor diperoleh rerata konsentrasi secara berurutan sebagai berikut: 29.213/cm 3, 310.179/cm 3 dan 42.496/cm 3. Sedangkan pada pekerja pengguna kendaraan umum adalah: 35.332/cm 3 di rumah, 453.547/cm 3 di perjalanan, dan 69.867/cm 3 di kantor. Kata kunci : Partikel ultrafine, risiko kesehatan manusia
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43

Naydenkin, Evgeniy V., Konstantin V. Ivanov, and Gennadiy E. Rudenskii. "Evolution of Structure and Phase Composition of Aluminum Alloy under Severe Plastic Deformation." Advanced Materials Research 880 (January 2014): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.880.179.

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The paper shows that high thermal stability of the ultrafine-grained structure of aluminum alloy produced by severe plastic deformation is related to S-phase particles. The sequence of phase transformations of zirconium-doped ultrafine-grained alloy Al-Mg-Li in heating is revealed. The paper also determines temperatures at which depending on crystal structure two types of S-phase particles can form.
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44

Hroncová, Emília, Juraj Ladomerský, and Denisa Ladomerská. "Landfill air pollution by ultrafine and microparticles in case of dry and windless weather conditions." Detritus, no. 10 (March 5, 2020): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13913.

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In the present article we give the results for ultra-fine particles and microparticles at a landfill of municipal waste, taking into consideration various factors. The landfill is a large-scale source of dust. There is little knowledge in terms of fractional composition of dust particles. We have performed concentration measurements of the number of ultrafine (10 to 100 nm) and microparticles (0.1 to 10 μm) in the field conditions of the municipal waste landfill using the TSI Technique (Optical particle sizer 3330 and Nanoscan SMPS nanoparticle sizer 3919). The particle number concentration in the atmosphere in case of dry and windless weather conditions at the landfill was in the range of about 2,500 to 5,500 of ultrafine particles per cm3. The mass concentrations of the microparticles was in the range of 29 to 163 μg.m-3 (assuming ρ=1 g.cm-3). There was an evident trend of increase of concentration of the ultrafine particles and microparticles in the lower location of the landfill occuring in the case of dry and windless weather conditions. The surprising finding was that passing haulage vehicles and in particular the operation of the compactor increase the mass concentration of microparticles, but they do not increase the concentration of the number of microparticles or even of ultrafine particles.
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45

Kimura, Keisaku. "Surface effect of ultrafine particles." Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals 26, no. 11 (1987): 1069–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia1962.26.1069.

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46

KASHU, SEIICHIRO. "Gas deposition of ultrafine particles." SHINKU 35, no. 7 (1992): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.35.649.

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47

Brüske-Hohlfeld, Irene, Gerhard Preissler, Karl-Walter Jauch, Mike Pitz, Dennis Nowak, Annette Peters, and H.-Erich Wichmann. "Surgical smoke and ultrafine particles." Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 3, no. 1 (2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-3-31.

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48

Suzuki, Masao, Hitoshi Kasai, Hirohiko Miura, Shuji Okada, Hachiro Nakanishi, Hidetoshi Oikawa, Takayasu Nihira, and Hiroyoshi Fukuro. "PREPARATION OF POLYIMIDE ULTRAFINE PARTICLES." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 406, no. 1 (January 2003): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/744818998.

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49

Wallace, Lance, and Wayne Ott. "Personal exposure to ultrafine particles." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 21, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2009.59.

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50

Smith, H. Jesse. "Up with ultrafine aerosol particles." Science 359, no. 6374 (January 25, 2018): 407.5–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6374.407-e.

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