Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ultrafast PCR'
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Kwiecinski, Wojciech. "Ultrasound cardiac therapy guided by elastography and ultrafast imaging." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066131/document.
Full textAtrial fibrillation (AF) affects 2-3% of the European and North-American population, whereas ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) is related to an important risk of sudden death. AF and VT originate from dysfunctional electrical activity in cardiac tissues. Minimally-invasive approaches such as Radio-Frequency Catheter Ablation (RFCA) have revolutionized the treatment of these diseases; however the success rate of RFCA is currently limited by the lack of monitoring techniques to precisely control the extent of thermally ablated tissue.The aim of this thesis is to propose novel ultrasound-based approaches for minimally invasive cardiac ablation under guidance of ultrasound imaging. For this, first, we validated the accuracy and clinical viability of Shear-Wave Elastography (SWE) as a real-time quantitative imaging modality for thermal ablation monitoring in vivo. Second we implemented SWE on an intracardiac transducer and validated the feasibility of evaluating thermal ablation in vitro and in vivo on beating hearts of a large animal model. Third, a dual-mode intracardiac transducer was developed to perform both ultrasound therapy and imaging with the same elements, on the same device. SWE-controlled High-Intensity-Focused-Ultrasound thermal lesions were successfully performed in vivo in the atria and the ventricles of a large animal model. At last, SWE was implemented on a transesophageal ultrasound imaging and therapy device and the feasibility of transesophageal approach was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. These novel approaches may lead to new clinical devices for a safer and controlled treatment of a wide variety of cardiac arrhythmias and diseases
Guduff, Ludmilla. "Ultrafast diffusion-ordered NMR analysis of mixtures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS239/document.
Full textNMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that allows a direct study of mixtures in a non-invasive manner. The NMR spectra of molecular species in mixtures can be separated with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), a ‘virtual chromatography’ approach based on the measurement of translational diffusion coefficients. Major limitation of DOSY comes from the time-dependent diffusion dimension, which results in long experiment durations, and also from the low sensitivity of NMR. The present work aims to build an innovative tool for mixtures characterization that will be faster and more efficient for low concentrated samples. We first generalized the concept of nD spatially encoded (SPEN) DOSY experiments for the analysis of complex mixtures. As bring forward by the so-called “ultrafast NMR” (UF NMR), the use of a spatial dimension to encode diffusion can accelerate experiments by several orders of magnitude since it replaces the sequential acquisition of sub-experiments by a parallel acquisition in different slices of the sample. More advanced exploration of SPENDOSY were carried out using numerical simulations for purpose of resolution and accuracy improvement. To address sensitivity issues, we then demonstrated that SPENDOSY data can be collected for hyperpolarized substrates. This particular coupling between conventional diffusion-based method with advanced techniques such as ultrafast NMR and hyperpolarization should mark a significant progress for complex mixtures analysis especially for time-evolving processes
Li, Chen. "Ultrafast laser-induced nanostructuring of metals in regular patterns." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES019/document.
Full textFemtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures (fs-LIPSS) attract the scientific and technical attention due to the ability to produce nanostructures below the optical wavelength. These are essential for surface engineering and treatment, notably in tribology, wettability, mechanics, marking and counterfeiting. Depending on the regime of laser interaction, particularly on the laser fluence, pulse number and material type, ultrashort pulses can induce the low- and high-spatial-frequency-LIPPS (LSFL and HSFL), with the orientation perpendicular (┴E) or parallel (║E) to the laser polarization. Considering their potential in the nano-manufacturing, this work focuses on potential mechanisms for LIPSS formation, especially HSFL formation on the metallic alloys. In order to investigate the transient optical indices of excited materials in fs-LIPSS formation, we first developed time-resolved ellipsometry to measure dynamic optical indices of excited materials. Thus we gain insights in the dynamics of the dielectric function where this is intrinsically related to the electronic configuration and lattice structure. First principle simulations are then used to reveal how the electronic configuration changes during the excitation, responsible for the transient optical indices. The effects of transient optical indices are considered in the LIPSS formation mechanisms. Based on the experiments of fs-LIPSS formations on six different materials, involving metal tungsten, semiconductor silicon, dielectric fused silica, single-crystal superalloy CMSX-4, amorphous alloy Zr-BMG and its corresponding crystal alloy Zr-CA, we investigate the LIPSS formation mechanisms in the electromagnetic domain by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, related to the electromagnetic energy distribution followed by the dynamics of optical excitation, evolving topologies with pulse number and materials.We focus on the electromagnetic origin of LIPSS formation and reveal a potential primary factor for LIPSS formation. LIPSS formation can be explained by deposited energy modulation on surface via electromagnetic effects. The energy modulation mainly comes from the interference between incident laser and scattered surface wave (for LSFL(┴E)), being complemented by the interference between scattered surface waves (for HSFL(┴E)). Specially, for HSFL (║E) on Zr-CA, we proposed that the formation scenarios rely on individual anisotropic field-enhancement processes. The evolving surface topology with laser pulse number leads to a feedback-driven energy modulation deposited on surface
Zhang, Miaomiao. "Fourier-based reconstruction of ultrafast sectorial images in ultrasound." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI144/document.
Full textThree-dimensional echocardiography is one of the most widely used modality in real time heart imaging thanks to its noninvasive and low cost. However, the real-time property is limited because of the limited speed of sound. To increase the frame rate, plane wave and diverging wave in transmission have been proposed to drastically reduce the number of transmissions to reconstruct one image. In this thesis, starting with the 2D plane wave imaging methods, the reconstruction of 2D/3D echocardiographic sequences in Fourier domain using diverging waves is addressed. The main contributions are as follows: The first contribution concerns the study of the influence of transmission scheme in the context of 2D plane wave imaging. A dichotomous transmission scheme was proposed. Results show that the proposed scheme allows the improvement of the quality of the reconstructed B-mode images at a constant frame rate. Then we proposed an alternative Fourier-based plane wave imaging method (i.e. Ultrasound Fourier Slice Beamforming). The proposed method was assessed using numerical simulations and experiments. Results revealed that the method produces very competitive image quality compared to the state-of-the-art methods. The third contribution concerns the extension of Fourier-based plane wave imaging methods to sectorial imaging in 2D. We derived an explicit spatial transformation which allows the extension of the current Fourier-based plane wave imaging techniques to the reconstruction of sectorial scan using diverging waves. Results obtained from simulations and experiments show that the derived methods produce competitive results with lower computational complexity when compared to the conventional delay and sum (DAS) technique. Finally, the 2D Fourier-based diverging wave imaging methods are extended to 3D. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the proposed method. Results show that the proposed approach provides competitive scores in terms of image quality compared to the DAS technique, but with a much lower computational complexity
Rouxel, Romain. "Ultrafast thermo-optical dynamics of single plasmonic nanoparticles." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1306.
Full textThe ultrafast dynamics of individual gold nanodisks supported on a sapphire substrate occurring at femtosecond to nanosecond timescales have been investigated using the combination of single-particle spatial modulation and time-resolved optical spectroscopies. Nanodisks are excited out of equilibrium by the absorption of an optical pump pulse, and their relaxation is optically probed by measuring the transmission of a second probe pulse. In the first part of this work, the dynamics of heat transfer from the nano-object to the substrate have been systematically measured for nanodisks of various dimensions. Quasi-exponential cooling kinetics were found, with a time constant mainly depending on the disk thickness and weakly on its diameter. Comparison of experimental signals with the results of finite-element calculations indicates that the cooling dynamics are primarily limited by the Kapitza thermal boundary resistance at the nanodisk-substrate interface, whose value could be extracted. Additionally, the sensitivity of pump-probe measurements to transient temperature changes in the nano-object was experimentally determined as a function of the probe wavelength, its values and spectral variations presenting a good quantitative agreement with the results of a thermo-optical finite-element model. The second part of this thesis focuses on the ultrafast phenomena immediately following the nano-object photo-excitation, leading to its internal thermalization through electron-electron and electron-phonon energy exchanges. In particular, the sensitivity of the optical extinction of individual nanodisks to these phenomena has been experimentally investigated as a function of the probe wavelength. These measurements were compared with the results of a complete numerical model based notably on the resolution of the Boltzmann equation and also taking into account the effect of lattice heating, yielding a good quantitative agreement. A simplified version of this model also allowed to highlight the respective roles of the temperature evolutions of the electrons and of the ionic lattice, greatly clarifying the temporal and spectral dependences of the measured time-resolved signals
Finel, Victor. "3D ultrafast echocardiography : toward a quantitative imaging of the myocardium." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC134/document.
Full textThe objectives of this PhD thesis were to develop 3D ultrafast ultrasound imaging of the human heart toward the characterization of cardiac tissues. In order to do so, a customized, programmable, ultrafast scanner built in our group was used. In the first part of this thesis, a real-time imaging sequence was developed to facilitate in-vivo imaging using this scanner, as well as dedicated 3D and 4D visualization tools. Then, we developed 3D Backscatter Tensor Imaging (BTI), a technique to visualize the muscular fibres orientation within the heart wall non-invasively during the cardiac cycle. Applications on a healthy volunteer before and after cardiac contraction was shown. Moreover, the undesired effects of axial motion on BTI were studied, and a methodology to estimate motion velocity and reduce the undesired affects was introduced and applied on a healthy volunteer. This technique may become an interesting tool for the diagnosis and quantification of fibres disarrays in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Moreover, 3D ultrafast ultrasound was used to image the propagation of naturally generated shear waves in the heart walls, and an algorithm to determine their speed was developed. The technique was validated in silico and the in vivo feasibility was shown on two healthy volunteers, during cardiac contraction and relaxation. As the velocity of shear waves is directly related to the rigidity of the heart, this technique could be a way to assess the ability of the ventricle to contract and relax, which is an important parameter for cardiac function evaluation. Finally, the transient myocardial contraction was imaged in 3D on isolated rat hearts at high framerate in order to analyse the contraction sequence. Mechanical activation delays were successfully quantified during natural rhythm, pacing and hypothermia. Then, the feasibility of the technique in 2D on human hearts non-invasively was investigated. Applications on foetuses and adults hearts were shown. This imaging technique may help the characterization of cardiac arrhythmias and thus improve their treatment. In conclusion, we have introduced in this work three novel 3D ultrafast imaging modalities for the quantification of structural and functional myocardial properties. 3D ultrafast imaging may become an important non-ionizing, transportable diagnostic tool that may improve the patient care at the bed side
Bertoni, Roman. "Ultrafast photo-switching of spin crossover crystals : coherence and cooperativity." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01016162.
Full textWang, Fan. "Imagerie nanométrique 2D et 3D ultrarapide par diffraction cohérente." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112226/document.
Full textCoherent diffraction is an amazing art by its experimental simplicity: a coherent XUV source illuminates a single, isolated sample, and the diffraction pattern of the object is recorded by a CCD camera. An inversion of the diffraction pattern to an image in real space is possible through an approach based on iterative algorithms. The techniques for Fourier transform holography, for which reference is placed near the object to be imaged, allow the direct reconstruction of the image, even when the quality of the experimental data is worse. We have a laboratory sufficiently intense compact XUV source for this type of experience. The ultrashort XUV pulses (from femtosecond to attosecond) are produced by selecting high order harmonics of a femtosecond infrared laser which is focused into a cell of rare gas. We recently demonstrated the feasibility of using this source for coherent diffraction imaging with a spatial resolution of 78 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrated experimentally a holographic technique with extended reference and obtained a resolution of 110 nm in single shot (i.e. an integration time of 20 femtoseconds). A perception of an object in three dimensions gives us a better understanding thereof. A nanoscale 3D imaging techniques are from tomographic techniques of electron microscopy. However, many shots required (from different angles) make these techniques obsolete during the study time-resolved irreversible phenomena on non-reproducible samples. In this context, the aim of my thesis is to extend the 2D imaging techniques for 3D perception of nanoscale (physical, biological ) objects, while preserving the ultrafast appearance. The development of a new technology of 3D coherent imaging in single view, named ‘ankylography’, proposed by Professor Miao J. UCLA [Raines et al., Nature 2010] was made in progress. This technique allows reconstructing a 3D image of the sample after a single diffraction image. Its basic principle is to find the depth of a 3D object by the longitudinal constructive interference. However, this technique is more requested in both the quality of experimental data and the computer hardware and analysis. The other idea for 3D imaging is to imitate human vision using two coherent beams X arriving simultaneously on the sample but with a small angle. In this scheme, we use references near the target object (i.e. holography) to improve the signal to noise ratio in the diffraction pattern (hologram). Two holograms are then collected on the same detector. The inverse Fourier of each hologram forms two images from different views of the object. Parallax is thus produced. The stereo reconstruction of the object is performed by computer. Finally, the demonstration of applications will be considered after my thesis. This imaging of biological objects (such as nanoplanktons already collected and prepared CEA). And we are also interested in the study of 3D nanoscale objects (azo-polymers) movement on ultrashort time. Furthermore, another important application will be to study the ultra-fast phase transition such as nano-magnetic field where demagnetization phenomena induced by femtosecond pulse occurs
Casanova, Alexis. "Caractérisation et réduction de la gigue temporelle de lasers ytterbium ultrabrefs pompés par diode." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0931.
Full textThe main scope of this PhD work is to characterize and reduce the timing jitter of optical pulses with sub-picosecond duration, emitted by diode-pumped ultrafsat lasers with Ytterbium doped gain media. Such laser sources have been rapidly enhanced by a high-grade and efficient industrial development, giving access to numerous novel applications, especially in the fields of applied physics and chemistry with time-resolved experiments based on interaction between light and matter. In this latter topic resides a constant need to minimize the laser pulse train timing jitter in order to access physical phenomena with extremely short timescales such as electrons recombination.Two main detection techniques have been studied to characterize the timing jitter from passively modelocked laser oscillators. The first technique is based on direct photo-detection in the microwave domain whilst the second technique makes use of the balanced optical cross-correlation. Residual timing jitter from industrial compact laser oscillators has been reduced below 5fs, close to an optical cycle period. This performance makes the laser oscillators produced by Amplitude-Systemes already suitable for challenging time-resolved pump-probe experiments, in the presence for example of a free electron laser source.Timing jitter analysis has been enhanced by studying the cross-spectrum from jitter signals generated from two balanced optical cross-correlators. This technique allowed the entire characterization of the timing jitter density spectrum from laser oscillators above the ten-kiloHertz Fourier frequency with a sub-zeptosecond noise floor. Additive timing jitter from ultrafast laser amplifiers has also been studied with optical cross-correlation and gives a global comprehension of the timing jitter from a complete high-energy ultrafast laser chain.The collected measurments will be conducive to design a more adapted and performant timing synchronization system for industrial laser sources. A better knowledge of the non-trivial jitter sources, dependent on the laser parameters, will also allow to design intrinsically low-noise new laser sources based on the Ytterbium gain media. The cross-spectrum technique developed could be of use to characterize other laser technologies and to investigate the theoretical perturbation model of ultrafast lasers with a better experimental insight
Fang, Li. "Development of ultrafast saturable absorber mirrors for applications to ultrahigh speed optical signal processing and to ultrashort laser pulse generation at 1.55 µm." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112313/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we focus on the development of ultrafast saturable absorber mirrors for applications to ultra-high speed optical signal processing and ultrashort laser pulse generation at 1.55 μm. In the first part, we have developed an ultrafast In₀.₅₃Ga₀.₄₇As -based semiconductor saturable absorber mirror by heavy ion implantation at the elevated temperature of 300 ºC. Fe ion has been employed as the implant since it has been shown that Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ level can act as efficient recombination centers for electrons and holes in In₀.₅₃Ga₀.₄₇As. We studied the carrier lifetime of Fe-implanted sample as a function of ion dose, temperature and annealing time. Apart from the fast carrier lifetime, the characteristics of nonlinear reflectivity for the Fe-implanted sample, such as linear absorption, modulation depth, nonsaturable loss, have are also been investigated under different annealing temperature. Under annealing at 600 ºC for 15 s, the Fe-implanted sample with a big modulation depth of 53.9 % and a fast carrier lifetime of 2 ps has been achieved. In the second part, focused ion beam milling has been applied to fabricate an ultra-thin taper structure on crystalline indium phosphide to realize a multi-wavelength vertical cavity photonic device. The appropriate FIB scanning procedures and operating parameters were used to control the target material re-deposition and to minimize the surface roughness of the milled area. The sputtering yield of crystalline indium phosphide target was determined by investigating the relationship between milling depth and ion dose. By applying the optimal experimentally obtained yield and related dose range, we have fabricated an ultra-thin taper structure whose etch depths are precisely and progressively tapered from 25 nm to 55 nm, with a horizontal slope of about 1:13000. The optical characterization of this tapered device confirms the expected multi-wavelength behavior of our device and shows that the optical losses induced by the FIB milling process are negligible. In the third part, we demonstrate that the nonlinear optical response of graphene is resonantly enhanced by incorporating monolayer graphene into a vertical microcavity with a top mirror. A thin Si₃N₄ layer was deposited by a developed PECVD process to act as a protective layer before subsequent top mirror deposition, which allowed preserving the optical properties of graphene. Combining monolayer graphene with a microcavity, a modulation depth of 14.9 % was achieved at an input energy fluence of 108 µJ/cm². This modulation depth is much higher than the value of about 2 % in other works. At the same time, an ultrafast recovery time of 0.7 ps is retained
Helfenstein, Clémentine. "Étude du comportement interne de l’abdomen lors d’un impact : observations par échographie ultrarapide." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10252/document.
Full textDue to limitations of observation techniques, past researches in impact biomechanics on the abdomen have been mostly limited to the description of the externals responses. This study focuses on the internal response of abdominal organs using recent observation techniques: ultrafast ultrasound imaging and shearwave elastography. First, the effects of perfusion conditions on the geometrical and internal shear moduli of ex vivo porcine kidneys were evaluated. The considerable effect of the applied pressure was observed, with 80mmHg in artery being closest to the in vivo state. Then, the internal responses of porcine and human kidneys were observed during compressions (rates: 0.08 to 8s-1). If in the porcine specimen the central part (pelvis) deformed the most, the human kidney seemed to have a more homogenous response. Finally, a protocol was developed to observe the responses of the colon and the liver in situ during impacts performed on three post mortem human subjects. Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility to establish a link between external and internal responses during impact using ultrafast ultrasound imaging
Böhle, Frederik. "Near-single-cycle laser for driving relativistic plasma mirrors at kHz repetition rate - development and application." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX116/document.
Full textVery short light pulses allow us to resolve ultrafast processes in molecules, atoms and condensed matter. This started with the advent of Femtochemistry, for which Ahmed Zewail received the Novel Prize in Chemistry in 1999. Ever since, researcher have been trying to push the temporal resolution further and we have now reached attosecond pulse durations. Their generation, however, remains very challenging and various different generation mechanisms are the topic of heated research around the world.Our group focuses on attosecond pulse generation and ultrashort electron bunch acceleration on solid targets. In particular, this thesis deals with the upgrade of a high intensity, high contrast, kHz, femtosecond laser chain to reach the relativistic interaction regime on solid targets. Few cycle driving laser pulses should allow the generation of intense isolated attosecond pulses. A requirement to perform true attosecond pump-probe exeriments.To achive this, a HCF postcompression scheme has been conceived and implemented to shorten the duration of a traditional laser amplifier. With this a peak intensity of 1TW was achieved with near-single-cycle pulse duration. For controlled experiments, a vacuum beamline was developed and implemented to accurately control the laser and plasma conditions on target.During the second part of this thesis, this laser chain was put in action to drive relativistic harmonic generation on solid targets. It was the first time ever that this has been achieved at 1 kHz. By CEP gating the few-cycle-pulses, single attosecond pulses were generated. This conclusion has been supported by numerical simulations. Additionally a new regime to accelerate electron bunches on soft gradients has been detected
Clergerie, Alex. "Modélisation de spectroscopie moléculaire par paquets d'électrons attosecondes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0243.
Full textOn the basis of previous numerical simulations for atomic targets, we develop a model to describe high-orderharmonic generation in molecules subjected to short and intense laser pulses. In this process, anelectron wavepacket launched through ionization is driven by the field and comes back to the molecular ioniccore that it probes on the attosecond timescale. Our model, to which we refer to as molCTMC-QUEST,describes ionization and electron propagation into the continuum classically, in terms of electron trajectories, while photorecombination is described quantum mechanically. We present the methodology that wehave built, and we later apply it to harmonic generation in water molecules. After simulations in which themolecules remain frozen in their equilibrium geometry throughout the interaction, we explicitly take intoaccount nuclear vibration between ionization and recombination. molCTMC-QUEST provides a quantitativedescription of the generation process combined with an intuitive picture of the interaction inherent in theclassical description of electron dynamics
Guyon, Audrey. "Frittage ultra-rapide naturel : chauffage par micro-ondes et par induction." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI087/document.
Full textThe techniques of ultrafast pressureless sintering as microwave or induction sintering offer manyadvantages. However, the development of these techniques requires an understanding and a control ofthe mechanisms involved. Both similar and complementary, these processes of heating-sintering havebeen studied by an experimental approach to increase knowledge in the field of Ultrafast PressurelessSintering.In this thesis, the study of microwave sintering of Al2O3-(Y)ZrO2 composites has been conductedin parallel with induction sintering of a submicronic nickel powder. The experimental approach usedconsisted in carrying out sintering experiments at imposed heating rates (from 25 to 1000°C/min) onchosen materials and small parts, referring to conventional sintering behavior at the macroscopic andmicroscopic scale
Sauvage, Jack. "Imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide 4D par adressage orthogonal du réseau de sonde matricielle : adressage Ligne-Colonne." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS535.
Full textWith the advent of 4D ultrafast imaging at the Physics for Medicine Inserm 1273 laboratory, the ability to acquire in all three dimensions and with a high spatio-temporal resolution has been demonstrated. Several of the most effective 2D ultrafast imaging modalities have been extended to volume imaging (3D ultrasensitive power Doppler, 3D elastography ...). Their dissemination in clinic would greatly benefit to physicians. However the necessary means to implement ultrafast 4D are still too heavy and costly to hope for a transposition in the short or mid-term to the radiology departments. Developing smart strategies to reduce channel number has become a central issue. An original strategy based on the probe architecture consists of orthogonal row and column addressing of the Matrix Probe array, the Row and Column Adressing RCA. It offers a transducer solution perfectly adapted with ultra-fast plane waves imaging. With this approach, the probe can be driven by a single standard ultrasound unit, while maintaining a large aperture. The 2D matrix grid is organized according to N + N orthogonal channels, thus representing a reduction factor of N / 2. This strategy presents an important paradigm shift of imaging by dissociation of the focus pathways in transmission and reception and offers a new compromise in terms of spatio-temporal resolution. During this thesis work, the performances of the RCA associated with the ultra fast 4D imaging are studied for various cases. The principle of 4D ultrafast RCA imaging with orthogonal summation OPW are studied. 3D vector imagery for RCA is developed. A new high frequency RCA probe prototype (15MHz) is presented and tested on a 3D functional brain imaging protocol. Finally, a new modality of 3D imaging of the flux intensity is presented offering a new way of exploitation for the RCA probe
Gallician, Guillaume. "Effets d'anisotropie dans la photo-ionisation induite par laser ultracourt de molécules et de nanomatériaux isolés en phase gazeuse." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF018.
Full textWhen the photon energy of an electromagnetic wave is large enough, its interaction with a chemical species can extract an electron. The angular distribution of the resulting photoelectron carries information on both the characteristics (intensity, polarization, photon energy) of the electromagnetic field and the properties (energy levels, final and initial states symmetries, or size of the system) of the chemical species.In this work, the ionization anisotropies of chemical species of various sizes have been studied: molecules with tens of atoms, clusters carrying hundreds of atoms and nanoparticles formed with tens of thousands of atoms. The ionization was performed on gas phase isolated species in molecular beams. This gives access to intrinsic behaviours, i.e. in absence of any perturbation by an environment. Hence, direct information is provided about the specific nature of the interaction between the chemical species and the laser field.Femtosecond pulsed laser (1 fs = 10⁻¹⁵ s) were used with wavelength of 266, 400 or 800 nm and intensities up to 10¹⁴ – 10¹⁵ W.cm⁻². A High Harmonic Generation source has also been used to probe ionization dynamics in argon clusters. Anisotropy of emission has been recorded by a Velocity Map Imaging spectrometer (VMI).The central interest is not same for species of different size and nature:- For molecules, we have focused on the observation of the photoelectron circular dichroism observed in chiral molecules upon ionization with a circularly polarized light. The photoelectron emission is favored in the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic field or in the reverse direction, according to the enantiomer that is studied.- Complex optical effects have been observed with nanoparticles, depending on their diameter (~100 nm) and the photon wavelength used (λ = 266 or 800 nm). For example, nanofocusing of the electric field has been observed on the non-irradiated face of nanoparticles, thus causing a localized strong rise of the electric field. The emission direction of photoelectrons depends on the intensity of this phenomenon compared to the capability of shadowing of the irradiated face of nanoparticles. However, a strong anisotropy has also been noticed for photoions, depending strongly on the chemical nature of the ion. In order to shed light on the different physico-chemical setup involved in the photoemission direction of ions and electrons, the effect of some of these setup has been studied : electric field intensity on target, wavelength, or chemical nature of the nanoparticle (tryptophane, sodium chloride, silicon dioxide).- The point with clusters is to describe the nature of the ionization process, whether it is direct or indirect through resonant intermediate states. To this end, we have looked at the angular dependence of the photoionization delay in argon aggregates of controlled sizes. This has been realized in collaboration with the group of Pascal Salières at LIDYL. Photoionization delays were measured using a RABBIT interferometer (Reconstruction of Attosecond Beatings By Interference of Two photon Transitions).In a nutshell, different sources of anisotropy were unraveled. Their nature mostly depends on the size of the chemical species. With molecules, it is governed by discrete electronic states, with clusters by a pseudo-continuum of coupled states and with nanoparticles by a combination of optical and chemical effects
Meyer, Rémi. "Contrôle du dépôt d'énergie par laser femtoseconde dans les diélectriques par faisceaux de Bessel : profil spatio-temporel de densité plasma et applications au clivage du verre." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9cca4761-0970-4b3d-a6e9-01b766feff4d.
Full textThe use of ultrashort pulses for laser ablation allows for a precise energy deposition thanks to a highly confined laser-matter interaction. The non-linear effects causing this confinement are also usually responsible of beam profile distorsions along propagation and intensity instabilities. High cone angle Bessel beams have shown to be excellent candidates for dielectrics processing since they are robust to non-linear effects. In femtosecond regime, they are able to generate in single shot high aspect ratio nanochannels in transparent media. However the ablation dynamics and the coupling with the laser-induced plasma remain partially unclear in this case. The current model describing such interaction is uncompatible with experimental observations. This thesis investigates the laser-plasma interaction and follows two axes of work. First part is focused on the laser-plasma interaction characterization in transparent media and in the case of femtosecond Bessel beam, by developping and exploiting an interferometric pump-probe experiment. We measure the plasma dynamics through the plasma-related complex refraction index modifications, which we resolve in space and time. Preliminary results show a confined plasma (radius < 1 µm) in the transverse direction and whose density approaches the critical density for a pulse energy approaching the nanochannel formation threshold. In a second part, we investigate the effect of aligned nanochannels on the fracture ability of glass samples and its application to glass cleaving. Here we solve two limiting problems to high quality cleaving by spatial beam shape engineering: we demonstrate a signification improvement of 150 µm-thin glass cleaving by the use of elliptical-core Bessel beams; and we establish a proof of principle of 10 mm-thick glass single-pass cleaving thanks to a 3 axicons-based setup
Cohen, Emmanuel. "Cartographie, analyse et reconnaissance de réseaux vasculaires par Doppler ultrasensible 4D." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED046/document.
Full textUltrasensitive Doppler is a new ultrasound imaging technique allowing the observation of blood flows with a very fine resolution and no contrast agent. Applied to cerebral microvascular imaging in rodents, this method produces very fine vascular 3D maps of the brain at high spatial resolution. These vascular networks contain characteristic tubular structures that could be used as landmarks to localize the position of the ultrasonic probe and take advantage of the easy-to-use properties of ultrasound devices such as low cost and portability. Thus, we developed a first neuronavigation system in rodents based on automatic registration of brain images. Using minimal path extraction methods, we developed a new isotropic segmentation framework for 3D geometric analysis of vascular networks (extraction of centrelines, diameters, curvatures, bifurcations). This framework was applied to quantify brain and tumor vascular networks, and finally leads to the development of point cloud registration algorithms for temporal monitoring of tumors
Torresin, Olivier. "Etude comparée de l'émission d'électrons de nanopointes de tungstène et de diamant : émission de champ et photoémission induite par laser femtoseconde." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30253.
Full textThis thesis presents electron emission from metallic (tungsten) and dielectric (diamond) nanotips under femtosecond laser illumination. The behavior of DC emission and laser induced photoemission from tungsten nanotips has been widely studied and we use it to benchmark diamond measurements. In the first part, we study DC emission and photoemission from tungsten nanotips. Numerical simulations made from a finite element model (using COMSOL) of our experimental setup, allow the computation of static and optical field enhancement coefficients linked to the tip geometry. Results are compared with the spatial profile of electron emission, which links the field enhancement area at the tip apex and the electron detection area. In the second part, we study DC emission and photoemission from diamond nanotips. Electron energy measurements highlight the presence of a voltage drop along the diamond tip, due to the low conductivity of this material. Electron emission current inside the tip and at the apex obeys Poole-Frenkel conduction, coupled with Fowler-Nordheim field emission observed commonly for metallic surfaces. We propose a macroscopic model to combine conduction and emission mechanisms for DC emission. Under laser illumination, emission measurements are very different from the metallic case. Electron emission saturates under intense laser illumination. In this regime, we show that the DC current cannot reach its DC value between pulses. By lowering laser repetition rate, we are able to measure the dynamics of the DC current in between laser pulses. We adapt the DC macroscopic model for laser induced photoemission using an effective capacitance, and we show very good quantitative agreement with experimental measurement obtained on diamond nanotips. The last part is an introduction to electron time-of-flight measurements to measure the temporal statistics of electron arrival times. We present the modifications made on the experimental setup to be able to make these kinds of measurements, as well as preliminary results obtained on DC and laser-induced emission from tungsten nanotip
Tiran, Elodie. "Imagerie cérébrale et étude de la connectivité fonctionnelle par échographie Doppler ultrarapide chez le petit animal éveillé et en mouvement." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC174/document.
Full textMy work focuses on the application of fUS (functional ultrasound) imaging to preclinical brain imaging in small animals. The goal of my thesis was to turn this recent vascular brain imaging technique into a quantifying tool for cerebral state. The main objectives were to demonstrate the feasibility of fUS imaging in the non-anaesthetized small rodents and to move from rat model imaging to mouse model imaging –most used model for preclinical studies in neuroscience-, while developing the least invasive imaging protocols. First, I have developed a new ultrafast ultrasonic imaging sequence (Multiplane Wave imaging), improving the image signal-to-noise ratio by virtually increasing emitted signal amplitude, without reducing the ultrafast framerate. Then, I have demonstrated the possibility to use ultrafast Doppler ultrasound imaging to image both the mouse brain and the young rat brain, non-invasively and through the intact skull, without surgery or contrast agents injection. Next, I have developed an experimental setup, an ultrasound sequence and an experimental protocol to perform minimally invasive fUS imaging in awake and freely-moving mice. Finally, I have demonstrated the possibility to use fUS imaging to study the functional connectivity of the brain in a resting state in awake or sedated mice, still in a transcranial and minimally invasive way. fUS imaging and the combination of "mouse model" + "minimally invasive" + "awake animal" + "functional connectivity" represent a very promising tool for the neuroscientist community working on pathological animal models or new pharmacological molecules
Marković, Danijela. "Applications of the Josephson mixer : ultrastrong coupling, quantum node and injection locking in conversion." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE025/document.
Full textSuperconducting circuits stand among the most advanced quantum information processing platforms. They have nowadays reached a maturity that offers a high level of controllability and a large variety of interactions that can be precisely designed on demand. The Josephson mixer is one such superconducting device that performs three-wave mixing at microwave frequencies. In this thesis, we describe three experiments in which the Josephson mixer was used for different applications. First, we have realized an effective ultrastrong coupling of two bosonic modes that allowed us to study the ground state properties of this system, such as the single mode and the two mode squeezing of the emitted radiation. Second, we have built a quantum node, able to generate and distribute entanglement over a microwave quantum network, as well as to store and release quantum information on demand. We have integrated an ancilla qubit to this device in order to increase the degree of control over the quantum state of the system. Finally, we have pushed the Josephson mixer beyond the parametric oscillation instability threshold, where we have demonstrated an atypical injection locking technique that relies on coherent frequency conversion in this non-degenerate device
Hinschberger, Yannick. "Etude théorique des effets relativistes induits par une impulsion lumineuse ultra-rapide dans la matière." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923154.
Full textGe, Xunyou. "Imagerie ultrarapide à l’échelle nanométrique par diffraction XUV cohérente." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112361/document.
Full textUltrafast imaging of isolated objects with nanometric spatial resolution is a great challenge in our time. The lensless imaging techniques have shown great potential to answer this challenge. In lensless imaging, one can reconstruct sample images from their diffraction patterns with computational algorithms, which replace the conventional lens systems. Using ultrafast and coherent light sources, such as free electron laser and high order harmonics, one can investigate dynamic phenomena at the femtosecond time scale. In this thesis work, I present the lenless imaging experiments using XUV radiation provided by a laser driven high order harmonic beamline. The manuscript is composed of an introduction, a chapter of theoretical background, three chapters of main research work and a general conclusion with perspectives. The first part of this work concerns the development of the harmonic beamline to optimize the illumination condition for lensless imaging. The second part concentrates on the imaging techniques: the Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI), the Fourier Transform Holography (FTH) and the Holography using extended references (HERALDO). The reconstructions have achieved 78 nm spatial resolution in case of CDI and 112 nm resolution in case of HERALDO, both in single-shot regime corresponding to a temporal resolution of 20 fs. The third part presents the first physical application on the harmonic beamline using the lensless imaging. Samples with magnetic nano-domains have been studied with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, which paves the way for ultrafast magnetic dynamic studies. At the end, single-shot 3D imaging and further beamline development have been discussed
Roussel, Tangi. "Développements de méthodes de traitement et d’acquisition du signal pour la Spectroscopie de Résonance Magnétique 2D in vivo." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10114/document.
Full textIn vivo proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful tool for metabolicprofiling because this technique is non-invasive and quantitative. However,conventional localized spectroscopy presents important in vivo metabolic informationthrough overlapped spectral signatures greatly affecting the quantification accuracy.Two-dimensional (2D) MRS, originally developed for analytical chemistry,has great potential to unambiguously distinguish metabolites. Therefore, metabolitequantification is improved allowing accurate estimation of their concentrations. Inthis thesis, the research findings are presented under two main headings. The firstline of research focuses on conventional 2D MRS J-resolved. A J-PRESS sequencewas developed allowing the acquisition of in vivo 2D MRS spectra, which were processedby a dedicated quantification method. Experiments were performed on therat brain using a 7 T imaging system and different sampling strategies were evaluated.The quantification method, specifically developed to handle 2D J-resolved MRSdata quantification in time domain, is based on a strong prior-knowledge. However,2D MRS suffers from long acquisition times due to the collection of numerous incrementsin the indirect dimension. Therefore, the second line of research focuseson the reduction of acquisition time using recently developed methods based on theultrafast NMR concept. A new pulse sequence was designed, allowing 3D localizedultrafast 2D J-resolved spectroscopic acquisition on a 7T small animal imaging system. This breakthrough allows the acquisition of a complete 2D spectrum in a singlescan, resulting in acquisition times of a few seconds
Leguay, Pierre-Marie. "Dynamique structurelle ultra-rapide lors de la transition solide-plasma dense et tiède produite par laser." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984288.
Full textPoorna, Rajas. "A Platform for Handheld Ultrafast PCR." Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5686.
Full textNNetra Project jointly funded by MEITY and DST, BIRAC through IKP Knowledge Park as part of "Grand Challenges Exploration (GCE) India" grant
Faurie, Julia. "Caractérisation de vortex intraventriculaires par échographie Doppler ultrarapide." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23536.
Full textHeart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world (first cause in North America [192]), and causes high health care costs for society. The prevalence of heart failure increases dramatically with age and, due to the ageing of the population, will remain a major concern in the future, not only for developed countries, but also for developing countries. It is therefore crucial to have a good understanding of its mechanism to obtain an early diagnosis and a better prognosis for patients. Diastolic dysfunction is one of the variations of heart failure and leads to insufficient filling of the ventricle. To better understand the dysfunction, several studies have examined the blood motion in the ventricle. It is known that at the beginning of diastole, the filling flow creates a vortex pattern known as a vortex ring. This development of the ring by blood flow after passage through a valve was first described in 1513 by Leonardo Da Vinci (Fig. 0.1). After molding a glass phantom in an aorta and adding seeds to visually observe the flow through the phantom, he could describe the vortex ring development of the blood coming out of the aortic valve. His work was confirmed 500 years later with the emergence of MRI [66]. The same pattern can be observed in the left ventricle when the flow emerges from the mitral valve, referred to as the diastolic vortex. The flow motion (in our case the blood) is directly related to its environment : shape of the ventricle, shape of the valve, stiffness of the walls... There is therefore a growing interest in further studies on this diastolic vortex that could lead to valuable information on diastolic function. The imaging modalities which can be used to visualize the vortex are MRI and ultrasound. This thesis presents the work carried out to allow a better characterization of the diastolic vortex in the left ventricle by Doppler ultrasound imaging. For temporal monitoring of vortex dynamics, a high temporal resolution is required, since the ventricular diastole is about 0.5 s on average for a resting human heart. The quality of Doppler signals is also of utmost importance to get an accurate estimate of the blood flow velocity in the ventricle. To study this vortex, we focused on evaluating the core vorticity evaluation and especially on its evolution in time. The work is divided in three parts, and for each of them an article has been written : 1. Ultrafast Doppler sequence : The sequence is based on diverging waves, which resulted in a high frame rate. In combination with vortography, a method to locate the vortex core and derive its vorticity, the vortex dynamics could be tracked over time. This ix sequence could establish a proof of concept based on in vitro and in vivo acquisitions on healthy human volunteers. 2. Triplex sequence : Based on the ultrafast sequence, we were interested in adding information on the wall motion. The triplex sequence is able to recover not only the blood motion with a high framerate but also tissue Doppler. In the end, we could derive color, tissue, and spectral Doppler, along with a high quality Bmode by using motion compensation. The interdependence between vortex and walls dynamics could be highlighted by acquiring all the required parameters over a single cardiac cycle. 3. Automatic clutter filter : Vorticity quantification depends directly on the estimation of Doppler velocity. However, due to their low amplitude, blood signals must be filtered. Indeed, acquired signals are actually an addition of tissue and blood signals. Filtering is a critical step for an unbiased and accurate velocity estimation. The last part of this doctoral thesis has focused on the design of an efficient filter that takes advantage of the temporal and spatial dimensions of the acquisitions. Thus the tissue alongside the noise is removed. Particular care was taken to automatize the filter by applying information criteria based on information theory.
Porée, Jonathan. "Évaluation de la biomécanique cardiovasculaire par élastographie ultrasonore non-invasive." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18571.
Full textElastography is an imaging technique that aims to map the in vivo mechanical properties of biological tissues in order to provide additional diagnostic information. Since its introduction in ultrasound imaging in the 1990s, elastography has found many applications. This method has been used for the study of the breast, liver, prostate and arteries by ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the context of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), this modality has a high diagnostic potential as atherosclerosis, a common pathology causing cardiovascular diseases, changes the structure of biological tissues and their mechanical properties well before any symptoms appear. Whatever the imaging modality, elastography is based on: the mechanical excitation of the tissue (static or dynamic), the measurement of induced displacements and strains, and the inverse problem allowing the quantification of the mechanical properties of underlying tissues. This thesis presents a series of works in elastography for the evaluation of cardiovascular tissues. It is divided into two parts. The first part, entitled « Vascular elastography » focuses on diseases affecting peripheral arteries. The second, entitled « Cardiac elastography » targets heart muscle pathologies. In the vascular context, atherosclerosis changes the physiology of the arterial wall and thereby its biomechanical properties. The main objective of the first part of this thesis is to develop a tool that enables the segmentation and the mechanical characterization of tissues (necrotic core, fibrous tissues and calcium inclusions) in the vascular wall of the peripheral arteries, to predict the vulnerability of plaques. In a first study (Chapter 5), we propose a new strain estimator, associated with ultrafast plane wave imaging. This new imaging technique can increase the performance of the noninvasive elastography. Building on this first study, we propose a new inverse problem method dedicated to the identification and quantification of the mechanical properties of the vascular wall tissues (Chapter 6). These two methods are validated in silico and in vitro on polymer phantom mimicking arteries. In the cardiac context, myocardial infarctions and ischemia caused by atherosclerosis alter myocardial contractility. In conventional echocardiography, the myocardial function is generally evaluated by analyzing the dynamics of ventricular motions (myocardial velocities and deformations). The abscence of physiological stress acting on the myocardium (as opposed to the blood pressure which acts the vascular wall) do not allow the solving the inverse problem and to find the mechanical properties of the fabric. Elastography thus here refers to the assessment of motion dynamics and deformations and not to the evaluation of mechanical properties of the tissue. The main objective of the second part of this thesis is to develop new ultrafast imaging tools for a better evaluation of the myocardial dynamics. In a first study (Chapter 7), we propose a new approach for ultrafast and high-resolution echocardiography using diverging waves and tissue Doppler. This combination, validated in vitro and in vivo, optimize the contrast in B-mode images and the estimation of myocardial velocities with tissue Doppler. Building on this study, we propose a new velocity vector imaging method (Chapter 8). This approach combines tissue Doppler and ultrafast B-mode of the previous study to estimate 2D velocity fields within the myocardium. This original method was validated in vitro and in vivo on six healthy volunteers.
Grégoire, Pascal. "Étude de semi-conducteurs par spectroscopie d'excitation cohérente multidimensionnelle." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20602.
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