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Journal articles on the topic 'Ultrafast magnetization reversal'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

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1

Liu, Yongshan, Houyi Cheng, Pierre Vallobra, Huiwen Wang, Sylvain Eimer, Xiaoqiang Zhang, Gregory Malinowski, et al. "Ultrafast single-pulse switching of Tb-dominant CoTb alloy." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 022401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131716.

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Single-pulse magnetization switching by femtosecond laser pulses is the fastest way to manipulate magnetization. To date, among rare-earth transition metal alloys, single-pulse switching is limited to Gd-based structures. Here, we demonstrate ultrafast single-pulse switching of Tb-dominant CoTb alloys within several tens of picoseconds. Our further analysis shows that the ultrafast magnetization reversal is linked to ultrafast heating of laser pulses and an external field.

2

Yang, Yang, Richard B. Wilson, Jon Gorchon, Charles-Henri Lambert, Sayeef Salahuddin, and Jeffrey Bokor. "Ultrafast magnetization reversal by picosecond electrical pulses." Science Advances 3, no. 11 (November 2017): e1603117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1603117.

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3

Kurkin, M. I., and N. B. Orlova. "Femtosecond magnetooptics and ultrafast magnetization reversal of ferromagnetic." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 361 (June 2014): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.02.079.

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4

Cheng, Weiming, Xing Li, Haiwei Wang, Xiaomin Cheng, and Xiangshui Miao. "Laser induced ultrafast magnetization reversal in TbCo film." AIP Advances 7, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 056018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975659.

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5

Choi, B. C., M. Belov, W. K. Hiebert, G. E. Ballentine, and M. R. Freeman. "Ultrafast Magnetization Reversal Dynamics Investigated by Time Domain Imaging." Physical Review Letters 86, no. 4 (January 22, 2001): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.728.

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6

Popolitova, Daria V., Nikolay V. Klenov, Igor I. Soloviev, Sergey V. Bakurskiy, and Olga V. Tikhonova. "Unipolar magnetic field pulses as an advantageous tool for ultrafast operations in superconducting Josephson “atoms”." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (July 29, 2019): 1548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.152.

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A theoretical approach to the consistent full quantum description of the ultrafast population transfer and magnetization reversal in superconducting meta-atoms induced by picosecond unipolar pulses of a magnetic field is developed. A promising scheme based on the regime of stimulated Raman Λ-type transitions between qubit states via upper-lying levels is suggested in order to provide ultrafast quantum operations on the picosecond time scale. The experimental realization of a circuit-on-chip for the discussed ultrafast control is presented.

7

Gerrits, Th, H. A. M. van den Berg, J. Hohlfeld, L. Bär, and Th Rasing. "Ultrafast precessional magnetization reversal by picosecond magnetic field pulse shaping." Nature 418, no. 6897 (August 2002): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00905.

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8

Rahman, Nafeesa, and Rachid Sbiaa. "Magnetization Dynamics in a Perpendicular Anisotropy Free Layer under a Spin Torque Effect with Crossed Polarization." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 25, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol25iss1pp54-60.

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The transfer of spin angular momentum from a spin polarized current provides an efficient way of reversing the magnetization direction of the free layer of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), and while faster reversal will reduce the switching energy, this in turn will lead to low power consumption. In this work, we propose a design where a spin torque oscillator (STO) is integrated with a conventional magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) which will assist in the ultrafast reversal of the magnetization of the free layer of the MTJ. The structure formed (MTJ stacked with STO), will have the free layer of the MTJ sandwiched between two spin polarizer layers, one with a fixed magnetization direction perpendicular to film plane (main static polarizer) and the other with an oscillatory magnetization (dynamic polarizer). The static polarizer is the fixed layer of the MTJ itself and the dynamic polarizer is the free layer of the STO.

9

Liu, Xiaodong, Zhen Xu, Ruixin Gao, Haining Hu, Zhifeng Chen, Zixin Wang, Jun Du, Shiming Zhou, and Tianshu Lai. "Dynamics of magnetization, reversal, and ultrafast demagnetization of TbFeCo amorphous films." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 23 (June 9, 2008): 232501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943281.

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10

Zhu, Yonggang, Xinhui Zhang, Tao Li, Xia Huang, Lifen Han, and Jianhua Zhao. "Ultrafast dynamics of four-state magnetization reversal in (Ga,Mn)As." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 5 (August 3, 2009): 052108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3202395.

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11

Kruglyak, Volodymyr V. "Use of the Faraday optical transformer for ultrafast magnetization reversal of nanomagnets." Journal of Nanophotonics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 013502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2516174.

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12

Ovcharenko, S. V., P. O. Yakushenkov, N. A. Ilyin, K. A. Brekhov, E. M. Semenova, A. Wu, and E. D. Mishina. "Ultrafast Magnetization Reversal in DyFeCo Thin Film by Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse." Physics of Metals and Metallography 120, no. 9 (September 2019): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031918x19090114.

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13

Ballentine, G. E., W. K. Hiebert, A. Stankiewicz, and M. R. Freeman. "Ultrafast microscopy and numerical simulation study of magnetization reversal dynamics in permalloy." Journal of Applied Physics 87, no. 9 (May 2000): 6830–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372856.

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14

Shi, J. Y., X. F. Hu, M. Tang, J. Xu, L. Q. Shen, S. M. Zhou, X. J. Yang, Y. Z. Wu, L. Y. Chen, and H. B. Zhao. "Ultrafast laser induced magnetization reversal in L10 FePt films with different chemical orders." AIP Advances 9, no. 3 (March 2019): 035039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5086814.

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15

Ogasawara, T., N. Iwata, Y. Murakami, H. Okamoto, and Y. Tokura. "Submicron-scale spatial feature of ultrafast photoinduced magnetization reversal in TbFeCo thin film." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 16 (April 20, 2009): 162507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3123256.

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16

Xu, Chudong, Jiawen Weng, Hai Li, and Wanjie Xiong. "The study of ultrafast magnetization reversal across magnetization compensation temperature in GdFeCo film induced by femtosecond laser pulses." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 352 (February 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.10.002.

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17

Kurkin, Mikhail Ivanovich, and Natalia Borisovna Orlova. "Femtosecond Magnetooptics and the Orbital Model of the Ultrafast Magnetic Dynamics." Materials Science Forum 845 (March 2016): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.845.189.

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The critical analysis of the magnetization reversal processes and magnetooptics of ferromagnets was carried out. The condition of the formation of nonequilibrium orbital momenta lpf after turning off the femtosecond laser pumping was found. The frequency range for processes involving lpf was estimated as 106 Hz to 1015 Hz. Such objects were not known in the magnetism before using the methods of femtosecond optics. The estimated frequency range covers all the processes related to femtosecond magnetism. Our qualitative analysis of these processes allows us to hope that their quantitative description does not require significant changes in the existing theories of magnetism.

18

Gao Rui-Xin, Xu Zhen, Chen Da-Xin, Xu Chu-Dong, Chen Zhi-Feng, Liu Xiao-Dong, Zhou Shi-Ming, and Lai Tian-Shu. "RE-TM antiferromagnetic coupling and laser induced ultrafast magnetization reversal dynamics in GdFeCo magneto-optical films." Acta Physica Sinica 58, no. 1 (2009): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.58.580.

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19

Horiuchi, Takumi, Taro Komori, Tomohiro Yasuda, Taku Hirose, Kaoru Toko, Kenta Amemiya, and Takashi Suemasu. "Ferrimagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition in Au-doped Mn₄N epitaxial films confirmed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism." AIP Advances 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 025107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000412.

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The antiperovskite ferrimagnet Mn4N has perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and small spontaneous magnetization, both of which are favorable properties for current induced domain wall motion. Previously we have investigated the magnetic structure of 3d-element-doped Mn4N thin films and demonstrated ultrafast domain wall velocities reaching 3000 m s−1 in the vicinity of the magnetic compensation composition of Ni-doped Mn4N at the current density of j = 1.2 × 1012 A m−2 at room temperature (RT). In this study, we investigate the effect of Au doping on the magnetic structure of Mn4N films, and present a composition ratio-dependent sign reversal of the anomalous Hall effect at RT. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurement revealed that the magnetic moment of the face-centered Mn atoms of Mn4− xAu xN reversed between x = 0.1 and 0.2, and became parallel to that of the corner-site Mn atoms for x = 0.2 and 0.3. This result suggests that the ferrimagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition occurred in Au-doped Mn4N epitaxial films as in the In-doped Mn4N epitaxial films.

20

Xiao, Q. F., B. C. Choi, J. Rudge, Y. K. Hong, and G. Donohoe. "Effect of a magnetic field pulse on ultrafast magnetization reversal in a submicron elliptical Permalloy thin film." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 2 (January 15, 2007): 024306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2424526.

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21

Shi, J. Y., M. Tang, Z. Zhang, L. Ma, L. Sun, C. Zhou, X. F. Hu, et al. "Impact of ultrafast demagnetization process on magnetization reversal in L10 FePt revealed using double laser pulse excitation." Applied Physics Letters 112, no. 8 (February 19, 2018): 082403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5017148.

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22

Luo, Jiaming, Tong Lin, Junjie Zhang, Xiaotong Chen, Elizabeth R. Blackert, Rui Xu, Boris I. Yakobson, and Hanyu Zhu. "Large effective magnetic fields from chiral phonons in rare-earth halides." Science 382, no. 6671 (November 10, 2023): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adi9601.

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Time-reversal symmetry (TRS) is pivotal for materials’ optical, magnetic, topological, and transport properties. Chiral phonons, characterized by atoms rotating unidirectionally around their equilibrium positions, generate dynamic lattice structures that break TRS. Here, we report that coherent chiral phonons, driven by circularly polarized terahertz light pulses, polarize the paramagnetic spins in cerium fluoride in a manner similar to that of a quasi-static magnetic field on the order of 1 tesla. Through time-resolved Faraday rotation and Kerr ellipticity, we found that the transient magnetization is only excited by pulses resonant with phonons, proportional to the angular momentum of the phonons, and growing with magnetic susceptibility at cryogenic temperatures. The observation quantitatively agrees with our spin-phonon coupling model and may enable new routes to investigating ultrafast magnetism, energy-efficient spintronics, and nonequilibrium phases of matter with broken TRS.

23

Chen, Zhifeng, Ruixin Gao, Zixin Wang, Chudong Xu, Daxin Chen, and Tianshu Lai. "Field-dependent ultrafast dynamics and mechanism of magnetization reversal across ferrimagnetic compensation points in GdFeCo amorphous alloy films." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 2 (July 15, 2010): 023902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3462429.

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24

Bakhmetiev, M., O. Koplak, J. L. Bello, S. Mangin, and R. Morgunov. "Evolution of switching fields caused by reorientation of GdFeCo/Ir/GdFeCo synthetic ferrimagnet in magnetic field." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 10 (March 14, 2023): 103903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0137287.

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Anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in GdFeCo/Ir/GdFeCo multilayered structures attracts great interest because all optical switching, spin-torque, and other effects promise effective application for ultrafast memory element creation. Since AHE is controlled by GdFeCo magnetization, domain dynamics has importance for practical applications. In our work, magnetization reversal in perpendicular GdFeCo/Ir/GdFeCo synthetic ferrimagnets is characterized by AHE measurements. The AHE hysteresis loop obtained with the field applied perpendicular to the sample plane is composed of three sub-loops, and two of them are symmetrically biased with respect to the third one. Switching magnetic fields for two of the three transitions are found to be dependent on magnetic history. In particular, exposure of the sample in the in-plane field leads to reduction of the out-of-plane switching fields in side sub-loops. A multiple series of perpendicular hysteresis loops recorded after exposure under high in-plane field reveals gradual (within 30 min) relaxation of the out-of-plane switching fields to their initial values observed in a non-magnetized sample. Domain wall mobility, limiting switching of the bilayer devices, is complicated due to the coupling between partial domains in each single layer. Unusual dynamics of double domain walls results in unexpected new phenomena affecting electrical processes in bilayer structures.

25

Shipko, M. N., T. P. Kaminskaya, M. A. Stepovich, A. A. Viryus, and A. I. Tikhonov. "On the Effect of Magnetic Pulsed Treatment on the Surface Structure and Magnetic Properties of Tape Amorphous Alloys Fe(Ni, Cu)(SiB)." Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1028096023020103.

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The methods of scanning electron, atomic force, and magnetic force microscopy, together with measurements of the magnetic characteristics before and after exposure to pulses of a weak magnetic field (10–100 kA/m) of low frequency (10–20 Hz), were used to study the features of the surface state that determine the domain structure, magnetic properties and magnetic losses during magnetization reversal of ribbon amorphous Fe(Ni, Cu)(SiB) alloys obtained by ultrafast cooling by melt spraying on a rotating drum. Both surfaces of the foils were studied: the surfaces of the samples adjacent to the copper drum, which had an inhomogeneous structure characteristic of all rapidly quenched samples, and other sides of the foils, the surfaces of which were more even, which made them look shiny. When studying the surfaces of foils by atomic force microscopy after their magnetic pulse processing, no changes in the nature of the surface structure were found. The changes were recorded on the images of the shiny side of the samples by magnetic force microscopy. If no domain structure was observed before magnetic pulse treatment, then after magnetic pulse treatment, stripe domains with a width of 0.6–0.8 nm and closing domains with a width of 1.0–1.6 nm were found on structural defects, and in some areas of the surface, along with this, a weak magnetic contrast in the form of large and small domains with a shape close to triangular. It has been established that the magnetization reversal losses are largely related to the losses caused by eddy currents and are related to the domain width (about 1.5 nm), which depends only slightly on the modes of magnetic pulse processing. The obtained research results can be used to refine the technique for relieving stresses arising in the process of manufacturing amorphous ribbons.

26

Kanistras, Nikolaos, Laura Scheuer, Dimitrios I. Anyfantis, Alexandros Barnasas, Garik Torosyan, René Beigang, Ovidiu Crisan, Panagiotis Poulopoulos, and Evangelos Th Papaioannou. "Magnetic Properties and THz Emission from Co/CoO/Pt and Ni/NiO/Pt Trilayers." Nanomaterials 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2024): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14020215.

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THz radiation emitted by ferromagnetic/non-magnetic bilayers is a new emergent field in ultra-fast spin physics phenomena with a lot of potential for technological applications in the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The role of antiferromagnetic layers in the THz emission process is being heavily investigated at the moment. In this work, we fabricate trilayers in the form of Co/CoO/Pt and Ni/NiO/Pt with the aim of studying the magnetic properties and probing the role of very thin antiferromagnetic interlayers like NiO and CoO in transporting ultrafast spin current. First, we reveal the static magnetic properties of the samples by using temperature-dependent Squid magnetometry and then we quantify the dynamic properties with the help of ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show magnetization reversal that has large exchange bias values and we extract enhanced damping values for the trilayers. THz time-domain spectroscopy examines the influence of the antiferromagnetic interlayer in the THz emission, showing that the NiO interlayer in particular is able to transport spin current.

27

Kaminskaya, Tatiana, Mikhail Stepovich, Mikhail Shipko, A. Tihonov, and Vladimir Popov. "Studying the Influence of Weak Impulses Magnetic Field on Local Properties Ribbon Amorphous Alloys Fe(Ni, Cu)(SiB)." Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 6, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2023.06.4.30.

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Atomic force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy have been used to study the influence of weak magnetic field pulses on the local properties of ribbon amorphous Fe(Ni, Cu)(SiB) alloys about 100 µm thick, 10 mm wide, and 50 mm long, which were obtained by ultrafast cooling of the melt on a rotating copper drum. On the surface of the tape adjacent to the copper drum, there were practically no areas with low rough-ness, which did not allow subsequent studies of this side of the tape by magnetic force microscopy. This method was used to investigate another, free surface of the foil, which was not adjacent to the copper drum and did not have significant roughness. Prior to the impact of magnetic field pulses on the foil, no magnetic contrast was observed on the free side of the ribbon. After magnetic pulse processing, a magnetic contrast was registered on this side of the foil: stripe domains 0.6–0.8 μm wide became visible, and closing domains, became visible on structural defects, wedge-shaped Neel domains, from 1 µm to 1.6 µm wide. The results of the study allow us to say that the magnetization reversal losses are to a large extent associated with losses due to eddy currents and are associated with the domain width, which depends slightly on the modes of magnetic pulse processing. The obtained results of the research can be used to refine the method for relieving stresses arising in the process of manufacturing amorphous ribbons.

28

Chen, Xianzhe, Tomoya Higo, Katsuhiro Tanaka, Takuya Nomoto, Hanshen Tsai, Hiroshi Idzuchi, Masanobu Shiga, et al. "Octupole-driven magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnetic tunnel junction." Nature 613, no. 7944 (January 18, 2023): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05463-w.

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AbstractThe tunnelling electric current passing through a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is strongly dependent on the relative orientation of magnetizations in ferromagnetic electrodes sandwiching an insulating barrier, rendering efficient readout of spintronics devices1–5. Thus, tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) is considered to be proportional to spin polarization at the interface1 and, to date, has been studied primarily in ferromagnets. Here we report observation of TMR in an all-antiferromagnetic tunnel junction consisting of Mn3Sn/MgO/Mn3Sn (ref. 6). We measured a TMR ratio of around 2% at room temperature, which arises between the parallel and antiparallel configurations of the cluster magnetic octupoles in the chiral antiferromagnetic state. Moreover, we carried out measurements using a Fe/MgO/Mn3Sn MTJ and show that the sign and direction of anisotropic longitudinal spin-polarized current in the antiferromagnet7 can be controlled by octupole direction. Strikingly, the TMR ratio (about 2%) of the all-antiferromagnetic MTJ is much larger than that estimated using the observed spin polarization. Theoretically, we found that the chiral antiferromagnetic MTJ may produce a substantially large TMR ratio as a result of the time-reversal, symmetry-breaking polarization characteristic of cluster magnetic octupoles. Our work lays the foundation for the development of ultrafast and efficient spintronic devices using antiferromagnets8–10.

29

Remy, Quentin, Julius Hohlfeld, Maxime Vergès, Yann Le Guen, Jon Gorchon, Grégory Malinowski, Stéphane Mangin, and Michel Hehn. "Accelerating ultrafast magnetization reversal by non-local spin transfer." Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (January 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36164-1.

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AbstractWhen exciting a magnetic material with a femtosecond laser pulse, the amplitude of magnetization is no longer constant and can decrease within a time scale comparable to the duration of the optical excitation. This ultrafast demagnetization can even trigger an ultrafast, out of equilibrium, phase transition to a paramagnetic state. The reciprocal effect, namely an ultrafast remagnetization from the zero magnetization state, is a necessary ingredient to achieve a complete ultrafast reversal. However, the speed of remagnetization is limited by the universal critical slowing down which appears close to a phase transition. Here we demonstrate that magnetization can be reversed in a few hundreds of femtoseconds by overcoming the critical slowing down thanks to ultrafast spin cooling and spin heating mechanisms. We foresee that these results outline the potential of ultrafast spintronics for future ultrafast and energy efficient magnetic memory and storage devices. Furthermore, this should motivate further theoretical works in the field of femtosecond magnetization reversal.

30

Nan, Xue-Meng, Chuan Qu, Peng-Bin He, and Zai-Dong Li. "Inertial effect on minimum magnetic field for magnetization reversal in ultrafast magnetism." Chinese Physics B, May 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/acd3de.

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Abstract In the field of ultrafast magnetism, i.e., subpicosecond or femtosecond time scales, the dynamics of magnetization can be described by the inertial Landau-Lifhitz-Gilbert equation. In terms of this equation, the intrinsic characteristics is investigated in detail for the theoretical limit of the magnetization reversal field. We can find that there is a critical value for the inertia parameter τc , which is affected by the damping and anisotropy parameter of the system. When the inertial parameter factor τ < τc , the limit value of the magnetization reversal field under the ultrafast magnetic mechanism is less than that of the fast magnetic mechanism. When τ > τc , the limit value of the magnetization reversal field will be greater than the limit value under the fast magnetic mechanism. Moreover, it is important to point out that the limit value of the magnetization reversal field under the ultrafast magnetic mechanism decreases with the increasing inertial factor, as τ < τc /2, while increases with inertial factor τ as τ > τc /2. Finally, with the joint action of damping and anisotropy, compared with fast magnetism, we find that the limit value of the magnetization reversal field has rich variation characteristics, i.e., there is not only a linear and proportional relationship, but also an inverse relationship, which is very significant for the study of ultrafast magnetism.

31

Hiebert, W. K., L. Lagae, and J. De Boeck. "Spatially inhomogeneous ultrafast precessional magnetization reversal." Physical Review B 68, no. 2 (July 18, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.68.020402.

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32

Li Zai-Dong, Nan Xue-Meng, Qu Chuan, and Liu Wu-Ming. "Inertial magnetization dynamics in femtosecond scale." Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20230345.

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In the sub-picosecond to femtosecond time scale, the inertia effect should be considered in the dynamics of magnetization in ferromagnet, which can be described by the inertial Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. This paper mainly introduces some theoretical and experimental developments of ultrafast ferromagnetic resonance, magnetization reversal and inertial spin dynamics. These results will help to better understand the basic mechanism of ultrafast demagnetization and magnetization reversal, while it will deepen the understanding of the microscopic mechanism of magnetic inertia. Also, it will reveal the development trend of future experimental and theoretical research.

33

Choi, B. C., G. Ballentine, M. Belov, W. K. Hiebert, and M. R. Freeman. "Ultrafast Magnetization Reversal Dynamics on A Micrometer-Scale Thin Film Element Studied by Time Domain Imaging." MRS Proceedings 648 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-648-p4.9.

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AbstractPicosecond time scale magnetization reversal dynamics in a 15nm thick Ni80Fe20 microstructure (10μm×2μm) is studied using time-resolved scanning Kerr microscopy. The time domain images reveal a striking change in the magnetization reversal mode, associated with the dramatic reduction in switching time when the magnetization vector is pulsed by a longitudinal switching field while a steady transverse biasing field is applied to the sample. According to the time domain imaging results, the abrupt change of the switching time is due to the change in the magnetization reversal mode; i.e., the nucleation dominant reversal process is replaced by domain wall motion if transverse biasing field is applied. Furthermore, magnetization oscillations subsequent to reversal are observed at two distinct resonance frequencies, which sensitively depend on the biasing field strength. The high frequency resonance at f=2 GHz is caused by damped precession of the magnetization vector, whereas another mode at f≈0.8 GHz is observed to arise from domain wall oscillation.

34

Hamamera, Hanan, Filipe Souza Mendes Guimarães, Manuel dos Santos Dias, and Samir Lounis. "Polarisation-dependent single-pulse ultrafast optical switching of an elementary ferromagnet." Communications Physics 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42005-021-00798-8.

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AbstractThe ultimate control of magnetic states of matter at femtosecond (or even faster) timescales defines one of the most pursued paradigm shifts for future information technology. In this context, ultrafast laser pulses developed into extremely valuable stimuli for the all-optical magnetization reversal in ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic alloys and multilayers, while this remains elusive in elementary ferromagnets. Here we demonstrate that a single laser pulse with sub-picosecond duration can lead to the reversal of the magnetization of bulk nickel, in tandem with the expected demagnetization. As revealed by realistic time-dependent electronic structure simulations, the central mechanism involves ultrafast light-induced torques that act on the magnetization. They are only effective if the laser pulse is circularly polarized on a plane that contains the initial orientation of the magnetization. We map the laser pulse parameter space enabling the magnetization switching and unveil rich intra-atomic orbital-dependent magnetization dynamics featuring transient inter-orbital non-collinear states. Our findings open further perspectives for the efficient implementation of optically-based spintronic devices.

35

Longa, Francesco Dalla, Dion Boesten, Harm H. J. E. Kicken, Wim J. M. de Jonge, and Bert Koopmans. "Modeling the fs Demagnetization: Laser-Induced Reversal in an Applied Magnetic Field." MRS Proceedings 941 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0941-q02-02.

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ABSTRACTA novel model for ultrafast laser-induced magnetization dynamics is analyzed. Equilibration of the magnetic system is described by including electron-phonon scattering events with a finite spin flip probability. Recently, we demonstrated that such a model predicts a direct relation between the demagnetization time and the Gilbert damping. Here we present numerical simulations based on the same Hamiltonian, but including the presence of an external applied field. Thereby, reversal of the magnetization after heating above the Curie temperature (Tc) can be modeled. We demonstrate that magnetization reversal can be achieved even if the lattice temperature stays below Tc.

36

Devolder, T., M. Belmeguenai, H. W. Schumacher, C. Chappert, and Y. Suzuki. "Precessional strategies for the ultrafast switching of soft and hard magnetic nanostructures." MRS Proceedings 746 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-746-q8.4.

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ABSTRACTWe discuss the precessional, quasi-ballistic switching of magnetization in magnetic nanostructures. In soft spin-valve cells, fast and energy-cost effective magnetization switching can be triggered by a transverse field pulse of moderate amplitude, below the in plane anisotropy field, because of an amplification effect brought by the demagnetizing field at the early stage of the reversal. The same effect is no more possible in hard nanomagnets with perpendicular easy magnetization axis. We propose a new type of nanostructured magnetic device, designed to overcome this limitation. The speed is obtained through the use of a very high effective magnetic field, obtained by incorporating a significant exchange field which stores the energy in the form of a constrained domain wall surrounding a region of high magnetic anisotropy. This stored energy is partially available to accelerate the magnetization reversal in a precessional scenario. We illustrate the concept by studying numerically a model system. The key parameter for the reversal is the ratio of the domain wall width to the structure lateral dimension. Possible routes for device preparation are discussed. Promising application to magnetic storage are anticipated.

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Zalewski, T., A. Maziewski, A. V. Kimel, and A. Stupakiewicz. "Ultrafast all-optical toggle writing of magnetic bits without relying on heat." Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (May 24, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48438-3.

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AbstractUltrafast excitation of matter can violate Curie’s principle that the symmetry of the cause must be found in the symmetry of the effect. For instance, heating alone cannot result in a deterministic reversal of magnetization. However, if the heating is ultrafast, it facilitates toggle switching of magnetization between stable bit-states without any magnetic field. Here we show that the regime of ultrafast toggle switching can be also realized via a mechanism without relying on heat. Ultrafast laser excitation of iron-garnet with linearly polarized light modifies magnetic anisotropy and thus causes toggling magnetization between two stable bit states. This new regime of ‘cold’ toggle switching can be observed in ferrimagnets without a compensation point and over an exceptionally broad temperature range. The control of magnetic anisotropy required for the toggle switching exhibits reduced dissipation compared to laser-induced-heating mechanism, however the dissipation and the switching-time are shown to be competing parameters.

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Vahaplar, K., A. M. Kalashnikova, A. V. Kimel, D. Hinzke, U. Nowak, R. Chantrell, A. Tsukamoto, A. Itoh, A. Kirilyuk, and Th Rasing. "Ultrafast Path for Optical Magnetization Reversal via a Strongly Nonequilibrium State." Physical Review Letters 103, no. 11 (September 8, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.103.117201.

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Wang, Sicong, Chen Wei, Yuanhua Feng, Hongkun Cao, Wenzhe Li, Yaoyu Cao, Bai-Ou Guan, et al. "Dual-shot dynamics and ultimate frequency of all-optical magnetic recording on GdFeCo." Light: Science & Applications 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-00451-z.

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AbstractAlthough photonics presents the fastest and most energy-efficient method of data transfer, magnetism still offers the cheapest and most natural way to store data. The ultrafast and energy-efficient optical control of magnetism is presently a missing technological link that prevents us from reaching the next evolution in information processing. The discovery of all-optical magnetization reversal in GdFeCo with the help of 100 fs laser pulses has further aroused intense interest in this compelling problem. Although the applicability of this approach to high-speed data processing depends vitally on the maximum repetition rate of the switching, the latter remains virtually unknown. Here we experimentally unveil the ultimate frequency of repetitive all-optical magnetization reversal through time-resolved studies of the dual-shot magnetization dynamics in Gd27Fe63.87Co9.13. Varying the intensities of the shots and the shot-to-shot separation, we reveal the conditions for ultrafast writing and the fastest possible restoration of magnetic bits. It is shown that although magnetic writing launched by the first shot is completed after 100 ps, a reliable rewriting of the bit by the second shot requires separating the shots by at least 300 ps. Using two shots partially overlapping in space and minimally separated by 300 ps, we demonstrate an approach for GHz magnetic writing that can be scaled down to sizes below the diffraction limit.

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Ostler, T. A., J. Barker, R. F. L. Evans, R. W. Chantrell, U. Atxitia, O. Chubykalo-Fesenko, S. El Moussaoui, et al. "Ultrafast heating as a sufficient stimulus for magnetization reversal in a ferrimagnet." Nature Communications 3, no. 1 (January 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1666.

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Xiao, Q. F., J. Rudge, B. C. Choi, Y. K. Hong, and G. Donohoe. "Dynamics of ultrafast magnetization reversal in submicron elliptical Permalloy thin film elements." Physical Review B 73, no. 10 (March 20, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.73.104425.

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Hirst, Joel, Sergiu Ruta, Jerome Jackson, and Thomas Ostler. "Simulations of magnetization reversal in FM/AFM bilayers with THz frequency pulses." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (July 28, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39175-6.

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AbstractIt is widely known that antiferromagnets (AFMs) display a high frequency response in the terahertz (THz) range, which opens up the possibility for ultrafast control of their magnetization for next generation data storage and processing applications. However, because the magnetization of the different sublattices cancel, their state is notoriously difficult to read. One way to overcome this is to couple AFMs to ferromagnets—whose state is trivially read via magneto-resistance sensors. Here we present conditions, using theoretical modelling, that it is possible to switch the magnetization of an AFM/FM bilayer using THz frequency pulses with moderate field amplitude and short durations, achievable in experiments. Consistent switching is observed in the phase diagrams for an order of magnitude increase in the interface coupling and a tripling in the thickness of the FM layer. We demonstrate a range of reversal paths that arise due to the combination of precession in the materials and the THz-induced fields. Our analysis demonstrates that the AFM drives the switching and results in a much higher frequency dynamics in the FM due to the exchange coupling at the interface. The switching is shown to be robust over a broad range of temperatures relevant for device applications.

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Lan, Zhiqiang, Zhangshun Li, Haoran Xu, Fan Liu, Zuanming Jin, Yan Peng, and Yiming Zhu. "Unveiling of terahertz emission from ultrafast demagnetization and Anomalous Hall effect in a single ferromagnetic film." Chinese Physics Letters, March 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/41/4/044203.

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Abstract Using terahertz emission spectroscopy, we investigate the elementary spin dynamics in ferromagnetic Fe single layer on a sub-picosecond timescale. We demonstrate that THz radiation changes its polarity with reversal of the magnetization applied by the external magnetic field. In addition, it is found that the sign of THz polarity excited from different sides, is defined by the thickness of Fe layer and Fe/dielectric interface. Based on the thickness and symmetry dependences of THz emission, we experimentally distinguish between the two major contributions: ultrafast demagnetization (UDM) and anomalous Hall effect (AHE). Our expermental results not only enrich the understanding of THz electromagnetic generation induced by femtosecond laser pulse, but also provide a practical way to access the laser-induced ultrafast spin dynamics in magnetic structures.

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Peng, Y., G. Malinowski, B. Kunyangyuen, D. Salomoni, J. Igarashi, J. X. Lin, W. Zhang, et al. "From toggle to precessional single laser pulse switching." Applied Physics Letters 124, no. 2 (January 8, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0180359.

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With the advent of nanotechnologies, it has been possible to extend the number of stimuli that can be used to control the state of a magnetic nanostructure. Among those stimuli, single laser pulse excitation allows, under certain conditions, to obtain energy-efficient ultrafast magnetization reversal. With this respect, two different types of single pulse switching mechanisms have been reported. The first one consists in a sub-picosecond ultrafast toggle switching, which was observed mainly in Gd based alloys. The second type relies on sub-nanosecond precessional switching occurring in rare earth–transition metal alloys/multilayers. Here, we demonstrate that single pulse all optical switching is achieved in Co68Tb32/Co100−xGdx/Co68Tb32 trilayers in which the behavior can be tuned from toggle to precessional by changing the composition of the Co100−xGdx alloy.

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Cheong, Sang-Wook, and Fei-Ting Huang. "Trompe L’oeil Ferromagnetism—magnetic point group analysis." npj Quantum Materials 8, no. 1 (December 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41535-023-00603-5.

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AbstractFerromagnetism can be characterized by various distinct phenomena such as non-zero magnetization (inducing magnetic attraction/repulsion), diagonal piezomagnetism, nonreciprocal circular dichroism (such as Faraday effect), odd-order (including linear) anomalous Hall effect, and magneto-optical Kerr effect. We identify all broken symmetries requiring each of the above phenomena, and also the relevant magnetic point groups (MPGs) with those broken symmetries. All ferromagnetic point groups, relevant for ferromagnets, ferrimagnets, and weak ferromagnets, can certainly exhibit all these phenomena, including non-zero magnetization. Some of the true antiferromagnets, which are defined as magnets with MPGs that do not belong to ferromagnetic point groups, can display these phenomena through magnetization induced by external perturbations such as applied current, light illumination, and uniaxial stress, which preserve the combined symmetry of spatial inversion together with time reversal. Such MPGs are identified for each external perturbation. Since high-density and ultrafast spintronic technologies can be enabled by antiferromagnets, our findings will be essential guidance for future magnetism-related science as well as technology.

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Igarashi, Junta, Yann Le Guen, Julius Hohlfeld, Stéphane Mangin, Jon Gorchon, Michel Hehn, and Grégory Malinowski. "Influence of interlayer exchange coupling on ultrafast laser-induced magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic spin valves." Physical Review B 109, no. 9 (March 18, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.109.094422.

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Chu Xin-Bo, Jin Zuan-Ming, Wu Xu, Li Jing-Nau, Shen Yang, Wang Ruo-Yu, Ji Bing-Yu, Li Zhang-Shun, and Peng Yan. "Pulsed far-infrared generation in ferromagnetic heterostructue controlled by photo-thermal effect." Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20230543.

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Under illumination of a femtosecond laser pulse on the Pt/CoFe/Ta trilayer heterostructure, an impulsive spin current can be generated in the ferromagnetic layer due to the ultrafast demagnetization. The spin current is super-diffusively transported and injected into the neighboring heavy metal layers, and is converted to the transversal charge current due to the spin-orbit coupling, which is named inverse spin Hall effect. The transient charge current with a time scale of sub-picosecond gives rise to the electromagnetic radiation in the far-infrared range into the free space. In this work, we demonstrated two kinds of experiments to investigate the modulation of far-infrared emission by photo-thermal effect, which is due to the thermal energy deposed by light pulses at short timescales. First, the amplitude of the emitted far-infrared pulse as a function of an applied magnetic field is measured, which shows a far-infrared hysteresis behavior. The coercive field of the sample obtained by far-infrared hysteresis is smaller than that obtained by the M-H hysteresis through vibrating sample magnetometer. In addition, the coercive field decreased when the pump laser fluence is increased. Second, the control of spin polarization at ultrafast timescale under the presence of a small magnetic field applied opposite to that of the magnetization of the ferromagnetic sample. The amplitude of far-infrared time-domain signal reaches the maximum at pump fluence of 1.43 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>. For the pump fluence larger than 1.43 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, the far-infrared pulse experiences a phase reversal. After the reversal, a decrease in the laser pump fluence does not restore the original phase of the far-infrared pulse. The above two experimental results not only elucidate the photothermal effect of femtosecond laser pulses, but also provide a new method for controlling the far-infrared radiation pulses based on ultrafast spintronics. These results reveal that far-infrared emission spectroscopy as an ultrafast optical method for investigating the magnetic properties, including the coercive field and anisotropy field of the samples.

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Wang, Lizheng, Junlin Xiong, Bin Cheng, Yudi Dai, Fuyi Wang, Chen Pan, Tianjun Cao, et al. "Cascadable in-memory computing based on symmetric writing and readout." Science Advances 8, no. 49 (December 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq6833.

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The building block of in-memory computing with spintronic devices is mainly based on the magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular interfacial anisotropy (p-MTJ). The resulting asymmetric write and readout operations impose challenges in downscaling and direct cascadability of p-MTJ devices. Here, we propose that a previously unimplemented symmetric write and readout mechanism can be realized in perpendicular-anisotropy spin-orbit (PASO) quantum materials based on Fe 3 GeTe 2 and WTe 2 . We demonstrate that field-free and deterministic reversal of the perpendicular magnetization can be achieved using unconventional charge–to– z -spin conversion. The resulting magnetic state can be readily probed with its intrinsic inverse process, i.e., z -spin–to–charge conversion. Using the PASO quantum material as a fundamental building block, we implement the functionally complete set of logic-in-memory operations and a more complex nonvolatile half-adder logic function. Our work highlights the potential of PASO quantum materials for the development of scalable energy-efficient and ultrafast spintronic computing.

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Pak, Jin-Mi, Ji-Song Pae, Song-Jin Im, Song-Chon Kim, Un-Song Kim, Kum-Dong Kim, Kil-Song Song, and Yong-Ha Han. "Gain-assisted magnetoplasmonic switching in metal–dielectric–metal plasmonic waveguides." Applied Physics Letters 123, no. 13 (September 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0158832.

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Optical switches in metal–dielectric–metal (MIM) structures attracted much interest for chip-scale plasmonic modulator merging nanoelectronics and ultrafast photonics. The absorption switches employed gain modulations; thus, their switching speed is limited to the sub-gigahertz range because of the spontaneous lifetime of the transition. In this paper, we theoretically predicted that the function of the absorption switches is achieved employing magnetic field reversal and constant gain instead of gain modulations. We investigated analytically and numerically transmission in the presence of both gain and gyration and revealed that the transmission shift by the external magnetic field is maximized at a resonance value of gain. The switching speed can reach the THz range thanks to the large optical bandwidth in the MIM stub structures and the advanced magnetization switching technology. The MIM structure with combined gain and magnetoplasmonic properties enhances interaction between light and magnetic field on nanoscale and enables the device footprint down to the deep subwavelength scale λ2/50.

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Luo, Chen, Hanjo Ryll, Christian H. Back, and Florin Radu. "X-ray magnetic linear dichroism as a probe for non-collinear magnetic state in ferrimagnetic single layer exchange bias systems." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54356-y.

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AbstractFerrimagnetic alloys are extensively studied for their unique magnetic properties leading to possible applications in perpendicular magnetic recording, due to their deterministic ultrafast switching and heat assisted magnetic recording capabilities. On a prototype ferrimagnetic alloy we demonstrate fascinating properties that occur close to a critical temperature where the magnetization is vanishing, just as in an antiferromagnet. From the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements, an anomalous ‘wing shape’ hysteresis loop is observed slightly above the compensation temperature. This bears the characteristics of an intrinsic exchange bias effect, referred to as atomic exchange bias. We further exploit the X-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) contrast for probing non-collinear states which allows us to discriminate between two main reversal mechanisms, namely perpendicular domain wall formation versus spin-flop transition. Ultimately, we analyze the elemental magnetic moments for the surface and the bulk parts, separately, which allows to identify in the phase diagram the temperature window where this effect takes place. Moreover, we suggests that this effect is a general phenomenon in ferrimagnetic thin films which may also contribute to the understanding of the mechanism behind the all optical switching effect.