Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ultracold atoms'

This thesis describes the dipole trapping of both metastable and ground state argon atoms. Metastable argon atoms are first Doppler-cooled down to ∼80 μK in a magneto- optical trap (MOT) on the 4s[3/2]2 to 4p[5/2]3 transitions. These were loaded into dipole traps formed both within the focus of a high-power CO2 laser beam and within an optical build-up cavity. The optical cavity’s well depth could be rapidly modulated: allowing efficient loading of the trap, characterisation of trapped atom temperature, and reduction of intensity noise. Collisional properties of the trapped metastable atoms were studied within the cavity and the Penning and associative losses from the trap calculated. Ground state noble gas atoms were also trapped for the first time. This was achieved by optically quenching metastable atoms to the ground state and then trapping the atoms in the cavity field. Although the ground state atoms could not be directly probed, we detected them by observing the additional collisional loss from co-trapped metastable argon atoms. This trap loss was used to determine an ultra-cold elastic cross section between the ground and metastable states. Using a type of parametric loss spectroscopy we also determined the polarisability of metastable argon at the trapping wavelength of 1064 nm.

Diese Dissertation widmet sich der theoretischen Beschreibung ultrakalter Atome in einem optischen Einschluss. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei auf inelastischen Resonanzen, die durch die Kopplung von Schwerpunkts- und Relativbewegung durch Anharmonizitäten im externen Potenzial Zustande kommen, der Entwicklung einer Methode zur theoretischen Beschreibung von ultrakalten Wenigteilchensystemen in einem vielseitigen Einschlusspotenzial und der Quantensimulation von Attosekundenphysik mit ultrakalten Atomen.
This thesis aims for a theoretical description of ultracold trapped atoms. The main focus are resonance phenomena due to the coupling of center-of-mass and relative motion, the development of a theoretical approach to treat ultracold few-body systems in versatile trap potentials, and the quantum simulation of attosecond physics with ultracold atoms.

La teoria que descriu la Mecànica Quàntica ens ha permès el descobriment de molts fenòmens que prèviament eren ocults dins la seva naturalesa probabilística. Concretament, la Mecànica Quàntica va permetre veure l'ara anomenada dualitat ona-partícula en objectes extremadament petits. Aquest comportament apareix típicament en sistemes aïllats i per tant, els experiments on les partícules no interactuen amb l'ambient son fonamentals per l'estudi de sistemes i fenòmens quàntics. Els àtoms ultrafreds són sistemes en els quals els àtoms són refredats a temperatures de l'ordre dels nanokelvin i, en general, continguts en cambres d'ultra buit, d'aquesta manera els àtoms es poden estudiar en ambients altament controlables. Dins d'aquest camp, els condensats de Bose—Einstein (CBE) són un estat de la matèria particularment interessant. En els CBE totes les partícules d'un gas ultrafred de bosons ocupen de manera macroscòpica un mateix estat quàntic. Aquest comportament fa que els CBE siguin ideals per estudiar fenòmens quàntics a escala macroscòpica. En aquesta tesis, investiguem sistemes on, un fenomen quàntic sense anàleg a la mecànica clàssica, l'efecte túnel, és, o té el potencial de ser, el mecanisme que inicia la dinàmica. Podem dir que una partícula massiva pateix efecte túnel, quan aquesta és capaç d'accedir a una regió clàssicament prohibida sense tenir l'energia cinètica necessària per fer-ho. Aquest fenomen pot aparèixer en diferents formes, per exemple, una partícula pot creuar per efecte túnel una barrera quan hi col·lisiona o pot simplement oscil·lar entre dos pous de potencial separats per una barrera. En aquest context, primer hem considerat la implementació d'un interferòmetre amb solitons de matèria brillants en el qual el mecanisme de divisió ve donat per la col·lisió amb una barrera d'amplada finita. Fem servir solitons de matèria brillants en CBE en una dimensió ja que aquests presenten propietats, com ara un comportament no dispersiu, que els fa ideals per interferometria. Com hem comentat abans, també estem interessats en sistemes on l'efecte túnel apareix entre potencials propers. En aquests casos, per tal d'estimar l'amplitud d'acoblament entre els auto-estats de les trampes locals, és necessari conèixer el perfil de densitat de manera analítica, especialment a les zones de baixa densitat. Particularment, estudiem els perfils de densitat en CBE de dues components atrapats en potencials harmònics els quals es troben en fase miscible. La formulació analítica d'aquests perfils de densitat per a cada component al voltant de les regions de baixa densitat ve donada per equacions universals. Seguidament, ens fixem en la dinàmica d'àtoms individuals en potencials acoblats a través de l'efecte túnel. Primer estudiem processos de passatge adiabàtic que representen una eina robusta i eficient pel transport i la càrrega d'àtoms entre potencials cilíndricament simètrics i concèntrics. Els dos processos que hem investigat estan basats en els anàlegs en matèria del passatge adiabàtic ràpid (RAP en anglès) i de la transferència adiabàtica Raman estimulada (STIRAP en anglès). Amb aquestes dues tècniques, som capaços de transportar l'àtom entre dos i tres anells i de carregar un àtom ultrafred des d’un potencial harmònic a un anell concèntric. Tot seguit, continuem estudiant anells, però aquest cop en comptes de fer servir una configuració concèntrica, fem servir potencials acoblats lateralment, on demostrem que amplituds d'acoblament complexes apareixen de manera natural en la dinàmica dels estats de moment angular de l'àtom. També proposem com fer servir aquesta propietat per dissenyar estats obscurs espacials a través de la interferència quàntica. Finalment, demostrem com aquests estats obscurs es poden fer servir per crear estats de vora en una banda òptica de trampes harmòniques, tant fent servir el conjunt d'estat fonamentals de les trampes com amb els estats que porten moment angular. Primerament, mostrem que aquests estats són robustos i que poden ser obtinguts en altres geometries. A més, també suggerim que fent servir el número quàntic associat al moment angular com a dimensió sintètica, s’obre la possibilitat de simular sistemes quàntics tridimensionals amb xarxes de dues dimensions.
The theory of Quantum Mechanics led to the discovery of many phenomena that were previously hidden by its probabilistic nature. In particular, Quantum Mechanics brought to light the so-called wave-particle duality behavior of extremely small objects. This behavior is typically obtained in isolated systems, therefore experiments where particles do not interact with the environment are basic to study quantum systems and quantum phenomena. Ultracold atoms are systems where atoms are cooled down to temperatures of the order of nanokelvin and, in general, kept in ultrahigh vacuum chambers, such that they can be studied in a highly controlled environment. Within this field, Bose—Einstein condensates (BECs) are a particular appealing state of matter where all the particles of an ultracold bose gas, macroscopically occupy a single quantum state. This behavior makes BECs ideal for studying quantum phenomena at a macroscopic scale. In this thesis, we investigate systems where, a quantum phenomenon that has no analogue in classical mechanics, the quantum tunneling is, or has the potential to be, the mechanism that triggers the dynamics. A tunneling event occurs whenever a massive particle is able to access a classically forbidden region of space without having the necessary kinetic energy to do it. Note that this phenomenon can arise in different scenarios, for instance a particle can tunnel when colliding with a potential barrier or it can simply oscillate between two separated wells separated by a potential barrier. In this context, first, we consider the implementation of a matter-wave bright soliton interferometer whose splitting mechanism is based on tunneling through a finite width barrier. We use bright matter-wave solitons in one dimensional BECs as they present properties, such as their dispersionless behavior, that are ideal for interferometric purposes. As mentioned previously, we are also interested on systems where tunneling occurs between neighboring potentials. For those cases, in order to estimate the tunneling amplitudes that couple the eigenstates of the local traps, the analytical density profiles of the eigenstates are required, especially around the low density regions. In particular, we study the density profiles of harmonically trapped two-component BECs within the miscible phase. The analytical formulation of the density profiles of each component around the low density regions is given by means of universal equations. We then turn our attention to the dynamics of single atoms in tunnel-coupled potentials. First, we study spatial adiabatic passage processes as a robust and efficient technique to transport and load single atoms between cylindrically symmetric concentric potentials. The two processes investigated are based on the matter-wave analogues of the rapid adiabatic passage and of the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. With these techniques, we are able to transport the atom between two and three rings and to load an ultracold atom from a harmonic potential to a concentric ring. Next, we continue investigating ring potentials, but instead of using concentric rings, we use sided-coupled rings and we demonstrate that in this system, complex tunneling amplitudes appear naturally in the dynamics of single atom angular momentum states. We also propose to use this feature to engineer spatial dark states through quantum interference. Finally, we demonstrate how spatial dark states can be used to create edge-like states in an optical ribbon either for the manifold of ground states of the traps forming the ribbon or for states carrying orbital angular momentum. We show that these states are robust and that can be extended to other geometries. In addition, we suggest to use the winding number associated to the angular momentum as a synthetic dimension opening the possibility to quantum simulate three dimensional systems with two dimensional lattices.

Time-varying fields are widely used to extend the accessible range of trapping potentials for ultracold atoms. This work explores two very different examples of such fields, in the radiofrequency and optical regimes, whose interactions with trapped atoms can both be described in terms of the dressed atom picture. Forming the basis of this work are radiofrequency dressed adiabatic potentials based on macroscopic trapping coils. Atoms are confined at the south pole of the resultant oblate spheroidal trapping surfaces. This work describes the extension of these potentials by two different methods: the application of multiple dressing radiofrequencies, and addition of a rapidly-scanned optical dipole trap. This is the first experimental demonstration of a multiple-radiofrequency dressed adiabatic potential, explored using ultracold ⁸⁷Rb atoms confined in a highly configurable double well. Due to the independent generation of each constituent dressing frequency, the depth of each trapping well and the height of the barrier are easily manipulated, enabling precise and reliable transfer of atoms between the available trapping geometries. Experimental work includes an exploration of the potential-shaping capabilities of the three-radiofrequency system, and characterisation of the potential landscape using radiofrequency spectroscopy with good agreement to the eigenvalues numerically calculated using Floquet theory. This initial exploration of multiple-radiofrequency techniques lays the groundwork for applications in studying double well physics in a two-dimensional system, and independent state or species selective manipulation of trapped atoms. The potential shaping capabilities of this method can also be extended by applying additional trapping frequencies. In a supplementary line of experimental work, an optical dipole trapping system has been constructed, and the trapping beam aligned to the lower surface of the radiofrequency dressed trapping shell in order to sculpt the radial confinement. Beam shaping is achieved using an acousto-optic deflector, which can be used to produce either a composite array of static deflected beams, a rapidly-scanned painted potential, or some combination of the two approaches. The development and extension of the experimental apparatus required to implement these enhanced dressed state potentials is explored, and the challenges of their experimental implementation considered.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Wechselwirkung ultrakalter Atome mit der Mode eines optischen Resonators hoher Güte. Die Atome sind dabei in einem periodischen Potenzial gefangen, dessen Periodizität nicht kommensurabel mit der Wellenlänge des Resonators ist. Ein Laser regt die Atome an und sie streuen Photonen in die Resonatormode, wobei die Emission inkohärent ist, falls die Laue- Bedingung nicht erfüllt ist. Dieser Fall wird betrachtet und es werden Bedingungen ermittelt, für welche nichtlineare optische Prozesse auftreten können. Die Eigenschaften des Lichtes werden untersucht, wenn sich das System entweder wie ein parametrischer Verstärker verhält oder wie eine Lichtquelle mit "Antibunching"- Statistik. Weiterhin kann eine stationäre Verschränkung zwischen Licht und Spinwellen der Atome erzeugt werden. Im zweiten Teil wird die Situation betrachtet, in der die Nullpunktsbewegung der Atome für die Atom-Licht-Wechselwirkung relevant ist. Für große Parameterbereiche zeigen numerische Berechnungen, dass die Rückwirkung des Resonators die Formierung eines lokalen Schachbrettmusters in der atomaren Dichteverteilung erzeugt. Die einzelnen Atomgruppe dieses Musters stehen zueinander in fester Phasenbeziehung, was zur Erhöhung der Zahl der Resonatorphotonen führt.
In this thesis we investigate the interactions between ultracold atoms confined by a periodic potential and a mode of a high-finesse optical cavity whose wavelength is incommensurate with the potential periodicity. The atoms are driven by a probe laser and can scatter photons into the cavity field. When the von-Laue condition is not satisfied, there is no coherent emission into the cavity mode. We consider this situation and identify conditions for which different nonlinear optical processes can occur. We characterize the properties of the light when the system can either operate as a degenerate parametric amplifier or as a source of antibunched light. Moreover, we show that the stationary entanglement between the light and spinwavemodes of the array can be generated. In the second part we consider the regime in which the zero-point motions of the atoms become relevant in the dynamics of atom-photon interactions. Numerical calculations show that for large parameter regions, cavity backaction forces the atoms into clusters with a local checkerboard density distribution. The clusters are phase-locked to one another so as to maximize the number of intracavity photons.

The present thesis studies a variety of cold atomic systems in artificial gauge fields. In the first part we focus on fractional quantum Hall effects, asking whether interesting topological states can be realized with cold atoms. We start by making a close connection to solid-state systems and first consider fermionic atoms with dipolar interactions. Assuming the system to be in the Laughlin state, we evaluate the energy gap in the thermodynamic limit as a measure for the robustness of the state. We show that it can be increased by additionally applying a non-Abelian gauge field squeezing the Landau levels. We then switch to bosonic systems with repulsive contact interactions. Artificial magnetic fields for cold bosons have extensively been discussed before in the context of rotating Bose gases. We follow a different approach where the gauge field is due to an atom-laser coupling. Thus, transitions between different dressed states have to be included. They are shown to break the cylindrical symmetry of the system. Modifying the Laughlin state and the Moore-Read state accordingly, we determine the parameter regimes where they are good representations for the ground state of the system obtained via exact diagonalization. One of the most interesting feature of fractional quantum Hall states is the anyonic behavior of their excitations. We therefore also study quasiholes in the Laughlin state and the modified Laughlin state. They are shown to posses anyonic properties, which become manifest even in small systems. Moreover, the dynamics of a single quasihole causes visible traces in the density of the system which allow to clearly distinguish the Laughlin regime from less correlated phases. In the latter, a sequence of collapses and revivals of the quasihole can be observed, which is absent in the Laughlin regime. Extending our study to bosonic systems with a pesudospin-1/2 degree of freedom, we discuss the formation of strongly correlated spin singlets. Strikingly, at filling v=4/3, the system is described by a state with non-Abelian excitations, which is constructed as the zero-energy ground state of repulsive three-body contact interactions. Systems with internal degrees of freedom also allow for implementing artificial spin-orbit coupling. It is shown to give rise to a variety of incompressible states. In the second part of the thesis, we concentrate on condensed system. Bose-Einstein condensates with spin-orbit coupling are shown to have a degeneracy on the mean-field level, which is lifted by quantum and thermal fluctuations. The system becomes experimentally feasible in three dimensions, where the condensate depletion remains finite, and thus allow for an experimental observation of this order-by-disorder mechanism. Finally, we study the influence of Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields on the quantum phase transitions of bosons in a square optical lattice. Re-entrant superfluid phases and superfluids at finite momenta are interesting properties featured by such systems.

A causa de la gran flexibilitat que ofereixen en la seva manipulació i control, els sistemes d’àtoms ultrafreds són ideals per simular un ampli ventall de models de matèria condensada i constitueixen una plataforma molt prometedora per a la implementació de noves tecnologies quàntiques. En aquest context, l’atomtrònica s’ha establert recentment com un nou camp de recerca que té per objectiu crear circuits d’ones de matèria amb àtoms ultrafreds en micro trampes òptiques versàtils, amb el doble propòsit d’explorar nous fenòmens físics i de construir dispositius quàntics com ara sensors o ordinadors. Els circuits atomtrònics més senzills estan formats per potencials en forma d’anell, els quals proporcionen camins tancats pels àtoms que admeten de manera natural estats de Moment Angular Orbital (MAO). Inspirats per aquests avenços, en aquesta tesi investiguem diversos sistemes que comparteixen la característica d’estar formats per àtoms ultrafreds en estats amb MAO en potencials amb simetria cilíndrica. El nostre interès es centra en tres aspectes dels estats amb MAO: el seu potencial per fabricar sensors, les seves aplicacions en la simulació de models de magnetisme quàntic, i les possibilitats que ofereixen per obtenir estats topològics. Primerament, considerem un Condensat de Bose-Einstein (CBE) atrapat en un únic potencial en forma d’anell i preparat en una superposició d’estats amb MAO que roten en direccions oposades. El perfil d’aquesta superposició mostra una línia de mínima densitat que gira a causa de la interacció no lineal entre els àtoms. Després de derivar una expressió que relaciona la freqüència d’aquesta rotació amb la força de les interaccions, proposem protocols que permeten fer servir el sistema com un sensor d’interaccions a dos cossos, camps magnètics i rotacions. A continuació, explorem diferents configuracions de potencials acoblats lateralment en les quals els àtoms ultrafreds experimenten una dinàmica d’efecte túnel governada per amplituds complexes amb fases que es poden variar modificant la geometria del sistema. En primer lloc, estudiem una xarxa en forma de cadena de diamant carregada amb àtoms no interactuants en estats amb MAO. En aquest sistema, les fases de les amplituds d’efecte túnel complexes donen lloc a una estructura de bandes topològica amb els seus corresponents estats de vora. A més, ajustant de manera adequada les amplituds d’efecte túnel es pot obtenir un espectre d’energies composat únicament de bandes planes. En aquest cas, el sistema mostra confinament d’Aharonov-Bohm. A continuació, analitzem una família de sistemes consistent en distribucions de potencials d’anell amb una geometria flexible plenes amb bosons fortament correlacionats en estats amb MAO. Ens centrem en el règim d’aïllant de Mott amb un àtom per trampa, en el qual es pot establir una correspondència entre estats amb MAO i d’espín-1/2. Mostrem que, ordenant les trampes de manera adequada, aquests sistemes poden simular diferents models d’espí d’interès relacionats amb un model de Heisenberg general. Seguidament, ens tornem a fixar en la cadena de diamant per investigar la física de dos bosons amb interacció atractiva en el límit en el qual totes les bandes són planes. En aquesta situació, l’energia cinètica no juga cap paper i les propietats del sistema venen determinades únicament per les interaccions. Mostrem que el sector de baixa energia de l’espectre d’estats de dos bosons es pot descriure en termes de models efectius d’una sola partícula que són topològicament no trivials. Finalment, estudiem una xarxa quadrada en dues dimensions amb diferents separacions fora i dintre de la cel·la unitat. Demostrem que aquest sistema constitueix un exemple d’aïllant topològic de segon ordre, presentant un moment quadrupolar finit i estats de cantonada protegits.
Debido a la gran flexibilidad que ofrecen en su manipulación y control, los sistemas de átomos ultrafríos son ideales para simular un amplio abanico de modelos de materia condensada y constituyen una plataforma muy prometedora para la implementación de nuevas tecnologías cuánticas. En este contexto, la atomtrónica se ha establecido recientemente como un nuevo campo de investigación cuyo objetivo es crear circuitos de ondas de materia con átomos ultrafríos manipulados mediante micro trampas ópticas versátiles, con el doble propósito de explorar nuevos fenómenos físicos y de construir dispositivos cuánticos como sensores u ordenadores. Los circuitos atomtrónicos más sencillos están formados por potenciales en forma de anillo, los cuales proporcionan caminos cerrados para los átomos que admiten de manera natural estados con Momento Angular Orbital (MAO). Inspirados por estos avances, en esta tesis investigamos diversos sistemas que comparten la característica de estar formados por átomos ultrafríos con carga de MAO en potenciales con simetría cilíndrica. Nuestro interés se centra en tres aspectos de los estados con MAO: su potencial para fabricar sensores, sus aplicaciones en la simulación de modelos de magnetismo cuántico, y las posibilidades que ofrecen para obtener estados topológicos. Empezamos considerando un condensado de Bose-Einstein (CBE) atrapado en un único potencial en forma de anillo y preparado en una superposición de estados con MAO que rotan en direcciones opuestas. El perfil de esta superposición muestra una línea de mínima densidad que gira debido a la interacción no lineal entre los átomos. Después de deducir una expresión que relaciona la frecuencia de esta rotación con la fuerza de las interacciones, proponemos protocolos que permiten utilizar el sistema como un sensor de interacciones a dos cuerpos, campos magnéticos y rotaciones. A continuación, estudiamos diferentes configuraciones de potenciales acoplados lateralmente en las que los átomos ultrafríos experimentan una dinámica de efecto túnel gobernada por amplitudes complejas con fases que se pueden variar modificando la geometría del sistema. En primer lugar, exploramos una red en forma de cadena de diamante llena con átomos no interactuantes en estados con MAO. En este sistema, las fases de las amplitudes de efecto túnel complejas dan lugar a una estructura de bandas topológica con sus correspondientes estados de borde. Además, ajustando de forma adecuada las amplitudes de efecto túnel, se puede obtener un espectro de energías compuesto únicamente de bandas planas. En este caso, el sistema muestra confinamiento de Aharonov-Bohm. En segundo lugar, analizamos una familia de sistemas consistente en distribuciones de potenciales de anillo con una geometría flexible llenas con bosones fuertemente correlacionados en estados de MAO. Nos centramos en el régimen de aislante de Mott con un átomo por trampa, en el que se puede establecer una correspondencia entre estados con MAO y de espín-1/2. Mostramos que, ordenando las trampas de manera adecuada, estos sistemas pueden simular diferentes modelos de espín de interés relacionados con un modelo de Heisenberg general. Seguidamente nos volvemos a fijar en la cadena de diamante para investigar la física de dos bosones con interacción atractiva en el límite en el que todas las bandas son planas. En esta situación, la energía cinética no juega ningún papel y las propiedades del sistema vienen determinadas únicamente por las interacciones. Mostramos que el sector de baja energía del espectro de estados de dos bosones se puede describir en términos de modelos efectivos de una sola partícula que son topológicamente no triviales. Finalmente, estudiamos una red cuadrada en dos dimensiones con diferentes separaciones fuera y dentro de la celda unidad. Demostramos que este sistema constituye un ejemplo de aislante topológico de segundo orden, presentando un momento cuadrupolar finito y estados de esquina protegidos.
Due to their high degree of tunability and controllability, ultracold atom systems constitute an ideal playground for simulating a wide variety of condensed matter models and are one of the most promising platforms for the implementation of novel quantum technologies. In this context, the emerging field of atomtronics aims at realizing matter-wave circuits with ultracold atoms in versatile optical micro-traps. These efforts have a two-fold purpose: exploring new fundamental physics and constructing quantum devices such as sensors or computers. The simplest atomtronic circuits are formed by ring-shaped potentials, which provide closed loops for the atoms that naturally support Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) states. Motivated by these advances, in this thesis we investigate different systems that have the common characteristic of being formed by ultracold atoms carrying OAM in cylindrically symmetric potentials. Our interest is focused on three aspects of OAM states: their potential use for sensing purposes, their applications as quantum simulators of models of quantum magnetism, and the possibilities that they offer for realizing topological phases of matter. We start by considering a Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC) trapped in a single ring potential and prepared in a superposition of counter-rotating OAM states. The density profile of this state has a minimal line that rotates due to the non-linear interaction between the atoms. After deriving an expression that relates the frequency of this rotation with the strength of the interactions, we propose protocols to use the system as a device for sensing two-body interactions, magnetic fields and rotations. Next, we explore several configurations of side-coupled potentials where ultracold atoms in OAM states experience tunnelling dynamics that are governed by complex amplitudes with phases that can be tuned by modifying the geometry of the system. First, we study a lattice with a diamond chain shape filled with non-interacting ultracold atoms carrying OAM. In this system, the phases in the tunnelling rates give rise to a topological band structure with its corresponding protected edge states. Furthermore, a proper tuning of the tunneling parameters may lead to an energy spectrum composed entirely of flat bands. In this scenario, the system exhibits Aharonov-Bohm caging. We then analyse a family of systems consisting of arrays of ring potentials with a flexible geometry filled with strongly correlated bosons in OAM states. We focus on the Mott insulator regime at unit filling, for which one can establish a correspondence between OAM and spin-1/2 states. We demonstrate that by properly arranging the traps, these systems can realize different spin models of interest related to a general Heisenberg model. Then, we turn our attention back to the diamond chain to examine the physics of two attractively interacting bosons in the limit when all bands are flat. In this situation, the kinetic energy is frozen and the properties of the system are solely determined by the interactions. We show that the low-energy sector of the two-boson spectrum can be described in terms of effective single-particle models that are topologically non-trivial. Finally, we investigate a two-dimensional square lattice with different intra- and inter-cell spacings in the non-interacting limit. We show that this system constitutes an example of a second-order topological insulator, displaying a finite quadrupole moment and protected corner states.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

This thesis includes both experimental and theoretical investigations, presented in a series of eight papers. The experimental part ranges from the construction procedures of an apparatus for Bose-Einstein condensates, to full scale experiments using three different set-ups for ultracold atoms in optical lattices. As one of the main themes of the thesis, an experimental apparatus for production of Bose-Einstein Condensates is under construction. A magneto-optically trapped sample, hosting more than 200 million 87Rb atoms, have successfully been loaded into a magnetic trap with high transfer rate. The lifetime of the sample in the magnetic trap is in the range of 9 s, and the atoms have been shown to respond to evaporative cooling. The experiment is ready for optimization of the magnetic trap loading, and evaporative cooling parameters, which are the final steps for reaching Bose-Einstein condensation. The set-up is designed to host experiments including variable geometry optical lattices, and includes the possibility to align laser beams with high angular precision for this purpose. The breakdown of Bloch waves in a Bose-Einstein condensate is studied, attributed to the effect of energetic and dynamical instability. This experimental study is performed using a Bose-Einstein condensate in a moving one-dimensional optical lattice at LENS, Florence Italy. The optical lattice parameters, and the thermal distribution of the atomic sample required to trigger the instabilities, are detected, and compared with a theoretical model developed in parallel with the experiments. In close connection with these one-dimensional lattice studies, an experimental survey to characterize regimes of superradiant Rayleigh scattering and Bragg scattering is presented. Tunneling properties of repulsively bound atom pairs in double well potentials are characterized in an experiment at Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Germany. A three-dimensional optical lattice, producing an array of double wells with tunable properties is let to interact with a Bose-Einstein condensate. Pairs of ultracold atoms are produced on one side in the double wells, and their tunneling behavior, dependent on potential barrier and repulsion properties, is studied. A theoretical study of the crossover between one- and two-dimensional systems has been performed. The simulations were made for a two-dimensional array of atoms, where the behavior for different tunneling probabilities and atom-atom repulsion strengths was studied. Scaling relations for systems of variable sizes have been examined in detail, and numerical values for the involved variables have been found.

The Double-TOP trap is a new type of magnetic trap for neutral atoms, and is suitable for Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and evaporatively cooled atoms. It combines features from two other magnetic traps, the Time-averaged Orbiting Potential (TOP) and Ioffe-Pritchard traps, so that a potential barrier can be raised in an otherwise parabolic potential. The cigar-like cloud of atoms (in the single-well configuration) is divided halfway along its length when the barrier is lifted. A theoretical model of the trap is presented. The double-well is characterised by the barrier height and well separation, which are weakly coupled. The accessible parameter space is found by considering experimental limits such as noise, yielding well separations from 230 [mu]m up to several millimetres, and barrier heights from 65 pK to 28 [mu]K (where the energies are scaled by Boltzmann�s constant). Potential experiments for Bose-Einstein condensates in this trap are considered. A Double-TOP trap has been constructed using the 3-coil style of Ioffe-Pritchard trap. Details of the design, construction and current control for these coils are given. Experiments on splitting thermal clouds were carried out, which revealed a tilt in the potential. Two independent BECs were simultaneously created by applying evaporative cooling to a divided thermal cloud. The Double-TOP trap is used to form a linear collider, allowing direct imaging of the interference between the s and d partial waves. By jumping from a double to single-well trap configuration, two ultra-cold clouds are launched towards a collision at the trap bottom. The available collision energies are centred on a d-wave shape resonance so that interference between the s and d partial waves is pronounced. Absorption imaging allows complete scattering information to be collected, and the images show a striking change in the angular distribution of atoms post-collision. The results are compared to a theoretical model, verifying that the technique is a useful new way to study cold collisions.

This thesis describes the design, construction and optimisation of two compact setups to produce ⁸⁷Rb Bose-Einstein condensates and dual ⁷Li-⁸⁷Rb Magneto- Optical Traps (MOTs). The motivation for compact systems is to have simplified systems to cool the atoms. The first experimental setup is based on a single pyrex glass cell without the need for atom chips. Fast evaporation will be achieved in a hybrid trap comprising of a magnetic quadrupole trap and an optical dipole trap created by a Nd:YVO4 laser and with future plans of using a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). To enhance an efficient and rapid evaporation, we have investigated Light-Induced Atomic Desorption (LIAD) to modulate the Rb partial pressure during the cooling and trapping stage. With this technique, a ⁸⁷Rb MOT of 7 x 10⁷ atoms was loaded by shining violet light from a LED source into the glass cell, whose walls are coated with rubidium atoms. The atoms were then cooled by optical molasses and then loaded into a magnetic trap where lifetime measurements demonstrated that LIAD improves on magnetically-trapped atoms loaded from constant background pressure by a factor of six. This is quite encouraging and opens the possibility to do a rapid evaporation. In a second experiment, we have designed a compact system based on a stainless steel chamber to trap either ⁷Li or ⁶Li atoms in a MOT loaded from alkali-metal dispensers without the need of conventional oven-Zeeman slower. This setup can also load ⁸⁷Rb atoms, allowing future projects to simultaneously produce degenerate quantum gases of bosonic ⁸⁷Rb and fermionic ⁶Li atoms.

In the ultracold regime, where the interactions between atoms become quantum mechanical in nature, we can investigate the fundamental properties of matter. A natural progression from the catalogue of pioneering experiments using ultracold atoms is to extend the size of our quantum system by producing ultracold molecules in prescribed low-energy internal states. Techniques for cold molecule production are split into two methods: direct and indirect cooling. While direct cooling methods have yet to realize ultracold temperatures, collisional relaxation in the molecules leads to low internal energy states. By contrast, indirect cooling — the association of molecules from pre-cooled atoms—has produced a range of molecules at ultracold temperatures; the challenge with this technique is to control the internal state. This thesis concentrates on a technique that is complementary to those already in existence: ultrafast photoassociation. Key to this technique is the formation of time non-stationary wavepackets in the excited-state in order to improve FranckCondon overlap of the excited state with deeply bound ground-state vibrational levels. A pump-probe experiment was designed and built to demonstrate the formation of bound excited-state dimers. In this work we show that the initial state from which the wavepacket originates is of critical importance to the evolution of excited-state population. We find that the internuclear separation of the wavepacket produced in a rubidium magneto-optical trap is too large to observe coherent oscillations in the excited state. The implications of this are discussed along with recommendations for future ultrafast photoassociation experiments. Consequently, a new ultracold atom apparatus was built utilizing magnetic and dipole-force trapping to increase the density of the atomic sample; this apparatus will enable future experiments combining the exciting fields of ultracold matter and ultrafast light.

Quasicrystals are long-range ordered and yet non-periodic. This interplay results in a wealth of intriguing physical phenomena, such as the inheritance of topological properties from higher dimensions, self-similarity, and the presence of non-trivial structure on all scales. The concept of aperiodic order has been extensively studied in mathematics and geometry, exemplified by the celebrated Penrose tiling. However, the understanding of physical quasicrystals (the vast majority of them are intermetallic compounds) is still incomplete owing to their complexity, regarding both growth processes and stability. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices offer an ideal, yet untested environment for investigating quasicrystals. Optical lattices, i.e. standing waves of light, allow the defect-free formation of a large variety of potential landscapes, including quasiperiodic geometries. In recent years, optical lattices have become one of the most successful tools in the large-scale quantum simulation of condensed-matter problems. This study presents the first experimental realisation of a two-dimensional quasicrystalline potential for ultracold atoms, based on an eightfold symmetric optical lattice. It is aimed at bringing together the fields of ultracold atoms and quasicrystals - and the more general concept of aperiodic order. The first part of this thesis introduces the theoretical aspects of aperiodic order and quasicrystalline structure. The second part comprises a detailed account of the newly designed apparatus that has been used to produce quantum-degenerate gases in quasicrystalline lattices. The third and final part summarises the matter-wave diffraction experiments that have been performed in various lattice geometries. These include one- and two-dimensional simple cubic lattices, one-dimensional quasiperiodic lattices, as well as two-dimensional quasicrystalline lattices. The striking self-similarity of this quasicrystalline structure has been directly observed, in close analogy to Shechtman's very first discovery of quasicrystals using electron diffraction. In addition, an in-depth study of the diffraction dynamics reveals the fundamental differences between periodic and quasicrystalline lattices, in excellent agreement with ab initio theory. The diffraction dynamics on short timescales constitutes a continuous-time quantum walk on a homogeneous four-dimensional tight-binding lattice. On the one hand, these measurements establish a novel experimental platform for investigating quasicrystals proper. On the other hand, ultracold atoms in quasicrystalline optical lattices are worth studying in their own right: Possible avenues include the observation many-body localisation and Bose glasses, as well as the creation of topologically non-trivial systems in higher dimensions.

This thesis details the design, construction and characterisation of an ultracold atoms system, developed in conjunction with a flexible optical trapping scheme which utilises a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (LC SLM). The ultracold atoms system uses a hybrid trap formed of a quadrupole magnetic field and a focused far-detuned laser beam to form a Bose-Einstein Condensate of 2×105 87Rb atoms. Cold atoms confined in several arbitrary optical trapping geometries are created by overlaying the LC SLM trap on to the hybrid trap, where a simple feedback process using the atomic distribution as a metric is shown to be capable of compensating for optical aberrations. Two novel methods for creating flexible optical traps with the LC SLM are also detailed, the first of which is a multi-wavelength technique which allows several wavelengths of light to be smoothly shaped and applied to the atoms. The second method uses a computationally-efficient minimisation algorithm to create light patterns which are constrained in both amplitude and phase, where the extra phase constraint was shown to be crucial for controlling propagation effects of the LC SLM trapping beam.

Ultracold atom experiments use a gas of neutral atoms with temperatures less than 100 µK above absolute zero and offer unmatched experimental control of quantum states and coherence, which has allowed ultracold atom-based measurements to be some of the most precise to date. While ultracold atom experiments can control almost all atomic degrees of freedom, spin-dependent trapping and spatial manipulation has remained difficult if not inaccessible. We are developing a method of spin-dependent trapping and spatial manipulation for ultracold neutral atoms using the AC Zeeman force produced by a microwave magnetic near-field gradient generated by an atom chip. We measure the AC Zeeman force on ultracold rubidium atoms by observing its effect on the motion of atoms in free-fall and on those confined in a trap. We have studied the force as a function of microwave frequency detuning from a hyperfine transition at 6.8 GHz at several magnetic field strengths and have observed its characteristic bipolar and resonant features predicted by two-level dressed atom theory. We find that the force is several times the strength of gravity in our setup, and that it can be targeted to a specific hyperfine transition while leaving other hyperfine states and transitions relatively unaffected. We find that our measurements are reasonably consistent with parameter-free theoretical predictions.

In several branches of physics it is common to have a system that can be thought as made by two (or more) parts: only one of these parts is of interest, while it would be desirable to theoretically describe all the remaining parts in the lightest possible way. This situation is typical of complex systems and therefore it is not possible in general to de ne a common strategy for the description of the systems, but each case has to be considered by its own. Indeed, if attention is not paid, something relevant such as emergent phenomena can be missed. When quantum systems are involved composite systems are known as Open Quantum Systems (OQS) and in the pas decades they have been studied extensively. In the OQS language, the part of the total system we are interested in is called the subsystem, while the other parts are called the environment or the bath. It is not possible in general to de ne a unique way to describe OQS due to their complexity. Although, in the majority of the situations the bath is much larger than the subsystems in terms of number of degrees of freedom. A common strategy consists in tracing out the environment’s degrees of freedom in order to study, is some approximation, only the subsystem. The key point here is the approximation made on the trace operation: a balance has to be found between the loss of information on the environment and the simplification of the description for the subsystem. The final effect of this procedure are some equations for the subsystem’s dynamics, where the influence of the environment is encoded in some parameters. These parameters are subjected to memory effects: de-pending on the applied approximations they can evolve or not in time. In general, a time dependency points at a non negligible effect of the subsystem on the environment in the considered timescale. The advantages of this procedure are clear: indeed reducing the degrees of freedom, without losing completely their influence on the subsystem, allows to simplify the theoretical description and heavily lowers the computational complexity of the numerical treatment. Disadvantages are clear too: an excessive simplification will determine an impossibility in describing also subsystem’s main properties. The great advantage of the OQS description is that it can be applied to different systems without losing validity: in the present work it is applied to different systems of ultracold atoms. This will allow us to predict some properties and compare theoretical predictions with experimental findings. In the eld of OQS it is quite common to describe them with master equation such as the Lindblad equation, that describe the density matrix of the subsystem when the environment is not subjected to any memory effect, i.e. is Markovian. We instead use a different approach build on Quantum Field Theory (QFT) for systems out of equilibrium, developed by Keldysh and others (and therefore known as Keldysh formalism). In this formalism, semiclassical equation of motion for the subsystem are derived, where semiclassical means that equations are classical in their form while the signature of the quantum nature of the whole system is embedded in the coefficients of the equations themselves. The first system we study is composed of an arbitrary number of non-interacting heavy impurities in contact with a free fermionic bath of atoms. The only interaction present is the one between impurities and the atoms of the bath, modeled as a contact interaction; a situation that is similar to what is observed in polaron physics. This system of heavy impurities has analogies with quark-gluon plasma systems and, after the fermionic degrees of freedom are traced out, a mediated interaction between impurities is present as a result of an exchange of fermions. A key property of the mediated interaction is that it is always attractive, irregardless of the original bare interaction. Now we perform a well controlled chain of approximations to obtain an induced potential and the semiclassical equations of motion for the impurities position in time. These equations are the so called generalized Langevin equation (GLE) and the quantum nature of the system is now encoded in three terms: force, friction and noise. The induced potential has a real and an imaginary part and it strongly depends on the bath: in this case semianalytical expressions for both parts can be derived because the fermion of the bath are non-interacting. We found that real part of the complex potential presents divergencies that has to be treated properly in a renormalization procedure, while divergencies are absent in the imaginary part. Real part generates the force term of the GLE via its gradient, while the imaginary part generates friction and noise. Regarding the friction, it is made of two parts: the first one is a constant term while the second depends on the distance between impurities. The distance-dependent term of the friction is present when there is more than one impurity in the bath and reflects the polarization of the bath induced by each impurity. Indeed, friction is related to the collisions between impurities and particles of the bath: if we look at a single impurity we see that these collisions can be modified by the presence of other impurities and so friction has to show some dependence on the distance between impurities. Moreover, we are able to prove that friction is present in this system also in the zero-temperature limit as a consequence of the energy spectrum of the fermions of the bath. The force term in the GLE is always attractive at short distances, while it disappears as the distance increases enough.The GLE is derived for an arbitrary number of impurities, but we consider two different scenarios to better understand the behaviour of the whole system: a single impurity and two impurities. The single impurity scenario is an example of quantum Brownian motion with constant friction. The case of two impurities is so the simplest one that can be used to study the role of force and distance dependent friction on the dynamics. In this scenario, impurities tends to come closer under the effect of the attractive force, while noise provides random thermal fluctuations. It is possible to demonstrate that the formation of a bound state, i.e. a situation where the distance between impurities is limited, is possible. The bound state formation relies on the interplay between the strength of the impurity-bath interaction and the temperature. Indeed, increasing the temperature will also increase the noise making the bound state formation more di cult if not impossible. The bound state is characterized by radius and lifetime, respectively the distance between impurities and the average time necessary to random fluctuations to break the bound state. Lifetime obtained via numerical simulations is found to to be in agreement with theoretical predictions based on Kramers rate theory. As a consequence of the renormalization procedure used for the real part of the complex potential, results for bound state and lifetime can be considered as qualitative, while results for the friction are quantitative. The second system we focus on has been studied experimentally and it is made of atoms of 6Li. The atoms are initially prepared in two different Zeeman states and the mixture is imbalanced, thus one of the Zeeman states acts as a bath and one as minority. These two states are labelled respectively as |1> and |2>. The interaction between these states is weak, therefore some of the minority atoms are moved to a third Zeeman state, labelled as |3>, that is resonantly interacting with |1>. When an atom is in j3i the formation of polarons is observed. A polaron is a quasiparticle that is formed when an impurity attracts or repels the particle of the bath: in the first case the polaron is defined attractive, in the second repulsive. Interaction between |3> and |1> can be tuned to obtain attractive or repulsive polarons in order to study some of their properties. We are interested in particular in the description of the dynamics of the polarons and therefore we derive a theory that can describe experimental data. To do that, in the experiment a Rabi coupling is added between |2> and |3> and the populations in the two levels, n2 and n3, are measured. A complete many body description of the full dynamics is extremely challenging, but we can use Keldysh formalism and some results for Zeno effect in Fermi polarons to trace out the degrees of freedom of |1> (in the approximation where the interaction between |1> and |2> is neglected) and obtain an effective theory. Some approximations are then made, such as neglecting the polaron formation process and considering the bath as Markovian, to obtain four coupled quantum Boltzmann equations for the populations n2, n3 and for the two coherence between the levels. A relevant element in these equations is the collisional integral, that estimates for processes like conversion between attractive and repulsive polaron and momentum exchange with the bath for polarons of the same type. Moreover, collisional integral is also responsible for polaron dissociation process. Interestingly, collisional integrals do not play a major role in describing the dynamics of attractive polarons, that is found to be in good agreement with experimental data also in the collisionless approximation, i.e. when polaronic collisional integrals are neglected. An explanation to this observation is that predicted lifetime for attractive polarons is much longer than the experimental timescale, therefore dissociation of attractive polarons is not relevant in our systems and we can neglect collisional integrals without losing too much precision. Indeed, we only miss some momentum exchange process that slightly modifies the observed dynamics but that are expected to be less relevant than other approximations made before such as the ladder approximation for the imaginary part of polaron self-energy. The situation is different for the repulsive polaron, because disregarding collisional integral will result in missing the decay of the population n3 that is observed experimentally. Indeed, both conversion processes and momentum exchange are now expected to be more important, but collisionless approximations is still useful to obtain some hints. When the repulsive polaron is weakly interacting, the decay of n3 is again slow compared to our timescales and the situation is similar to the attractive polaron. Therefore, collisionless approximation is not brutal and a good agreement with experiment is observed, although adding collisional integral will now generate a sensible better agreement between predictions and experiment. When the repulsive polaron is strongly interacting the timescale for the decay of n3 matches the experimental one and the collisional integral is necessary. In the strongly interacting limit experimental results can not be fully reproduced because of some major approximations made in the derivation of the quantum Boltzmann equations. Anyway, we derived a description that is able to describe the dynamics of both attractive and repulsive polarons and needs non t parameters to reproduce experimental data, differently to what has been found before in literature. In conclusion this work shows that OQS formalism, in particular the Keldysh QFT, is a powerful tool also for ultracold atomic systems. It is also worth noting that the influence of the made approximations on the final equations of motion is clear and controllable. Therefore, the precision is in principle improvable but the balance between the gain obtained with better approximations and the required e ort has to be carefully evaluated. In any case, even this semiclassical description is able to give important hints on relevant physical properties.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-226).
The thesis presents results from experiments in which ultracold Sodium-6 and Lithium-23 atomic gases were studied near a Feshbach resonance at high magnetic fields. The enhanced interactions between atoms in the presence of a molecular state enhance collisions, leading to inelastic decay and loss, many-body dynamics, novel quantum phases, and molecule formation. Experimental data is presented alongside relevant theory and numerical models. Results are presented for both homonuclear Na 2 and Li 2 molecules, as well as heteronuclear NaLi resonances, although we were unable to isolate and measure NaLi molecules. Furthermore, experiments and theories related to strongly-correlated quantum phases such as Stoner model ferromagnetism, Bose mediated Fermi interactions, and Bose-Fermi mixtures are presented as applicable to Na and Li gases. Conclusions are presented regarding the feasibility of producing deeply bound, dipolar NaLi molecules, as well as future prospects for strongly interacting atomic gases of Na and Li.
by Caleb A. Christensen.
Ph.D.

The study of ultracold atoms constitutes one of the hottest areas of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum optics. The experimental and theoretical achievements in the last three decades in the control and manipulation of quantum matter at macroscopic scales lead to the so called third quantum revolution. Concretely, the recent advances in the studies of ultracold gases in optical lattices are particularly impressive. The very precise control of the diverse parameters of the ultracold gas samples in optical lattices provides a system that can be reshaped and adjusted to mimic the behaviour of other many-body systems: ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices act as genuine quantum simulators. The understanding of gauge theories is essential for the description of the fundamental interactions of our physical world. In particular, gauge theories describe one of the most important class of systems which can be addressed with quantum simulators. The main objective of the thesis is to study the implementation of quantum simulators for gauge theories with ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices. First, we analyse a system composed of a non-interacting ultracold gas in a 2D lattice under the action of an exotic and external gauge field related to the Heisenberg-Weyl gauge group. We describe a novel method to simulate the gauge degree of freedom, which consists of mapping the gauge coordinate to a real and perpendicular direction with respect to the 2D space of positions. Thus, the system turns out to be a 3D insulator with a non-trivial topology, specifically, a quantum Hall insulator. Next, we study an analog quantum simulation of dynamical gauge fields by considering spin-5/2 alkaline-earth atoms in a 2D honeycomb lattice. In the strongly repulsive regime with one particle per site, the ground state is a chiral spin liquid state with broken time reversal symmetry. The spin fluctuations around this configuration are given in terms of an emergent U(1) gauge theory with a Chern-Simons toplogical term. We also address the stability of the three lowest lying states, showing a common critical temperature. We consider experimentally measurable signatures of the mean field states, which can also be key insights for revealing the gauge structure . Then, we introduce the notion of constructive approach for the lattice gauge theories, which leads to a family of gauge theories, the gauge magnets. This family corresponds to quantum link models for the U(1) gauge theory, which consider a truncated dimensional representation of the gauge group. First of all, we (re)discover the phase diagram of the gauge magnet in 2+1 D. Then, we propose a realistic implementation of a digital quantum simulation of the U(1) gauge magnet by using Rydberg atoms, considering that the amount of resources needed for the simulation of link models is drastically reduced as the local Hilbert space shrinks from infinity to 2D (qubit). Finally, motivated by the advances in the simulation of open quantum systems, we turn to consider some aspects concerning the dynamics of correlated quantum many body systems. Specifically we study the time evolution of a quench protocol that conserves the entanglement spectrum of a bipartition. We consider the splitting of a critical Ising chain in two independent chains, and compare it with the case of joining two chains, which does not conserve the entanglement spectrum. We show that both quenches are both locally and globally distinguishable. Our results suggest that this conservation plays a fundamental role in both the out-of-equilibrium dynamics and the subsequent equilibration mechanism
L'estudi dels àtoms ultrafreds constitueix una de les àrees més actives de la física atòmica, molecular, òptica i de l'òptica quàntica. Els èxits teòrics i experimentals de les tres últimes dècades sobre el control i la manipulació de la matèria quàntica en escala macroscòpica condueix a l'anomenada tercera revolució quàntica. Concretament, els recents avenços en els estudis dels àtoms ultrafred en xarxes òptiques proporcionen un sistema que es pot reajustar i reorganitzat per imitar el comportament d'altres sistemes de molts cossos: els gasos d'àtoms ultrafreds en xarxes òptiques actuen com a genuïns simuladors quàntics. La comprensió de les teories de gauge és clau per a la descripció de les interaccions fonamentals del nostre món físic. Particularment, les teories de gauge descriuen una de les més importants classes de sistemes que poden ser tractats amb simuladors quàntics. L'objectiu principal de la tesi és estudiar la implementació de simuladors quàntics de teories de gauge amb gasos d'àtoms ultrafreds en xarxes òptiques. En primer lloc, analitzem un sistema format per un gas ultrafred no interaccionant en una xarxa 2D sota l'acció d'un camp de gauge exòtic i extern provinent del grup de gauge de Heisenberg-Weyl. Descrivim un nou mètode per simular el grau de llibertat gauge, que consisteix a associar la coordenada gauge a una coordenada real i perpendicular a l'espai 2D de les posicions. Així, el sistema resultar ser un aïllant 3D amb topologia no trivial, concretament un aïllant Hall quàntic. Seguidament, estudiem un simulador quàntic analògic de camps de gauge dinàmics amb àtoms alcalinoterris en una xarxa hexagonal. Al régim fortament repulsiu amb un àtom en cada lloc, l'estat fonamental és un líquid espinorial quiral amb la simetria d'inversió temporal trencada. Les fluctuacions d'espín al voltant d'aquesta configuració vénen descrites per una teoria gauge U(1) emergent amb un terme topològic de Chern-Simons. També tractem l'estabilitat dels tres estats amb mínima energia, tot observant una temperatura crítica comuna. Considerem indicis experimentals mesurables dels estats de camp mitjà, que poden ser claus per revelar l'estructura gauge. A continuació, introduïm un enfoc constructiu per a teories gauge en el reticle, la qual porta a una família de teories de gauge, els magnets de gauge. Aquesta família es correspon amb els models d'enllaços quàntics de la teoria gauge U(1). Primer, (re)descobrim el diagrama de fases del magnet de gauge en 2+1 D. Després, proposem una implementació realista d'un simulador quàntic digital del magnet de gauge U(1) amb àtoms de Rydberg, considerant que el nombre de recursos necessaris per a la simulació dels models d'enllaços es redueix dràsticament pel fet que l'espai d' Hilbert local disminueix de dimensió infinita a 2 (bit quàntic). Finalment, motivats pels avenços en la simulació de sistemes quàntics oberts, considerem alguns aspectes de la dinàmica de sistemes quàntics correlacionats de molts cossos. Específicament, estudiem l'evolució temporal en un protocol de canvi sobtat que conserva l'espectre d'entrellaçament d'una bipartició. Considerem la ruptura d'una cadena d'Ising en dues cadenes independents i ho comparem amb la unió de dues cadenes, la qual no conserva l'espectre d'entrellaçament
El estudio de los átomos ultrafríos constituye una de las áreas mas activas de la física atómica, molecular, óptica y de la óptica cuántica. Los logros teóricos y experimentales de las tres últimas décadas sobre el control y la manipulación de la materia cuántica a escala macroscópica conducen a la denominada tercera revolución cuántica. Concretamente, los avances recientes en los estudios de átomos ultrafríos en redes ópticas proporcionan un sistema que puede ser reajustado y reorganizado para imitar el comportamiento de otros sistemas de muchos cuerpos: los gases de átomos ultrafríos en redes ópticas actúan como genuinos simuladores cuánticos. La comprensión de las teorías de gauge es clave para la descripción de la interacciones fundamentales de nuestro mundo físico. En particular, las teorías de gauge describen una de las mas importante clase de sistemas que pueden ser abordados con simuladores cuánticos. El objetivo principal de la tesis es estudiar la implementación de simuladores cuánticos de teorías de gauge con gases de átomos ultrafríos en redes ópticas. En primer lugar, analizamos un sistema formado por un gas ultrafrío no interactuante en una red 2D, bajo la acción de un campo de gauge exótico y externo descrito por el grupo de gauge de Heisenberg-Weyl. Describimos un método novedoso para simular el grado de libertad gauge , que consiste en asociar la coordenada gauge a una coordenada real y perpendicular al espacio 2D de las posiciones. Así, el sistema resulta ser un aislante 3D con una topología no trivial, específicamente un aislante Hall cuántico. Seguidamente, estudiamos un simulador cuántico analógico de campos de gauge dinámicos, considerando átomos alcalinotérreos en una red hexagonal. En el régimen fuertemente repulsivo con una átomo en cada sitio, el estado fundamental es un liquido espinorial quiral con la simetría de inversión temporal rota. Las fluctuaciones de espín alrededor de dicha configuración vienen dadas en términos de una teoría de gauge U(1) emergente con un término topológico de Chern-Simons. También tratamos la estabilidad de los tres estados con mínima energía, observando una temperatura crítica común. Consideramos indicios experimentales medibles de los estados de campo medio, que pueden claves para revelar la estructura de gauge. A continuación, introducimos la noción del enfoque constructivo para teorías de gauge en el retículo, lo que conduce a una familia de teorías de gauge, los magnetos de gauge. Esta familia se corresponde con los modelos de enlaces cuánticos para la teoría de gauge U(1), los cuales consideran una representación dimensional truncada del grupo de gauge. Primeramente, (re)descubrimos el diagrama de fases del magneto de gauge en 2+1D. Seguidamente, proponemos un implementación realista de un simulador cuántico digital del magneto de gauge U(1) usando átomos de Rydberg, considerando que el número de recursos necesarios para la simulación de los modelos de enlace está drásticamente reducido debido a que el espacio de Hilbert local disminuye de infinitas dimensiones a 2 (bit cuántico). Finalmente, motivados por los avances en la simulación de sistemas cuánticos abiertos, consideramos algunos aspectos sobre la dinámica de sistemas cuánticos correlacionados de muchos cuerpos . Específicamente, estudiamos la evolución temporal en un protocolo de cambio súbito que conserva el espectro de entrelazamiento de una bipartición. Consideramos la ruptura de una cadena de Ising en dos cadenas independientes y lo comparamos con la unión de dos cadenas, la cual no conserva el espectro de entrelazamiento. Estos dos cambios abruptos son localmente y globalmente distinguibles. Nuestro resultado sugiere que la mencionada conservación juega un papel fundamental en la dinámica fuera de equilibrio y en el consiguiente equilibrio.

Les thématiques abordées dans ce mémoire illustrent deux spécificités des gaz ultrafroids d'Hélium métastable : la possibilité de comparer les résultats expérimentaux à des évaluations théoriques précises (niveaux d'énergie, potentiels d'interaction) et une méthode de détection originale fournie par les ionisations Penning. Nous présentons la construction et la caractérisation d'un nouveau piège magnétique offrant un large accès optique et permettant ainsi de combiner la production d'un condensat de Bose-Einstein et son chargement in situ dans un réseau optique 3D. Les fondements théoriques des expériences prévues dans ces potentiels optiques sont ensuite détaillés. Dans un piège dipolaire croisé, l'influence du champ magnétique, devenu un paramètre libre, sur les taux de collisions Penning peut être mesurée et comparée à une nouvelle évaluation théorique. Concernant l'Hélium dans des réseaux optiques, deux sujets sont développés : l'effet du confinement sur les collisions inélastiques Penning (réseau 1D), ainsi que la modélisation des pertes Penning dans un modèle de Bose-Hubbard dissipatif (réseau 3D). Enfin, nous présentons la première mesure directe de la transition dipolaire magnétique 23S1 vers 23P2, liant les familles singulet et triplet de l'Helium 4. Cette expérience de spectroscopie, réalisée en collaboration avec le groupe de W. Vassen (LaserLab - Amsterdam), allie le domaine des atomes froids aux techniques des peignes de fréquences, afin d'obtenir une précision de 5 kHz.

In this study we investigate the properties of trapped atoms subjected to rapid rotations. The study is divided into two distinct parts, one for fermions, another for bosons. In the case of the degenerate Fermi gas we explore the density structure of non-interacting cold atoms when they are rotated rapidly. On the other hand, for rapidly rotating two component Bose condensate, we search for new lattice structures in the presence of contact and dipolar interactions. First, the density structure of Fermi gases in a rotating trap is investigated. We focus on the anisotropic trap case, in which two distinct regimes, two and one dimensional regimes, depending on rotation frequency and anisotropy are observed. Two regimes can be illustrated by a simple description of maximum number of states between two Landau levels, which is strongly related to the dimensionality of the system. The regimes are separated from each other by a minimum point in this description. For small anisotropy values the density profiles show a step structure where each step is demonstrated by an elliptical plateau. Each plateau represents a Landau level with a constant density. The local density approximation describes the two dimensional regime with a perfect similarity in the structure of fermion density. The case for one dimensional regime is a little different from the two dimensional case. For large anisotropy values the Friedel oscillation is the dominant aspect of the density profiles. The density profiles show gaussian structure along the direction of strong trapping, and a semicircular form with prominent oscillations along the weak confining direction. Again, the system is nicely described by local density approximation in this regime. A smooth crossover between two regimes is observed, with a switching from a step structure profile to a soft edge transition with Friedel oscillations. At finite temperatures, the step structures are smeared out in two dimension. In one dimensional regime the Friedel oscillations are cleaned as soon as the temperature is turned on. The second part of the study is devoted to the investigation of different lattice structures in two component Bose condensates subjected to very fast rotation, this time in the presence of interactions. We explore the existence of new vortex lattice structures for dipolar two component condensates scanning a wide range of interaction strengths. We introduce a phase diagram as a function of intra and inter-component interactions showing different type of vortex lattice structures. New types of lattice structures, overlapped square and overlapped rectangular, emerge as a result of dipolar interactions and s-wave interaction for a two component condensate. The region where the attractive inter-component interactions dominate the repulsive interactions, the overlapped lattices are formed. The intra-component interactions, which defines the behavior of each component inside, result in different type of lattices by changing the strength of interactions. Two different limits of phase diagram reproduce the results of ordinary two component and dipolar one component Bose condensates. The results of calculation are in agreement with the results of previous studies for two regimes.

This thesis presents the first realisation of a new type of hybrid quantum device based on spintronic technology. We demonstrate an interaction between the magnetic fringing fields produced by domain walls within planar permalloy nanowires and a cloud of ultracold Rubidium 87 atoms. This interaction is manifested through the realisation of a magnetic atom mirror produced by a two-dimensional domain wall array. The interaction is tuned through the reconfiguration of the micromagnetic structure. Analytic modelling of the fringing fields is developed and shows good agreement with calculations based on micromagnetically simulated structures. The accurate and rapid calculation of the fringing fields permits simulation of the resulting atom dynamics, which agrees well with data. In turn, we use the atom dynamics as a probe of the micromagnetic reconfiguration processes that take place and observe a collective behaviour which is both reliably reproducible and in agreement with alternative, conventional magnetometry. We also observe evidence of stochastic behaviour, characteristic of superparamagnetic systems. We consider the development of a more advanced spintronics-based atom chip which will allow for the creation of extremely tight mobile atom traps. We consider the problems associated with ensuring that the trapping potential is adiabatic, sufficiently deep, and technically feasible. In particular we examine techniques to circumvent losses due to Majorana spin-flip transitions. As a result of this study we propose a novel scheme for creating time-averaged potentials via the piezoelectric actuation of magnetic field sources. We show that this technique presents significant fundamental and technical advantages over conventional time-averaging schemes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 198-202).
This thesis describes the construction of a new apparatus for ultracold quantum gases as well as the scientific results this machine has produced so far. This new apparatus is capable of simultaneously cooling and trapping lithium, sodium, and potassium. It therefore provides a platform to study a large variety of quantum mixtures. Three main experimental results are presented. Firstly, the direct cooling of "K to Bose-Einstein condensation is presented. Then the 41K atoms provide the coolant for 6Li and 40K, achieving a triply degenerate gas of 6Li -40K -41K. In particular, a broad interspecies Feshbach resonance between 40K -41K is observed, opening a new pathway to study a strongly interacting isotopic Bose-Fermi mixture of 40K -41K. Secondly, a new Bose-Fermi mixture of 23Na -40K is introduced. We show that 23Na is a very efficient coolant for 40K by sympathetically cooling 40K to quantum degeneracy with the help of a 23Na condensate. Moreover, over thirty interspecies Feshbach resonances are identified, paving the way to study strongly interacting Bose- Fermi problems, in particular the Bose polaron problem. Thirdly, we report on the first formation of ultracold fermionic Feshbach molecules of 23Na40K by radio-frequency association. The lifetime of the nearly degenerate molecular gas exceeds 100 ms in the vicinity of the Feshbach resonance. The NaK molecule features chemical stability in its ground state in contrast to the case of the KRb molecule. Therefore, our work opens up the prospect of creating chemically stable, fermionic ground state molecules of 23Na40K where strong, long-range dipolar interactions will set the dominant energy scale. Finally, the thesis concludes with an outlook on future topics in polaron physics and quantum dipolar gases, which can be studied using the new apparatus.
by Cheng-Hsun Wu.
Ph.D.

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des modèles qui présentent des phases topologiques. Ces modèles sont réalisables expérimentalement dans des systèmes d’atomes froids et dans des systèmes de circuit d’éléctrodynamique quantique. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous introduisons une phase topologique sur un réseau Kagomé, dont les degrés de liberté sont des photons. Nous discutons deux méthodes pour mesurer la courbure de Berry et le nombre de Chern pour les bandes de Bloch. Ces deux protocoles se basent sur la dynamique semi–classique des paquets d’onde. Nous obtenons aussi le diagramme de phases pour des bosons avec une interaction répulsive de type Bose-Hubbard sur chaque site d’un réseau hexagonal propos ́e par F. D. M. Haldane. Nous découvrons un état isolant de Mott avec des courants locaux quand la densité moyenne est d’un boson par site. Les excitations de cet isolant de Mott ont des caractéristiques topologiques. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur des réseaux quasi-uni-dimensionnels récemment réalisés dans des systèmes d’atomes froids. Nous étudions leurs diagrammes de phases, étant composés de phases Meissner, d’isolants de Mott chiraux, et d’états d’effet Hall quantique fractionnaire abélien
We propose theoretical models that support topological phases and which are relevant to current experiments on lattices hosting photonic modes or ultracold atoms. In the first part of this thesis, we introduce a topological phase on a Kagom ́e lattice whose degrees of freedom are photons. In that context, we discuss two protocols to access the local Berry curvature and the Chern number of Bloch bands from semiclassical dynamics of wavepackets. Secondly, we obtain the phase diagram for bosons at unit filling with repulsive on–site interactions whose kinetic term corresponds to a Chern insulator defined on the honeycomb lattice. In the second part, we turn to recently realized quasi one–dimensional lattices, and un- cover their phase diagrams, comprising low–dimensional Meissner phases, chiral Mott insulating phases as well as abelian fractional quantum Hall states

Les thématiques abordées dans ce mémoire illustrent deux spécificités des gaz ultrafroids d'Hélium métastable. D'une part la simplicité de la structure atomique permet des évaluations théoriques précises, dont la comparaison avec des données expérimentales fournit une meilleure compréhension de la QED. D'autre part la grande énergie interne de He* offre une méthode de détection unique via les ionisations Penning. Cette thèse présente la construction et la caractérisation d'un nouveau piège magnétique offrant un large accès optique et permettant ainsi de combiner la production d'un condensat de Bose-Einstein et son chargement in situ dans un réseau optique 3D. Les fondements théoriques des expériences prévues dans ces potentiels optiques sont ensuite détaillés. Dans un piège dipolaire croisé, l'influence du champ magnétique, devenu un paramètre libre, sur les taux de collisions Penning peut être mesurée et comparée à une nouvelle évaluation théorique. Concernant l'Hélium dans des réseaux optiques, deux sujets sont développés : l'effet du confinement sur les collisions inélastiques Penning (réseau 1D), ainsi que la modélisation des pertes Penning dans un modèle de Bose-Hubbard dissipatif (réseau 3D). Enfin, nous présentons la première mesure directe de la transition dipolaire magnétique 23S1→ 23P2, liant les familles singulet et triplet de 4He. Cette expérience de spectroscopie, réalisée dans le groupe de W. Vassen (LaserLAB Amsterdam), allie le domaine des atomes froids aux techniques des peignes de fréquences, afin d'obtenir une précision de 5 kHz.

The properties of a Rydberg atom immersed in an ultracold environment were investigated. Two scenarios were considered, one of which involves the neighbouring ground-state atoms arranged in a spatially structured configuration, while the other involves them distributed randomly in space. To calculate the influence of the multiple ground-state atoms on the Rydberg atom, Fermi-pseudopotential was used, which simplified greatly the numerical effort. In many cases, the few-body interaction can be written down analytically which reveals the symmetry properties of the system. In the structured case, we report the first prediction of the formation of ``Rydberg Borromean trimers''. The few-body interactions and the dynamics of the linear A-B-A trimer, where A is the ground-state atom and B is the Rydberg atom, were investigated in the framework of normal mode analysis. This exotic ultralong-range triatomic bound state exists despite that the Rydberg-ground-state interaction is repulsive. Their lifetimes were estimated using both quantum scattering calculations and semi-classical approximations which are found to be typically sub-microseconds. In the disordered case, the Rydberg-excitation spectra of a frozen-gas were simulated, where the nuclear degrees of freedom can be ignored. The systematic change of the spectral shape with respect to the density of the gas and the excitation of the Rydberg atom were found and studied. Some parts of the spectral shape can be described by simple scaling laws with exponents given by the basic properties of the atomic species such as the polarizability and the zero-energy electron-atom scattering length.

This thesis describes the trapping and manipulation of ultracold atoms in time-averaged adiabatic potentials (TAAP). The time-averaged adiabatic potential, proposed in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 083001 (2007)], uses resonant radio frequency (rf) radiation to couple the different magnetic substates of a hyperfine level manifold. The resultant dressed states are time-averaged and produce smooth and versatile trapping geometries. More specifically, we apply rf-radiation (MHz) to a quadrupole magnetic field, which results in an ellipsoidal trapping potential for rubidium-87 atoms in the F=1 manifold. This geometry is time-averaged with the help of oscillating (kHz) Helmholtz fields. We develop a convenient loading scheme for the TAAP which uses a standard TOP trap and suffers negligible atom losses and heating. Subsequently we characterize the TAAP trap itself and observe low heating rates and sufficient lifetimes (>3s). Furthermore it is possible to use a second, weaker rf-field to evaporatively cool the atoms to quantum degeneracy [Phys. Rev. A. 81, 031402 (2010)]. This opens up a route for further experiments in this potential: we show how atoms can be trapped in a double well potential and a ring trap geometry. Additionally a process to instigate rotation in these potentials by rotating the polarization of the rf-radiation is developed and implemented. This allows us to impart angular momentum onto the atomic cloud and spin it into a ring.

In this thesis we study the quantum transport of matter waves with ultracold atoms. Such ultracold atom systems provide a very good control and a high flexibility of the parameters of the systems like the interactions, its dimensionality and the external potentials. This makes them a great tool for the investigation of several fundamental concepts of condensed matter physics. We focus on the quantum transport in disordered media. It differs to classical transport by the fundamental role played by inference phenomena, which can eventually lead to the suppression of transport; known as Anderson Localization. Observing the expansion of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a strong light disorder, we show evidence for Localization of ultracold atoms in three dimensions. In the last part of this manuscript we discuss the observation of Coherent Backscattering of ultracold atoms, which is a direct signal of the role of quantum coherence in quantum transport in disordered media. We observe the time evolution of the momentum distribution of a cloud of ultra-cold atoms, launched with a narrow velocity distribution in a disordered potential. A peak emerges in the backwards direction, corresponding to the CBS signal.

The properties of a Rydberg atom immersed in an ultracold environment were investigated. Two scenarios were considered, one of which involves the neighbouring ground-state atoms arranged in a spatially structured configuration, while the other involves them distributed randomly in space. To calculate the influence of the multiple ground-state atoms on the Rydberg atom, Fermi-pseudopotential was used, which simplified greatly the numerical effort. In many cases, the few-body interaction can be written down analytically which reveals the symmetry properties of the system. In the structured case, we report the first prediction of the formation of ``Rydberg Borromean trimers''. The few-body interactions and the dynamics of the linear A-B-A trimer, where A is the ground-state atom and B is the Rydberg atom, were investigated in the framework of normal mode analysis. This exotic ultralong-range triatomic bound state exists despite that the Rydberg-ground-state interaction is repulsive. Their lifetimes were estimated using both quantum scattering calculations and semi-classical approximations which are found to be typically sub-microseconds. In the disordered case, the Rydberg-excitation spectra of a frozen-gas were simulated, where the nuclear degrees of freedom can be ignored. The systematic change of the spectral shape with respect to the density of the gas and the excitation of the Rydberg atom were found and studied. Some parts of the spectral shape can be described by simple scaling laws with exponents given by the basic properties of the atomic species such as the polarizability and the zero-energy electron-atom scattering length.

In this Thesis we discussed ultracold Fermi gas with an s-wave interaction and synthetic spin-orbit coupling under a variety of conditions. We considered the system in both three and two spatial dimensions, with equal-Rashba-Dresselhaus type or Rashba-only type of spin-orbit-coupling, and with or without an artificial Zeeman field. We found competing effects on Fermionic superfluidity from spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman fields, and topologically non-trivial states in the presence of both fields. We gave an outlook on the many-body physics in the last.

Many outstanding problems in quantum physics, such as high-Tc superconductivity or quark confinement, are still - after decades of research - awaiting commonly accepted explanations. One reason is that such systems are often difficult to control, show an intermingling of several effects, or are not easily accessible to measurement. To arrive at a deeper understanding of the physics at work, researchers typically derive simplified models designed to capture the most striking phenomena of the system under consideration. However, due to the exponential complexity of Hilbert space, even some of the simplest of such models pose formidable challenges to analytical and numerical calculations. In 1982, Feynman proposed to solve such quantum models with experimental simulation on a physically distinct, specifically engineered quantum system [Int. J. Theor.Phys. 21, 467]. Designed to be governed by the same underlying equations as the original model, it is hoped that direct measurements on these so called quantum simulators (QSs) will allow to gather deep insights into outstanding problems of physics and beyond. In this thesis, we identify four requirements that a useful QS has to fulfill, relevance, control, reliability, and efficiency. Focusing on these, we review the state of the art of two popular approaches, digital QSs (i.e., special purpose quantum computers) and analog QSs (devices with always-on interactions). Further, focusing on possibilities to increase control over QSs, we discuss a scheme to engineer quantum correlations between mesoscopic numbers of spinful particles in optical lattices. This technique, based on quantum polarization spectroscopy, may be useful for state preparation and quantum information protocols. Additionally, employing several analytical and numerical methods for the calculation of many-body ground states, we demonstrate the variety of condensed-matter problems that can be attacked with QSs consisting of ultracold ions or neutral atoms in optical lattices. The chosen examples, some of which have already been realized in experiment, include such diverse settings as frustrated antiferromagnetism, quantum phase transitions in exotic lattice geometries, topological insulators, non-Abelian gauge-fields, orbital order of ultracold Fermions, and systems with long-range interactions. The experimental realization of all of these models requires techniques which go beyond standard optical lattices, e.g., time-periodic driving of lattices with exotic geometry, loading ultracold atoms into higher bands, or immersing trapped ions into an optical lattice. The chosen models, motivated by important open questions of quantum physics, pose difficult problems for classical computers, but they may be amenable in the near future to quantum simulation with ultracold atoms or ions. While the experimental control over relevant models has increased dramatically in the last years, the reliability and efficiency of QSs has received considerably less attention. As a second important part of this thesis, we emphasize the need to consider these aspects under realistic experimental conditions. We discuss specific situations where terms that have typically been neglected in the description of the QS introduce systematic errors and even lead to novel physics. Further, we characterize in a generic example the influence of quenched disorder on an analog QS. Its performance for simulating universal behavior near a quantum phase transition seems satisfactory for low disorder. Moreover, our results suggest a connection between the reliability and efficiency of a QS: it works less reliable exactly in those interesting regimes where classical calculations are less efficient. If QSs fulfill all of our four requirements, they may revolutionize our approach to quantum-mechanical problems, allowing to solve the behavior of complex Hamiltonians, and to design nano-scale materials and chemical compounds from the ground up.

Optical lattices make it possible to trap and coherently control large ensembles of ultracold atoms. They provide the possibility to create lattice potentials that mimic the structure of solid-state systems, and to control these potentials dynamically. In this thesis, we study how dynamical manipulations of the lattice geometry can be used to perform different tasks, ranging from quantum information processing to the creation of diatomic molecules. We first examine the dynamical properties of ultracold atoms trapped in a lattice whose periodicity is dynamically doubled. We derive a model describing the dynamics of the atoms during this process, and compute the different interaction parameters of this model. We investigate different ways of using this lattice manipulation to optimise the initialisation time of a Mott-insulating state with one atom per site, and provide a scaling law related to the interaction parameters of the system. We go on to show that entangling operations between the spin of adjacent atoms are realisable with optical lattices forming arrays of double-well potentials. We study the creation of a lattice containing a spin-encoded Bell-pair in each double-well, and show that resilient, highly-entangled many-body states are realisable using lattice manipulations. We show that the creation of cluster-like states encoded on Bell-pairs can be achieved using these systems, and we provide measurement networks that allow the execution of quantum algorithms while maintaining intact the resilience of the system. Finally, we investigate the possibility to create a diatomic molecular state and simulate Fermi systems via the excitation to Rydberg levels of ground-state atoms trapped in optical lattices. We develop a method based on symbolical manipulations to compute the interaction parameters between highly-excited electrons, and evaluate them for different electronic configurations. We use these parameters to investigate the existence of diatomic molecular states with equilibrium distances comparable to typical lattice spacings. Considering the possibility to excite atoms trapped in an optical lattice to Rydberg levels such that the electronic cloud of neighbouring atoms overlap, we propose a model describing their interactions and compute its parameters. If such systems were realised, they would allow the simulation of Fermi systems at a temperature much below the Fermi temperature, thus enabling the observation of quantum phenomena hitherto inaccessible with current technology.

Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Erzeugung von künstlichen Magnetfeldern für ultrakalte Atome in optischen Gittern mithilfe von Laser-induziertem Tunneln sowie mit der ersten experimentellen Bestimmung der Chernzahl in einem nicht-elektronischen System. Kalte Atome in optischen Gittern lassen sich experimentell sehr gut kontrollieren, was sie zu guten Modellsystemen für die Simulation von Festkörpern macht, wobei die Atome die Rolle der Elektronen übernehmen. Allerdings können Magnetfeldeffekte in diesen Systemen nicht direkt im Experiment simuliert werden, da die Atome elektrisch neutral sind, weshalb auf sie keine Lorentzkraft wirkt. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wird eine neue Methode vorgestellt künstliche Magnetfelder basierend auf Laser-induziertem Tunneln zu erzeugen um somit die Physik geladener Teilchen in realen Magnetfeldern nachzuahmen. Dabei verursachen Laserstrahlen eine periodische Modulation der einzelnen Gitterplätze, deren Phase von der Gitterposition abhängt und dadurch zu komplexen Tunnelkopplungen führt. Ein Atom, welches sich entlang einer geschlossenen Bahn in diesem System bewegt, erfährt eine Phase, die als Aharonov-Bohm-Phase eines geladenen Teilchens in einem Magnetfeld interpretiert werden kann. Das modulierte Gitter wird durch einen zeitabhängigen Hamilton-Operator beschrieben, der typischerweise durch einen effektiven zeitunabhängigen Floquet Hamilton-Operator genähert wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird darüber hinaus die vollständige Zeitabhängigkeit innerhalb einer Modulationsperiode beschrieben und mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen. Mithilfe des Laser-induzierten Tunnelns wurden alternierende sowie gleichgerichtete Magnetfelder im Experiment erzeugt, wobei letztere eine Realisierung des Harper-Hofstadter-Modells für einen Fluss Phi=pi/2 pro Gittereinheitszelle darstellen. Durch die Verwendung eines zusätzlichen Pseudospin-Freiheitsgrades konnte zudem der Spin-Hall-Effekt in einem optischen Gitter beobachtet werden. Unter Benutzung der einzigartigen Detektions- und Manipulationstechniken eines zweidimensionalen Übergitters konnte die Stärke und Verteilung des künstlichen Magnetfeldes auf lokaler Ebene durch die Beobachtung von Zyklotronorbits experimentell bestimmt werden. Die Bandstruktur in einem periodischen Potential mit externem Magnetfeld weist interessante topologische Eigenschafen auf, die durch Chernzahlen beschrieben werden, welche beispielsweise dem Quanten-Hall-Effekt zugrunde liegen. Um topologische Bandeigenschaften mit kalten Atomen beobachten zu können, wurden die genannten experimentellen Techniken weiterentwickelt. Mit einem neuen Aufbau, der nur auf optischen Potentialen beruht, konnte erstmals die Chernzahl in einem nicht-elektronischen System bestimmt werden. Die vorgestellten experimentellen Methoden eröffnen einzigartige Möglichkeiten die Eigenschaften von topologischen Materialien mit kalten Atomen in optischen Gittern zu untersuchen. Die Techniken wurden mit bosonischen Atomen implementiert, sie lassen sich allerdings ohne weiteres auch auf fermionische Systeme anwenden.
This thesis reports on the generation of artificial magnetic fields with ultracold atoms in optical lattice potentials using laser-assisted tunneling, as well as on the first Chern-number measurement in a non-electronic system. The high experimental controllability of cold atoms in optical lattices makes them suitable candidates to study condensed matter Hamiltonians, where the atoms play the role of the electrons. However, the observation of magnetic field effects in these systems is challenging because the atoms are charge neutral and do not experience a Lorentz force. In the context of this thesis a new experimental technique for the generation of effective magnetic fields with laser-assisted tunneling was demonstrated, which mimics the physics of charged particles in real magnetic fields. The applied laser beams create a periodic on-site modulation whose phase depends on the position in the lattice and leads to complex tunnel couplings. An atom that hops around a closed loop in this system picks up a non-zero phase, which is reminiscent of the Aharonov-Bohm phase acquired by a charged particle in a magnetic field. The corresponding time-dependent Hamiltonian is typically described in terms of an effective time-independent Floquet Hamiltonian. In this work a theoretical description of the underlying full-time dynamics that occurs within one driving period and goes beyond the simple time-independent picture is presented. In the experiment the laser-assisted-tunneling method was implemented for staggered as well as uniform flux distributions, where the latter is a realization of the Harper-Hofstadter model for a flux Phi=pi/2 per lattice unit cell. By exploiting an additional pseudo-spin degree of freedom the same experimental setup led to the observation of the spin Hall effect in an optical lattice. Using the unique experimental detection and manipulation techniques offered by a two-dimensional bichromatic superlattice potential the strength of the artificial magnetic field and its spatial distribution could be determined through the observation of quantum cyclotron orbits on the level of isolated four-site square plaquettes. The band structure in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is topologically non-trivial and is characterized by the Chern number, a 2D topological invariant, which is at the origin of the quantized Hall conductance observed in electronic systems. In order to probe the topology of the bands the techniques mentioned above were refined by developing a new all-optical laser-assisted tunneling setup, which enabled the first experimental determination of the Chern number in a non-electronic system. The presented measurements and techniques offer a unique setting to study the properties of topological systems with ultracold atoms. All experimental techniques that were developed in the context of this thesis with bosonic atoms can be directly applied to fermionic systems.

Das Gebiet der Nichtgleichgewichtsdynamik stark korrelierter Quantensysteme beinhaltet eine Vielzahl interessanter Fragestellungen, erweist sich dabei allerdings oftmals als schwer zugänglich für gängige numerische und analytische mathematische Methoden. In den letzten Jahren hat sich durch die experimentelle Realisierung gut kontrollierbarer quantenmechanischer Systeme die Möglichkeit eröffnet, Experimente als Quantensimulatoren für das Verhalten komplexer Vielteilchensysteme zu benutzen. Ultrakalte Atome in optischen Gittern eignen sich hervorragend als Simulatoren für simple Festkörpersysteme, da sich sämtliche Parameter der zugrunde liegenden Hamiltonoperatoren präzise kontrollieren lassen und der Zustand der Systeme mit einer Vielzahl an Messmethoden untersucht werden kann. In unseren Experimenten realisieren wir Bose-Hubbard Systeme durch ultrakalte 39K Atome in blau verstimmten optischen Gittern. Zusätzliche optische Dipolpotenziale und magnetische Feshbach-Resonanzen erlauben es uns dabei, die Parameter der Systeme zu jedem Zeitpunkt beliebig zu variieren. Dadurch sind die von uns erzeugten Systeme in besonderem Maße dazu geeignet, Nichtgleichgewichtseffekte zu untersuchen. Unser Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Untersuchung der Expansionsdynamik wechselwirkender Atome in homogenen Gittern. Wir beginnen unsere Experimente mit einem Anfangszustand im tiefen Gitter, der aus lokalisierten Atomen auf maximal einfach besetzten Gitterplätzen besteht. Durch gleichzeitiges schnelles Verringern der Gittertiefe und der externen Potenziale werden die Atome in ein homogenes Gitter entlassen und die Zeitentwicklung ihrer Dichteverteilung wird durch Absorptionsabbildungen festgehalten. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Atomen als auch die Dimensionalität der Gitter einen starken Einfluss auf die Dynamik haben. In allen integrablen Grenzfällen des Bose-Hubbard Modells verhalten sich die Atome ballistisch und expandieren mit hoher Geschwindigkeit, doch sobald sich das System außerhalb der integrablen Regime befindet verringert sich die Expansionsgeschwind-igkeit drastisch. Diese verringerte Geschwindigkeit geht einher mit der Ausbildung charakteristischer bimodaler Dichteverteilungen, die auf eine diffusive Dynamik schließen lassen. Für stark wechselwirkende Systeme können wir einen dimensionalitätsabhängigen Übergang zwischen ballistischer Dynamik im 1D hard-core-regime und diffusiver Dynamik im 2D Fall beobachten sowie eine starke Verringerung der Expansionsgeschwindigkeit, wenn der Anfangszustand des Systems mehrfach besetzte Gitterplätze enthält. Des Weiteren beobachten wir die Erzeugung solcher Mehrfachbesetzungen nach dem Entlassen der Atome, deren schnelle Entwicklung auf eine lokale Relaxationsdynamik hin zu quasistationären Werten deuten lässt. Als Letztes untersuchen wir die Entwicklung der Quasiimpulsverteilung stark wechselwirkender expandierender Atome, die laut theoretischer Vorhersagen eine vorübergehende Quasikondensation zeigen sollen, bei der sich scharfe lokale Maxima in der Quasiimpulsverteilung bei endlichen Quasiimpulsen bilden. Wir beobachten die Entstehung nicht-thermischer Quasiimpulsverteilungen die Maxima an den vor-hergesagten Positionen zeigen. Allerdings sind die von uns beobachteten Maxima wesentlich breiter als die vorhergesagten und wir diskutieren eine Reihe möglicher Erklärungen für diese Verbreiterung sowie Vorschläge zur Verbesserung zukünftiger Experimente.
The field of non-equilibrium dynamics of strongly correlated quantum systems encompasses some of the most interesting questions about quantum mechanical behavior, but is particularly challenging for established numerical methods. However, recent advances in the experimental control over certain quantum mechanical systems have paved the way towards the quantum simulation of dynamics previously beyond the reach of theoretical investigations. Among the most successful candidates for the implementation of quantum simulators are ultracold atoms in optical lattices, which combine an excellent control over the Hamiltonians governing their evolution with a multitude of methods to measure a diverse range of observables. In our experiments, we use ultracold 39K atoms in blue-detuned optical lattices to implement Bose-Hubbard systems. Employing optical dipole potentials to adjust the external confinement as well as Feshbach resonances to change the interaction strength between the atoms, we are able to control all parameters of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian individually and in real-time, which makes our setup particularly well suited to investigate the time evolution of non-equilibrium systems in a wide range of parameter regimes. Our main experimental results are concerned with the expansion dynamics in homogeneous Hubbard systems. We create initial states of localized atoms in a deep lattice, described by a product of Fock states with no more than one atom per lattice site. These atoms are released into homogeneous lattices by simultaneous quantum quenches in the external confinement as well as the tunneling coupling along the expansion directions. We find that both dimensionality and interaction strength crucially influence the non-equilibrium dynamics. While the atoms expand ballistically in all integrable limits of the Bose-Hubbard model, deviations from these limits dramatically suppress the expansion and lead to the appearance of almost bimodal cloud shapes, indicating diffusive dynamics in the center surrounded by ballistic wings. For strongly interacting bosons, we observe a dimensional crossover of the dynamics from ballistic in the one-dimensional hard-core case to diffusive in two dimensions, as well as a strong suppression of the expansion dynamics upon introducing higher occupancies into the initial state. Furthermore, we investigate the fast relaxation of the system after the sudden quenches and observe a buildup of higher occupancies on a timescale of less than a tunneling time, indicative of local relaxation to quasi-equilibrium values. Finally, we also study the evolution of the quasimomentum distribution of expanding 1D hard-core bosons, which is predicted to acquire sharp peaks at finite quasimomenta while the system undergoes a transient dynamical quasi-condensation. We do observe the formation of a non-thermal quasimomentum distribution with peaks at the correct quasimomenta. However, these peaks are much broader than those predicted by theory. Thus, we discuss multiple possible effects that could hinder the formation or detection of quasi-condensation, as well as methods to experimentally investigate and mitigate these issues.

The loading and guiding of a launched cloud of cold atoms with the optical dipole force are theoretically and numerically modelled. A far-off resonance trap can be realised using a high power Gaussian mode laser, red-detuned with respect to the principal atomic resonance (Rb 5s-5p). The optimum strategy for loading typically 30% of the atoms from a Magneto optical trap and guiding them vertically through 22 cm is discussed. During the transport the radial size of the cloud is confined to a few hundred microns, whereas the unconfined axial size grows to be approximately 1 cm. It is proposed that the cloud can be focused in three dimensions at the apex of the motion by using a single magnetic impulse to achieve axial focusing. A theoretical study of six current-carrying coil and bar arrangements that generate magnetic lenses is made. An investigation of focusing aberrations show that, for typical experimental parameters, the widely used assumption of a purely harmonic lens is often inaccurate. A new focusing regime is discussed: isotropic 3D focusing of atoms with a single magnetic lens. The baseball lens offers the best possibility for isotropically focusing a cloud of weak-field-seeking atoms in 3D.A pair of magnetic lens pulses can also be used to create a 3D focus (the alternate-gradient method). The two possible pulse sequences are discussed and it is found that they are ideal for loading both 'pancake' and 'sausage’ shaped magnetic/optical microtraps. It is shown that focusing aberrations are considerably smaller for double-impulse magnetic lenses compared to single- impulse magnetic lenses. The thesis concludes by describing the steps taken towards creating a 3D quasi- electrostatic lattice for 85Ilb， using a CՕշ laser. The resulting lattice of trapped atoms will have a low decoherence, and with resolvable lattice sites, it therefore provides a useful system to implement quantum information processing.

This thesis reports on calculations of the scattering properties of a variety of ultracold alkali-metal mixtures. In particular, we have calculated the scattering properties of homonuclear mixtures of 85Rb, in a variety of incoming channels, and we have calculated the properties of heteronuclear mixtures of the isotopologues of Rb and Cs, and K and Cs. In general, we are interested in the location and character of Feshbach resonances in these mixtures with a view towards ultracold molecule formation. In 85Rb there is a rich Feshbach structure and potential uses for the resonances that we find, in the scattering lengths of the various incoming channels, are discussed. In 85RbCs there is a rich Feshbach structure and the prospects for ultracold molecule formation using this system are detailed. Similarly, we detail the Feshbach resonances of 87RbCs and discuss our results in the context of the successful formation of ultracold ground-state molecules. In the isotopologues of KCs each system has a rich Feshbach structure and we detail the location and width of the resonances, as well as the potential for ultracold molecule formation using each of the isotopes of potassium. In addition to scattering calculations, we have also calculated the location and character of the highest-lying bound states of each system. We have investigated the energy dependence of the scattering length using accurate coupled-channel calculations on 6Li, 39K and 133Cs to explore the behaviour of the effective range in the vicinity of both broad and narrow Feshbach resonances. We present an alternative parametrization of the effective range and further demonstrate that an analytical form of an energy and magnetic field-dependent phase shift, based on multichannel quantum defect theory, gives accurate results for the energy-dependent scattering length. Lastly, we examine the effect of additional external fields on alkali-metal collisions and discuss how external fields can be used to manipulate the interaction properties of a system.