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1

Piórkowska-Kurpas, Aleksandra, and Marek Biesiada. "Testing Quantum Gravity in the Multi-Messenger Astronomy Era." Universe 8, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8060321.

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Quantum gravity (QG) remains elusive despite almost century-long efforts to combine general relativity and quantum mechanics. All the approaches triggered and powered by purely theoretical considerations eventually failed with a prevailing feeling of a complete lack of guidance from the experimental side. Currently, however, this circumstance is beginning to change considerably. We have entered the era of multi-messenger astronomy. The electromagnetic window to the universe—so far the only one—has been tremendously enlarged in the energy range beyond gamma rays up to ultra-high-energy photons and has been complemented by other messengers: high-energy cosmic rays, cosmic neutrinos, and gravitational waves (GWs). This has created a unique environment in which to observationally constrain various phenomenological QG effects. In this paper, we focus on the LIV phenomenology manifested as energy-dependent time-of-flight delays and strong lensing time delays. We review results regarding time-of-flight delays obtained with GRBs. We also recall the idea of energy-dependent lensing time delays, which allow one to constrain LIV models independently of the intrinsic time delay. Lastly, we show how strongly a gravitationally lensed GW signal would place interesting constraints on the LIV.
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Torri, Marco Danilo Claudio. "Quantum Gravity Phenomenology Induced in the Propagation of UHECR, a Kinematical Solution in Finsler and Generalized Finsler Spacetime." Galaxies 9, no. 4 (November 14, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9040103.

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It is well-known that the universe is opaque to the propagation of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) since these particles dissipate energy during their propagation interacting with the background fields present in the universe, mainly with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in the so-called GZK cut-off phenomenon. Some experimental evidence seems to hint at the possibility of a dilation of the GZK predicted opacity sphere. It is well-known that kinematical perturbations caused by supposed quantum gravity (QG) effects can modify the foreseen GZK opacity horizon. The introduction of Lorentz Invariance Violation can indeed reduce, and in some cases making negligible, the CMB-UHECRs interaction probability. In this work, we explore the effects induced by modified kinematics in the UHECR lightest component phenomenology from the QG perspective. We explore the possibility of a geometrical description of the massive fermions interaction with the supposed quantum structure of spacetime in order to introduce a Lorentz covariance modification. The kinematics are amended, modifying the dispersion relations of free particles in the context of a covariance-preserving framework. This spacetime description requires a more general geometry than the usual Riemannian one, indicating, for instance, the Finsler construction and the related generalized Finsler spacetime as ideal candidates. Finally we investigate the correlation between the magnitude of Lorentz covariance modification and the attenuation length of the photopion production process related to the GZK cut-off, demonstrating that the predicted opacity horizon can be dilated even in the context of a theory that does not require any privileged reference frame.
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3

Attallah, R. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1766, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1766/1/012004.

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4

Kim, Hang Bae. "Ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 78, no. 10 (March 8, 2021): 912–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40042-021-00119-w.

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5

KIM, Hang Bae. "Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays." Physics and High Technology 27, no. 7/8 (August 31, 2018): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.27.033.

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6

Watson, A. A. "Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays." Acta Physica Polonica B 50, no. 12 (2019): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolb.50.2035.

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7

Mollerach, Silvia. "Ultra-High energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012007.

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Abstract An overview of the status of the knowledge in the field of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is presented. The latest results on the spectrum, arrival direction distribution and composition measurements are summarized and some implications for the understanding of the cosmic ray origin and their propagation are discussed.
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8

Protheroe, R. J., and R. W. Clay. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21, no. 1 (2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as03047.

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AbstractCosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV are currently of considerable interest in astrophysics and are to be further studied in a number of projects which are either currently under construction or the subject of well-developed proposals. This paper aims to discuss some of the physics of such particles in terms of current knowledge and information from particle astrophysics at other energies.
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9

Wibig, Tadeusz, and Arnold W. Wolfendale. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 34, no. 9 (July 31, 2007): 1891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/34/9/003.

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10

SOKOLSKY, PIERRE. "ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 13n16 (May 30, 2004): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304014240.

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We describe the current status of the High Resolution Fly's Eye detector. Recent results indicate that the UHE cosmic ray spectrum exhibits significant structure near 1019 eV. A few events are seen beyond 1020 eV in contradiction to the AGASA ground array claim of no cut-off. The composition of the cosmic rays is found to change from a predominantly heavy to a predominantly light mixture between and 1017 and 1018 eV. No evidence for anisotropy, on either small scales or large scales is found, in contradiction to AGASA. Systematic errors and absolute energy scale issues are now being carefully considered to see how to partially resolve this discrepancy. A new experiment(FLASH) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) to measure the Nitrogen fluorescence efficiency more precisely is described.
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11

Berezinsky, V. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Surveys in High Energy Physics 17, no. 1-4 (January 2002): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142241021000054194.

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12

Zavrtanik, Danilo. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Contemporary Physics 51, no. 6 (November 2010): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2010.502783.

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13

Clay, Roger. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 151 (2003): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.151.74.

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14

Berezinsky, V. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 70, no. 1-3 (January 1999): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(98)00463-0.

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15

Berezinsky, V. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 81 (February 2000): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)00891-9.

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16

Cronin, James W. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 97, no. 1-3 (April 2001): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(01)01179-3.

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17

BLASI, PASQUALE. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05029605.

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The origin of the cosmic rays at energies in excess of 1020 eV is puzzling the scientific community for several decades now. The mystery adds to the general problem of understanding the nature of the bulk of cosmic rays, that are usually assumed to be accelerated within the Milky Way. Here we summarize the main elements of the observations and propose some possible avenues to interpret these data. The upcoming experiments for the detection of ultra high energy cosmic rays are expected to find the answers to many of our current open problems, and in particular to lead to the identification of the sources.
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18

WESTERHOFF, STEFAN. "ULTRA–HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2006): 1950–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032897.

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One of the most striking astrophysical phenomena today is the existence of cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 1020 eV. While their presence has been confirmed by a number of experiments, it is not clear where and how these particles are accelerated to these energies and how they travel astronomical distances without substantial energy loss. We are entering an exciting new era in cosmic ray physics, with instruments now producing data of unprecedented quality and quantity to tackle the many open questions. This paper reviews the current experimental status of cosmic ray physics and summarizes recent results on the energy spectrum and arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
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19

Anchordoqui, Luis A. "Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays." Physics Reports 801 (April 2019): 1–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.002.

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20

Harari, Diego. "Ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Physics of the Dark Universe 4 (September 2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2014.04.003.

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21

Ren-Xin, Xu, and Wu Fei. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Strangelets?" Chinese Physics Letters 20, no. 6 (May 16, 2003): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/20/6/308.

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22

Fichtel, C. E., and J. Linsley. "High-energy and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays." Astrophysical Journal 300 (January 1986): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/163825.

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23

STANEV, TODOR. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS: ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 18 (June 14, 2010): 1467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033530.

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We introduce the highest energy cosmic rays and briefly review the powerful astrophysical objects where they could be accelerated. We then introduce the interactions of different cosmic ray particles with the photon fields of the Universe and the formation of the cosmic ray spectra observed at Earth. The last topic is the production of secondary gamma rays and neutrinos in the interactions of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays.
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24

Hill, Christopher T., David N. Schramm, and Terry P. Walker. "Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from superconducting cosmic strings." Physical Review D 36, no. 4 (August 15, 1987): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.36.1007.

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25

Uryson, Anna V. "Problems of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays." American Journal of Space Science 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajssp.2014.1.2.

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26

Zavrtanik, Danilo. "Ultra high-energy cosmic rays - experimental status." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 27, no. 7 (June 19, 2001): 1597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/27/7/317.

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27

Erlykin, A. D., A. A. Mikhailov, and A. W. Wolfendale. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays and pulsars." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 28, no. 8 (June 21, 2002): 2225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/28/8/307.

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28

JONES, T. W. "ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND CLUSTERS." Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society 37, no. 5 (December 1, 2004): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/jkas.2004.37.5.421.

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29

Nagataki, Shigehiro. "Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 287 (April 1, 2011): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/287/1/012010.

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30

Watson, A. A. "Observations of ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 39 (May 1, 2006): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/39/1/100.

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31

Aloisio, Roberto. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos." Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 279-281 (October 2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2016.10.014.

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32

Sommers, Paul. "Ultra-high energy cosmic rays: Observational results." Astroparticle Physics 39-40 (December 2012): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.04.011.

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33

Matthiae, G. "Observations of ultra high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 203 (January 1, 2010): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/203/1/012016.

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34

YODH, GAURANG B. "Ultra-High-Energy Astronomy and Cosmic Rays." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 655, no. 1 Frontiers in (June 1992): 160–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17070.x.

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35

Blandford, R. D. "Acceleration of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays." Physica Scripta T85, no. 1 (2000): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.topical.085a00191.

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36

Stanev, Todor. "Propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays." Comptes Rendus Physique 5, no. 4 (May 2004): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2004.03.014.

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37

Aloisio, Roberto. "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays an overview." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2429, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2429/1/012008.

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Abstract We review the main experimental evidences on ultra high energy cosmic rays and their implications in the physics of these extremely energetic particles, also in connection with dark matter and cosmology. We discuss the basis of theoretical models aiming at explaining observations, highlighting the most relevant open questions in this fascinating field of research.
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38

BIERMANN, P. L., J. K. BECKER, L. CARAMETE, L. GERGELY, I. C. MARIŞ, A. MELI, V. DE SOUZA, and T. STANEV. "ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: SOURCES FOR ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 10 (October 2009): 1577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809015369.

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Ultra high energy cosmic ray events presently show a spectrum, which we interpret here as galactic cosmic rays due to a starburst, in the radio galaxy Cen A which is pushed up in energy by the shock of a relativistic jet. The knee feature and the particles with energy immediately higher in galactic cosmic rays then turn into the bulk of ultra high energy cosmic rays. This entails that all ultra high energy cosmic rays are heavy nuclei. This picture is viable if the majority of the observed ultra high energy events come from the radio galaxy Cen A, and are scattered by intergalactic magnetic fields across much of the sky.
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39

de Mello Neto, João R. T. "Ultra high energy cosmic rays: the highest energy frontier." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 706 (April 2016): 042009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/706/4/042009.

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40

Wirsich, J. "Sources of the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays." Open Journal of Modern Physics 2015, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15764/mphy.2015.01001.

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41

Herrera, Luis Javier, Carlos José Todero Peixoto, Oresti Baños, Juan Miguel Carceller, Francisco Carrillo, and Alberto Guillén. "Composition Classification of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays." Entropy 22, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22090998.

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The study of cosmic rays remains as one of the most challenging research fields in Physics. From the many questions still open in this area, knowledge of the type of primary for each event remains as one of the most important issues. All of the cosmic rays observatories have been trying to solve this question for at least six decades, but have not yet succeeded. The main obstacle is the impossibility of directly detecting high energy primary events, being necessary to use Monte Carlo models and simulations to characterize generated particles cascades. This work presents the results attained using a simulated dataset that was provided by the Monte Carlo code CORSIKA, which is a simulator of high energy particles interactions with the atmosphere, resulting in a cascade of secondary particles extending for a few kilometers (in diameter) at ground level. Using this simulated data, a set of machine learning classifiers have been designed and trained, and their computational cost and effectiveness compared, when classifying the type of primary under ideal measuring conditions. Additionally, a feature selection algorithm has allowed for identifying the relevance of the considered features. The results confirm the importance of the electromagnetic-muonic component separation from signal data measured for the problem. The obtained results are quite encouraging and open new work lines for future more restrictive simulations.
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42

Eichmann, B., J. P. Rachen, L. Merten, A. van Vliet, and J. Becker Tjus. "Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from radio galaxies." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2018, no. 02 (February 19, 2018): 036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/02/036.

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43

Sokolsky, P. "Ultra-high energy cosmic rays: Setting the stage." EPJ Web of Conferences 53 (2013): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20135301001.

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44

Meissner, Krzysztof A., and Hermann Nicolai. "Superheavy gravitinos and ultra-high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2019, no. 09 (September 20, 2019): 041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/09/041.

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45

Caprioli, Damiano. "“ESPRESSO” ACCELERATION OF ULTRA-HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Astrophysical Journal 811, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): L38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/811/2/l38.

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46

Zaw, Ingyin, Glennys R. Farrar, and Jenny E. Greene. "GALAXIES CORRELATING WITH ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Astrophysical Journal 696, no. 2 (April 23, 2009): 1218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1218.

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47

Blasi, Pasquale. "The origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 39 (May 1, 2006): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/39/1/101.

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48

Kalashev, O. E., and E. Kido. "Simulations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays propagation." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 120, no. 5 (May 2015): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776115040056.

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49

Ave, M., N. Busca, A. V. Olinto, A. A. Watson, and T. Yamamoto. "Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and Cosmogenic Neutrinos." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 136 (November 2004): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.10.064.

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50

Pierog, T., and K. Werner. "EPOS Model and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 196 (December 2009): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.09.017.

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