Journal articles on the topic 'UDP package'

Untuk mengamankan sebuah server diperlukan sistem monitoring agar meminimalisir resiko jika terjadi percobaan intrusi. Contoh serangan yang dapat mengancam server adalah serangan DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service). Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, diperlukan sebuah bot untuk melakukan monitoring server dari serangan DDOS, dalam penelitian ini difokuskan serangan DDOS berjenis UDP Flooding dan SYN Flooding. Monitoring server memanfaatkan bot untuk mendeteksi serangan DDOS berjenis UDP Flooding dan SYN Flooding dengan membatasi jumlah paket yang dikirimkan kepada port yang dibuka oleh server, apabila jumlah paket yang dikirimkan lebih dari 100 paket per detik maka bot akan mengidentifikasi pengiriman tersebut sebagai serangan. Penerapan metode JSON Web Token agar bisa dioperasikan oleh bot admin server yakni dengan mengimplementasikan package JSON Web Token pada bot lalu memanggil fungsi encode agar JSON Web Token dapat melakukan enkripsi pada klaim yang berisikan data penyerang oleh bot, sehingga bot admin server dapat mengamankan klaim yang akan dikirimkan ke admin server.

The energy efficiency of mobile devices becomes very important, considering the development of mobile device technology starting to lead to smaller dimensions and with the higher processor speed of these mobile devices. Various studies have been conducted to grow energy-aware in hardware, middleware and application software. The step of optimizing energy consumption can be done at various layers of mobile communication network architecture. This study focuses on examining the energy consumption of mobile devices in the transport layer protocol, where the processor speed of the mobile devices used in this experiment is higher than the processor speed used in similar studies. The mobile device processor in this study has a speed of 1.5 GHz with 1 GHz RAM capacity. While in similar studies that have been carried out, mobile device processors have a speed of 369 MHz with a RAM capacity of less than 0.5 GHz. This study conducted an experiment in transmitting mobile data using TCP and UDP protocols. Because the video requires intensive delivery, so the video is the traffic that is being reviewed. Energy consumption is measured based on the amount of energy per transmission and the amount of energy per package. To complete the analysis, it can be seen the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol in the transport layer protocol, in this case the TCP and UDP protocols, also evaluated the network performance parameters such as delay and packet loss. The results showed that the UDP protocol consumes less energy and transmission delay compared to the TCP protocol. However, only about 22% of data packages can be transmitted. Therefore, the UDP protocol is only effective if the bit rate of data transmitted is close to the network speed. Conversely, despite consuming more energy and delay, the TCP protocol is able to transmit nearly 96% of data packets. On the other hand, when compared to mobile devices that have lower processor speeds, the mobile devices in this study consume more energy to transmit video data. However, transmission delay and packet loss can be suppressed. Thus, mobile devices that have higher processor speeds are able to optimize the energy consumed to improve transmission quality.Key words: energy consumption, processor, delay, packet loss, transport layer protocol

In order to give consideration to the speed and distance of data transmission, we design and put forward a design of ethernet interface based on FPGA and W5300, in which we achieve the high-speed ethernet connectivity between equipment and terminal device. UDP unicast mode is adopted in ethernet interface, and high-quality transmission medium is used to ensure the reliability of transmission link. It is proved that, the interface, with characteristics of relatively high-speed and long-distance, is relatively reliable and almost no package lost.

This paper provided a method and implementation technique about massive amount of data information transmission based on a variety of problems of the UDP communication in poor network. We provided a method based on several deficiencies of traditional method, which could remove the task that would keep the data package transmission in the correct order to receiver in order to reduce the communication burden and improve the stability and efficiency of transmission. A large number of actual tests proved that the improve protocol can transmit the massive amount of data information good although the network speed is below 10K/S which showed the practical value.

A network is usually developed by several devices such as router, switch etc. Every device forwards data package manipulation with complicated protocol planted in its hardware. An operator is responsible for running configuration either to manage rules or application applied in the network. Human error may occur when device configuration run manually by operator. Some famous vendors, one of them is MikroTik, has also been implementing this OpenFlow on its operation. It provides the implementation of SDN/OpenFlow architecture with affordable cost. The second phase research result showed that switch OF software-based MikroTik resulted higher latency value than both mininet and switch OF software-based OpenWRT. The average gap value of switch OF software-based MikroTik is 2012 kbps lower than the value of switch OF software-based OpenWRT. The average gap value of throughput bandwidth protocol UDP switch OF software-based MikroTik is 3.6176 kBps lower than switch OF software-based OpenWRT and it is 8.68 kBps lower than mininet. The average gap throughput jitter protokol UDP of switch OF software-based MiktoTik is 0.0103ms lower than switch OF software-based OpenWRT and 0.0093ms lower than mininet.

Transmission package delivery can be a problem of routes on the network, one of them is the Wireless network. Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) topology is often used on Wireless networks. The existence of a malicious node is a threat to MANET. Package delivery uses AODV and AOMDV Protocol Routing in TCP and UDP packet transmission. This study uses a simulation method using NS2, NAM and AWK. The Quality of Service (QoS) parameters used are throughput, packet loss, and jitter. Simulations are carried out using malicious nodes, the results on the AOMDV TCP graph have the highest input values and the best packets but are difficult to minimize energy, while for the TCP jitter values graph is best because it has a flow control function that can adjust the trajectory. The results in AOMDV TCP have the highest input value and the best packet loss but it is difficult to minimize energy, while for TCP value jitters it is best because it has a flow control function that can adjust the trajectory

Drought remains one of the most serious environmental stresses because of the continuous reduction in soil moisture, which requires the improvement of crops with features such as drought tolerance. Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub], a forage and industrial crop, is a nonthirsty plant. However, the information on the transcriptome changes that occur under drought stress in guar is very limited; therefore, a gene expression analysis is necessary in this context. Here, we studied the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to drought stress and their metabolic pathways. RNA-Seq via an expectation-maximization algorithm was used to estimate gene abundance. Subsequently, an Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data in the R Bioconductor package was used to identify DEGs. Blast2GO, InterProScan, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to explore functional annotation, protein analysis, enzymes, and metabolic pathways. Transcription factors were identified using the PlantTFDB database. Our study identified 499 upregulated and 191 downregulated genes in response to drought stress. Of those, 32 upregulated and six downregulated genes were deemed as novel genes exclusive to guar. An aggregate of 137 protein families, 306 domains, 12 repeats, and two sites were upregulated. The proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter family and transferase, aquaporin transporter, calcium/calmodulin-dependent/calcium-dependent protein kinase, aspartic peptidase A1 family, UDP-glucuronosyl/UDP-glucosyltransferase, and major intrinsic protein were the most upregulated protein families. The upregulated unigenes were associated with 88 enzymes and 77 KEGG pathways. Finally, the MYB-related, MYB, and ERF transcription factor families were upregulated. These data may be useful for understanding the plant molecular response to drought stress.

A botnet, especially with remote-controlled bots that offers a platform for many cyber threats. The powerful measure in opposition to that botnet is supplied by IDS (Intrusion get right of entry to gadget). The IDS frequently monitors and identifies the presence of powerful attacks by way of assessing community site visitor’s dangers. The IDS (PI-IDS) check for payload detects energetic tries to test the user's statistics gram protocol (UDP) and transmission manage protocol (TCP) comparisons with acknowledged attacks but the PI-IDS method is destroyed if the package is encrypted. PI-IDS shortages are conquer by using traffic-primarily based IDS (T-IDS), do now not take a look at package load; as a substitute, it exams the packet header to split get entry to, however this manner isn't always appropriate in modern-day global due to the fact network traffic is growing swiftly so looking at the header of every packet isn't always operating nicely and because of this advantage price is also essential. therefore, We endorse a new approach to this paper T-IDS creates an RDPLM (information-readable getting to know model) based totally on the set capabilities, in addition to a feature selection method, simplified sub spacing and multiple randomized meta-mastering techniques .The accuracy of our model is 99.984% and the education time is 21.38 s on a 9aaf3f374c58e8c9dcdd1ebf10256fa5 botnet database. it has been discovered that some mechanical studying fashions resemble a deep neural community, reducing mistakes in pruning the venture of locating a drug in a totally small series, and a random tree.

Stable isotope resolved metabolomics (SIRM) experiments use stable isotope tracers to provide superior metabolomics datasets for metabolic flux analysis and metabolic modeling. Since assumptions of model correctness can seriously compromise interpretation of metabolic flux results, we have developed a metabolic modeling software package specifically designed for moiety model comparison and selection based on the metabolomics data provided. Here, we tested the effectiveness of model selection with two time-series mass spectrometry (MS) isotopologue datasets for uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) generated from different platforms utilizing direct infusion nanoelectrospray and liquid chromatography. Analysis results demonstrate the robustness of our model selection methods by the successful selection of the optimal model from over 40 models provided. Moreover, the effects of specific optimization methods, degree of optimization, selection criteria, and specific objective functions on model selection are illustrated. Overall, these results indicate that over-optimization can lead to model selection failure, but combining multiple datasets can help control this overfitting effect. The implication is that SIRM datasets in public repositories of reasonable quality can be combined with newly acquired datasets to improve model selection. Furthermore, curation efforts of public metabolomics repositories to maintain high data quality could have a huge impact on future metabolic modeling efforts.

The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that heats the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It is a result of the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing long wave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. Number of gases are involved in the human caused enhancement of the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is the most important gas of these gases, which contributes about 55% of the change in the intensity of the Earth's greenhouse effect. The global monitoring of the greenhouse gases is necessary for handling the global warming issue. This paper presents a practical implementation of a measurement station for environmental monitoring using Internet technology and large sensor networks. The application of the sensor networks in the environmental monitoring requires the development specific solutions. This paper presents a solution that relies on existing technology, but offers hardware and software upgrade due to the advantages of using the concept of virtual instrumentation. The application uses temperature sensors, air relative humidity sensors, gas sensors and others. The measurement station collects the data from the sensors and sends them to the users using the UDP protocol via the Internet and GPRS modem. The measurement station was implemented in LabVIEW programming package.

This research was conducted on the basis of the influence of security systems that play a role in encrypting data on VoIP communication systems, with the security technology of PPTP VPN computer networks with the system passing data in a virtual private ip or as a tunnel for secure data transmission media. The results obtained from security analysis for the implementation of security methods on PPTP VPNs, then the data to help developers in terms of building a secure VoIP communication system. Basiclly ZRTP uses the Diffie-Hellman key exchange as a key exchange of communication between clients, which is the key for communication between clients using hashes from Diffie-Hellman and is done peer-to-peer through the VOIP RTP package, while the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that allows the secure transmission of data from the remote client to the server by creating a virtual private network (VPN) through a network of data. TCP/IP or UDP is dedicated to encryption and creates RTP tunnel transport on VoIP communication systems. VoIP communication system research is conducted using 2 security methods, namely VoIP VPN PPTP, VoIP ZRTP, with the aim to find out the results of VoIP communication testing using PPTP and ZRTP VPN security methods if an attack occurs during VoIP communication

Background Prescription unit packaging (PUP) and unit-of-dose packaging (UDP) are two types of medicine packaging systems utilized in hospital pharmacies across Indonesia. However, UDP is generally not used for outpatients. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate consumer perception and experience of the use of medicines in a packaging system for outpatients. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative components was performed. A questionnaire about medicine distribution systems, involving packaging and usage was distributed from August to November 2018. During the same time frame, interviews were performed to identify participants’ experiences when using drugs that were distributed and packaged using the PUP system. Key findings: A total of 104 participants completed the questionnaire. Although 52.9% of the participants did not experience difficulties when using medicines distributed in PUP, 68.2% of participants preferred to use medicines in UDP. The reason for their choice of UDP was its practical use (80.8%), particularly if the medicine was taken when traveling (78.9%). Participants reported that UDP was very practical and helpful for geriatric patients, as UDP enables elderly people to use their medicine appropriately. Furthermore, they reported that UDP reminded consumers of the time to take their medicine. The problems with UDP were the number of packages and unfamiliarity. Conclusions Medicine was preferred in UDP by consumers but the model needs to be adapted to outpatients.

This research aims to analyze and determine the effect of the facilities and costs of umrah travel on the choosing decision PT Uda CS Holidays Indonesia both partially and simultaneously. The population in this study is 612 pilgrims using non probability sampling techniques with accidental sampling as the approach. The data analysis techniques used are: (1) Validity and Reliability test, (2) Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, (3) F Test Analysis, (4) T-Test, and (5) Determinant Coefficient Test. The result of data analysis can be concluded as follows: (1) There is no partial positive and significant effect between the umrah facility variable on the choosing decision the Umrah package at PT Uda CS Holidays Indonesia (2) There is a positive and significant effect partially between the variable costs of umrah travel on the choosing decision Umrah package at PT Uda CS Holidays Indonesia. (3) Umrah facilities and the cost of joint umrah arrangements have a positive and significant effect on the choosing decision the Umrah package at PT. Uda CS Holidays Indonesia

Phased array radar systems have a wide variety of applications in engineering and physics research. Phased array design usually requires numerical modeling with expensive commercial computational packages. Using the open-source MIT Electrogmagnetic Equation Propagation (MEEP) package, a set of phased array designs is presented. Specifically, one and two-dimensional arrays of Yagi-Uda and horn antennas were modeled in the bandwidth [0.1–5] GHz, and compared to theoretical expectations in the far-field. Precise matches between MEEP simulation and radiation pattern predictions at different frequencies and beam angles are demonstrated. Given that the computations match the theory, the effect of embedding a phased array within a medium of varying index of refraction is then computed. Understanding the effect of varying index on phased arrays is critical for proposed ultra-high energy neutrino observatories which rely on phased array detectors embedded in natural ice. Future work will develop the phased array concepts with parallel MEEP, in order to increase the detail, complexity, and speed of the computations.

Meningkatnya konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer, mendorong umat manusia untuk melakukan penelitian tentang teknologi yang ramah lingkungan dan rendah emisi. Berbagai penelitian sudah dilakukan, salah satunya adalah pembakaran oxy-fuel. Pembakaran oxy-fuel merupakan salah satu teknologi penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon (CCS), dimana bahan bakar dibakar dengan campuran oksigen murni dan daur ulang gas buang. Perbedaan kondisi tersebut dapat mempengaruhi suhu pembakaran dan perpindahan panas radiasi pada ruang pembakaran. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan suhu pembakaran dan perpindahan panas radiasi yang terjadi di dalam ruang bakar antara pembakaran udara dan pembakaran oxy-fuel. Objek penelitian ini adalah sebuah package boiler berjenis water tube boiler di salah satu unit pembangkit uap dengan kapasitas uap 100 ton/jam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi CFD. Perpindahan panas radiasi dimodelkan dengan model radiasi Discrete Ordinate (DO) dan model Weighted Sum of Gray Gases (WSGG) yang digunakan untuk menghitung energi radiasi yang diserap dan dipancarkan oleh gas hasil pembakaran. Dari hasil simulasi CFD didapat bahwa suhu maksimum pembakaran pada pembakaran oxy-fuel yaitu sebesar 1.865,34℃ lebih tinggi dari pembakaran udara yaitu sebesar 1.837,01℃, begitupun dengan energi radiasi yang dipancarkan pada pembakaran oxy-fuel adalah sebesar 3,45 MW/m2 lebih tinggi dari pembakaran udara yaitu 2,75 MW/m2.

This study aims to analyze the government information and service delivery to the rural citizen through UDC in Bangladesh. It used a descriptive and exploratory research design based on the quantitative approach. The sample comprised of 383 UDC users who were randomly selected. The data was gathered using questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS (statistical package for social sciences). The statistical findings showed that the overall perception of UDC users on the e-governance initiative found positive. Also, the results of the regression analysis show that the digital divide and good governance has a substantial impact on the overall perception of the user. It is, therefore, suggested that efforts should be instigated for improved awareness and training which helps ensure effective service delivery.

ABSTRACT The Vpr protein, encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome, is one of the nonstructural proteins packaged in large amounts into viral particles. We have previously reported that Vpr associates with the DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG). In this study, we extended these observations by investigating whether UDG is incorporated into virions and whether this incorporation requires the presence of Vpr. Our results, with highly purified viruses, show that UDG is efficiently incorporated either into wild-type virions or into Vpr-deficient HIV-1 virions, indicating that Vpr is not involved in UDG packaging. Using an in vitro protein-protein binding assay, we reveal a direct interaction between the precursor form of UDG and the viral integrase (IN). Finally, we demonstrate that IN-defective viruses fail to incorporate UDG, indicating that IN is required for packaging of UDG into virions.

Using the user-defined model (UDM) provided by the power system analysis software package ( PSASP), This paper constructs traction power supply system model. The correctness of interface between user-defined model and PSASP is verified by independent dynamic characteristic program. It offers a new way of available practical model applying to power system simulation and research on the influence of traction loads to power system.

Security issues of a system are factors that need to be considered in the operation of information systems, which are intended to prevent threats to the system and detect and correct any damage to the system. Distributed Denial of Services (DDOS) is a form of attack carried out by someone, individuals or groups to damage data that can be attacked through a server or malware in the form of packages that damage the network system used. Security is a mandatory thing in a network to avoid damage to the data system or loss of data from bad people or heckers. Packages sent in the form of malware that attacks, causing bandwidth hit continuously. Network security is a factor that must be maintained and considered in an information system. Ddos forms are Ping of Death, flooding, Remote controled attack, UDP flood, and Smurf Attack. The goal is to use DDOS to protect or prevent system threats and improve damaged systems. Computer network security is very important in maintaining the security of data in the form of small data or large data used by the user.

Sensor Bus is an important part of Sensor Web. This paper proposes a distributed real-time sensor event service model based on improved Sensor Bus which uses a plurality of different protocol sensors as information sources. The model constructs a receiver module for each sensor in which each type of sensor has a corresponding agent to be responsible for receiving real-time data measured by the sensor. These data will be packaged into XMPP messages in order to send to XMPP Server. Sensor event service (SES) communicates with XMPP Server via SES Adapter, filter event according the clients subscription request and notify client when the event meets the subscription conditions. We verify the validity and feasibility of the model through the simulation of high temperature monitoring and warning service of sensors using TCP and UDP protocols respectively.

The aim: to assess levels of circulating plasma ox-LDL in various subgroups with different CVD and their relationship with oxidative stress markers, MDA, catalase, and traditional coronary disease risk factors. Material and methods: a total of 215 subjects divided into four groups comprising 54 healthy controls, patients with the SAP were 52 persons, with the UAP 53 ones, and with the AMI there were 56 persons, respectively. Lipid profile parameters (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C), plasma MDA, catalase were estimated by kit methods, TBARS method, and colorimetric assay respectively. Plasma Ox-LDL was estimation by competitive ELISA kit method (Mercodia) with the help of specific monoclonal antibody mAb4Eb. Results were present as mean ± SD, significance level at p-values<0.05 with Student’s unpaired t-test. Data analysis was performed by software package SPSS version 17.0. Results: it showed a highly significant (p<0.001) correlation in SAP, UAP, and AMI except for age in the SAP subgroup, moderately significant (p<0.01). Lipid profile except HDL-C was found highly elevated (p<0.001) in subgroups than in healthy controls. HDL-C was higher (p<0.001) in controls with respect to patient subgroups. Comparison of oxidative stress markers (MDA and catalase) and ox-LDH in control with patient’s subgroup indicates highly significant (p<0.001) correlation. The correlation between SAP & UAP was insignificant (p<0.05), SAP with AMI was significant (p<0.05), and UAP & AMI were highly significant (p<0.001). Large interquartile range in SAP subgroup suggesting scattered deviation in the mean value as compared to UAP and AMI showed in the box and whiskers plot and concluded that significantly elevated level of ox-LDL in SAP, UAP, and AMI subgroups indicate its diagnostic importance of CVD. Conclusions: study concluded that significantly elevated level of ox-LDL in SAP, UAP, and AMI subgroups indicate its diagnostic importance of CVD.

This study was conducted at the Sheep Project Unit of Small Ruminant Research Programme (SRRP) of National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria. Balami, Uda and Yankasa breeds (sheep of Northern Nigeria) were crossed . A total of 65 Yankasa, 23 Uda and 16 Balami ewes were served by 4 Yankasa, 3 Uda and 3 Balami rams. The diallel breeding pattern produced 192 lambs. However, only the 65 yearling that survived up to 12 months of age (yearling) were used for this study. The yearling body weight and linear body measurement data were analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of SAS with model that incorporated lamb genotype as fixed effects. Pairwise difference was used to separate the mean (SAS, 2003). Distances were used to construct dendrogram using the Unweighted Pairs Group Method Analysis implemented in R 2.13.0 package. TREE procedure that prints the dendrogram based on the distances between the clusters was introduced in PROC CLUSTER procedure. Yearling genotype affected body weight and all the linear body measurements considered in this study (P<0.05). The pure Balami yearling (BL X BL) had the highest birth weight at 12 months of age (29.10±4.02kg). Clumping structure of yearling body weight among sheep of Northern Nigeria and their crosses were grouped into two clusters at distance 2.656. Pure Balami (BL X BL) formed the first cluster while the rest of the genotypes belong to the second cluster. The second cluster was further divided into two sub-groups at 0.796. The first sub-group had yearlings from pure Uda (UD X UD), Uda ram and Yankasa ewe (UD X YK), Uda ram and Balami ewe (UD X BL), Balami ram and Uda ewe (BL X UD) and Yankasa ram and Uda ewe (YK X UD) at 0.514. Similar clumping structures with two clusters share among the nine genotypes at varied distances were recorded for all the linear body measurements studied. Patterns of similarities were established for yearling body weight and linear body measurements among sheep of Northern Nigeria and their crosses. Improvement plans for yearling growth traits of sheep in Nigeria should consider the genotypes with divergent genetic distances as sires and dams. This will ensure the best exploration of positive heterosis.

Abstract Biochemical demands constrain the range of amino acids acceptable at specific sites resulting in across-site compositional heterogeneity of the amino acid replacement process. Phylogenetic models that disregard this heterogeneity are prone to systematic errors, which can lead to severe long-branch attraction artifacts. State-of-the-art models accounting for across-site compositional heterogeneity include the CAT model, which is computationally expensive, and empirical distribution mixture models estimated via maximum likelihood (C10–C60 models). Here, we present a new, scalable method EDCluster for finding empirical distribution mixture models involving a simple cluster analysis. The cluster analysis utilizes specific coordinate transformations which allow the detection of specialized amino acid distributions either from curated databases or from the alignment at hand. We apply EDCluster to the HOGENOM and HSSP databases in order to provide universal distribution mixture (UDM) models comprising up to 4,096 components. Detailed analyses of the UDM models demonstrate the removal of various long-branch attraction artifacts and improved performance compared with the C10–C60 models. Ready-to-use implementations of the UDM models are provided for three established software packages (IQ-TREE, Phylobayes, and RevBayes).

The distribution of PM2.5 around a thermal manikin with realistic female body shape in a naturally ventilated room has been modelled. The health risk (HR) due to inhalation of the PM2.5 has been quantified by integrating the pollutants mass flux over the boundaries of a virtual box around the mannequin’s head (the breathing zone). By the same approach HR is evaluated over the boundaries of another virtual box that surrounds the manikins body and defines the occupied zone. The paper focuses on the peculiarities of creating and meshing a virtual geometry, as well as on the application of user-defined functions (UDF) for defining a pollutant source within the room using Ansys Fluent modelling package.

Abstract Building upon the debates around travelling policy and precipitous imitation of bus rapid transit worldwide, this paper commits to disentangling the nexus of global intermediaries – that is, the advocacy organizations, engineering consultancies and international banks furthering the economy of policy translation. These associations promote their particular policy package by providing training manuals, funding for study tours and a never-ending stream of architects, engineers and planners with topical expertise and skills. This paper unravels the multiple and overlapping roles intermediaries play first by introducing the policy to relevant policymakers, providing technical expertise and financing, and later serving as critic of the translation process, drafting formative reports and measuring the merits as compared to the model. The economy of policy translation is to maintain these entanglements, to complicate the transfer of knowledge and to ensure that localities remain dependent on the nexus of global intermediaries. As such, these global intermediaries create and sustain a process whereby learning is deliberate and methodical but never-ending and unhurried. Such analysis contributes to policy mobilities discussions by identifying a wider process of peripatetic policymaking and politics, and in so doing, explains how and why certain best practices are elevated and esteemed while others are discounted.

Unit Dose Dispensing (UDD) is a drug distribution system in hospitals, where drugs are packaged in the form of a single dose and submitted to patients for one use during treatment. One of the hospitals that has applied UDD with information system utilization is Panti Rapih Hospital. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of UDD using Management Information System (SIM RS) with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) method. This research used descriptive quantitative analytic to present facts systematically. This method is also used to understand and conclude the facts more easily. Hypothesis testing was conducted to see the relationship and influence between variables. This test was conducted using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The hypothesis testing applied was two-way probability with a significant level (α) of 5%. When the p-value of less than 0,05, the data is significant. In addition, the relationship between variables is seen from the original sample value. The result shows the relationship of perceived ease of use to perceived usefulness, the relationship of perceived usefulness to attitude toward using, and the relationship of perceived usefulness to behavioral intention to use has a negative and insignificant effect. On the other hand, the relationship of perceived ease of use to the attitude toward using, the relationship of attitude toward using to the behavioral intention to use, and the relationship of behavioral intention to use towards actual system usage conditions have a positive and significant effect on implementation of UDD using the SIM RS in Pharmacy Installation Panti Rapih Hospital.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan uap etanol terhadap mutu dan masa simpan buah manggis pada suhu ruang. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 ragam volume etanol ; 0 ml, 2 ml, dan 4 ml masing-masing diperangkap dalam 5 gram karagenan dan dimasukkan ke dalam sachet teh. Sachet kemudian ditempatkan pada alas styrofoam dimana terdapat 5 buah manggis, selanjutnya ditutup dengan plastik film regang LDPE. Buah manggis tanpa perlakuan atau kontrol disediakan sebagai pembanding. Buah selanjutnya disimpan pada suhu kamar (28±2?). Susut bobot, intensitas kerusakan, vitamin C, total padatan terlarut, warna, kekerasan dan uji organoleptik diamati selama penyimpanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan uap etanol secara umum berpengaruh nyata dalam menurunkan tingkat kerusakan, susut bobot, memperlambat laju perubahan kekerasan, warna kulit dan aril, serta total padatan terlarut dan vitamin C dibandingkan buah kontrol. Demikian pula uap etanol mampu memberikan nilai tingkat kesukaan panelis lebih tinggi terhadap warna dan rasa aril serta penampilan secara kesuluruhan dibandingkan dengan buah kontol. Dari ragam perlakuan volume etanol, 4 mL etanol per kemasan mengkreasi uap terbaik untuk memperlambat laju kerusakan, perubahan mutu, menurunkan susut dan meningkatkan kesukaan panelis. Kata kunci: Manggis, uap etanol, kemasan atmosfer termodifikasi, mutu pascapanen The aim of this research was to determine the effect of etanol vapor on the quality and the shelf life of mangosteen at the room temperature. Three different volumes of ethanol, namely 0 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml, were trapped in the 5 gram carrageenan placed in the tea sachets. The sachet was then put on the basal of styrofoam tray on which 5 fruits were placed and then wraped by streching film LDPE. Control fruits or un-treated fruits were also provided as comparison. The result showed that the ethanol vapor treatments, in general, significantly reduced the intensity of damage, weidght loss, slowing the change rate of texture, color of fruit surface and aril, total soluble solid and vitamin C of the aril, compared to the control fruits. The ethanol vapor was also able to give better preferences of panelists on the color and flavor of the aril, as well as the overall performances of the fruits compared to the controls. The 4 mL ethanol per package created ethanol vapor of which the best vapor to reduce the rate of damage and the change of quality and increase the panelists preferences. Keyword : Mangosteen, ethanol vapor, modified atmosphere packaging, postharvest quality

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of vaginal native tissue repair (VNTR) on preexisting Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) in women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Two hundred patients who underwent VNTR for symptomatic POP from January 2018 to February 2019 were followed up for 6 months. All patients underwent VNTR, but in the posterior compartment, the rectovaginal fascia was reconnected to the uterosacral ligaments and additionally sutured to the iliococcygeus fascia and muscle. To assess the severity and change in storage phase LUTS before and after surgery, all participants were asked to complete 3 questionnaires: the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire- Short Form (ICIQ-SF), Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6), and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7). The data were assessed with Statistica package version 12.0, using Kalmogorow–Smirnoff, W Shapiro–Wilk tests. Furthermore, one-way analysis of variance was applied with post-hoc Tukey test. The study results indicate that the majority of patients with advanced POP suffered from various LUTS. Among storage symptoms, the occurrence of urinary incontinence (UI) and urgency decreased significantly after surgery. Moreover, ICIQ-SF, UDI-6, and IIQ-7 results showed statistically significant improvement in the impact of UI on the quality of life (QoL) in the vast majority of patients after surgery. VNTR is an effective way to treat not only anatomical, but also functional problems in such patients.

Abstrak. Edible film merupakan salah satu kemasan tipis yang dapat diaplikasikan pada produk untuk melindungi dari benda berbahaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi gliserol terhadap karakteristik edible film pati umbi talas. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga perlakuan variasi konsentrasi gliserol 1%, 2%, 3% dan dilakukan tiga kali ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap ketebalan, laju transmisi uap air, kuat tarik, elongasi, organoleptik dan rendemen pati talas. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dalam pembuatan edible film dengan pemanfaatan pati umbi talas variasi konsentrasi gliserol sebagai plasticizer menghasilkan nilai ketebalan antara 0,034 – 0,041 mm, laju transmisi uap air 0,7961 - 1,5923 g/ m2/jam, kuat tarik 0,743 - 0,850 kgf/cm2, elongasi 113,45 - 172,27%. Perlakuan terbaik edible film dari pati talas dengan konsentrasi gliserol sebagai plasticizer adalah konsetrasi gliserol nilai ketebalan 0,034 mm, elongasi 172,27% yaitu 1% dan nilai kuat tarik 0,850 kgf/ cm2 , laju transmisi uap air 0,7961 g/ m2/jam yaitu gliserol 2%. Variasi konsentrasi gliserol 1%, 2%, dan 3% tidak berpengaruh nyata (p0,05) terhadap ketebalan, kuat tarik, elongasi dan transmisi uap air edible film berbasis pati umbi talas.Characteristics Of Edible Film With Glycerol Concentration As A Plasticizer Based Taro Tuber StarchAbstract. The edible film is a thin package that can be applied to products that can protect from dangerous objects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glycerol concentration on edible film characteristics of taro tuber starch. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatment variations in glycerol concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, and performed three times. Observations were made on thickness, water vapor transmission rate, tensile strength, elongation, organoleptic, and yield. Based on research that has been done in the making of edible film by using taro tuber starch, glycerol concentration as a plasticizer thickness values range from 0,034 – 0,041 mm, water vapor transmission rate 0.7961 - 1.3269 g / m2/ hour, tensile strength of 0.743 - 0.850 kgf/ cm2 , elongation 113,45 % - 172,27 %. The best edible film treatment from taro starch with glycerol concentration as a plasticizer is the concentration of glycerol thickness value 0.034 mm, elongation 172.27% ie 1% and tensile strength value 0.850 kgf /cm2, the rate of water vapor transmission 0.7961 g /m2 / hour ie glycerol 2%. Variation in glycerol concentration of 1%, 2%, and 3% had no significant effect (p 0.05) on thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and edible film vapor-based water vapor transmission of taro tuber starch.

Study of utilization of reverse flow reactor for the catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor Catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor is one of methods to reduce the gasoline vapor emission at fuel station. This reaction is exothermic with large heat of reaction, so that the heat released can be used for heating the feed gas, leading to auto thermal condition.. The auto thermal conditions with low feed concentration, like gasoline vapor emission, can be achieved by using a reverse-flow reactor (RFR), a kind of fixed bed reactor in which flow direction is periodically changed. The objective of this research is to develop the using of a RFR to reduce the gasoline vapor emissions at fuel station, based on simulations using FlexPDE version 6 and later used as the basis for the experimental development. The model of RFR was developed, by using iso-octane as a model component. The simulation consists of: (1) RFR with one way direction, which was used as the basis for the determination of RFR operating conditions and (2) RFR at current start-up conditions. The simulations were conducted using a software package FlexPDE version 6. The kinetic parameters and physical properties were taken from literature. The simulation results of the RFR at one way direction show that catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor can conducted best at temperature of 773 K, while the RFR shows the accumulation of heat in the reactor bed that can be utilized for process start-up. Time to reach 100% conversion of gasoline for reverse flow operation mode is faster than one way operation mode. Thus the operation of gasoline emission catalytic oxidation reaction in reverse flow reactor can be developed experimentally. Keywords: Dynamic reactor, Catalytic oxidationAbstrakOksidasi katalitik uap bensin adalah salah satu cara untuk mengurangi emisi uap bensin di stasiun pengisian bahan bakar umum. Reaksi ini adalah reaksi eksotermik, sehingga panas reaksi yang timbul dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memanaskan umpan agar reaktor dapat berperilaku ototermal. Kondisi ototermal dengan umpan emisi uap bensin yang berkonsentrasi rendah dapat tercapai dengan menggunakan reverse flow reactor (RFR), yaitu reaktor unggun tetap yang arah alirannya diubah secara periodik. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pemanfaatan RFR untuk menurunkan emisi uap bensin di SPBU, berdasarkan simulasi menggunakan FlexPDE versi 6 dan nantinya digunakan sebagai dasar pengembangan secara eksperimental. Model RFR dikembangkan dengan menggunakan iso-oktana sebagai komponen model. Simulasi terdiri dari (1) simulasi RFR satu arah, yang digunakan sebagai dasar penentuan kondisi operasi RFR dan (2) simulasi RFR dengan konfigurasi start-up tertentu. Parameter kinetika dan sifat–sifat fisik yang diperlukan diambil dari literatur. Hasil simulasi RFR satu arah menunjukkan bahwa reaksi oksidasi katalitik uap bensin dapat terselenggara dengan baik pada suhu 773 K, sedangkan simulasi RFR kondisi aliran bolak-balik menunjukkan adanya akumulasi panas di unggun reaktor yang dapat dimanfaatkan saat proses start-up. Waktu untuk mencapai konversi 100% untuk simulasi mode operasi bolak-balik lebih cepat daripada mode operasi satu arah. Dengan demikian penyelenggaraan reaksi oksidasi katalitik emis uap bensin di reverse flow reactor secara eksperimental dapat dikembangkan.Kata Kunci: Reaktor dinamik, Oksidasi katalitik

This work presents a numerical study to evaluate the difference between the fluid dynamic behavior of an overtopping device subjected to the incidence of a realistic wave when compared to a regular one; being this regular wave representative of the considered realistic sea state. To do so, the FLUENT software was employed, which is a Computational Fluid Dynamics package based on the Finite Volume Method. The regular wave was generated through a User Defined Function (UDF) that imposes its velocities components as boundary conditions of prescribed velocity. On the other hand, for the realistic wave it was used a methodology to impose the realistic components velocities from transient discrete values, named Table Data (TD) in FLUENT software. For both cases the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model was applied in the treatment of the water-air interaction. The results showed that the amount of water accumulated in the reservoir for the realistic sea state was 2.46 higher than for the regular wave. This is a relevant finding, since several researches about Overtopping device efficiency were promoted considering only the incidence of regular wave.

UDK: 597:576.89(497.6) (282.249) The prevalence and intensity of trematodes ectoparasites in freshwater fish are presented in this paper. Parasitology researches were conducted during 2017 in the middle course of the river Sava near Orašje. All results from this study were tested with the use of nonparametric tests (χ2, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman test of corellation) in the statistical package STATISTICA 7. The total of 400 sampled specimens of different fish species were parasitologically tested. The trematodes from the class Monogenea (Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus and Eudiplozoon nipponicum) and Digenea (Posthodiplostomum cuticola) were found on the skin and the gills of the fish. The genus Dactylogyrus was found on 27 specimens, or 6.75%. Intensity of the infection for the genus Dactylogyrus did not show any significant deviations during different seasons. Parasites from the genus Gyrodactylus were found on the skin and the gills of 40 infected specimens, dominantly found on the gills. The species Eudiplozoon nipponicum was found in low prevalence in the total ichthyo sample of 1.75%. The presence of the species Posthodiplostomum cuticola is established in 18 specimens and the prevalence of the infection in total sample was 4.5%.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan uap etanol terhadap mutu dan masa simpan pisang barangan pada suhu ruang. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 ragam volume ragam : 0 ml, 3 ml, 6 ml masing-masing di perangkap dalam 5 gram karagenan dan di masukkan ke dalam sachet teh. Sachet lalu di tempatkan pada alas sterofoam dimana terdapat 3 buah pisang barangan, Selanjutnya di tutup menggunakan plastik film regang LDPE. Pisang Barangan tanpa perlakuan atau kontrol digunakan untuk pembanding. Buah lainnya di simpan pada suhu kamar (27±2????oC) dan suhu ruang (14±1oC). Yang di amati parameternya selama penyimpanan adalah vitamin C, Total Asam, Tekstur analyzer, warna, dan organoleptik. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan etanol sangat berpengaruh nyata dalam menurunkan tingkat kerusakan, vitamin C, memperlambat laju kekeraasan, warna kulit, vitamin C serta total asam pada buah pisang tersebut di banding buah kontrol. Demikian pula uap etanol mampu memberikan nilai tingkat kesukaan terhadap panelis lebih tinggi terhadap warna, rasa, dan penampilan secara keseluruhan di bandingkan perlakuan buah kontrol. Dari ragam perlakuan etanol, 6 mL etanol adalah perlakuan terbaik untuk menghambat laju kerusakan, perubahan mutu, serta meningkatkan kesukaan terhadap panelis. Keyword : Pisang Barangan, Uap Etanol, Kemasan Atmosfir Termodifikasi, Mutu Pascapanen. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of etanol vapor on the quality and the shelf life of Barangan Banana. Three different volumes of ethanol, namely 0 ml, 3 ml and 6 ml, were trapped in the 5 gram carrageenan placed in the tea sachets. The sachet was then put on the basal of styrofoam tray on which 3 fruits were placed and then wraped by streching film LDPE. Control fruits or un-treated fruits were also provided as comparison. The result showed that the ethanol vapor treatments , color of fruit surface and vitamin C, compared to the control fruits. The ethanol vapor was also able to give better preferences of panelists on the color and flavor of the aril, as well as the overall performances of the fruits compared to the controls. The 6 mL ethanol per package created ethanol vapor of which the best vapor to reduce the rate of damage and the change of quality and increase the panelists preferences. Keywords: Asparagus, polypropylene plastic, perforation, cold storage.

Stent implantation alters coronary artery hemodynamic and wall shear stress during cardiac cycles. In this study, three-dimensional models were used to analyze the effects of different stent designs and strut thicknesses on the hemodynamic of the artery. The flow was assumed to be pulsatile and stent models were expanded in the artery the same as angioplasty procedure that uses balloon. The data was applied to Fluent-ANSYS package as a UDF MATLAB code. A non-slip condition was applied to the artery walls. The pressure variation in different stents and the wall shear stress distribution were studied. Furthermore, the hemodynamic effects on the flow were investigated for two different thickness values of the same stent design. These results showed that stent implanting is one of the main parameters of pressure drop in the artery. Moreover, the surface of the stent is the location of maximum wall shear stress and the thicker stent strut did not vary this stress much. Our study implies that some design parameters such as thickness affect the hemodynamic factors of blood after stent implantation. Even stent implanting causes re-stenosis in the coronary artery. Using new real models is suggested to investigate new aspects of stent design and related effects on the hemodynamic of coronary arteries.

Tahap persekitaran fizikal bilik darjah memberi kesan kepada pelaksanaan proses pendidikan. Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti indeks keselesaan bagi persekitaran fizikal pembelajaran Program Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (PPKI), indeks keselesaan guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran serta cadangan-cadangan penambahbaikan bilik darjah PPKI di daerah Kota Kinabalu. 80 orang sampel guru PPKI telah dipilih secara pensampelan bertujuan. Soal selidik kajian diadaptasi daripada Inventori Kesejahteraan dan Keselesaan Pembelajaran (IKKP) dan Inventori Persekitaran Fizikal Bilik Darjah (IPFBD). Penyebaran soal selidik dilakukan secara atas talian melalui “Google Form”. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) versi 26 digunakan untuk menganalisis dapatan kajian secara analisis deskriptif. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan indeks keselesaan persekitaran fizikal bilik darjah PPKI daerah Kota Kinabalu adalah tinggi (M=3.94, SP=0.627) dan Indeks keselesaan guru terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran turut mencatat indeks yang tinggi (M=3.90, SP=0.688). Analisis pada soal selidik terbuka mendapati keselesaan persekitaran bilik darjah dapat ditingkatkan melalui penambahbaikan pada aspek perabot, ruang pembelajaran, bilangan murid, pencahayaan, kualiti udara dan warna dinding bilik darjah. Kajian ini adalah berasaskan Teori Kebajikan Sosiologikal Allardt dan Universal Design Learning (UDL). Implikasi daripada kajian ini, pemegang taruh boleh membuat penilaian dan penyelenggaraan pada fizikal bilik darjah PPKI bagi mewujudkan persekitaran pembelajaran yang kondusif.

A numerical study on the performance of the nano-scale antenna based on VeeYagi-Uda geometry that is constructed from Nano Shell-Silver Coated Silica (NSSCS) chains is investigated for tunable solid-state laser applications. In this study, a Finite Integral Technique (FIT) based on the formulations of Computer Simulator Technology-MicroWave Studio (CST MWS) software package is invoked to evaluate the antenna parameters such as: Reflection coefficient (S11), gain/ directivity, and directivity. Before conducting the simulation study, the refractive index properties of the NSSCS are evaluated according to Lorentz distribution function of a hetero-structure junction. The proposed antenna shows three resonance modes at 75 THz, and 175 THz, and 266 THz. It is found the best antenna matching, S11<-10dB, at 75 THz and 175 THz about -23 dB and -15 dB, respectively. However, at 266 THz, it is found -3 dB in max. The antenna shows acceptable gain values at the three considered frequencies about 2.5 dBi, 3.5 dBi, and 2 dBi, consistently. Therefore, the antenna exhibits a high directivity at 175 THz and 266 THz in comparison to the first mode at 75 THz. Next, a matching circuit is coupled to a nano-circuitry to tune antenna around 175 THz. The maximum emitted electric field is found to be around 175 THz. Finally, it is found that the introduction of the matching circuit has a significant tuning ability on the second mode at 175 THz; however, at the other two modes the tuning does not show a significant change

Aiming at the requirements of CAD/CAPP data and function integration, adopted modeling based on feature, the part model design is accomplished through calling standard features in the feature database or user defined feature (UDF). The design feature model is reconstructed into a machining feature model through mapping rules. The information of machining geometric and machining properties is packaged in machining feature. CAD model does not provide all the information necessary for process planning, such as the materials information and the accuracy information. These must be provided manually. All information establishes reference of the shape feature. The machining feature, the processing method and manufacturing resources are correlated through establishing decision rules of process knowledge stored in a knowledge base, to realize the automatic generation of feature-based machining procedures and operations. A process-planning tree is constructed through matching the feature process tree with a typical process template, to realize the automatic generation of the part process route. A complete process document can be obtained by manually editing the automatically generated processing route. The feasibility of the method is verified by a prototype system developed in Pro/E environment.

Even though the arts and craft industry is perceived to be a significant contributor to the socio-economic development of South Africa, the plight of immigrant owed businesses that dominate this sector has been largely neglected in policy and support initiatives over the past decades. This paper aims to contribute to the inclusion debate, by examining the factors that inhibit the start-up of African immigrant-owned craft businesses in selected craft markets in the Cape Town area. A quantitative approach to data collection and analysis was adopted with snowballing as the sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered to 122 African immigrant entrepreneurs. The quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 23). The findings indicated that limited access to bank loans, limited space, and high rental costs were the major start-up challenges. Other concerns included the relatively very short-stay permits issued by the Department of Home Affairs to immigrant entrepreneurs, the problem of complying with taxation regulations in South Africa, and the difficulty of communicating in Afrikaans and Xhosa were not perceived as start-up challenges. Recommendations were made to African immigrant entrepreneurs and selected municipal managers aimed at dealing with the start-up challenges faced by African immigrant-owned businesses

A Sulphur recovery unit at a refining plant in the Middle East, which began official production in 2020, treats all acid gas to elemental Sulphur. Acid gas cannot be released into the atmosphere because of stringent environmental regulations. To test some essential parameters, the plant was simulated using a special Sulphur package in HYSYS called SULSIM. One of the most critical keys, the (H 2 S/SO 2 ) ratio, was checked after simulation validation. The optimal ratio is 2. Any deviation from this ratio results in serious issues in the process, such as catalyst ageing in the reactors. The effect of reducing the ratio from 2 to 0.22 was investigated in a case study. The temperature of the reduction reactor's outlet rose from 279.73 o C to 314.34 o C, which was higher than normal. The performance of the catalyst was measured on six separate days. The temperature difference and the pressure difference through the bed are the two most important parameters in catalyst monitoring. The ΔT designs for the first Claus reactor, second Claus reactor, and Reduction reactor are 51, 20 and 24 o C, respectively. 0.04, 0.14, and 0.04 kg/cm 2 g are the ΔP designs in the first Claus reactor, second Claus reactor, and Reduction reactor, respectively. The actual parameters were found to be in the normal range. Sulphur production is calculated in two ways: by the level of the Sulphur production tank and by calculating the material balance by laboratory analysis. Based on a comparison in four days the calculations are precise because of the levels, and large deviations are revealed by laboratory analysis. The percentage deviation error was found to be (-36.4, 70.7, -7.6, -10.5) percent by the laboratory analysis.

UDK: 574.587:582.26/.27(234.422 Konjuh) Springs are recognized as hotspots for freshwater biodiversity conservation. The study objective was to analyze and compare the biodiversity of epilithic diatom communities of spring and stream habitats in the Konjuh Mountain (B&H). The measuring of basic water physical and chemical parameters and diatom sampling were carried out during summer and autumn period in 2013. Diatom assemblages were collected from 10 locations: (i) five locations were placed in small mountain springs that flow into headwater streams, where another 5 localities were placed. Diatoms were collected by scrubbing the rocks using standard methodology. Relative diatom cell abundances were established by counting up to 400 frustules on permanent slides prepared in Naphrax. Spring habitats were more diverse in diatoms (H' loge =1.67 average) in comparison with headwater stream habitats (H' loge=1.15 average), which was confirmed by t-test (t=2.79; p=0.013). The similarities of community structure from different habitats were investigated by non-metric multidimensional scaling, on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix in software package Primer 6. Using Permutational Manova test, a different diatom composition was proved between spring and stream communities (Pseudo F=2.66, p=0.012), while the seasonal difference in the community structure was not confirmed (F=0.586, p=0.876). The most abundant and frequent species in spring habitats were: Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, Cocconeis pseudolineata (Geitler) Lange-Bertalot, Gomphonema pumilum var. elegans E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, Meridion circulare (Greville) C.Agardh and Planothidium lanceolatum (Brébisson ex Kützing) Lange-Bertalot. The most frequent and abundant species in headwater stream habitats were: Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) van Heurck and Cymbella tridentina Lange-Bertalot, M.Cantonati & A.Scalfi. In comparison with streams habitats, the springs are heterogeneous with specific diatom composition due to more stable water flow. Although the springs cover very small areas, the diversity of species that inhabit them must not be neglected in planning the use of these natural resources.

Investigations conducted by transmission electron microscopy on thin foils were aimed at studying the structural-phase state of heat-affected zone of the welding joint performed by modulated current at two welding modes: coarse-droplet and fine-droplet transfer. Welding was conducted on the austenitic steel 0.12С-18Cr-10Ni-1Ti-Fe using the facility UDI-203. Welding modes were: Ii = 175 А (coarse-droplet transfer) and 140 А (fine-droplet transfer). Welding was performed on thin foils sized 200 × 15 × 4 mm3. Investigations were focused on heat-affected zone at the distance of 1 mm from the weld line towards the base metal – the base metal zone and at the distance of 0.5 mm towards the welded metal – the welded metal zone. The studies showed that in the state before welding the steel matrix presents γ-phase (austenite), which has face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal lattice. Morphologically the steel structure is given as grains where defect structure is presented by only network dislocation substructure, and grains where along with the dislocation substructure there are mechanical (or deformation) microtwins in the form of packages of one, two and three systems. It was established that welding of steel 0.12С-18Cr-10Ni-1Ti-Fe by modulated current with coarse-droplet transfer leads to martensitic transformation γ → ε only in the welded metal zone. At fine-droplet transfer welding leads to martensitic transformation γ → ε both in the base metal zone and in the welded metal zone. In the welded metal zone phase transformation γ → ε occurs more intensively. It was revealed that crystal lattice distortion in the whole heat-affected zone at welding by modulated current has only plastic nature, irrespective of the welding mode. Welding by modulated current with fine-droplet transfer leads to lower internal stresses in the whole heat-affected zone.

Предложенный подход и разработанные программы на базе пакета GNU Octave обеспечивают сетевую работу практически в реальном масштабе времени по обработке данных наблюдаемого объекта, включающего в свой состав UDP сервер, который по запросу клиента может выдать ему нужную для оценки и обработки текущую информацию о состоянии переменных, характеризующих состояние этого объекта. The proposed approach and developed programs, based on the GNU Octave package, provide network work in almost real time on processing the data of the observed object, which includes a UDP server, which, at the request of the client, can provide him with the current information needed for evaluation and processing about state variables characterizing the state of this object.

Given the level of activity of Internet users is high on lately. Impact on the growing needs for server throughput can be treated with load sharing on link aggregation. However, it possess a problem for UDP protocol data packets which will experience jitter and packet received out of order high. Therefore, the author tries to create an algorithm to share the package which will be sent to the server with weighted round robin method that focuses UDP Protocol data packets. The author uses the Software Defined Networking (SDN) and OpenFlow protocol that is capable of directly reprogrammed network devices. Host connect by sending packets Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to the server, then do an analysis of the bandwidth, jitter, datagrams, and retry. The author has successfully implemented with the emulator Mininet and testing. The results indicate that the average jitter is able to be reduced to 50% and packets received out of order is reduced to 0 compared to standard link aggregation with weighted round robin load sharing method. Keywords— Software Defined Netwoking, Link Aggregation, Weighted Round Robin, UDP

Abstract Background Stable isotope tracing can follow individual atoms through metabolic transformations through the detection of the incorporation of stable isotope within metabolites. This resulting data can be interpreted in terms related to metabolic flux. However, detection of a stable isotope in metabolites by mass spectrometry produces a profile of isotopologue peaks that requires deconvolution to ascertain the localization of isotope incorporation. Results To aid the interpretation of the mass spectroscopy isotopologue profile, we have developed a moiety modeling framework for deconvoluting metabolite isotopologue profiles involving single and multiple isotope tracers. This moiety modeling framework provides facilities for moiety model representation, moiety model optimization, and moiety model selection. The moiety_modeling package was developed from the idea of metabolite decomposition into moiety units based on metabolic transformations, i.e. a moiety model. The SAGA-optimize package, solving a boundary-value inverse problem through a combined simulated annealing and genetic algorithm, was developed for model optimization. Additional optimization methods from the Python scipy library are utilized as well. Several forms of the Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion are provided for selecting between moiety models. Moiety models and associated isotopologue data are defined in a JSONized format. By testing the moiety modeling framework on the timecourses of 13C isotopologue data for uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) in human prostate cancer LnCaP-LN3 cells, we were able to confirm its robust performance in isotopologue deconvolution and moiety model selection. Conclusions SAGA-optimize is a useful Python package for solving boundary-value inverse problems, and the moiety_modeling package is an easy-to-use tool for mass spectroscopy isotopologue profile deconvolution involving single and multiple isotope tracers. Both packages are freely available on GitHub and via the Python Package Index.

Surveys with a rotating panel design are a prominent tool for producing more efficient estimates for indicators regarding trends or net changes over time. Variance estimation for net changes becomes however more complicated due to a possibly high correlation between the panel waves. Therefore, these estimates are quite burdensome to produce with traditional means. With the R-package surveysd, we present a tool which supports a straightforward way for producing estimates and corresponding standard errors for complex surveys with a rotating panel design. The package uses bootstrap techniques which incorporate the panel design and thus makes it easy to estimate standard errors. In addition the package supports a method for producing more efficient estimates by cumulating multiple consecutive sample waves. This method can lead to a significant decrease in variance assuming that structural patterns for the indicator in question remain fairly robust over time. The usability of the package and variance improvement, using this bootstrap methodology, is demonstrated on data from the user database (UDB) for the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions of selected countries with various sampling designs.

Terra and Aqua satellites that consist of multiple sensors including MODIS instruments, which is operated to detect the phenomena that exist on land, sea and atmosphere. Not a lot of data extracted especially for Indonesia region the associated with atmospheric data, because the product is still in the raw data (level-0). For data extraction of level-0 to level-2 needed software IMAPP (International MODIS/airs Processing Package) so displays some data atmospheric parameters including MOD 04 - Aerosol, MOD 05 - Total precipitable Water (Water Vapor), MOD 06 - Cloud, MOD 07 - Atmospheric Profiles, MOD 08 - gridded Atmospheric and MOD 35 in HDF4 format (Hierarchical Data Format-4) swath. This paper discussed only MOD07/MYD07 atmospheric profiles level-2 related parameters such as the temperature of the atmosphere at an altitude of 780 hPa and water vapor at a height of 700 hPa. This study aimed to analyze the phenomena in the atmosphere, based on extraction method Atmospheric Profiles in the resolution 1km, that consists of temperature and moisture level-2, in the format hdf4 daily swath into data daily and monthly grid in .dat format, in the period of December 2014, January, July, and August 2015, especially in the area of Indonesia. The comparison between the results of the extraction swath and grid data from Terra/Aqua MODIS, that parameter atmospheric for the temperature has R-sqare an average of 0.72 and water vapor 0.74, while the RMSE temperature and water vapor are 0.88 and 0.29. Abstrak Satelit Terra dan Aqua yang terdiri dari beberapa sensor diantaranya instrumen MODIS, yang dioperasikan untuk mendeteksi fenomena yang ada di darat, laut, dan atmosfer. Belum banyak data yang diekstrak khususnya untuk wilayah Indonesia yang terkait dengan data atmosfer, karena produk MODIS masih berupa data mentah (level-0). Untuk ekstraksi data dari level-0 menjadi level-2 dibutuhkan software International MODIS/AIRS Processing Package (IMAPP) sehingga menampilkan beberapa data parameter atmosfer diantaranya MOD 04 - Aerosol, MOD 05 - Total Precipitable Water (Water Vapor), MOD 06 - Cloud, MOD 07 - Atmospheric Profiles, MOD 08 - Gridded Atmospheric dan MOD 35 swath dalam format Hierarchical Data Format-4 (HDF4). Pada makalah ini yang dibahas hanya MOD07/MYD07 atmospheric profiles level-2 yang berkaitan dengan parameter atmosfer seperti temperatur pada ketinggian 780 hPa dan uap air pada ketinggian 700 hPa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hasil ekstraksi data Atmospheric Profiles dari format HDF4 swath harian menjadi data grided harian, bulanan dalam format .dat serta aplikasinya pada periode bulan Desember 2014, Januari, Juli, dan Agustus 2015, khususnya wilayah Indonesia dalam resolusi 1km yang terdiri dari temperatur dan uap air level-2. Perbandingan antara hasil ekstraksi data MODIS swath dan data MODIS grided Terra/Aqua untuk parameter temperatur atmosfer mempunyai R-sqare rata-rata 0.72 dan uap air 0.74, sedangkan RMSE untuk temperatur dan uap air sebesar 0.88 dan 0.29.

Introduction: The method of radiotherapy has moved away from two-dimensional and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy towards Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for advanced carcinomas. VMAT treatments often result in significant clinical advantage, particularly when concave dose distributions are required as is often the situation since these tumours are in close proximity to several critical structures. Aim:To investigate the potential clinical role of volumetric arc therapy on cervical cancer patients and its comparison with fixed-field Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) was used as a benchmark. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively, radiotherapy treatment plans of fifteen cervical cancer patients were selected for this study. These patients were previously treated with sliding window IMRT techniques during January 2020 to November 2020. For dosimetric comparison of sliding window IMRT techniques with RapidArc, a new set of plans were created using VMAT/RapidArc technique. For each patient two plans were generated and in this way total 30 plans were analysed. The prescription dose to Planning Target Volume (PTV) was 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions (1.8Gy/fraction) for the 6 MV photon beam. Comparison of each plan done on the basis of Organs At Risk (OARs) sparing, coverage index (C), Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), dose Gradient Index (GI), and Unified Dosimetry Index (UDI). This study utilised UDI scoring for evaluation and comparison of RapidArc and IMRT plans. Treatment Time (TT) for patient comfort and the number of Monitor Units (MUs) for long-term side-effects was also taken into consideration. A paired two-tailed t-test was executed for the dosimetric study of volumetric arc modulation with RapidArc and its comparison with the IMRT technique in the radiotherapy treatment of cervical cancer patients. All the collected data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. The (p-value<0.05) was contemplated for the level of statistical significance. Results: Comparable target coverage and better sparing of OARs were achieved with the RapidArc technique in comparison to IMRT. As was evident with results of present study, the values of CI (1.55±0.07), HI (1.07±0.07), GI (0.98±0.01) and UDI (1.25±0.11) of RapidArc technique showed significant difference from respective values of IMRT Technique (1.67±0.06, 1.10±0.06, 0.96±0.01 and 1.38±0.13). Values of MUs (1560.47±52.16) and treatment time (3.71±0.73 mins) were significantlly high in IMRT technique as compared to RapidArc technique (542.33±51.09 and 2.39±0.35 mins respectively). Conclusion: From this study, it is clear that a similar planning goal can be achieved by RapidArc in comparison to fixed-field IMRT with less normal organ toxicity. RapidArc is a faster and precise treatment technique. The most significant change comes to see in the number of MUs and TT, which is much lesser in RapidArc.

In 2011 The Economist alerted us to the claim that “digital data will flood the planet.” The exponential increase in data such as e-mails, Tweets and Instagram pictures underpins claims that we are living in an age of ‘infoglut’ (Andrejevic) and information superabundance (Internet Live Stats). Several years earlier, Shirky posed this as an issue not of “information overload” but of “filter failure” (Asay). Shirky’s claim suggests that we should not despair in the face of unmanageable volumes of content, but develop ways to make sense of this information – to curate. Reflecting on his experiences of curating the Meltdown Festival, David Byrne addressed the emergence of everyday curating practices: “Nowadays, everything and everyone can be curated. There are curators of socks, menus and dirt bike trails […] Anyone who has come up with a top-ten list is, in effect, a curator. And anyone who clicks ‘Like’ is a curator.” Byrne’s comments on socks and top ten lists captures how curating can be personal. In their discussion of curating as a new literacy practice, Potter and Gilje highlight how “as well as the institutional and professional contexts for such work through the centuries and across cultures, many people have made personal collections of texts and artefacts that have stood for them in the world” (123). The emergence of easily, and often freely, available content curating tools is linked to practices of accessible curating (Good). There has been a proliferation of content curating platforms and tools. Notwithstanding that accessibility and everyday usage are often the hallmark of content curating (for example, see Villi on social curating and user-distributed content), this article specifically focuses on content curating as a service. Defining the content curator as “someone who continually finds, groups, organizes and shares the best and most relevant content on a specific issue online”, Bhargava in 2009 described content curating as the next big social media job of the future. Popova stresses the importance of authorship and approaching curating as a “form of creative labor in and of itself” and identifies content curators as “human sense-makers” in a culture of “information overload”. By addressing curating ‘content for others’ rather than other curatorship practices such as ‘content for me’ and ‘content about me’, we aim to offer insights into the professional and commercial practices of content curating. Through connecting autoethnographic research with academic literature on the concept of ‘cultural intermediaries’, we identify two ways of understanding professional content curating - connected cultural intermediation, and curating literacies. Researching Content Curators as Creative Labour In his introduction to Curation Nation, Rosenbaum suggests that there is “both amateur and professional curation, and the emergence of amateur or prosumer curators isn’t in any way a threat to professionals” (3). Likewise, we do not see a threat or tension between amateur and professional curating. We are, though keen to address ‘professional’ strategic content curating for an intended audience as a notable difference and departure. To generate detailed insights into the role of the professional content curator we employed an autoethnographic approach. Holt’s review of the literature and his own experiences of autoethnography provide a helpful overview: “autoethnography is a genre of writing and research that connects the personal to the cultural, placing the self within a social context” (2). Specifically, we focus on Couzins’ personal experiences of content curating, his professional practices and his ‘cultural milieu’ (Reed-Danahay). Couzins was a business-to-business journalist for 17 years before starting a content and communications agency that: helps organisations tell their story through curated and created stories; runs a media brand for corporate learning, which features curated content and a weekly curated e-mail; designs and delivers massive open online courses on the Curatr platform (a social learning platform designed for curating content). The research and writing process for our analysis was informed by Anderson’s approach to analytical autoethnography, and from this we stress that Couzins is a full member of the research setting. Our focus on his experiences also resonates with the use of first-hand narratives in media industries research (Holt and Perren). Following preliminary exchanges, including collaborative note taking and face-to-face conversations, Ashton created an interview schedule that was then reviewed and revised with Couzins. This schedule was used as the basis for a semi-structured interview of around 90 minutes. Both authors transcribed and coded the interview data. Through thematic analysis we identified and agreed on five codes: industry developments and business models; relationships with technologies; identifying and sharing information sources; curating literacies; expertise and working with/for clients. This research paper was then co-written. As a conversation with only two participants, our account runs up against the widely stated concern associated with autoethnography of observing too few cultural members and not spending enough time with others (Coffey; Ellis, Adams and Bochner). However, we would argue that the processes of dyadic interviewing underpinned by self-analysis provides accessible and “useful stories” (Ellis, Adams and Bochner). Specifically, Anderson’s five features helped to guide our research and writing from documenting personal experience and providing insider perspectives, to broader generalisation and “theoretical development, refinement, and extension” (387). Indeed, we see this research as complementing and contributing to the large scale survey research undertaken by Liu providing excerpts on how “technology bloggers and other professionals explain the value of curating in a networked world” (20). The major theme emerging from the interview exchange, perhaps not unexpectedly, is how professional content curating revolves around making sense of specific materials. In acting as a bridge between the content and publications of some and its reception by others, literature on cultural intermediaries was identified as a helpful conceptual pointer. The relevance of this concept and literature for exploring professional content curators is illuminated by Smith-Maguire and Matthews’ comments that “cultural intermediaries impact upon notions of what, and thereby who, is legitimate, desirable and worthy, and thus by definition what and who is not” (552). The process of curating content necessarily involves judgements on what is deemed to be desirable and worthy for clients. Scholarship on cultural intermediaries was explicitly explored in the interview and co-writing stages, and the following covers some of the meeting points between our research and this concept. Content Curators as Cultural Intermediaries: Taste, Expertise and Value The concept of cultural intermediaries has been explored by academics in relation to a range of industries. This paper does not necessarily seek to add content curators to the expanding list of occupations analysed through the cultural intermediaries’ lens. There are though a range of questions and prompts from studies on cultural intermediaries helpful for understanding the ways in which content is made sense of and circulated. Smith-Maguire and Matthews’s 2012 article ‘Are We All Cultural Intermediaries Now?’ is particularly helpful for connecting content curating with debates on cultural intermediaries. They consider how cultural intermediaries “effect other’s orientation” (552), and the question they pose is directly relevant for thinking through distinctions in curating ‘for/about me’ and ‘for others’. The following statement by Couzins on a client relationship with a private membership network provides a useful account of what the job of content curating involves: Each week I curate a set of articles or videos on hot topics that have been identified by network members. Once I have identified suitable content I upload links to their website, including a reading time and a short summary. These two elements serve to help members decide whether or not to read it and when to read it. For example, if they have a short train journey they might have time to read a ten-minute article. All articles are tagged so that the curated links become a deeper resource over time and members are alerted by e-mail each week when new links have been published. The reference to “suitable content” highlights how the curator can shape a narrative by intentionally deciding what to keep in and what to leave out. Beyond this choice of what the client is directed to, there is also the importance of the “short summary” and thus how this curated content is packaged and made sense of by the curator for the client. McFall, in her contribution to the Cultural Intermediaries Reader, offers a specific lens for examining the distinctive filtering practice of content curators as acts of ‘economization’. McFall outlines how economization “involves the work of ‘qualifying’ behaviours, organizations and institutions as economic. This is positioned in contrast to the idea that there is some kind of mystery “x-factor” which defines things as inherently economic” (46). McFall explains how “things are rendered (i.e. they become) economic through the actions of producers, governments, research organisations, media, consumers, and so forth. Economization allows for the ways things may, throughout their life cycle, move in and out of being economic” (46). Whilst McFall’s comments recognise how things may be rendered economic through, for example, a ‘top ten list’, we want to specifically examine what this rendering looks like with the ‘professional’ content curator. The act of filtering is one of rendering, and the content that is curated and shared (whether it be articles, videos, links, etc.) becomes economic within this specific context. Whilst there are many organisations that would provide the regular service of producing curated content, two distinctive approaches were revealed in our exchange. The first approach we identify concerns content curating as connected cultural intermediation, and the second approach we identify concerns facilitating curating literacies and co-creation with clients. Connected Cultural Intermediation Connected cultural intermediation refers to how content curators can connect with their own clients and with producers of content. As the following explores, these connections are built around being explicit and open about the content that curators identify and how they filter it. Being open with producers of content was important as these connections could lead to future opportunities for Couzins to identify content for his clients. Couzins addresses the connections he makes in terms of transparency, stating: “you just need to have some more transparency around you as the curator, like who you are, who you represent, why you are doing it, and the scope of what you are looking at.” Part of this involves identifying his impact and influences as a taste-shaper. Couzins remarks, “I'm creating a story […] but my point of view will be based on my interest in what I bring to the curating process.” Transparency was further presented as a part of the process in which judgements and validations are made: “My reputation as a curator is based on what I curate, right? So therefore it has to be as sound as it can be, and I try to be as dispassionate as I can be about this.” These comments capture how transparency is integral for how Couzins establishes his reputation as a content curator. Couzins promotes transparency in content usage by alerting content producers to where content is curated: I also share on Twitter, so they [producers] know it's been shared because they are included in the retweets, for example. I would tell some people that I've linked to their stuff as well, and sometimes I would also say "Thank you," to so and so for linking to that. It's like thanking my supply chain, if you like. Because it's a network. The act of retweeting also operates as a means to develop connections with producers of content. As well as indicating to producers that content is being used, Couzins’ reference to the “supply chain” indicates the importance he invests in establishing connections and the wide circulation of curated content. One approach to content curating as a commercial practice could be to limit access and create a “pay wall” style scenario in which the curated content can only be accessed after a payment. Curated materials could be sent directly to e-mail or uploaded to private websites. For Couzins however, it is access to the flows of content and the connections with others that underpin and enable his content curating commercial practice. It is important for Couzins that curated content is available to the producers, clients and more publicly through his free-to-access website and Twitter feed. The earlier reference to reputation as a curator in part concerned being dispassionate and enabling verification through open and explicit acknowledgements and links. This comment also addresses generating a reputation for “sound” information. The following comments pick this up and point to the need for engaging with different sources: “I have got my own bubble that I operate in, and it's really challenging to get out of that bubble, bring new stuff in, or review what's in there. I find myself sharing stuff quite a lot from certain places, sometimes. You've got to work at that. It's hard.” Working hard to escape from the bubble was part of Couzins’ work to build his reputation. Acknowledging producers is both a way for Couzins to promote transparency around his filtering and a way to foster new sources of content to escape the bubble: “I do build some relationships with some of the producers, because I get to know them, and I thank them, and I say, ‘That's really good,’ so I have a lot of relationships with people just through their content. But it's not a commercial relationship.” Whilst Couzins suggests there may not be a commercial relationship with the producers of content, economic significance can be seen in two ways. Firstly, moving outside of the ‘bubble’ can help the content curator make more diverse contributions and establish a reputation for this. Secondly, these connections can be of benefit to content producers as their material further circulates. Whilst there is no payment to the content producer, Couzins directs this curated content to clients and does not restrict wider public access to it in this curated form. McFall’s comments on economization stress the role of cultural intermediaries in the life cycle of how things “move in and out of being economic.” With content curating there is a ‘rendering’ of content that sees it become significant in new contexts. Here, the obvious relationship may be between Couzins and his clients. The references to transparent relationships and thanking the ‘supply chain’ show that relationships with content producers are also crucial and that the content curator needs to be continually connecting. Curating Literacies and Co-Creation In the earlier discussion of cultural intermediaries we addressed framing and how judgements can shape legitimacy, desirability and worth. With the content curating cultural intermediary practices under discussion here, a different perspective is possible in which subject specialist knowledge and expertise may not necessarily be the primary driver behind clients’ needs. The role of the content curator as cultural intermediary here is still in the rendering of content. However, it does not specifically involve the selecting content but guiding others in the framing and circulation of content. Where the concern of the client is finding appropriate ways to share the materials that they identify, then the content curator may not need subject-specialist knowledge. Here the interest in the content curating service is on the curating processes and practices, rather than content knowledge. Couzins’ account revealed that in some cases the intermediary’s role is not about the selection of material, but in the framing of material already selected by clients for wider engagement: “People internally will decide what to share and tell you why it’s worth looking at. Basically, it’s making them look like they know what they’re talking about, building their credibility.” The content curator role here does not concern selecting content, but offering guidance on how to frame it. As such, there remains a crucial “rendering” role in which the content selected by clients becomes meaningful through the guidance and input of the professional content curator. Our interview exchange also identified another scenario of relationships in which the content curator has little involvement in either selecting or framing content. Part of the commercial activity explored in our interview included supporting staff within a client’s company to showcase their expertise and knowledge through both selecting and framing content. Specifically, as Couzins outlines, this could be undertaken as a bespoke face-to-face service with in-house training: I helped one client put a curation tool into their website enabling them to become the curators. I spent a lot of time talking to them about curation and their role as curators. We split curation into topics of interest – based on the client’s area of expertise - which would be useful both internally for personal/professional development and externally for business development by sharing content relevant for their customers. In this respect, the service provided by the content curator involves the sharing of their own curatorial expertise with clients in order that clients may undertake their own curatorial practice. There is for the client a similar concern with enhancing their social reputation and profile, but this approach stresses the expertise of clients in identifying and responding to their own content curating needs. In part this emphasis on the client’s selection of material is about the challenges of establishing and maintaining legitimacy as a content curator across several fields: “You can't begin to say you're an expert when you are not, because you'll be found out.” More than this though, it was an approach to content curating literacy. As Couzins state, “my view is that if people with the domain expertise have an interest in doing this […] then they should be doing it themselves. If you gave it to me I hold the keys to all your knowledge. Why would you want that?” The content curator and client exchange here is not restricted to gathering interests and then providing content. This scenario sees content curating as accessible, but also sees the curator in their continued role as cultural intermediary--where expertise is about mediation more than content. Returning to McFall’s comments on rendering as how things “move in and out of being economic”, our second understanding of content curating intermediaries directs attention away from what the things/content are to instead how those things move. Conclusion Set within debates and transformations around content and information abundance and filtering, this paper explored how the practices of filtering, finding, and sharing at the heart of content curating have much in common with the work of cultural intermediaries. Specifically, this paper identified two ways of understanding commercial content curating. Firstly, content curating involves the rendering of content, and the ability to succeed here relies on developing connections outside the curator-client dynamic. 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