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1

Richardson, Lesley, and n/a. "The effectiveness of videotape support in enhancing print based learning material." University of Canberra. Education, 1989. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.124959.

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In higher education greater emphasis is being placed on independent study techniques for both on-campus and off-campus (distance education) students. At the University College of Southern Queensland the development of learning support material has been print based with other media included as supplementary material. The purpose of this study was to see if videotape support material had a mark benefit on the improvement of learning for students using print based study material as their basic learning resource. A Solomon Four-Group research design was used for this study. Subjects comprised all level-three Diploma of Education students of the UCSQ undertaking a creative arts unit. Sculptures produced by the students were assessed by three judges using a rating scale devised by the researcher. Results indicated that no benefit was gained by the addition of videotape support material. Implications for the design and integration of videotape support material in independent study material, and for production procedure are presented in this study.
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2

Neuenschwander, García-Calderón Martín. "Facultad de Arquitectura UCSP en Arequipa." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/273380.

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La UCSP es una comunidad académica privada, animada por las orientaciones de la vida de la Iglesia Católica administrada por el MVC; al adquirir la actual edificación para su campus universitario, tuvo que acondicionar un casco en abandono planificado originalmente para ser un hotel. La propuesta se basa en la ampliación de la Universidad Católica San Pablo UCSP en Arequipa, que consta de la nueva facultad de arquitectura (No existente en la curricula actual de la universidad) y de los servicios complementarios que carece la edificación existente, sobre terrenos colindantes a éste; respetando las relaciones de escala de su entorno próximo, dada su proximidad a la ribera del río Chili y las vistas que se generan de las edificaciones que rodean el proyecto, adecuando su volumetría. El proyecto de tesis busca consolidar la imagen de centro de enseñanza universitario y enfatizar la vocación católica de sus promotores.
Tesis
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3

Cavanagh, Kate. "UCS expectancy biases and specific phobias." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300600.

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There is now considerable evidence that phobic responding is associated with a bias towards expecting aversive or traumatic outcomes following encounters with the phobic stimulus (e.g. Davey, 1995). In terms of conditioning contingencies, this can be described as a bias towards expecting an aversive or traumatic outcome (the unconditioned stimulus - UCS) following a phobic stimulus (the conditioned stimulus - CS). Research into the role of UCS expectancy biases in the development and maintenance of specific phobias has three basic requirements. First, it is not clear whether the ues expectancy biases evidenced in specific phobias represent a stimulus specific response or a more generalised associative phenomenon. Second, it is not clear what dispositional or state factors might contribute to the development and maintenance of such ues expectancy biases. Third, it is not clear what type of cognitive mechanisms might underlie UCS expectancy biases. This thesis uses a thought experiment version of a threat conditioning procedure to explore these requirements. The key findings indicate that spider phobics tend to overestimate the likelihood of aversive outcomes following phobic, but not other fear relevant stimuli, and tend to underestimate the likelihood of aversive outcomes following fear irrelevant stimuli in comparison to non-phobic controls. This dichotomous ues expectancy bias is mirrored both in the evaluation of stimuli in terms of dangerousness and valance, and in the generation of harm and safety cues with regards to these stimuli. Both positive and negative mood states, but not arousal states contributed to ues expectancy inflation, and in the case of revulsive animals induced state disgust also increased reported ues expectancies. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the role of UCS'S expectancies in the development and maintenance of specific phobias, and a discussion of the implications of these findings for our understanding of the information processing mechanisms underlying the specific phobias.
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4

Martwong, Ekkachai. "Design of surface-attached hydrogel thin films with LCST/UCST temperature-responsive properties." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS120/document.

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Les films minces d'hydrogels thermosensibles à propriétés LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) avec des températures de transition variables ont été mis au point pour des applications spécifiques. Les réseaux chimiques de polymères fixés de manière covalente sur des substrats solides plans ont été synthétisés par une approche polyvalente et facile à mettre en œuvre en utilisant la chimie click thiol-ène. Elle consiste à déposer des polymères préformés et réactifs en présence des réticulants dithiol sur des substrats modifiés thiol, la réaction de thiol-ène permettant la réticulation simultanée entre chaînes et le greffage en surface. La stratégie CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) donne des films d'hydrogel chimiquement stables et reproductibles avec une large gamme d'épaisseur et avec les propriétés thermostimulables désirées. Les polymères hydrophiles fonctionnalisés par des groupes fonctionnels alcène peuvent être synthétisés en utilisant une copolymérisation radicalaire du monomère souhaité avec du méthacrylate d'allyle dans un solvant organique ou un co-solvant avec de l'eau. Une autre voie est la synthèse dans l'eau en deux étapes: le monomère désiré est copolymérisé avec l'acide acrylique puis le copolymère est modifié par l’allylamine. Trois familles de polymères ont été étudiées: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) et poly(zwitterion). La température de transition des films d'hydrogel est déterminée en mesurant l'épaisseur dans des solutions aqueuses par ellipsométrie. Les films d'hydrogel de poly(PEGMA) montrent des propriétés de LCST avec la température de transition augmentant avec le nombre d'unités de PEG. La LCST varie de 15°C à 60°C avec deux à cinq unités de PEG dans les chaînes pendantes. La LCST peut également être ajustée en utilisant des copolymères avec différents ratios. Les films d'hydrogel acrylamide ont à la fois des propriétés LCST et UCST. Les films d'hydrogel de poly(sulfobetaïne) montrent un comportement UCST très intéressant en plus d’être « anti-fouling », ce qui est très prometteur pour les applications en biologie
Temperature-responsive surface-attached hydrogel thin films with various LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) were designed for specific applications. The chemical polymer networks covalently attached on plane solid substrates were synthesized by a versatile and straightforward approach using thiol-ene click chemistry. It consists in coating ene-reactive polymers and dithiol crosslinkers on thiol-modified substrates, the thiol-ene click reaction allowing simultaneous cross-linking between chains and grafting on the surface. The CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) strategy provides chemically stable and reproducible hydrogel films with a wide range of thickness and with the desired temperature-responsive properties. Ene-functionalized hydrophilic polymers can be synthesized using free radical copolymerization of the desired monomer with allyl methacrylate in organic solvent or co-solvent with water. Another way is the synthesis in water in two steps: the desired monomer is copolymerized with acrylic acid and then the copolymer is post-modified by amidification. Three polymer families were investigated: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) derivatives and poly(zwitterions). The transition temperature of the hydrogel films is determined by measuring the thickness in aqueous solutions at different temperatures with ellipsometry. Poly(PEGMA) hydrogel films show LCST properties with the transition temperature increasing with the number of PEG units. The LCST ranges from 15 °C to 60 °C with two to five PEG units in the pendant chains. The LCST can also be adjusted using mixed copolymers hydrogel. Poly(acrylamide) derivatives hydrogel films have both LCST and UCST properties. Poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel films show very interesting UCST behavior in addition to be anti-fouling, which is very promising for biology applications
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5

Martins, Paula Cristina Garcia. "A análise do modelo organizativo dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários no ACeS de Oeiras." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6410.

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Tese de Mestrado em MPA-Administração Pública com especialização em Saúde
O início da reforma dos cuidados de saúde primários aconteceu em 2005, com o Programa do XVII Governo Constitucional, que tinha como objetivo “atribuir uma particular relevância à reestruturação dos centros de saúde, pela proximidade ao cidadão e pelo contributo que dão à melhoria dos níveis de vida dos Portugueses. ” (Decreto-Lei n.º 88, 2005, p. 3606) Em 2006, surgiram as Unidades de Saúde Familiar (USF) como o primeiro movimento da reforma. As USF são unidades funcionais com autonomia administrativa, técnica e funcional que se organizaram de forma voluntária, que visam a prestação de serviços de qualidade e de proximidade, baseando-se numa nova forma de organizar a acessibilidade do utente à saúde. Em 2008 foram criados os Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (ACeS), segundo movimento da reforma. Os ACeS têm como objetivos a eficiência e economia de escala, aplicados à agregação de recursos e das estruturas de gestão. Estes agrupamentos passaram a ser constituídos por diversas unidades funcionais, entre elas as USF e as Unidades de Cuidados de Saúde Personalizados (UCSP).Através da realização de um estudo de caso no ACeS de Oeiras, observaram-se os resultados de seis dos indicadores comuns contratualizados pelas USF e pelas UCSP, entre 2009 e 2011, com o objetivo de compreender as novas formas de organização. Estes indicadores representam quatro áreas: o acesso, o desempenho assistencial, a satisfação e o desempenho económico. O estudo permitiu concluir que as USF obtiveram melhores resultados no triénio em análise, e que as UCSP levaram mais tempo a adaptar-se aos sistemas de informação e à nova forma organizativa, mas no último ano em análise (2011), os seus resultados melhoraram.
The primary health care reform began in 2005 with the XVII Constitutional Government Programme. This Program aimed "to give a strong input to the restructuration of the health centers, due to their proximity to the citizens and due to the contribution they make on the improvement of the life quality of the Portuguese people. "(Decreto-Lei n. º 88, 2005, p.3606). In 2006 were created the Family-Health Units (USF). These voluntarily self-created teams have administrative, technical and functional autonomy and aim to assure health services marked by outstanding quality and proximity, based on a new form of organization. In order to increase the scale efficiency and economy were created, in 2008, the Health-Centers Groups (ACeS), clusters which role was to aggregate resources and management structures, that are presently composed of several functional units such as the USF and UCSP. In this study we approached the ACeS Oeiras. We analyzed the results of six indicators (People access, assistance performance, satisfaction and economic performance) that are common to USFs and UCSP, between 2009 and 2011. Our goal was to understand the impact of the new forms of organization. Among other things, we concluded that USF performed better, that UCSP took longer to adapt to both the software and to the new organization, but their results improved in 2011.
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6

Morés, Andréia. "Inovação e cursos de Pedagogia EAD : os casos UCS e UFRGS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/39665.

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No presente estudo investigaram-se as inovações pedagógicas, científicas e tecnológicas presentes nos cursos de Pedagogia, na modalidade Educação a Distância (EaD) da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) e da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). As universidades investigadas, uma comunitária e outra pública federal, têm larga experiência na formação de professores. No entanto, os cursos EaD em formação docente são experiências recentes. A metodologia incluiu o Estudo dos Casos embasado em Yin (2005). A coleta de dados para constituição da cada caso abarcou entrevistas semiestruturadas e questionários, e a análise dos documentos Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI) e Projeto Pedagógico dos Cursos. A revisão de literatura abrangeu estudos apresentados pela UNESCO, pela Associação Brasileira de Educação a Distância (ABED), por Belloni, Litwin, Kenski, Santos, Leite, Lucarelli, Cunha e outros. A análise dos dados levantados para compor os estudos de caso demonstra a necessidade de um trabalho institucional que rompa com as concepções e visões tradicionais estabelecidas pelo paradigma de ensino conservador dominante, ainda preso a práticas e culturas acadêmicas. Dentre as dificuldades apresentadas pelos cursos estão o distanciamento entre algumas interdisciplinas, o currículo por módulos, a dificuldade de organização do tempo para estudos, o deslocamento dos tutores, certa desmotivação dos alunos e seu sentimento de inferioridade frente a outros cursos universitários. O estudo revela que se está a caminho da construção de práticas de EaD com aproximações inovadoras, pois em ambos os cursos de Pedagogia EaD estão presentes inovações pedagógicas, científicas e tecnológicas que potencializaram uma nova maneira de conhecer, ensinar e aprender na universidade.
The current study investigates the pedagogical, scientific and technological innovations present in the courses of Pedagogy in the Distance Education mode (EaD) of Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) and of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The investigated universities, a community one and a federal public one, have wide experience in the education of teachers. However, the EAD courses for teacher education are recent experiences. The methodology included the Study of Cases based on Yin (2005). The collection of data in order to constitute each case comprised semistructured interviews, questionnaires and the analysis of the documents named Plan of Institutional Development (PDI) and Pedagogical Project of the Courses. The literature review comprised studies presented by UNESCO, the Brazilian Association of Distance Education (ABED), Belloni, Litwin, Kenski, Santos, Leite, Lucarelli, Cunha and others. The analysis of the data raised to compose the case studies demonstrates the need of an institutional work that breaks the traditional conceptions and views established by the paradigm of the dominant conservative teaching still tied to academic practices and cultures. Among the difficulties introduced by the courses are the distance between some of the interdisciplines, the curricula by modules, the difficulty with scheduling the study time, the displacement of the tutors, a certain lack of motivation by the students and their feeling of inferiority before other university courses.The study reveals that one is on the way to the construction of EaD practices with innovating approaches because in both EaD Pedagogy courses, pedagogical, scientific and technological innovations are present which have potentialized a new way of knowing, teaching and learning in the university.
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7

Teitelbaum, Jennifer. "UCSF MOUNT ZION: The Closure of a Teaching Hospital and Its Primary Care Residency Program." Yale University, 2003. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-07012003-151744/.

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In November 1999, financial losses led the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center (UCSF) to close all inpatient services at Mount Zion Hospital, a community teaching hospital affiliated with UCSF since 1990. As a result of the closure, Mount Zions primary care residency program (MZPC) was merged with UCSFs university-based primary care program. We examined these events in the context of three major currents in U.S. health care: containment of rising health care costs, financial pressures on teaching hospitals, and the shifting priorities in graduate medical education with respect to subspecialty medicine and primary care. As part of this descriptive study, we investigated the impact of the Mount Zion closure on all UCSF internal medicine residents who were in training at the time. Using a cross-sectional survey, we found that a majority of residents felt the closure was harmful to their training, but that reasons varied by program affiliation. Many specific areas of training remained unaffected. Low morale correlated with abandonment of generalist career plans among some primary care residents (p=0.02). We concluded that the perception of harm reflected a temporary reaction to change rather than actual harm to the quality of the programs, and that while attrition from generalism may have resulted from disillusionment by some residents, it more likely reflected a national decline in interest in primary care since 1997. We also concluded that the closure of Mount Zion and its residency program was a consequence of the shifting emphasis toward subspecialization in the U.S. and is a harbinger of further changes in that direction.
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8

Ozcelik, Ozgur. "A mechanics-based virtual model of NEES-UCSD shake table theoretical development and experimental validation /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3320217.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 22, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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9

Liu, Fangyao [Verfasser], and Franz Xaver [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmid. "Linear and Cross-linked UCST-Type Polymers : Synthesis and Properties / Fangyao Liu. Betreuer: Franz Xaver Schmid." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075807840/34.

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10

Nizardo, Noverra Mardhatillah [Verfasser], and André [Akademischer Betreuer] Laschewsky. "Thermoresponsive block copolymers with UCST-behavior aimed at biomedical environments / Noverra Mardhatillah Nizardo ; Betreuer: André Laschewsky." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1218403659/34.

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Käfer, Florian [Verfasser], and Seema [Akademischer Betreuer] Agarwal. "New non-ionic polymers with UCST-type and complex phase transition behavior / Florian Käfer ; Betreuer: Seema Agarwal." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190170752/34.

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12

Sadio, Rute Sofia Madruga Pereira. "Autocuidado na diabetes mellitus tipo II e vulnerabilidade ao stress dos idosos de uma UCSP do Norte Alentejano." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23572.

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Em Portugal 40,7% da população tem diabetes, estando relacionado com o aumento da taxa de envelhecimento da estrutura etária da população e sendo considerado um desafio de saúde pública. Por sua vez, os programas de combate à Diabetes incidem na prevenção primária ao nível do autocuidado e englobam nas intervenções a gestão de stress. Este relatório visa descrever todas as atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio, em particular, o projeto de intervenção sobre o autocuidado na diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (nomea-damente alimentação e exercício físico) e a vulnerabilidade ao stress nos idosos da UCSP. O mesmo foi realizado e implementado tendo como base a metodologia do planeamento de saúde. No trabalho é também feita uma análise e reflexão das atividades desenvolvidas com vista à obtenção de competências de especialista em enfermagem, especificamente no âmbito da saúde comunitária, saúde pública e a aquisição de competências de mestre; ABSTRACT: Self-care in type II diabetes and vulnerability to stress in the Elderly of a Northern Alentejo UCSP In Portugal, 40.7% of the population has diabetes, and is related to the increase in the aging rate of the age structure of the population and is considered a public health challenge. Diabetes programs, in turn, focus on primary prevention in terms of self-care and include stress management interventions. This report aims to describe all the activities developed during the internship, in par-ticular the intervention project on self-care in type 2 diabetes mellitus (namely food and phys-ical exercise) and stress vulnerability in the elderly of UCSP. The same was done and imple-mented based on the methodology of health planning. In the work is also made an analysis and reflection of the activities developed with the aim of obtaining the skills of specialist in nursing, specifically in the field of community health, public health and the acquisition of master's skills.
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13

Harris, Richard Mark. "UCS - a novel gene family involved in calcium homeostasis and nutrition in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437586.

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14

Lindström, Emil. "Windows Phone - Bokningsapp för taxiresor." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108860.

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Användare kan idag boka taxi via TaxiCaller på webben, iPhone och Android. De vill även finnas på Windows Phone 8 och därmed stödja de tre största smartphoneplattformarna. Den här rapporten syftar till att undersöka hur en applikation kan utvecklas med hjälp av ett användarcentrerat arbetssätt för att uppnå hög användbarhet. Prototyping, card sort, användbarhetskrav är några av de metoder som tillämpats. Rapporten beskriver metoderna genom dess teori, hur de tillämpats i projektet samt dess resultat. Det grundläggande genomförandet var att samla in användarinformation för att sedan utveckla en prototyp som testades på användare. Sedan gjordes en ny prototyp utifrån resultatet från användartestet och denna process itererade fram fyra prototyper. Användbarhetsproblem från testerna samt tid för genomförande av specificerad uppgift redogörs. Resultatet är en prototyp för Windows Phone 8 som nästintill är helt färdig för publicering. Användartest är den metod som haft mest påverkan på resultatet av applikationen. Varje test har frambringat problem med användbarheten som sedan har kunnat åtgärdas för att förbättra applikationen. Med tanke på utvärderingar och de krav som specificerades är jag nöjd med resultatet som bland annat är avskalat och grafiskt tilltalande samtidigt som den önskade funktionaliteten från TaxiCaller är implementerad.
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Xerri, Eliana Gasparini. "Da Universidade da Serra ? Universidade de Caxias do Sul/RS (1955 2002): o pensar e o construir da universidade na serra ga?cha." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2012. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3712.

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This study analyzes the history of Universidade de Caxias do Sul, located at Rio Grande do Sul, between the years of 1950, decade of the creation of the first higher education classes on the city of Caxias do Sul, and 2002, end of the management characterized by the regionalization of the university. The history of the Universidade de Caxias do Sul associate at the higher education in the Brazil, here constructed, was possible through of search, selection and analysis of documents, oral speaks, periodic that saves aspects of memory and the history of Institution, of region, and country. The documents stored at CEDOC/UCS and those given by the Pr?-Reitoria Acad?mica are used as source of research, as well as the bibliography relative to the high education in Brazil, in Caxias do Sul and in the region. The study used interviews with professors Jayme Paviani and Jos? Clemente Pozenato, as representatives of the researchers group that, since the university creation, in 1967, helped to think and build it. Using the newspapers, it was possible to establish dialogues with the regional society and understand aspects of the politics, economy and culture. The Revista CHRONOS, used as interpretative source of the thinking and building of the Universidade de Caxias do Sul, between 1967, when the first edition was published and 2007, when the last one was, following the context of creation, consolidation and crisis of the university. The study reflects over the community and regional university, in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, having been the first university in the mountains region, with a pattern reminds of the need of reflect over the many kinds of the high education in Brazil and its importance on the many contexts and scenarios. The work is part of Cultural History in studies in dialogue with the History of Education, related to micro-history, when one considers the institution and at the same time, the macro-history as it relates to higher education presence in Brazil and worldwide. The theoretical framework of qualitative research and the possibility of greater flexibility of the interdisciplinary study where history and education, higher education and regional society, intersect, constituted the work. The research pointes that the history of the University of Caxias do Sul is inserted on the economic, social, cultural context of the country and mountain region of Rio Grande do Sul, whose characteristics allow regional and community and allow the 12 institution to develop teaching, research and extension with the look globalized and regional roots. The work does not provide an unequivocal truth, but problematizes the present and the future of the University of Caxias do Sul in the region, as an Institution of Higher Education, establishing permanent dialogue with the community in a context of different forms of IES and has, since the beginning with the internal community‟s collective, teachers of core thinking, and external: the Catholic Church, Group Our Lady of Fatima Hospital, Sisters of the order of St. Joseph, city of Caxias do Sul, State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, Federal Government, entrepreneurs in the process of consolidation and that allowed its configuration as one of largest IES in the State.
O estudo analisa a hist?ria da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, localizada no Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 1950, d?cada de cria??o dos primeiros cursos superiores na cidade de Caxias do Sul, e 2002, final da gest?o que marcou a regionaliza??o da Universidade. A hist?ria da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, associada a do ensino superior no Brasil, aqui constru?da, foi poss?vel atrav?s da coleta, sele??o e an?lise de documentos, de relatos orais, de peri?dicos que guardam aspectos da mem?ria e da hist?ria da Institui??o, da regi?o e do Pa?s. Os documentos depositados no CEDOC/UCS e os disponibilizados pela Pr?-Reitoria Acad?mica s?o utilizados como fonte de pesquisa, assim como a bibliografia concernente ao ensino superior no Brasil, ? cidade de Caxias do Sul e ? regi?o. As entrevistas com os professores Jayme Paviani e Jos? Clemente Pozenato, como representantes do grupo de professores que, desde a cria??o da Universidade, em 1967, ajudaram a elaborar e construir a mesma; significaram a mem?ria da Universidade a partir de suas percep??es pessoais sobre o tema. Atrav?s da pesquisa em peri?dicos da regi?o foi poss?vel estabelecer di?logos com a sociedade e perceber aspectos da pol?tica, economia e cultura. A Revista CHRONOS foi utilizada como fonte interpretativa do pensar a Universidade de Caxias do Sul, no per?odo de 1967 e 2007, anos de publica??o do primeiro e ?ltimo volume, acompanhando o contexto de cria??o, consolida??o e crises da universidade. O estudo reflete sobre a universidade comunit?ria e regional, no interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sido a primeira universidade na regi?o serrana, cujo modelo retoma a necessidade de refletir sobre as diversas modalidades do ensino superior brasileiro e sua import?ncia nos variados contextos. O trabalho se insere nos estudos da Hist?ria Cultural dialogando com a Hist?ria da Educa??o, relacionado ? micro-hist?ria, quando considera uma institui??o e, ao mesmo tempo, da macro-hist?ria quando relacionado ao ensino superior presente no Brasil e no mundo. O referencial te?rico da pesquisa qualitativa e a possibilidade de maior flexibilidade do estudo interdisciplinar onde hist?ria e educa??o, ensino superior e sociedade regional, se entrecruzam, constitu?ram o trabalho. A pesquisa apontou que a hist?ria da Universidade de Caxias do Sul est? inserida no contexto econ?mico, social, cultural do pa?s e da 10 regi?o serrana do Rio Grande do Sul, cujas caracter?sticas regional e comunit?ria permitiram e permitem que a Institui??o desenvolva atividades de ensino, pesquisa e extens?o com o olhar globalizado e com ra?zes regionais. O trabalho n?o traz uma verdade inequ?voca, mas problematiza o presente e o futuro da Universidade de Caxias do Sul na regi?o, como Institui??o de Ensino Superior, que estabelece com a comunidade di?logos permanentes em um contexto de formas diversas de IES e que contou, desde o in?cio, com coletivos da comunidade interna, professores do grupo pensante, e externa: Igreja Cat?lica, Grupo Hospital Nossa Senhora de F?tima, Irm?s da Ordem de S?o Jos?, Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul, Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Governo Federal, empres?rios em seu processo de consolida??o e que permitiram a sua configura??o como uma das maiores IES do Estado.
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Mu, Tianhong. "Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Fibers." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1301.

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In this study, coal combustion by-products mainly fly ash, commercial fibers and a natural fiber i.e., human hair were applied to stabilize the kaolinite clay and local Carbondale soil i.e., silty clay. During recent decades, the demand for infrastructures such as highways, buildings, bridges have greatly increased, especially in the areas where population was growing rapidly. All of these infrastructures need a stable foundation and in many cases the original land couldn't sustain the load from the infrastructures. In such situation, soil stabilization becomes an essential step before the foundation is laid. There are several ways to stabilize soil, viz., mechanical stabilization, chemical stabilization, stabilization by inclusion and confinement etc. It has been reported by several researchers that fly ash and fibers can significantly improve the strength of soil. Fly ash and natural fiber i.e., human hair are both waste materials, and commercial fibers are low-cost compared to other soil stabilizers. In this study, class C fly ash was used to stabilize commercially available clay i.e., Kaolinite; while both human hair and commercially available fibers (e.g., glass fiber and plastic fiber) were used to stabilize Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil. Based on this research, it could be concluded that the class C fly ash can improve the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) value of Kaolinite clay significantly; fibers also could increase the UCS value of both Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil. While, the tensile strength of Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil sometimes increases or decreases depending on the percentages of fiber content used into Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil. The current research on soil stabilization by fly ash and those fibers may provide a new possibility for soil stabilization.
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Mantovani, Lucas Machado. "Estudo de tradução, adaptação e validação da versão brasileira da UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) em pacientes com Esquizofrenia." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-9WGQNP.

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Introduction: Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness, presenting with important functional deficits throughout lifetime. The UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) is a measure of Functional Capacity and assesses skills involved in community tasks, commonly impaired in patients with Schizophrenia. It has good psychometric properties, and is currently the most studied, recommended and used Functional Capacity assessment around the world. A brief version (UPSA-B), encompassing only two of the five original subdomains, has also been developed and often employed in the last years. To our knowledge so far, there are no studies in western developing countries concerning Functional Capacity in Schizophrenia. Objectives: The aims of this study were to translate, culturally adapt and validate the UPSA to assess Functional Capacity in community-dwelling patients with Schizophrenia living in Brazil. Methods: Eighty-two subjects (52 patients, 30 controls) were evaluated using the Brazilian version of the UPSA (UPSA-1-BR), Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), and the Real-World Functioning scales Personal and Social Performance (PSP) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Patients and Controls had their age and educational levels controlled, and were recruited in the same geographic area. Results: In the reliability test, UPSA-1-BR showed good Internal Consistency (Cronbachs alpha of 0.88) and strong correlation between test and retest (4 months gap; r = 0.91; p<0.01). Spearmans rho values showed a moderate correlation between UPSA-1-BR and both PSP (0.50; p<0.01) and GAF (0.46; p<0.01) scores. UPSA-1-BR is capable of differentiating people with and without Schizophrenia. Patients scored lower than healthy controls (58.9 versus 79.1), with an AUC of 0.79 (95%IC: 0.69-0.89). Sensitivity and specificity values of 0.71 and 0.70, respectively, were found in the cut-off point or 73.5, for separation of patients and controls, with predictive values of 80% (positive) and 58% (negative). UPSA-B-BR was also evaluated and kept the good psychometric properties found for the original instrument. Conclusions: UPSA-1-BR and its brief version presented adequate psychometric properties and proved to be valid and reliable instruments in the assessment of Functional Capacity in subjects with Schizophrenia. Brazilian patients presented Functional Capacity scores comparable to international studies.
Introdução: A Esquizofrenia é uma doença mental grave, cursando com relevantes deficits funcionais ao longo de toda a vida. A UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) é um instrumento de avaliação da Capacidade Funcional que mede as habilidades envolvidas em atividades comunitárias, usualmente comprometidas em pacientes com Esquizofrenia. Ela possui boas propriedades psicométricas, e é atualmente o instrumento de avaliação da Capacidade Funcional mais estudado, recomendado e utilizado ao redor do mundo. Uma versão breve (UPSA-B), contendo apenas dois dos cinco subdomínios originais, também foi desenvolvida e vem sendo muito utilizada nos últimos anos. Até onde sabemos, não há estudos sobre Capacidade Funcional na Esquizofrenia em países ocidentais em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram a tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da UPSA, para avaliação da Capacidade Funcional em pacientes com Esquizofrenia vivendo em ambiente comunitário no Brasil. Métodos: Oitenta e dois voluntários (52 pacientes, 30 controles) foram avaliados através da versão brasileira da UPSA (UPSA-1-BR), da Escala das Síndromes Positiva e Negativa (PANSS), e das escalas de avaliação do Funcionamento em Mundo Real Performance Pessoal e Social (PSP) e Avaliação Global do Funcionamento (AGF). Pacientes e controles tiveram suas idades e níveis educacionais pareados, e foram recrutados na mesma área geográfica. Resultados: Nos estudos de confiabilidade, a UPSA-1-BR demonstrou boa Consistência Interna (alfa de Cronbach: 0,88) e forte correlação entre o teste e o reteste (intervalo de 4 meses; r = 0,91; p<0,01). A UPSA-1-BR apresentou correlação moderada, pelo rho de Spearman, com os resultados da PSP (0,50; p<0,01) e da AGF (0,46; p<0,01). A UPSA-1-BR é capaz de diferenciar pessoas com e sem Esquizofrenia. Os pacientes pontuaram menos que os controles saudáveis (58,9 contra 79,1), com uma AUC de 0,79 (IC de 95%: 0,69-0,89). Valores de sensibilidade e especificidade de 0,71 e 0,70, respectivamente, foram encontrados no ponto de corte de 73,5 na separação entre pacientes e controles, com valores preditivos de 80% (positivo) e 58% (negativo). A UPSA-B-BR também foi avaliada e manteve as boas propriedades psicométricas do instrumento original. Conclusões: A UPSA-1-BR e sua versão breve apresentaram propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias e se confirmaram instrumentos confiáveis e válidos na avaliação da Capacidade Funcional de paciente com Esquizofrenia. Os pacientes brasileiros apresentaram escores de Capacidade Funcional comparáveis aos estudos internacionais.
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Pineda, Contreras Beatriz Amanda [Verfasser], and Seema [Akademischer Betreuer] Agarwal. "Basic Studies of UCST Polymers in Water and their Processing as Films and Fibers / Beatriz Amanda Pineda-Contreras ; Betreuer: Seema Agarwal." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136017496/34.

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Soldatelli, Volnei Flávio. "Avaliação da comunidade fitoplanctônica em lagoas de estabilização utilizadas no tratamento de efluentes domésticos : estudo de caso - ETE - UCS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10953.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo relacionar a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica com as variáveis físicas, físico-químicas e químicas das Lagoas de Maturação da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, no período de um ano. Foram considerados os atributos da comunidade (riqueza, composição, densidade, diversidade e eqüitabilidade), suas relações com as variáveis abióticas (temperatura do ar e da água, turbidez, transparência da água, pH, condutividade elétrica, OD, DBO5 total e solúvel, DQO total e solúvel, sólidos suspensos totais e voláteis, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo total), além da precipitação pluviométrica e da intensidade do vento. As amostragens foram mensais no período de agosto/05 a julho/06. As análises quali-quantitativas do fitoplâncton foram realizadas em microscópio binocular, sendo que, para a quantificação, utilizou-se a câmara de Sedwick-Rafter. Na análise quali-quantitativa foram identificados 242 táxons em níveis genérico, específico e infra-específico.A comunidade fitoplanctônica mostrou-se semelhante nos doze meses amostrados, sendo que as classes Chlorophyceae e Zignematophyceae foram as mais representativas nos períodos mais quentes. No período de temperaturas mais baixas, predominaram as classes Cianophyceae, Bacillariophyceae e Euglenophyceae. Os gêneros com maior densidade anual, dentre as classes estudadas, foram representados por: Chlamydomonas, Synechocystis, Surirella, Euglena e Cosmarium. As espécies com maior densidade anual, dentre os gêneros registrados, foram: Chlorella miniata, Synechocystis aquatilis, Surirella ovata, Lepocinclis fusiformis e Cosmarium sp c. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreu uma variação sazonal no "standing-stock" com um máximo no outono e verão e um mínimo na primavera e no inverno. O "standing-stock" foi de 589.060 ind./mL a 1.181.498 ind./mL, com o valor médio anual de 898.166 ind./mL. Os índices de diversidade e eqüitabilidade, bem como os valores de riqueza, apresentaram uma pequena diferença entre as estações do ano e entre as estações amostradas, porém revelaram uma maior diferença entre os meses amostrados.Na análise de agrupamento, tanto a riqueza quanto a abundância de indivíduos encontradas na Entrada da Lagoa de Maturação 1 (ELM1) e Saída da Lagoa de Maturação 1 (SLM1) foram similares entre si, no entanto diferiram da encontrada na Saída da Lagoa de Maturação 2 (SLM2). Essa diferença foi determinada, provavelmente, pelas variações existentes entre as variáveis ambientais estudadas da Lagoa de Maturação 1 (LM1) e da Lagoa de Maturação 2 (LM2) e pelo tempo de detenção hidráulica de cada Lagoa de Maturação. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, constatou-se que a turbidez foi a única variável que influenciou diretamente na riqueza, abundância e diversidade fitoplanctônica. Isso ocorreu, provavelmente, porque essa variável reduz a penetração da luz, fator que controla a temperatura e a fotossíntese, alterando, com isso, a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica.
The aim of this paper is to establish a relationship between the phytoplanktic’s community structure with the physical, physical-chemical and chemical variables of the Maturation Lakes from Station Sewerage Treatment of Caxias do Sul University, over a year. It has been considered the community’s features (richness, composition, density, diversity and equitability), their relationships between the abiotic variables (air and water temperature, turbidity, water transparency, pH, eletric conductivity, DO, total and soluble BOD5, total and soluble COD, total and volatile suspendend solids, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus), as well as the rainfalls and the wind’s intensity. The samples were taken monthly from August 2005 to July 2006. The quali-quantitative phytoplankton analysis were carried out in a binocular optic microscope and for the quantification a of Sedwick-Rafter’s chamber was used as well. In the quali-quantitative analysis were identified 242 taxa in generic levels, specific and infra-specific. The phytoplanktic community was similar all over the 12 months sampled, however the Chlorophyceae and Zignematophyceae were more significant in the hot months. In the low temperature months it could be perceived the Cianophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and the Euglenophyceae more significantly.The genre with higher annual density among the classes been studied were: Chlamydomonas, Synechocystis, Surirella, Euglena and Cosmarium. The species with highest annual density among the classes been studied were: Chorella miniata, Synechocystis aquatilis, Surirella ovata, Lepocinclis fusiformis and Cosmarium sp c. The results showed a seasonal variation in the standing-stock with a maximum in the fall and summer and a minimum in the spring and winter. The standing-stock was 589.060 ind./mL a 1.181.498 ind./mL, with the medium annual rate of 898.166 ind./mL. The diversity and equality levels, as well as the richness values showed a slight difference among the seasons of the year themselves and the seasons sampled, however, they showed a bigger difference in the sampled months. In the grouping analysis, either the richness or the abundance of individuals found in the entrance of Maturation Lake 1 (EML1) and the exit of the Maturation Lake1 (SML1), were alike each other, however, they differ from those found in the exit of the Maturation Lake 2 (SML2). This difference was probably defined by the remaining environmental variables studied from Maturation Lake 1 (ML1) and from the Maturation Lake 2 (ML2) and for the time of hydraulical retention of each Maturation Lake. In the linear multiple regression analysis, the results showed that the turbidity was the only variable that influenced directly in the phytoplanktic’s richness, abundance and diversity. That probably might have happened due to the turbity which reduces the light penetration, a factor which controls the temperature, the photosyntesis, changing that way the structure of the phytoplanktic community.
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Mecca, Marlei Salete. "Desenvolvimento de um protótipo de EIS(executive information system) que possibilita a integração dos níveis hierárquicos : o caso UCS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/2166.

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Este trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver e avaliar um Protótipo de um EIS (Executive Information System) que integre os níveis hierárquicos operacional, tático e estratégico, a fim de suprir e dar suporte, quanto a informações, a uma das Pró- Reitorias da Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS. Quer-se demonstrar não só a importância mas também a contribuição da integração, através do acesso e compartilhamento das informações, dos níveis hierárquicos, proporcionada pelo Protótipo, para a obtenção da eficiência e eficácia das atividades desenvolvidas na Pró-Reitoria em estudo. Através de revisão bibliográfica e de levantamentos efetuados por meio de questionários, elaborou-se o Protótipo EIS -UCS, o qual posteriormente foi avaliado através de dois protocolos, aplicados em momentos distintos, e também através da grade de análise do modelo conceitual de EIS. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o cumprimento do objetivo de desenvolver e avaliar o protótipo EIS-UCS. Os resultados apresentam o obtido em relação ao processo, ao sistema, ao conteúdo, a integração dos níveis hierárquicos e o aprendizado da organização e do pesquisador. Concluiu-se que o Protótipo EIS-UCS integra, através do acesso e compartilhamento das informações, os níveis hierárquicos e também supre e dá suporte, quanto ao nível de informações à Pró-Reitoria de Extensão e Relações Universitárias da Universidade de Caxias do Sul.
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Vuelma, Valquiria Paza. "O papel dos stricto sensu em administração da PUCRS e UCS, na formação de empreendedores : a visão dos alunos egressos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/544.

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Os Stricto Sensu em Administração são regulamentados pela CAPES Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, a qual preconiza pela qualidade, para tanto se utiliza de avaliações trienais. Cada Programa cria sua própria linha de pesquisa; porém o foco ainda é a formação de docentes de qualidade, embora haja, principalmente, na UCS e PUCRS a busca pela formação de empreendedores. No intuito de verificar o papel dos cursos de mestrados em estudo na formação de empreendedores, esta dissertação buscou, a partir da análise de literatura sobre o tema, caracterizar as dimensões do empreendedorismo, a evolução da pós-graduação, identificar as universidades e os mestrados em estudo, bem como dimensionar os alunos egressos a serem pesquisados e comparar as informações coletadas de cada mestrado. Para atingir os objetivos, foi utilizada a metodologia de estudo de caso, exploratório, descritivo do tipo múltiplos casos. Utilizou-se um instrumento de coleta aplicado a todos os egressos; porém, nem todos responderam. Optou-se por utilizar a quantidade total de retorno, sendo que, para que a amostra fosse considerada representativa, calculou-se a mesma considerando erro amostral de 10%, porém não pode ser considerada com viés, pois todos os indivíduos tiveram a mesma chance de serem pesquisados. De posse dos dados, optou-se por uma análise exploratória; posteriormente, para a comparação, uma análise comparativa, considerando um nível de significância de 5%, ou seja, a probabilidade máxima de rejeitar acidentalmente uma hipótese nula verdadeira, sendo a medida estimada do grau em que o resultado é verdadeiro. Assim, concluiu-se que os mestrados em estudo estão cumprindo com o proposto, sendo considerados pelos pesquisados como formadores de empreendedores, uma vez que a média de todas as questões aplicadas apresentou-se superior a três, mínimo para considerar importante na formação de empreendedores, pois, conforme a escala de likert utilizada, o valor três refere-se a "não concordo nem discordo", ou seja, neutro; portanto, para ser importante, deve ser maior ou igual a três, abaixo deste valor considera-se discordando com as proposições pesquisadas pelo constructo aplicado. Além de coletar as informações para verificar o papel dos mestrados na formação de empreendedores, a dissertação teve como foco preencher lacunas na área de conhecimento do referido assunto, com a finalidade de contribuir de forma científica na disseminação de novas teorias, bem como agregar novos estudos sobre o tema.
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Stricto sensu in the administration are regulated by CAPES - Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education, which advocates for quality, for both uses of triennial evaluations. Each program creates its own line of research, but the focus is still the quality of teacher training, although there is, mainly, in UCS and PUCRS the search for training of entrepreneurs. In order to verify the role of study in Masters courses in the training of entrepreneurs, this paper sought from the analysis of literature on the subject, to characterize the dimensions of entrepreneurship, the development of postgraduate studies, to identify the universities and the Masters under study, as well as sizing the alumni to be searched and to compare information collected from each master. To reach these objectives, it was used the methodology of case study, exploratory, descriptive and multiple cases. It was used a data collection instrument applied to all graduates, although not all answered, it was chosen to use the total return, and for which the sample was considered representative, it was calculated considering the same sampling error of 10% but can not be considered biased, because all individuals had the same chance of being surveyed. By having the data, it was opted for an exploratory analysis, for later comparison, a comparative analysis, considering a significance level of 5%, in other words, the maximum probability of accidentally rejecting a true null hypothesis, whereas the measurement of estimated degree to which the result is true. Thus, it was concluded that the masters in the study are complying with the proposal being considered by researchers as trainers of entrepreneurs, since the average of all applied questions were better than the third, least important to consider the training of entrepreneurs because according to the Likert scale used, the value 3 refers to "neither agree nor disagree", or neutral, so it is important to be greater than or equal to 3, below this value is considered disagreeing with the propositions surveyed by the construct used. Besides collecting the information to verify the role of masters in the training of entrepreneurs, the dissertation focused on filling gaps in the knowledge area of that subject, in order to contribute in a scientific way with the dissemination of new theories as well as to add new studies on the subject.
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Lindholm, Tobias. "Hållfasthetsundersökning av pastafyll i Zinkgruvan." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65504.

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The current mining method in Zinkgruvan today is underhand stoping. With this method the ore is mined downwards in disks. When the ore is extracted the stope is backfilled with paste which contains tailings, cement and water. The paste will constitute the ceiling in lower levels and are therefore vital for the safety and the requirements of the strength. The goal of this thesis is to increase knowledge about the paste’s strength after the usual tests within 28 days. Test objects are taken from two different paste’s in Burkland and Nygruvan and compares with old data from the same sights. Besides the test objects that are taken from the mine there are also some studys on the literature with consideration on mine backfill in other mines using a similar mining method. By interviewing experts at Zinkgruvan increased knowledge is acquired about the production and the company. By the results an indication is given regarding the possibility of optimizing the paste containing eight percent cement to a lower amount in order to reduce costs. The results shows that the paste increases in strength after standard testing within 28 days.
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Sengor, Mahmut Yavuz. "The Deformation Characteristics Of Deep Mixed Columns In Soft Clayey Soils: A Model Study." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613075/index.pdf.

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Deep Mixing involves the introduction of cementitious or specially formulated solutions directly into the ground through the use of purpose built blending injection augers. The system is mainly designed to increase strength and reduce compressibility of treated soil. In the first stage of the research effective mixture ratios and mixture types of stabilizing agents were investigated for soft clays (CL form Eymir lake and kaolinite) by means of unconfined compression (UC) tests on stabilized soils. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values were obtained for 7,28,90 and 365 days of curing time. The ratio of elastic modulus at 50% failure load (E50) to (UCS) of the stabilizing agents were also investigated. In the second part of the research programme, deep mixed model columns with the three column materials and four different column spacings are formed within the large scale consolidation tanks, and the consolidation characteristics of deep mixed improved clay were investigated. Based on the results of large scale consolidation tests on deep mixed columnar improved soft clay, compressibility characteristics of improved soft clay were determined in relation to spacing of columns namely, effective replacement ratio and binder content. The cement content (also UCS) of the column material was found to be the most important parameter for the improvement effects of DMM applications. Validity of the relations for the estimation of bulk compression modulus of soilcrete were discussed. The use of constrained modulus of the soil and the column material were found to be effective in predicting the compression modulus of the soilcrete. Settlement reduction factor versus replacement ratio and cement content relations were determined which may be used for preliminary design works. The stresses on the soil and the columns were backcalculated from the settlement values. The stress ratios were obtained.
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Andreis, Fernando. "Anteprojeto de infraestrutura verde e reconfiguração paisagística da área dos lagos do zoológico no Campus da Universidade de Caxias do Sul -UCS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/3839.

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A perda de benefícios ecológicos causada com o crescimento das cidades pode ser amenizada com o uso de tecnologias alternativas de infraestrutura e reinserção devegetação nativa em espaços urbanizados. Neste contexto, este trabalho busca realizar um anteprojeto de reconfiguração paisagística contemplando a reinserção de espécies vegetais nativas e implantação de tipologias de infraestrutura verde, ambos com a função de amenizar o impacto da urbanização e auxiliar o equilíbrio ambiental e harmonização paisagística do espaço. A área definida para o projeto encontra-se no campus da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), limitando-se aos lagos e seus entornos. Os procedimentos adotados envolveram análise documental, legal e normativa, levantamento situacional da área de estudo, elencando espécies vegetais existentes no espaço e problemas na infraestrutura existente, desenho de croquis sugestivos com alternativas de projeto, submissão para avaliação dos gestores da Universidade e, finalmente um anteprojeto de reestruturação paisagística e de infraestrutura verde para a área de estudo.
The loss of ecological benefits caused by the growth of cities can be mitigated by the use of alternative infrastructure technologies and the reintroduction of native vegetation into urbanized areas. In this context, this work seeks to carry out a preliminary project of landscape reconfiguration contemplating the reinsertion of native plant species and the implantation of typologies of green infrastructure, both with the function of mitigating the impact of urbanization and helping the environmental balance and landscape harmonization of the space. The area defined for the project is located on the campus of the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), limited to lakes and their environments. The procedures adopted involved documentary, legal and normative analysis, situational survey of the study area, listing existing plant species in space and problems in existing infrastructure, design of suggestive sketches with design alternatives, submission for evaluation of University managers and, finally, project of landscape restructuring and green infrastructure for the study area.
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25

Brun, Geoffrey. "Formulation de capsules à cœur aqueux pour la délivrance stimulable de protéines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066487/document.

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Les gradients de concentration de peptides ou de protéines, ou leur relargage localisé, jouent un rôle primordial dans les voies de communication inter-cellulaire. L'activation locale de cellules est étudiée in vitro à l'aide de sources artificielles contraignantes ou invasives de protéines (pipettes, dispositifs microfluidiques). Des méthodes plus douces et moins invasives sont très demandées. À cet effet, nous avons développé deux types de capsules capables de libérer des macromolécules sous l'effet d'une stimulation extérieure. Le premier système emploie des liposomes additionnés d'un amphiphile à azobenzène, tensioactif ou polyélectrolyte, capable de générer des pores à travers la membrane sous l'effet de la lumière. Les temps de dissolution des assemblages lipides/tensioactifs et les cinétiques de relargage (perméabilité) sous irradiation lumineuse ont été étudiées par diffusion dynamique de la lumière et fluorescence. Le second système repose sur des capsules à cœur aqueux et à coque polymère, formées par polyaddition interfaciale. Nous avons montré que l'inclusion de chaînes thermosensibles dans la membrane (polyNIPAM, par ex.) rendait la stabilité de la capsule dépendante de la température. Nous avons démontré sur des capsules millimétriques, chargées avec du dextrane ou des protéines, que cela permettait le contrôle du relargage. L'utilisation de polymère à UCST en milieu aqueux nous a permis d'obtenir les premières capsules thermosensibles capables de libérer leur contenu par élévation de la température au dessus d'une valeur critique. Cela ouvre une voie prometteuse au développement d'un système biocompatible de libération de protéines
Concentration gradients and local delivery of peptides or proteins play a crucial role in intercellular communication. In vitro, the effects of local activation of cells are studied with constrained or invasive artificial protein sources (pipettes, microfluidics). Milder and remotely-triggered techniques for the release of encapsulated biomolecules are highly in demand. To this aim we developed two classes of capsules able to release macromolecules upon an external stimulation. The first system is based on liposomes sensitized with azobenzene-containing amphiphiles (surfactants or polyelectrolytes) that can open pores in the membrane upon exposure to light. The dissolution time of lipids/surfactants assemblies and rate of release (permeability) under light irradiation has been assessed by dynamic light scattering and fluorescence measurements. The second system is a model of capsules with an aqueous core and a polymer shell, formed by interfacial polyaddition. We showed that inclusion of temperature-responsive chains in the membrane, e.g. polyNIPAM, confers temperature-dependant stability to the capsules; we demonstrated with millimeter-sized capsules loaded with dextran or proteins that this can be used to trigger the release. Using chains with UCST in water, we obtained the first temperature-sensitive capsules able to release their content upon increasing the temperature above a threshold. This represents a promising route to the biocompatible delivery of proteins
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26

Mineer, Samuel Thomas. "Roadway Safety Analysis Methodology." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6056.

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The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) Traffic and Safety Division continues to advance the safety of the state roadway network through network screening and decision making tools. In an effort to aid UDOT in meeting this goal, the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Brigham Young University (BYU) has worked with the Statistics Department in developing analysis tools for highway safety, specifically the Utah Crash Prediction Model (UCPM) and the Utah Crash Severity Model (UCSM). Additional tools and methodologies, such as the "Hot Spot Identification and Analysis," have been created to summarize the roadway characteristics, crash data, and possible countermeasures of roadway segments with safety problems.This research focuses on the creation of a three part "Roadway Safety Analysis" methodology, which applies and automates the cumulative work of recently completed highway safety research conducted for UDOT. The first part is to prepare the roadway data and crash data for the statistical analysis. The second part is to perform the network screening statistical analysis; rank the segments by state, UDOT Region, and county; and select segments of interest. The third part is to compile and publish the Roadway Safety Analysis reports for the selected segments of interest. These parts are accomplished using the automation tools and graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which are documented in three respective volumes of user manuals. The automation tools and GUIs were developed with checks and processes to allow the Roadway Safety Analysis methodology to be completed with new, updated roadway and crash datasets.The Roadway Safety Analysis methodology allows future iterations of the UCPM and UCSM analysis and compilation of the Roadway Safety Analysis reports to be conducted in a user friendly environment. A series of critical data columns were identified to communicate the need for data consistency for future iterations of this safety research. An example of the entire process of the Roadway Safety Analysis methodology is given to illustrate how the three parts tie together. The overall process has automated data processing tasks, which saves time and resources for the analyst to investigate possible safety measures for segments of interest. Recommendations for future highway safety research are given, including continued development of the Roadway Safety Analysis methodology, an analysis of intersections and horizontal curves, the implementation of the Roadway Safety Analysis methodology to other states, and the advancement of safety countermeasures and geospatial tools for highway safety research.
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Bilou, Liliana Maria Cebola. "A prevenção do risco de pé diabético em adultos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/10831.

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O presente relatório tem como objectivo apresentar os resultados obtidos na aplicação de um Projecto de Intervenção Comunitária. A área temática foi a Prevenção de Complicações no Pé Diabético em utentes adultos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 tendo como objectivos: Promover a acessibilidade à consulta de vigilância de enfermagem e consulta de vigilância médica e aumentar os conhecimentos sobre a diabetes e prevenção de complicações tardias. A população-alvo seleccionada foi constituída por 22 utentes inscritos na UCSP de Montemor-o-Novo. Foi realizado o diagnóstico de situação, utilizando a aplicação de questionários e realização de consulta de enfermagem. Utilizada uma grelha de análise para a determinação de prioridades. Relativamente aos resultados obtidos, dez utentes aderiram a todas as sessões de educação para a saúde, correspondendo à população intervencionada. Estes dez utentes tiveram pela primeira vez consulta de vigilância. O aumento de conhecimentos sobre a diabetes e prevenção de complicações tardias, correspondeu a 36%. ### Abstract: The Risk Prevention of Diabetic Foot in Active Adults This report aims to present the results obtained in the implementation of a Community intervention Project. The thematic area was the prevention of diabetic foot complications in adult patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 with the objectives: to promote accessibility to the query of nursing consultation and surveillance and medical surveillance and increase knowledge about diabetes and prevention of late complications. The target population was selected consisting of 22 users registered at UCSP from Montemor-o-Novo. Was conducted Diagnostics of the situation, using the application of questionnaires and conducting nursing consultation. Used a grid of analysis for the determination of priorities. In relation to the results obtained, ten users adhered to all the health education sessions, corresponding to the population point. These ten users have had for the first time surveillance query. Increased knowledge about diabetes and prevention of late complications, accounted for 36%.
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Melo, Fl?via Luana Souza de. "?tica na pesquisa em turismo: percep??es de discentes de programas de p?s-gradua??o stricto sensu em turismo UFRN, UCS e UNIVALI." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18159.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:51:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlaviaLSM_DISSERT.pdf: 1575036 bytes, checksum: bd9a6689fff5ecc9afddc0317d8fc5d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This study analyzed the perception of ethics on the part of students of Post-graduation in Tourism, to develop their academic research. It is characterized as exploratory-descriptive, being considered quantitative with some elements analyzed qualitatively. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire, originated in google docs and sent via e-mail to 54 students in three graduate programs in Tourism: The Tourism Master of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), the Master in Tourism and Hospitality of the University of Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) and Master of Tourism at the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), resulting in 22 responses. The study presents a profile of the dissertation research of post-graduate students, their perception about research ethics, as well as the difficulties encountered in the research process. Notes that research of dissertation are geared mostly for the historical and cultural aspects of tourism and the choice of topics for the essays came in first place, due to the influence of the guiding lines of research and, secondly, due to social relevance. The methods used in post-graduate research are descriptive, the literature and exploratory. It also notes that most students graduate in tourism (81%) attaches great importance to ethics in carrying out their dissertation research, students claim that ethics brings credibility and seriousness to research. Furthermore, it was realized that they have no knowledge about the practice of misconduct by researchers in the field of Tourism. Demonstrate that the major ethical challenge encountered by students is in relationship with the research subject, what happens during data collection. It also notes that none of the respondents sent any project to be evaluated by an Ethics Committee (CEP), moreover, most do not know the resolution 196/96, which has the main guidelines on research ethics at national level. Concludes that the students post-graduate in tourism have little knowledge about the standards and guidelines on research ethics. They demonstrate ignore the benefits of research ethics in regarding the protection and preservation of the participant, as well as the benefits it generates for society
O presente estudo consiste na an?lise da percep??o da ?tica por parte dos discentes de p?s-gradua??o em Turismo, no desenvolvimento de suas pesquisas acad?micas. Caracteriza-se como explorat?rio-descritivo, sendo considerado quantitativo com alguns elementos analisados de forma qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados atrav?s de um question?rio eletr?nico, originado no google docs e enviado via e-mail para 54 alunos de tr?s Programas de p?s-gradua??o em Turismo: o Mestrado em Turismo da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN); o Mestrado em Turismo e Hotelaria da Universidade do Vale do Itaja? (UNIVALI); e o Mestrado em Turismo da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), obtendo-se 22 respostas. O estudo apresenta o perfil das pesquisas de disserta??o dos alunos de p?s-gradua??o, a percep??o dos mesmos sobre a ?tica em pesquisa, bem como as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de pesquisa. Observa que as pesquisas de disserta??o est?o voltadas, em sua maioria, para os aspectos hist?rico-culturais do turismo e a escolha dos temas das disserta??es se deu em primeiro lugar, devido ? influ?ncia das linhas de pesquisa dos orientadores e, em segundo lugar, devido ? relev?ncia social. Os m?todos mais utilizados nas pesquisas de p?s-gradua??o s?o o descritivo, o bibliogr?fico e o explorat?rio. Observa ainda que a maior parte dos alunos de p?s-gradua??o em turismo (81%) atribui grande valor ? ?tica na realiza??o das suas pesquisas de disserta??o, os alunos afirmam que a ?tica traz credibilidade e seriedade ?s pesquisas. Al?m disso, percebeu-se que os mesmos n?o t?m conhecimento sobre a pr?tica de condutas impr?prias de pesquisadores na ?rea do Turismo. Demonstra que o principal desafio ?tico encontrado pelos alunos est? no relacionamento com o sujeito da pesquisa, que acontece na fase de coleta de dados. Constata ainda que nenhum dos entrevistados enviou qualquer projeto para ser avaliado por um Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa (CEP), ademais, a maioria n?o conhece a Resolu??o 196/96, que possui as principais orienta??es sobre ?tica em pesquisa a n?vel nacional. Conclui que os discentes de p?s-gradua??o em turismo possuem pouco conhecimento quanto ?s normas e orienta??es sobre ?tica em pesquisa. Os mesmos demonstram desconhecer os benef?cios que a ?tica em pesquisa traz com rela??o ? prote??o e preserva??o do participante, bem como quanto aos benef?cios que gera ? sociedade
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29

McFaddin, Jared Douglas. "Development of Correlations for Unconfined Compression Strength and Methods of Field Preparations and Preservation of Kope Shale." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1217259954.

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30

Rabinovici, Andréa. "As terras de todos e seus donos: desdobramentos possíveis das articulações e parcerias entre sociedade civil, organizações não governamentais (ONGs) e unidades de conservação (UCs)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-16052007-175624/.

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O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual as formas de conservação da natureza são questionadas. Diversas alternativas de manejo dos recursos naturais com a participação comunitária são apontadas principalmente através da formatação de parcerias junto à sociedade civil organizada na forma de Organizações Não –Governamentais representativas. Buscou-se exemplos concretos de Unidades de Conservação brasileiras, no caso Amazônicas, onde, de diferentes formas, as parcerias e o manejo participativo têm sido implementados com relativo sucesso para se repensar, entre outros, a necessidade futura da criação das Unidades de Conservação ou o formato mais adequado de se conseguir de fato a conservação da biodiversidade e também da sociodiversidade. Muitas alternativas diferentes são apresentadas na tentativa de se responder ao cada vez mais ampliado discurso preservacionista, através do qual as populações tradicionais são privadas dos seus direitos seculares sobre seus espaços, suas tradições, ao mesmo tempo que os recursos naturais estão sendo gradativamente dizimados, sendo o desmatamento um exemplo do paradoxo que vive a nossa política e prática conservacionista. Busca-se também demonstrar que, se não for bem formatada, a participação das comunidades poderá, ao contrário do que se postula, ser manipulada em prol da desagregação dos seus objetivos e a desarticulação do tão questionado movimento ambientalista. Conceitos como democracia, participação, cidadania, sociedade civil, parcerias entre outros são repensados em uma tentativa de se ampliar o debate a respeito da apropriação dos bens comuns sob o enfoque desenvolvimentista.
This dissertation is the product of a bibliographical research in which the nature conservation forms are questioned. Many alternatives of natural resources management with communitary participation are shown specially as partnerships with the organized civil society in the form of representative Non-Governmental Organizations. Concrete examples of Brazilian Conservation Areas in the Amazon region, where, in different ways, partnerships and participatory management have been implemented with satisfactory success, are displayed in order to rethink, among other things, the future needs of Conservation Areas creation or the most appropriate form of really achieving biodiversity and sociodiversity conservation. Many different alternatives are presented in an attempt of responding to the always broader preservationist speech through which traditional populations are deprived of ancient rights they hold over their spaces and traditions, while natural resources are being gradually extinguished, being deforestation an example of the paradox of our conservationist policy and actions. There is also the intention of showing that if not well established, community participation can, differently from what is said, be manipulated in favor of the dissociation of its goals and disarticulation of the so questioned environmentalist movement. Concepts like democracy, participation, citizenship, civil society, partnerships, among others are questioned in an attempt of broadening the debate on the common properties appropriation, under the scope of development.
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31

Soto, Leiva Camila. "Modelamiento de unidades de lito-geotécnicas, proyecto Caracoles." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130472.

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Geóloga
Éste estudio se desarrolló a partir de la necesidad de caracterizar el macizo rocoso del proyecto Caracoles, yacimiento tipo pórfido cuprífero, el cual se ubica en el distrito Centinela perteneciente a la comuna de Sierra Gorda en la región de Antofagasta. El objetivo de ésta investigación se basó en la elaboración de un modelo de unidades lito-geotécnicas del proyecto, mediante datos geotécnicos y geológicos. Para realizar la confección descrita anteriormente se efectuaron las siguientes tareas: Estándares de mapeo geotécnico, compilación de la información en una base de datos, validación de la información existente y mediante el análisis de datos, la posterior caracterización geotécnica de cada litología. De esta forma se lograron reconocer distintas poblaciones de datos con una continuidad espacial y una base geológica que explica éstas diferencias. Como resultado de este proceso, se concluyó que la distribución espacial de la resistencia de la roca se ve seriamente afectada por: la Zona de Óxidos y la Falla Roja. Dicho de otro modo, la roca expuesta a estos procesos disminuirá considerablemente su resistencia. A partir de lo anterior se interpretó un sistema paralelo a la Falla Roja, ubicada en la zona de baja resistencia (al este de la Falla Roja) la cual muestra una intensa alteración argílica y zonas de cizalle. Finalmente, se realizó el modelamiento de unidades lito-geotécnicas con su respectiva caracterización en cuento a resistencia UCS, parámetros RQD y RMR.
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32

Ding, Xiaobin. "Development of a Rock Expert System (RES) for Evaluating Rock Property Values and Utilization of Three Dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D) to Investigate Rock Behavior." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293428.

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This research consists of two main parts: development of a rock expert system (RES) as an easy-to-use and effective tool for evaluating rock properties, and modification and utilization of the three-dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D) to analyze rock behavior. Because of different reasons, it is often difficult to obtain the rock property values directly. As an alternative, typical values and empirical correlations are often used to evaluate the rock property values. However, the typical values and empirical correlations come in various forms and are scattered in different sources. It is often difficult, time-consuming or even impossible for an engineer to find appropriate information to estimate the required rock properties. So in the first part of the research, the RES was developed as an easy-to-use and effective tool for evaluating rock properties by conducting detailed review and evaluation of well determined values and empirical correlations of rock properties in the published literature, and developing a central database and data application tools. The study of RES demonstrates the storage of rock property values and correlations is strongly applicable and the web based data application tool is effective to use and easy expandable. Considering its granular nature, the discrete element method (DEM) has been widely adopted to analyze the mechanical behavior of rock. The Particle Flow Code (PFC) is one of the most popular DEM softwares. The basic idea of PFC is to treat rock as an assembly of bonded particles that follow the law of motion and consider the model behavior dominated by the formation and interaction of micro cracks developed within the particle-particle cement (bond). Unlike the continuum methods, PFC can deal with the natural process from micro cracking to macro failure, without predefining a failure criterion for the rock. However, there are still issues related to the application of PFC to analyze different rock problems. For example, so far, most of the studies use PFC2D although many of the problems are three dimensional and should be better simulated with PFC3D. It is also found that the simulations using the default PFC parallel bond model extremely underestimate the ratio of unconfined compressive strength to tensile strength (UCS/T). So in the second part of the research, the important aspects related to the application of PFC3D, including model scale, particle size distribution and contact model, were studied, a new contact model was developed for addressing the limitation of the default PFC3D on obtaining unrealistically low UCS/T ratios, and finally the new contact model was used to investigate rock fracture initiation and propagation.
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Ali, Ghada Abdulbaqi. "Temperature Dependency of the Rheological Properties and Strength of Cemented Paste Backfill That Contains Sodium Silicate." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41985.

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Over the past decades, cemented paste backfill (CPB) has become a common, environmentally friendly method of managing mine wastes (such as tailings). This technology allows up to 60% of the total amount of tailings to be reused and filled in the mine stopes after converting them into cemented material. Beside reducing the environmental risks associated with the traditional disposal of these materials, turning them into cemented material and placing them in the underground mine stopes can also provide secondary support for these stopes in addition to minimizing the risk of ground subsidence in the mine area. CPB is an engineered mixture of tailings, water, and hydraulic binder (such as cement, blast furnace slag, and fly ash) that is mixed in the paste plant and delivered into the mine stopes through a gravity or pumping based transportation system. During the transportation of CPB through the delivery system pipelines, the flowability of CPB depends on the rheology of the transported CPB, which is affected by different factors, such as the transportation time, temperature variation, binder type, and chemical composition of these mixtures. In addition, the performance of CPB, after placing the CPB mixture into the mine stopes, is mainly dependent on the role of the hydraulic binder, as it increases the mechanical strength of the mixture through the process of cement hydration. The mechanical strength is also influenced by different factors, such as time progress, temperature variation, and presence of chemical additives. It has previously been found that fresh CPB transported and/or placed in the mine stopes can be susceptible to temperature variation of different sources, such as the climatic effects, heat generated from the surrounding rocks, and heat generated during the process of cement hydration. Unsuitable flowability of CPB through the delivery system might lead to significant financial losses due to clogging of pipelines with unexpected hardening of CPB during transportation, which will cause delay in work and possible damages to the pipelines. Also, failure of CPB structure in the mine stopes due to inappropriate mechanical strength may cause casualties to the mine workers as well as significant environmental and economic damages. Many researchers studied the rheological properties and/or strength development of CPB under the individual effect of any of the aforementioned factors. Additionally, many researchers have evaluated the coupled effect of some of these factors on the rheology and mechanical strength of CPB material. Hitherto, there are currently no studies that addressed the combined effect of all these conditions on the rheological properties and strength development of CPB. At the first stage of this M.A.Sc. study, a series of experimental tests was conducted on fresh CPB in order to determine the combined effect of time, temperature, binder content, and chemical additives on the rheological properties of CPB. These experiments include rheological properties test (yield stress and viscosity), microstructural analysis (thermal analysis and XRD), chemical analysis (pH and Zeta potential), and monitoring tests (electrical conductivity), which were conducted on 125 CPB samples that were mixed and prepared at different temperatures (2oC, 20oC, 35oC) and cured for different curing time (0 hrs., 0.25 hrs., 1 hr., 2hrs, and 4 hrs.). These samples were prepared with different blends of hydraulic binders (PCI, PCI/Slag, and PCI/FA) and contained different dosages of sodium silicate (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%). The results obtained show that rheology of CPB increases with the progress of curing time. It also increases with the increase in the initial (mixing and curing) temperature and content of sodium silicate. It was also found that the partial usage of slag and FA reduces the rheological properties. However, CPBs containing PCI/FA as binder have lower rheological properties, and thus better flowability, than those that contain PCI/Slag as binder. At the second stage of this M.A.Sc. study, in order to understand the combined effect of time, temperature and sodium silicate content on the strength development of slag-CPB, unconfined compression (UCS) test, microstructural analysis (thermal analysis and MIP), and monitoring tests (electrical conductivity, suction, and volumetric water content) were conducted on 72 CPB samples that were prepared with PCI-Slag as a binder, cured for different times (1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days) under different curing temperatures of (2oC, 20oC, 35oC), and contained different dosages of sodium silicate (0%, 0.3% and 0.5%). The results obtained at this stage showed that the strength development of slag-CPB increases with the progress of curing time and temperature. It also increases with the increase in the sodium silicate content. Also, the combined effect of high temperature, high dosage of sodium silicate and longer curing time showed significant enhancement in the mechanical strength of slag-CPB. The findings of this M.A.Sc. research will contribute to cost effective, efficient, and safer design of CPB structures in the mine areas. It will also help in minimizing financial loss associated with unsuitable flowability of CPB transported in the CPB delivery system besides reducing the risks of human loss, and the environmental and economic damages associated with the failure of CPB structures.
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Smit, Andre. "Development of a telerobotic test bench system for small-field-of-operation bilateral applications with 3D visual and haptic (kinaesthetic) feedback." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86516.

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Thesis (MScEng) Stellenbosch University, 2014
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Teleoperation as a field has seen much change since its inception in the early 1940s with Dr. Raymond Goertz producing the first teleoperation system for manipulating radioactive materials. With advances in core and supporting technologies, the systems have grown in complexity and capability, allowing users to perform tasks anywhere in the world irrespective of physical distance. The feasibility of such systems has increased as the drive for use of telepresence robots, exploration robots as in space exploration, search and rescue robots and military systems such as UAVs and UGVs gain popularity. This prompted the development of a proof of concept modular, user centred telerobotic system. The current project is the second iteration in the development process. Teleoperation and more specifically telerobotic systems pose a challenge for many system developers. This may be a result of complexity or the wide assortment of knowledge areas that developers must master in order to deliver the final system. Developers have to balance system usability, user requirements, technical design and performance requirements. Several developmental process models are considered in context of Engineering Management (EM). A larger Systems Engineering developmental process is used, with focus on the primary and supportive EM components. The author used a hybrid developmental model that is user focussed in its approach, the User-Centred Systems Design (UCSD) methodology was adopted as the primary model for application within the two distinct developmental categories. The first category hardware and system integration utilised the UCSD model as is. The second - Software development - relied on the use of agile models, rapid application development (RAD) and extreme programming (XP) were discussed with XP being chosen as it could easily incorporate UCSD principles in its development process. Hardware systems development consisted of mechanical design of end-effectors, configuration management and design, as well as haptic and visual feedback systems design for the overall physical system. Also included is the physical interface design of the input (master) cell. Further software development was broken into, three sections, the first and most important was the graphical user interface, haptic control system with kinematic model and video feedback control. The force following and matching characteristics of the system were tested and were found to show an improvement over the previous implementation. The force magnitude error at steady state was reduced by 10%. While there was a dramatic improvement in system response, the rise time was reduced by a factor 10. The system did however show a decrease in angular accuracy, which was attributed to control system limitations. Further human-factor analysis experiments were conducted to test the system in two typical use-case scenarios. The first was a planar experiment and the second a 3D placement task. The factors of interest identified were field-of-view, feedback vision mode, and input modality. Heuristic performance indicators such as time-to-completion and number of collisions for a given task were measured. System performance was only showed significant improvement when used with haptic control. This shows that the research into haptic control systems will prove to be valuable in producing usable systems. The vision factor analysis failed to yield significant results, although they were useful in the qualitative systems analysis. The feedback from post-experimentation questionnaires showed that users prefer the Point of View as a field of view and 2D viewing over 3D viewing, while the haptic input modality was preferred. The results from the technical verification process can be used in conjunction with insights gained from user preference and human-factor analysis to provide guidance for future telerobotic systems development at Stellenbosch University.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Telewerksverigting as ’n gebied het al vele veranderinge ondergaan vandat die eerste stelsels deur Dr. Raymond Goertz geimplementeer was in die vroeë 1940s vir die hantering van radioaktiewe materiale. Met vordering in kern en ondersteunende tegnologieë, het die telewerksverigtingstelsels toegeneem in kompleksiteit asook gevorder in vermoeënsvaardigheid, wat gebruikers in staat stel om take te verrig vanuit enige plek op aarde, ongeag die fisiese afstand wat die gebruiker en die werksarea skei. Die lewensvatbaarheid van hierdie stelsels het ook toegeneem weens die belangstelling in teleteenwoordigheidrobotte, ruimtevaardige-robotte, reddings-robotte en militêre-robotte soos onbemandelug- voertuie (OLV) en onbemande-grond-voertuie(OGV). As gevolg van die belangstelling in telerobotiese stelsels is die ontwikkeling van ’n modulêre, gebruikers-gesentreerde telewerksverigting stelsel onderneem. Die huidige projek is ’n tweede iterasie hiervan. Telewerksverigting, en meer spesifiek, telerobotika stelsels ontwikelling, vereis dat stelselontwikkelaars ’n verskeidenheid kennisareas bemeester. Die ontwikkelaar moet ’n belans vind tussen gebruiker vereistes, bruikbaarheid asook tegniese ontwerp en prestasie vereistes. Menigde ontwikkelingsproses modelle is oorweeg en behandel in die konteks van Ingenieursbestuur (IB). ’n Stelselsontwikkeling proses is gevolg met ’n fokus op primêre en ondersteunende IB komponente. ’n Gemengde ontwikkeling is toegepass tot die projek wat die gebruiker as ’n hoof komponent van die stelsel in ag neem. Die oorhoofse ontwikkelingsmodel is die User-centred Systems Design (UCSD) proses, wat vir beide hardeware en sagteware ontwikkeling gebruik is. Vir die hardeware ontwikkeling is die UCSD toegepas soos dit uiteengesit is in die literatuur. Die sagteware ontwikkeling is voltooi met behulp van ratse metodes, “Rapid Application Development” RAD en “Extreme Programming” (XP) was oorweeg en XP was gekies as ontwikkelingsmodel. XP was die natuurlike keuse weens die gemak waarmee UCSD metodes en prinsiepe kon geinkorporeer word in die ontwikkelings proses. Hardeware onwikkeling het bestaan uit meganiese ontwerp, manipulasiegereedskap ontwerp, konfigurasie bestuur en ontwikkeling asook haptiese en visueleterugvoer stelselsontwerp van die fisiese stelsel insluitend die fisiese koppelvlakontwerp van die meester sel. Verder is sagtewareontwerp opgedeel in ’n haptiesebeheerstel met ’n kinematiese model ontwikkeling, videoterugvoerbeheer en gebruikersintervlak ontwerp. Die vermoëe van die stelsel om krag insette na te boots was verbeter met ’n gestadigde verbetering van 10%. Die reaksietyd van die stelsel is verbeter met ’n faktor van 10. Die stelsel het ’n verswakking getoon in die algehele hoekakkuraatheid, die oorsprong van die verswakking kan aan die beheerstelsel teogeken word. Verdere menslikefaktoranalise eksperimente is voltooi om die stelsel in twee tipiese gebruikgeval scenario’s te toets. Die eerste, ’n platvlak-eksperiment en die tweede ’n 3D plasingingstaak eksperiment. Die faktore van belang is ïdentifiseer as, visie-veld, terugvoervisie modus en insette modaliteit. Heuristiese prestasie-aanwysers soos tyd-tot-voltooiing en die aantal botsings vir ’n gegewe taak is gemeet. Stelselprestasie het slegs aansienlike verbetering getoon wanneer die stelsel met die haptiesebeheer modus bedryf word. Die visiefaktor ontleding het geen noemenswaardige resultate opgelewer nie. Terugvoervorms was na elke eksperiment voltooi. Vraelyste het getoon dat gebruikers die oogpunt van ’n lae hoek en 2D video oor 3D video verkies, terwyl die haptic beheer modaliteit verkies word.
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35

Zhang, Hu. "Étude de nouveaux polymères thermosensibles en solution aqueuse et de leur changement de solubilité induit par le pH." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8740.

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Résumé: Les polymères stimuli-répondants sont capables de changer leurs propriétés ou structures de façon importante en réagissant à un signal de stimulation. Parmi ceux-ci, des polymères sensibles à une variation de température ont fait l'objet de beaucoup de recherches et de développement, parce qu’un changement de température est un stimulus facile à appliquer, et que des fluctuations de température spontanées se produisent dans le milieu biologique. En plus, des polymères thermosensibles peuvent également répondre à d'autres stimuli tels que la lumière, le pH ou un champ magnétique. Ces polymères répondants à deux (ou plus) stimuli sont particulièrement intéressants pour des applications pratiques, notamment dans le domaine de biologie ou biomédical car des systèmes biologiques peuvent répondre sélectivement à de multiples changements dans les conditions environnantes plutôt qu’à un seul stimulus. La recherche menée dans cette thèse porte sur le développement de nouveaux polymères thermosensibles en solution aqueuse et l'étude de leur contrôle de solubilité à la fois par le changement de température et de pH. Les polymères thermosensibles en solution aqueuse peuvent afficher soit une température de solution critique inférieure (LCST) ou une température de solution critique supérieure (UCST). Fondamentalement, les polymères à LCST sont solubles dans l'eau à TLCST, tandis que les polymères à UCST présentent une thermosensibilité inversée, étant solubles à T>UCST et insolubles à T pKa) en raison de la double charge. L'efficacité de cette conception a été démontrée à l'aide d’un copolymère du N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) et du CAB en tant que comonomère, P(NIPAM-co-CAB). Les mesures expérimentales ont montré un grand changement réversible de LCST lors d'un changement de pH, confirmant ainsi l’utilisation d’un tel comonomère comme une stratégie utile pour améliorer l'efficacité et la sensibilité du pH pour le contrôle de la température critique des polymères à LCST. Dans le second projet, nos études ont montré que le copolymère statistique de poly (acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) (P(AAM-co-AN)) synthétisé en utilisant la polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par transfert de chaîne réversible par addition-fragmentation (RAFT) peut afficher une UCST stable en solution aqueuse. Nous avons montré que ce polymère peut alors être utilisé comme agent de transfert de chaîne macromoléculaire (macro-CTA) pour croître un second polymère de choix pour la synthèse de copolymères blocs (BCP). Trois copolymères diblocs représentatifs ont été ainsi synthétisés avec le deuxième bloc étant soit le polystyrène hydrophobe (PS), le poly(diméthylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrophile ou le poly(méthacrylate de N, N-diméthylaminoéthyl) (PDMAEMA) qui possède une LCST. Les structures auto-assemblées des ces trois copolymères présentent une variété de comportements thermosensibles dictés par UCST du bloc P(AAM-co-AN), tels que la dispersion-agrégation réversible de micelles, la dissolution-formation de micelles, et l'inversion des noyau et couronne de micelles. Nos résultats démontrent, pour la première fois, que le P(AAM-co-AN) est un polymère à UCST robuste pouvant être introduit dans des architectures polymères contrôlées productibles par la synthèse RAFT, et ce de la même façon que l'utilisation des homologues à LCST largement étudiés comme le PNIPAM. Cette possibilité ouvre la porte à l'exploration de nouveaux polymères thermosensibles basée sur la thermosensibilité opposée à LCST. Il est connu que même quelques groupes chargés dans des polymères à UCST peuvent grandement affecter la température de séparation de phase en raison d’un changement de l'enthalpie de solution très faible associé au processus. Cette propriété a été exploitée dans le troisième projet ayant pour but de développer des polymères dont la solubilité dans l’eau est contrôlable par le pH de façon ultrasensible. Pour rendre le polymère P(AAM-co-AN) sensible au pH, des unités comonomères de l'acide acrylique (AAC) ou de la 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) ont été introduites dans le P(AAM-co-AN) résultant en deux nouveaux polymères, à savoir le P(AAM-co-AN-co-AAC) et le P(AAM-co-AN-co-4VP). Nos résultats ont montré une forte augmentation ou diminution de la température UCST en conséquence d'un petit changement du pH. En particulier, un échantillon du P(AAM-co-AN-co-4VP) présente un déplacement UCST supérieur à 57 oC lors d’un changement de 0,25 unité de pH, et son passage de l'état soluble à l’état insoluble à la température ambiante peut être observé visuellement sur un changement du pH aussi peu que 0,05 unité. Pour illustrer les applications possibles, un copolymère de trois blocs de type ABA est synthétisé en utilisant cet échantillon comme macro-CTA pour polymériser la diméthylacrylamide soluble dans l'eau (DMA), ce qui donne lieu au P(AAM-co-AN-co-4VP)-b-PDMA-b-P(AAM-co-AN-co-4VP). À 37 oC, la micelle de ce copolymère triblocs peut être stable de pH 7,00 jusqu'à 4,75, mais brusquement dissociée au pH 4,50, ce qui suggère la possibilité de libération de médicament déclenchée par un très léger changement de pH. Cette étude démontre le potentiel de développement des polymères à UCST ainsi que leurs assemblages qui peuvent subir un changement de solubilité dans l'eau contrôlé par le pH d’une manière ultrasensible et, par conséquent, offre de nouvelles possibilités pour les applications.
Abstract: Stimuli-responsive polymers that undergo dramatic chemical or physical changes in response to external stimuli have attracted a great deal of attention from both fundamental and applied points of view. Among them, polymers sensitive to change in temperature have been particularly the focus of much research and development effort, because temperature change is a stimulus that can readily be applied in a reversible and non-invasive manner and spontaneous temperature fluctuations occur in biological environment. Moreover, many thermosensitive polymers can also respond to other stimuli such as light, magnetic field and pH. Such dual- or multi-stimuli-responsive polymers are particularly interesting for practical applications, especially in the biological area since biological systems can selectively respond to multiple environmental changes rather than a single stimulus. The research conducted in this thesis deals with the development of novel thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solution and the study of their solubility control by both temperature and pH change. Thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solution can display either a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or upper critical solution temperature (UCST). Basically, for LCST polymers, they are soluble at temperatures below LCST but become insoluble above LCST, while UCST polymers exhibit a reversed thermosensitivity by being soluble in water at temperatures above UCST and insoluble below the phase separation temperature. Until now, most studies have been dedicated to LCST polymers, and UCST polymers have much less been investigated because they are not as easily accessible as their LCST counterparts. These two types of thermosensitive polymers have been studied in this thesis. In addition to the design, synthesis and characterization of novel polymers, especially UCST systems, a main objective of the thesis is to explore the effect of pH on LCST or UCST in order to develop polymers whose water solubility can be switched, between soluble and insoluble state, by a change in pH at a constant solution temperature. In the first project, in order to increase the magnitude of pH-triggered LCST shift, a new comonomer bearing an acrylic acid and a benzoic acid group of similar pKa in the structure was designed and synthesized, namely, 4-((2-carboxyallyl)oxy)benzoic acid (CBA). With respect to comonomers containing a single acid group, this particular comonomer structure makes it more hydrophobic in the protonated state (pH < pKa) due to the phenyl group and more hydrophilic in the deprotonated state (pH > pKa) due to the double charge. The efficiency of this design has been demonstrated by using CBA as a comonomer to polymerize with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) to obtain a copolymer P(NIPAM-co-CBA). The cloud point measurements showed large and reversible shift of LCST upon pH change, confirming the comonomer design principle as a useful strategy for enhancing the efficiency and sensitivity of the pH-responsiveness of LCST polymers. In the second project, our studies found that the random copolymer of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) (P(AAm-co-AN)) synthesized using the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) method can display a sharp and stable UCST in aqueous solution. We showed that this polymer can then be utilized as macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) to grow a second polymer of choice for block copolymer (BCP) synthesis. Three representative diblock copolymers were synthesized with the second block being either hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) or hydrophilic poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) or poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) displaying a LCST. The three BCPs of different designs can all exhibit thermally induced changes as dictated by the UCST of the P(AAm-co-AN) block, in a reversible and robust way in both pure water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Their self-assembled structures exhibit a variety of behaviors such as the reversible dispersion-aggregation of micelles, dissolution-formation of micelles, and reversal of micelle core and corona. Our obtained results point out that P(AAm-co-AN) is a robust UCST polymer that can be introduced into controlled polymer architectures producible by RAFT, much the same way as using the extensively studied LCST counterparts like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). This possibility makes the door wide open to exploring new thermosensitive polymers based on the thermosensitivity opposite to the LCST. Even a few charged groups in UCST polymers may affect greatly the phase separation temperature due to a small solution enthalpy change associated with the process. This property has been exploited in the third project to develop ultrasensitive pH-induced solubility switch. To render the UCST polymer P(AAm-co-AN) sensitive to pH, either acrylic acid (AAc) or 4-vinyl pyridine (4VP) comonomer units were introduced into P(AAm-co-AN) resulting in P(AAm-co-AN-co-AAc) or P(AAm-co-AN-co-4VP). The results found a large increase or decrease of the cloud point over a small change of pH. In particular, one P(AAm-co-AN-co-4VP) sample could exhibit a 57 oC cloud point shift over 0.25 pH unit, and its transition from soluble to insoluble state at room temperature can be visually observed over a pH change as little as 0.05 unit. To demonstrate possible applications, an ABA-type triblock copolymer was synthesized using this sample as macro-CTA to polymerize water-soluble dimethylacrylamide (DMA), giving rise to P(AAm-co-AN-co-4VP)-b-PDMA-b-P(AAm-co-AN-co-4VP). At 37 oC, the micelle of this triblock copolymer could be stable from pH 7.00 down to 4.75, but abruptly disassembled at 4.50, implying the possibility of drug release triggered by a slight pH change. This study demonstrates the potential of developing UCST polymers and their assemblies that can undergo ultrasensitive pH-controlled water solubility switch and thus offer new possibilities for applications.
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Duraes, Fernanda do Valle. "O papel dos receptores do tipo Toll (TLRs) na infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-85EQ3N.

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ABSTRACTSchistosomiais is a chronic helminthic infection and remains as an important morbidity factor in tropical endemic areas such as Brazil. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate recognition of pathogens by Dendritic cells (DCs) and in the induction of immune responses. Although it is clear that TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 can recognize different Schistosoma components in vitro, little is known regarding the role of these receptors in vivo. To characterize the innate immune response during Schistosoma infection, WT (C57BL/6) and MyD88-, TLR2- and TLR4 deficient mice were infected with 30 cercariae. Parasitological parameters, such as the number of worms recovered and the number of eggs in the liver, as well as pathological and immunological parameters were evaluated. Even though the differences between WT and KO mice in terms of worm burden were not significant, TLR2 KO mice displayed reduced fecundity, resulting is less eggs trapped in the liver. However, major differences were seen regarding host immune responses. The lack of MyD88 and TLR2 resulted in smaller granulomas followed by reduced production of CCL11 in the hepatic tissue of these mice. Furthermore, cells from infected MyD88 KO mice also produced significantly less IL-5 than their WT controls, both in the liver tissue and in spleen cells upon restimulation with Schistosoma egg antigen (SEA), indicating diminished Th2 response. Further, Schistosoma mansoni larvae is the first and the most susceptible parasite life stage to interact with the host immune system. Therefore, the role of the innate immune system was evaluated in an in vitro model of DC activation by schistosomula tegument (Smteg). Smteg was able to activate DCs to produce IL-12p40, TNF- and also to up-regulate the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86. Moreover, using DCs derived from MyD88-, TLR2- and TLR4 deficient mice we have shown that the ability of Smteg to activate DCs in vitro involves MyD88 signaling pathways and TLR4/Smteg interaction. Together, these data indicate that the innate immune system is involved in the initial recognition of Schistosoma components both in vitro and in vivo. These interactions play an important role in dictating the outcome of pathological and immunological changes resulting from the infection.
RESUMOA esquistossomose é o resultado de uma infecção helmíntica crônica e permanece como importante fator de morbidade em áreas endêmicas tropicais, incluindo o Brasil. Os receptores do tipo toll (TLRs) têm um importante papel no reconhecimento imune inato de patógenos por células dendríticas (DCs) e na indução das respostas adaptativas subseqüentes. Embora já tenha sido demonstrado que TLR2, TLR3 e TLR4 sejam capazes de reconhecer diferentes componentes do Schistosoma in vitro, pouco se sabe sobre o papel desses receptores in vivo. Para a caracterização da resposta imune inata durante a infecção pelo Schistosoma, camundongos selvagens (C57BL/6) e deficientes em MyD88, TLR2 e TLR4 foram infectados com 30 cercárias. Parâmetros parasitológicos como o número de vermes e de ovos no fígado, bem como patológicos - área do granuloma e de fibrose - e imunológicos foram avaliados. Apesar de não terem sido observadas diferenças com relação ao número total de vermes recuperados entre os grupos, os animais TLR2 KO apresentaram uma reduzida fecundidade, com consequente redução do número de ovos depositados no fígado. Entretanto, as maiores alterações foram vistas com relação à resposta imune do hospedeiro. A ausência de MyD88 e de TLR2 resultou em granulomas menores acompanhados da menor produção de CCL11 no tecido hepático desses animais. Além disso, a produção de IL-5 tanto no tecido hepático quanto em esplenócitos de animais MyD88 KO quando re-estimulados com SEA in vitro, estava diminuída, indicando uma redução na resposta Th2. O esquistossômulo é o estágio de vida do Schistosoma mais susceptível ao ataque pelo sistema imune do hospedeiro. Portanto, o papel da resposta imune inata in vitro, num modelo de ativação de células dendríticas pelo tegumento do esquistossômulo (Smteg) foi avaliado. O Smteg foi capaz de ativar as DCs para produzir IL-12 e TNF- e também para aumentar a expressão das moléculas co-estimuladoras CD40 e CD86. Além disso, utilizando DCs derivadas de camundongos deficientes em MyD88, TLR2 e TLR4 nós demonstramos que a habilidade das DCs em produzir IL-12 e TNF- envolve a interação entre o Smteg/ TLR4 e a via de sinalização dependente de MyD88. Em conjunto, esses resultados indicam que o sistema imune inato participa do reconhecimento inicial de componentes do Schistosoma tanto in vitro quanto in vivo. Esse reconhecimento influencia as mudanças patológicas e imunológicas decorrentes da infecção.
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37

Goes, Vinicius de Souza. "Expressão da Rho1 GTPase de Schistosoma mansoni em células dentríficas murinas." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8H8KAD.

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As células dendríticas possuem um papel determinante na indução de resposta imune primária. Estudos recentes tem demonstrado o papel importante destas células na indução de imunidade específica a doenças parasitárias, dente elas a esquistossomose. Este fato despertou grande interesse do nosso grupo na manipulação de células dendríticas para desenvolver uma vacina celular que tem como objetivo induzir imunidade protetora contra o Schistosoma mansoni. Células dendríticas viáveis foram obtidas a partir do cultivo de precursores da medula óssea murina na presença das citocinas GM-CSF e IL-4. Em média, obteve-se por preparação 3 x 106 células/camundongo com morfologia típica. Destas, 77% conservam a capacidade intrínsica fagocítica. Na presença de LPS, observa-se um aumento de 78% do metabolismo celular, fato indicativo da transição do estado imaturo para o maturo. As células dendríticas foram transfectadas com plasmídeo contendo sequência codificadora para o antígeno Rho1 GTPase de Schistosoma mansoni. Esta proteína foi selecionada por ensaio de ELISA de uma biblioteca de cDNA de verme adulto, fato indicativo de seu potencial antigênico. Nosso modelo, permite a obtenção em torno de 105 a 106 células dendríticas transfectadas. Através de ensaios de imunofluorescência demonstrou-se o processamento e apresentação do antígeno recombinante na membrana dessas células. Estes resultados indicam novas perspectivas na utilização das células dendríticas transfectadas na indução de resposta imune protetora contra a esquistossomose em processos de imunização.
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Campos, Danilo Roman. "Alterações eletromecânicas do miócito cardíaco na fase aguda da doença de Chagas em modelo murino: papel do óxido nítrico, intereferon-gama e ânion superóxido." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8H5PGK.

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Cardiomyopathy observed during infection by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi has unknown mechanism concerning your genesis. Chagas disease is separated in two distinct phases, acute and chronic. In the acute phase it is observed a large number of parasites on blood stream, following activation of immune system which induces severe miocarditis. These alterations in many cases could lead to occurrence of severe arrhythmias, leading to death. Despite of the great importance of Chagas disease in the Latin American, few is known about the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this disease. Based on that, we decided to evaluate the acute phase of Chagas disease in murine model, as well as the influence of strain type in the cardiomyopathy development. Following infection and control of parasitemia with colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, after 81 days, it was not possible to find parasites in the blood stream. The production of MCP-1, IFN-g and TNF-a followed a similar profile of parasitemia curve, however it was possible to see a chronic inflammation at 170 days post-infection (dpi). At first we evaluated the electrocardiogram at 30 dpi. The infection caused an increased in the QRS interval, besides a P wave and QRS complex alternance, with increased heart frequency. Additionally, we observed heart hypertrophy and reduced heart performance at 30 and 15 dpi, respectively, as determined by echocardiography. When we evaluated the isolated cardiomyocyte function, by the shortening index, it was observed a significant reduction in cardiomyocyte shortening at 15, 30 and 45 dpi, in the left and right ventricles (LV and RV). Taking into account the electrocardiographic results, it is possible to realize that there is an electrical remodeling in isolated cardiomyocyte. Thus, we decided to determinate the cellular basis of this phenomenon. In the LV and RV, at 15 dpi we observed a reduced L-type calcium current (ICa,L). In the LV, at 15 dpi, we did not observe any change in the action potential (AP), inward potassium current (IK1) and transient outward fast potassium current (Ito). However, at 30 dpi, in the LV and RV we observed a reduced ICa,L, Ito and an increased time to AP repolarization, as well as and increased in IK1, only in the LV. Besides, we demonstrated that LV has an increased production of nitric oxide at 30 dpi, and inhibition of nitric oxide synthase recovered ICa,L in LV at 30 dpi. Additionally, upstream inhibition in this pathway, the PI3kinase, partially recovered ICa,L. Trying to better understand the molecular basis of cardiomyocyte dysfunction, we evaluated the intracellular calcium dynamics in LF at 30 dpi. However, we did not observe any reduction in calcium transient neither in the SR load. We did not observe alterations in calcium spark frequency and amplitude. In our study we postulate that LV dysfunction is determinated, at least in part, by IFN-g. LV function in isolated myocyte from IFN-g-/- was preserved at 15 and 26-28 dpi. However, RV shortening of myocyte from IFN-g-/- infected mice was reduced depend on infection time. This is an indicative that LV and RV are differentially modulated. We performed some experiments in mice infected with Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Echocardiography revealed a partial and transitory reduction in heart function, however without hypertrophy. When we evaluated ICa,L, Ito and AP in LV in this group, we observed a reduction in ICa,L and Ito and an increase in AP duration at 15 dpi. However, at 30 and 45 dpi we observed either a partial or a complete recovery of all parameters studied, respectively. The mechanism(s) involved in alteration of ICa,L, Ito and AP waveform at 15 dpi was/were attributed to increased production of superoxide, since when we used knockout mice to NADPH-oxidase type 2, we did not observe any alteration . At last, we demonstrated that reduced cholinergic function in heart is not able to induce electrical remodeling basically in the same way as observed in our experimental model. Taking all together, our results demonstrate that the establishment or not of a cardiac chronic phase in Chagas disease, is dependent on Trypanosoma cruzi´s infective strain, which will determinate a chronic or transitory myocarditis.
A cardiopatia chásica, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, possui múltipla origem, sendo ainda desconhecida a gênese do problema cardíaco decorrente dessa doença. A fisiopatologia da doença de Chagas pode ser dividida em duas fases, aguda e crônica. Na fase aguda ocorre uma grande expansão do número de parasitos, com ativação do sistema imune e indução de uma intensa miocardite. Essas alterações podem induzir a arritmias complexas, e levar à morte. A despeito desses fatores, pouco se conhece sobre a gênese dos problemas cardíacos durante a infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Por esse motivo, decidimos estudar a fase aguda da doença de Chagas em modelo murino, bem como avaliar a influência da cepa no estabelecimento da cardiopatia. A curva de parasitemia dos animais infectados com a cepa colombiana apresentou um caráter transitório, sendo que com 81 dias pós-infecção (dpi), já não foram mais detectados parasitos na circulação. A produção de MCP-1, IFN-g e TNF-a seguiu um perfil similar ao da curva de parasitemia, sendo observada uma inflamação crônica aos 170 dpi. A infecção causou um aumento na duração do completo QRS, bem como alternância de onda P e complexo QRS, com aumento da freqüência cardíaca. Também foi observado hipertrofia cardíaca aos 30 dpi. Já aos 15 dpi, a ecocardiografia evidenciou uma redução na funcionalidade do coração. Adicionalmente a capacidade contrátil do miócito foi atenuada tanto no ventrículo direito quanto no esquerdo (VD e VE), aos 15, 30 e 45 dpi. Os resultados eletrocardiográficos evidenciaram que existe um remodelamento da eletrofisiologia do miócito cardíaco. Por esse motivo caracterizamos diferentes componentes iônicos dos VE e VD. Tanto para o VD quanto para o VE com 15 dpi, observamos uma redução na corrente de cálcio do tipo L (ICa,L), porém sem alteração no tempo necessário para repolarização do potencial de ação (PA) no VE. Considerando-se apenas o VE, a corrente de potássio transiente rápida (Ito) e o retificador de entrada (IK1) não foram alterados. Contudo, tanto o VE quanto o VD apresentaram uma redução na ICa,L e Ito aos 30 dpi, bem como um aumento no tempo necessário para repolarização do PA, seguido de um aumento, apenas no VE, da IK1. Além disso, observamos que a produção basal de óxido nítrico em células do VE de animais aos 30 dpi encontra-se aumentada e a inibição dessa produção resultou em um recobro da ICa,L. Adicionalmente, a inibição de um passo upstream na via, a PI3Kinase, também recuperou parcialmente a ICa,L. Também estudamos a dinâmica intracelular de cálcio do VE em animais aos 30 dpi. Observamos, contudo, que não existe uma redução na liberação transiente de cálcio, bem como em seu estoque intracelular do íon. A manutenção da liberação de cálcio foi observada mesmo com um aumento do tempo para o pico do transiente e da recaptura de cálcio, além de ter sido observado um desacoplamento entre o receptor de rianodina e o canal de cálcio do tipo L. Além disso, a freqüência e a amplitude das sparks de cálcio não foram alteradas, fato que indica que outros mecanismos estão envolvidos no controle do receptor de rianodina durante a infecção. Uma via envolvida na redução da capacidade contrátil do VE é a do IFN-g. Quando avaliamos o encurtamento celular do miócito isolado do animal IFN-g-/- com 15 e 26-28 dpi, o VE apresentou função contrátil similar à do controle. Entretanto, o VD do camundongo IFN-g-/- infectado apresentou uma atenuação no encurtamento celular, maior do que a observada no animal controle infectado, indicando que o VD e o VE são modulados por vias distintas. Os parâmetros avaliados nos animais infectados com a cepa Y apresentaram resultados bem distintos daqueles observados nos infectados com a cepa colombina. Quando avaliamos a funcionalidade do coração, observamos uma redução parcial e transitória da função cardíaca, sem, contudo, ocorrência de hipertrofia. Os animais infectados com a cepa Y apresentaram uma alteração transitória das propriedades elétricas dos miócitos isolados do ventrículo esquerdo, sendo que foi observada atenuação nos 15 e 30 dpi, com recobro dos valores aos 45 dpi. Aos 15 dpi ocorreu um aumento do tempo para repolarização do PA, redução da Ito e redução da ICa,L. Essas alterações não foram mais observadas com 45 dpi. Os mecanismos envolvidos na modulação negativa dessas correntes aos 15 dpi envolvem a produção de superóxido produzida pela nicotinamida e adenina fosfato oxidase do tipo 2, já que quando utilizamos o animal knockout para essa enzima não observamos as alterações relatadas acima. Finalmente, observamos que uma redução na atividade colinérgica do coração não é capaz de gerar as alterações elétricas observadas em nosso estudo. Sendo assim, nossos resultados sugerem que o estabelecimento de uma fase cardíaca crônica manifesta ou não na doença de Chagas, irá depender da cepa, sendo que essa irá determinar uma miocardite crônica ou transitória.
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39

Araujo, Patricia Rosa de. "Elementos regulatórios responsáveis pelo controle da estabilidade do mRNA de alfa tubulina de Trypanosoma cruzi." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-87RPMG.

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alpha/beta-tubulin mRNAs expression in T.cruzi is under an auto-regulatory control that affects these transcript half-lives during the parasite life cycle. Whereas epimastigotes present high levels of tubulin mRNAs, an excess of free tubulin monomers is correlated to a decrease in tubulin mRNA levels in amastigotes. This reduction is not a result of changes in transcription; instead, it is due to a reduction in and tubulin mRNA half-lives. By incubating epimastigotes with vinblastine (a microtubule depolymerization inducer) we have observed an inverse correlation between free tubulin and mRNA stabilization. Transient transfection assays have indicated that the 3UTR and the first four aminoacids of the -tubulin might be involved in mRNA destabilization. Therefore, the aim of this work is to further investigate the role of 3UTR of the -tubulin mRNA (and more precisely, the AU-rich element present within this region) on the control of mRNA abundance. Stably transfected epimastigotes with plasmids containing the wild-type or ARE-deleted -tubulin 3UTR downstream the luciferase reporter gene were generated. Our results suggest that, similar to tubulin expression in amastigotes, luciferase mRNA containing the deleted element is less abundant and less stable in epimastigotes when compared to the mRNA containing the wild-type 3UTR. Sequences present in the -tubulin 3UTR however, do not interfere with the destabilization of -tubulin mRNA in response to vinblastine treatment. These findings indicate that differently from other AREs found in trypanosomatids, which cause degradation of mRNAs, the -tubulin ARE is an stabilizing element responsible for maintaining high levels of -tubulin mRNA in epimastigotes. We are currently investigating the role of -tubulin 5UTR and coding sequences as well as possible interactions between regulatory trans-acting factors and ARE-binding domain on -tubulin mRNA stability
Um mecanismo de auto-regulação dos mRNAs de alfa e beta tubulina em Trypanosoma cruzi afeta a meia vida desses transcritos ao longo do ciclo de vida do parasita. Enquanto epimastigotas apresentam altos níveis dos mRNAs de tubulina, um excesso da proteína não polimerizada em amastigotas está relacionada com o decréscimo dos níveis dos seus mRNAs. Esta diminuição não é resultado de mudanças na transcrição e sim devido a redução da meia vida dos mRNAs de alfa e beta tubulina. Através do tratamento de epimastigotas com vimblastina, uma droga que causa despolimerização dos microtúbulos, foi observada uma relação inversa entre níveis de tubulina não polimerizada e estabilidade de seus mRNAs. Ensaios de transfecção transiente utilizando o gene repórter de luciferase indicaram que a 3UTR e os quatro primeiros códons do mRNA de alfa tubulina poderiam estar envolvidos na desestabilização desse transcrito. Ao investigar mais detalhadamente o papel da 3UTR do mRNA de alfa tubulina foi encontrado um elemento rico em AU (ARE AU-rich element), descrito anteriormente como motivo envolvido na desestabilização de mRNAs em eucariotos. Culturas de epimastigotas foram transfectadas de maneira estável com plasmídeos contendo a 3UTR de alfa tubulina completa ou com a deleção do ARE abaixo da região codificadora de luciferase. Após a seleção de linhagens transfectadas de maneira estável, foram realizados ensaios de atividade de luciferase e northern blot. Nossos resultados indicam que o mRNA de luciferase contendo a deleção do ARE é menos abundante e menos estável em epimastigotas quando comparados com mRNA contendo a seqüência completa da 3UTR de alfa tubulina. Entretanto, seqüências presentes na 3UTR do mRNA de alfa tubulina não são afetadas pelo tratamento de epimastigotas com vimblastina. Esses resultados indicam que, diferente de outros AREs encontrados em tripanossomatídeos, que causam a degradação de mRNAs, o ARE presente na 3UTR de alfa tubulina é uma elemento estabilizador responsável pela manutenção de altos níveis do mRNA de alfa tubulina em epimastigotas. Através do tratamento com cicloheximida, uma droga que bloqueia a síntese protéica, é possível especular que fatores trans poderiam se ligar ao mRNA de alfa tubulina afetando a estabilidade desse mensageiro.
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40

Freitas, Jorge Marcelo de. "Aspectos genéticos de parasitos e hospedeiros envolvidos na patogênese da doença de chagas." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-854JXQ.

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Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, afflicts more than 18 million people in the American continent. Both a complex populational structure and a extensive intraespecific variability are observed in this parasite, but a great number of genetic andbiochemical markers support the taxon subdivision into at least two major lineages: T. cruzi I - associated to the wild transmission cycles; and the T. cruzi II - associated to the domestic transmission cycles. The human disease shows variable presentation in the chronic phase, withlow parasitism levels and undeterminable clinical routes, ranges from completely asymptomatic to massive manifestations. The disease results from complex interactions between parasites andhosts, but the reasons for the different patterns of clinical manifestations remain elusive. To clarify these questions it is necessary to understand better both the parasites and hosts genetic factors and how they interact during the pathogenesis. In order to investigate the structure and evolution of Trypanosoma cruzi populations we profiled 75 strains of the parasite with five nuclear microsatellite loci, 24S RNA genes, andsequence polymorphisms in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II, cytochrome B and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 genes. A multidimensional scaling plot (MDS) based in microsatellite data divided the parasites into four clusters corresponding to T. cruzi I (MDS-clusterA), T. cruzi II (MDS-cluster C), a third group of T. cruzi strains (MDS-cluster B), and hybrid strains (MDS-cluster BH).The first two clusters matched respectively mitochondrial clades A and C, while the other two belonged to mitochondrial clade B. The 24S rDNA and microsatellite profiling data were analyzed by the haplotype reconstruction program PHASE. We identified 141 haplotypes thatwere clearly distributed into three haplogroups (X, Y, and Z). All strains belonging to T. cruzi I (MDS-cluster A) were Z/Z, the T. cruzi II strains (MDS-cluster C) were Y/Y, and those belonging to MDS-cluster B (unclassified T. cruzi) had X/X haplogroup genotypes. The strains grouped in the MDS-cluster BH were X/Y, confirming their hybrid character. Based on these results we propose three ancestral lineages that we call, respectively, T. cruzi I, T. cruzi II and T. cruzi III. At least twohybridization events involving T. cruzi II and T. cruzi III produced evolutionarily viable progeny. In both events, the mitochondrial donor (as identified by the mitochondrial clade of the hybrid strains) was T. cruzi III and the mitochondrial recipient was T. cruzi II. By using a new molecular tool resulting of the combination of heminested PCR amplification and real time PCR we obtained the sensitiveness and resolution of typing the T. cruzi 24S directly from chronically infected tissues. In twenty-seven hearts, esophagus and colon samples of twenty-five patients from Minas Gerais and Goiás states we detected only the rDNA allele type 1, which correlates well to the T. cruzi II 7 lineage. These data confirm previous evidences of T. cruzi II being responsible for the disease, at least in that geographic region. Furthermore, we genotyped the parasites in the blood stream and in brain biopsy from a Chagasic patient with AIDS. Analyses of rDNA 24S and mini-exon genes and of microsatellite and LSSP/PCR profiles indicate a bigger clonal diversity at brain than at the blood stream and that the two populations were genetically diverse, since in the blood we found the T. cruzi II lineage while a hybrid population was found in the brain. With the aim of investigating further the T. cruzi differential distribution into host tissues, we used the murine model of thedisease, where there is evidence of a correlation between tissue tropism and MHC haplotypes (denominated H-2 in mice). In order to study this we used both in vivo and ex vivo procedures. First we infected mice congenic for the H-2 region [C57BLK/sJ (H-2d), C57BL/6 (H-2b), BALB/c (H-2d)and BALB/B10 (H-2b)] with an artificial mixture of two parasites [JG (T. cruzi II) and Col1.7G2 (T. cruzi I)]. For all experiments, the prevalence of a strain in detriment to the other into cardiac tissue is correlated to the H-2 haplotype, were the Col1.7G2 strain colonization is improved by the H-2bhaplotype, regardless of the genetic background. The results presented in this work reinforce the notion that the genetic variation in T. cruziand its host influence the course of the Chagas disease.
A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, atinge cerca de 18 milhões de pessoas nas três Américas. O parasito apresenta estrutura populacional complexa, com extensa variabilidade intraespecífica. Todavia, a análise conjunta de um grande número demarcadores suporta a divisão do táxon em pelo menos duas linhagens: T. cruzi I, ligada ao ciclo silvestre e T. cruzi II, ligada ao ciclo doméstico de transmissão.Em seres humanos, a doença de Chagas apresenta-se com manifestações clínicas muito variáveis na sua fase crônica, com parasitemia escassa e um curso clínico imprevisível, podendo variar de uma ausência total dos sintomas até s severas manifestações cardiovasculares e/ou gastrintestinais.Apesar de estar cada vez mais claro que a doença de Chagas provavelmente é resultante da interação complexa entre parasitos e hospedeiros, os motivos pelos quais diferentes indivíduos apresentam formas clínicas distintas permanecem desconhecidos. Para que estas questões sejam elucidadas, existe a necessidade de um melhor entendimento da contribuição de fatores genéticos de parasitos e hospedeiros e da maneira de como eles se interagem para resultar na patologia da doença.Neste aspecto, no presente trabalho, procuramos desenvolver metodologias de análise moleculares complementares que possibilitassem a adequada caracterização molecular de parasitos ehospedeiros bem como de suas interações.Inicialmente, com o objetivo de contribuir no entendimento da estrutura populacional do parasito, analisamos cinco locos de microssatélites, a região D7 da subunidade 24S do rDNA e polimorfismos de seqüências dos genes mitocondriais citocromo oxidase subunidade II, citocromoB e NADH desidrogenase em 75 cepas do parasito. Baseando-se nos dados de microssatélites as cepas puderam ser divididas em quatro grupos correspondendo à linhagem T. cruzi I (MDScluster A), T. cruzi II (MDS-cluster C), T. cruzi (MDS-cluster B) e cepas híbridas (MDS-cluster BH).Os dois primeiros grupos correspondem aos tipos mitocondriais A e C respectivamente, enquanto que os outros dois pertencem ao tipo mitocondrial B. Os dados obtidos através da tipagem por microssatélites e rDNA 24S foram analisados conjuntamente por reconstituição haplotípica através do programa PHASE, resultando em 141 haplótipos, claramente distribuídos em três haplogrupos (X,Y e Z).Todas as cepas pertencentes à linhagem T. cruzi I (MDS-cluster A) apresentam os dois haplótipos originados do haplogrupo Z (Z/Z), as cepas da linhagem T. cruzi II (MDS-cluster C) são Y/Y, e aquelas pertencentes ao MDS-cluster B (T. cruzi) apresentam haplótipos X/X. As cepas agrupadas no MDS-cluster BH apresentam haplótipos X/Y, confirmando a sua natureza híbrida. Baseando-se nestes resultados, propusemos a existência de três linhagens ancestrais do Trypanosoma cruzi, as quais foram denominadas T. cruzi I, T. cruzi II 5 e T. cruzi III. No mínimo dois eventos de hibridação envolvendo T. cruzi II e T. cruzi III resultaram em progênies viávéis. Nos dois eventos a linhagem doadora de mitocôndria (conforme indicado pelo tipo mitocondrial das cepas híbridas) foi a linhagem T. cruzi III e a linhagem receptora foi a linhagem T. cruzi II.Segundo, através de uma nova abordagem resultante da combinação da amplificação por heminested PCR e a análise em aparelho de PCR em tempo real, obtivemos sensibilidade e poder de resolução suficientes para a tipagem do rDNA 24S de T. cruzi diretamente emamostras de tecidos cronicamente infectados. Em vinte e sete amostras coração, esôfago e cólon, provenientes de 25 pacientes originados dos estados de Minas Gerais e Goiás, demonstramos a presença de apenas do rDNA tipo 1, bem correlacionado com linhagem T. cruzi II. Estes dados confirmam evidências anteriores de que esta linhagem seria a responsável pela doença ao menos nestas regiões endêmicas. Adicionalmente, caracterizamos geneticamente os parasitos presentesna corrente sanguínea e em uma biopsia cerebral de um paciente Chagásico e portador da síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida. Análises dos genes de rDNA 24S e de mini-éxon, juntamente com perfis de microssatélites e de LSSP / PCR, indicam que havia uma maior diversidade clonal do parasito no cérebro em comparação com o sangue e que as populações eram geneticamente distintas, pois no sangue estava presente a linhagem T. cruzi II enquanto queno cérebro estava uma população híbrida.Finalmente, com o objetivo de melhor estudar o fenômeno da distribuição diferenciada de T. cruzi nos diversos tecidos hospedeiros, utilizamos o modelo murino da doença, para o qual jáhavia evidências de que o tropismo tecidual poderia estar correlacionado com o haplótipo de MHC (Também denominada H-2) dos camundongos. Para tanto, em abordagens in vivo e ex vivo,infectamos animais congênicos para a região H-2 [C57BLK/sJ (H-2d), C57BL/6 (H-2b), BALB/c (H-2d) e BALB/B10 (H-2b)] com uma mistura artificial de duas cepas de T. cruzi [JG (T. cruzi II) e Col1.7G2 (T. cruzi I)]. Em todos os experimentos, a prevalência de uma cepa em relação à outra no tecido cardíaco foi associada ao haplótipo de H-2, onde a colonização pela cepa Col1.7G2 foi favorecida nos camundongos de haplótipo H-2b, independentemente do background genéticodos animais. O conjunto dos resultados apresentados nesta tese de doutorado estabiliza a noção de que, tanto a variação genética do T. cruzi como dos seus hospedeiros, influenciam no curso da doença de Chagas.
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41

Rodrigues, Claudiney Melquiades. "Análise multifatorial de mecanismos patogenéticos implicados na infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi em camundongos BALB/c." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8H8MEN.

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A century after the discovery of the Trypanosoma cruzi, many uncertainties remain with respect to factors determining the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In the present work, the effects of the association of two T. cruzi populations with opposite virulence and pathogenicity in BALB/c mice were investigated through of the simultaneous analyses of multiple biological parameters during the acute phase of infection. For this, the animals were infected with 100 trypomastigotes of JG or CL Brener or coinfected with 50 trypomastigotes of each one of the respective T. cruzi populations by i.p. route. The systemic effects of the disease were assessed through analyses of the parasitemia, body weight and survival during the acute phase of infection. Alternatively, the animals were sacrificed at 7, 14 and 21 days post infection (p.i.) for simultaneous analyses of multiple biological parameters. JG single infected mice presented reduced parasitemia and heart parasitism, serum levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-, CCL2, IL-6 and IFN-) similar to those found among naïve animals, none clinical manifestations of toxemia and null mortality. On the other hand, CL Brener single infected mice presented higher parasitemia and heart parasitism, as well as an increased systemic release of pro-inflammatory mediators and higher mortality probably due to a toxic shock-like systemic inflammatory response. Interesting, coinfection with JG and CL Brener strains resulted in intermediate parasitemia, heart parasitism and mortality in relation to BALB/c mice single infected with JG or CL Brener. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the systemic release of IL-10, what suggest that the endogenous production of this important regulatory cytokine can be crucial for counterbalance the potentially lethal pathological effects triggered by concomitant release of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by CL Brener infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that the clonal complexity of the infecting T. cruzi population plays an important role in the host response to infection and clinical evolution of the disease in experimentally infected BALB/c mice. The combination of JG and CL Brener was able to induce both protective immunity and regulatory mechanisms that seemingly were sufficient to attenuate pathological damages caused by inflammation in BALB/c mice.
Um século após a descoberta do Trypanosoma cruzi, muitas incertezas em relação aos fatores determinantes na patogênese da doença de Chagas ainda persistem. No presente trabalho, os efeitos da associação de duas populações de T. cruzi com virulência e patogenicidade opostas em camundongos BALB/c foram investigados através da análise simultânea de múltiplos parâmetros biológicos durante a fase aguda da infecção. Para isso, os animais foram infectados com 100 tripomastigotas de JG ou CL Brener ou coinfectados com 50 tripomastigotas de cada uma das respectivas populações de T. cruzi por via i.p. Os efeitos sistêmicos da doença foram avaliados através da análise da evolução da parasitemia, massa corporal e sobrevivência durante a fase aguda da infecção. Alternativamente, os animais foram sacrificados em 7, 14 e 21 dias após a infecção para a análise simultânea de múltiplos parâmetros biológicos. Camundongos infectados apenas com JG apresentaram parasitemia e parasitismo cardíaco reduzidos, níveis séricos de mediadores pró-inflamatórios (TNF-, CCL2, IL-6 e IFN-) similares àqueles encontrados entre animais normais, nenhuma manifestação clínica de toxemia e mortalidade nula. Por outro lado, animais infectados apenas com CL Brener apresentaram parasitemia e parasitismo cardíaco elevados, bem como um aumento na liberação sistêmica de mediadores pró-inflamatórios e alta taxa de mortalidade provavelmente devida a uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica semelhante ao choque tóxico. Interessantemente, a coinfecção com JG e CL Brener resultou em níveis de parasitemia, parasitismo cardíaco e taxa de mortalidade intermediários em relação a camundongos BALB/c infectados apenas com JG ou CL Brener. Isso foi acompanhado por um aumento significativo na liberação sistêmica de IL-10, o que sugere que a produção endógena dessa importante citocina reguladora possa ser crucial para contrabalancear os efeitos patológicos potencialmente letais deflagrados pela liberação concomitante de mediadores pró-inflamatórios induzidos pela infecção com CL Brener. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que a complexidade clonal da população de T. cruzi infectante representa um papel importante na resposta do hospedeiro à infecção e evolução clínica da doença em camundongos BALB/c infectados experimentalmente. A combinação de JG e CL Brener foi capaz de induzir tanto imunidade protetora quanto mecanismos reguladores que aparentemente foram suficientes para atenuar danos patológicos causados pela inflamação em camundongos BALB/c.
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42

Ireno, Ivanildce Cristiane. "Peptidoma parcial do veneno do escorpiao da amazonia Brotheas amazonicus." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-84KL7J.

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Brotheas amazonicus is an endemic scorpion from the northern Brazil. Since it dwells the Amazon forest, human accidents involving this species occur sporadically. In this study, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), MALDI-TOF-TOF, de novo sequencing and similarities searches were employed in assessment of the peptide diversity of the Brotheas amazonicus venom. The chromatographic profiles and the mass compositions of the venom are provided. A total of 201 molecules were detected with molecular masses between 800 and 17000 Da. Eight peptides were de novo sequenced which did not present significative similarity with other known molecules. The molecules with masses between 6 and 7.5 KDa corresponded to approximately 8% of all detected molecules and molecules with masses between 2 and 7 KDa corresponded to 43%. Other molecules have masses ranging from 0.8 KDa to 2 KDa and 7 KDa to 17 KDa. This work shows that much has yet to be discovered regarding these animals and the composition of their venoms.
O Brotheas amazonicus é um escorpião endêmico da região norte do Brasil. Por viver em região de floresta os casos de acidentes com esta espécie acontecem esporadicamente. No presente estudo, foi empregada cromatografia líquida bidimensional (2D-LC), MALDI-TOF-TOF, seqüenciamento de novo e pesquisa por similaridades em bancos de dados a fim de conhecer a diversidade peptídica do veneno de Brotheas amazonicus. Os perfis de 2D-LC e composição de massas moleculares são apresentados. Um total de 201 espécies moleculares foi identificado com massas entre 800 e 17000 Da. Oito peptídeos foram seqüenciados, sendo que nenhum deles apresentou similaridade com outras moléculas conhecidas. Dois deles apresentaram amidação C-terminal. As moléculas com massas entre 6 e 7,5 KDa equivaleram à aproximadamente 8% do total de moléculas detectadas, as moléculas com massas entre 2 e 7 KDa equivaleram à 43%. O restante das moléculas apresentaram massas variando de 0,8 KDa à 2 KDa e de 7 KDa à 17 KDa. Este trabalho demonstra que muito se tem a descobrir a respeito desses animais e a composição de suas peçonhas.
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43

Cortes, Denise Fonseca. "Infecções com baixas doses de Leishmania amazonensis: um modelo para o estudo de leishmania tegumentar americana." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8HENY7.

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A model of infection with Leishmania amazonensis in the skin, with low doses of parasites, was compared to infection with high doses of L. amazonensis and low and high doses of L. major. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 103 or 106 parasites in the ear and the outcome of infection was assessed. The appearance of lesions in mice infected with 103 parasites was delayed compared to mice infected with 106 Leishmania and parasites were detectable at the infection site even before lesions were. Mice infected with L. amazonensis displayed persistent lesions, while infection with L. major spontaneously healed in all groups, albeit lymphocytes persisted at the site of infection even after healing. Macrophages persisted only in L. amazonensis-infected mice. L. amazonensis infected mice produced lower levels of IFN-ã than mice infected with L. major. No correlation between persistence of parasites and IL-10 levels or the production of nitric oxide or activity of arginase by macrophages was found. We conclude that infection with low doses of L. amazonensis in the dermis changes the course of infection by delaying the appearance of lesions, but does not change the outcome of susceptibility and cytokine production described for the subcutaneous infection with high numbers of parasites.
Um modelo de infecção com L. amazonensis na pele, com baixa dose (103) de parasitos, é comparado à infecção com alta dose (106) de L. amazonensis e baixa e alta dose de L. major. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram infectados com 103 ou 106 parasitos na orelha e o curso de infecção foi acompanhado. O surgimento de lesões em camundongos infectados com 103 parasitos foi mais lento, quando comparado aos camundongos infectados com 106 Leishmania e parasitos foram detectados no sítio de infecção mesmo antes do surgimento das lesões. Camundongos infectados com L. amazonensis apresentaram lesões persistentes, enquanto a infecção com L. major curou espontaneamente em ambos os grupos, apesar de linfócitos persistirem no sítio de infecção, mesmo depois da cura. Macrófagos persistiram apenas nos camundongos infectados com L. amazonensis. Camundongos infectados com este parasito produziram níveis mais baixos de IFN- que os camundongos infectados com L. major. Nenhuma correlação entre persistência do parasito e níveis de IL-10 ou produção de óxido nítrico ou atividade de arginase por macrófagos foi encontrada. Concluiu-se que a infecção com baixa dose de L amazonensis na derme alterou o curso de infecção atrasando o surgimento da lesão, mas não alterou o fenótipo de suscetibilidade e produção de citocinas descritas após infecção subcutânea com alto número de parasitos.
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44

Silva, Danielle Marra de Freitas. "Restrição maternal de tiamina afeta aspectos cognitivos espaciais e níveis cerebrais de GABA e glutamato da prole, avaliados em fases posteriores do desenvolvimento." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8HEK9E.

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Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency causes lesions in different brain regions and may affect glutamatergic and GABAergic circuits of the central nervous system, which are related to a range of behavioral aspects. Several studies on cognitive and biochemical changes in adult rats subjected to thiamine deficiency have been published; however, few studies address this issue using animals that underwent deficiency during the early stages of development. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of thiamine restriction during lactation (Part I) or peri-natal period (Part II) on spatial cognitive performance and cerebral levels of glutamate and GABA in the offspring. In both designs, evaluations were conducted in the young (age = 30 days) and adult stage (age = 75 days). Behavioral parameters were assessed for thirteen days using a test of spatial navigation, the Morris Water Maze. At the end of the tests, rats were decapitated and the levels of glutamate and GABA present in the thalamus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). For this purpose, a chromatographic method for determination of the two amino acids was developed in the present work. Thiamine restriction during lactation (Part I) does not affect the relationship between encephalic weight and body weight in either young or adult rats. Although spatial learning was not affected by thiamine restriction during lactation, the speed of learning of young rats was significantly altered [F(1,27) = 5,91; p = 0,022]. None of the behavioral aspects - spatial learning and memory - evaluated in adults were affected. The concentrations of glutamate in the three brain regions examined [thalamus: F(1,26) = 37,98; p = 0,0001; hippocampus: F(1,26) = 13,35; p = 0,001; PFC: F(1,26) = 12,74; p = 0,001] and those of GABA in the thalamus [F(1,26) = 11,38; p = 0,002] of adult rats were significantly decreased by thiamine restriction. However, no significant differences in levels of these neurotransmitters were observed in young rats. When thiamine restriction was carried out in the peri-natal period (Part II) there was a significant effect of treatment on the relationship of encephalic weight and body weight of young animals [F(1,15) = 9,00; p = 0,009]. All young animals were able to learn the spatial navigation task, but the acquisition speed was affected by treatment [F(1,15) = 4,56; p = 0,049]. The relationship between encephalic/body weight and behavioral aspects was not affected at adulthood by the thiamine restriction during the perinatal period. This treatment did not affect the levels of glutamate and GABA in any of the brain regions analyzed in young and adult rats. The data obtained in this study show for the first time that maternal thiamine restriction can lead to cognitive and neurochemical changes in the offspring, indicating the importance of thiamine during pregnancy and lactation processes. Changes in the concentration of this vitamin during early periods of development can affect the neurobiology and behavior of the offspring. Although the studies on the effects of thiamine restriction during lactation or during the perinatal period were independent, preliminary observations of the effects of these treatments on biochemical parameters allow us to suppose that maternal thiamine restriction during lactation (Part I) causes stronger effects in the offspring than restriction in the perinatal period (Part II). Both restrictions during lactation and during the peri-natal period cause deficits in spatial learning in the offspring evaluated at the juvenile stage. A factorial study considering these two independent variables and a control of the recovery period should be conducted in the future.
A deficiência de tiamina (vitamina B1) induz lesões em diversas regiões cerebrais podendo afetar os circuitos glutamatérgico e GABAérgico do sistema nervoso central, os quais estão relacionados com vários aspectos comportamentais. Diversos trabalhos sobre alterações cognitivas e bioquímicas em ratos adultos submetidos à deficiência de tiamina têm sido realizados, entretanto, raros estudos abordam este tema utilizando animais que foram submetidos à deficiência durante fases precoces do desenvolvimento. Deste modo, no presente trabalho, avaliou-se os efeitos da restrição de tiamina durante a lactação (Parte I) ou o período peri-natal (Parte II) sobre o desempenho cognitivo espacial e níveis cerebrais de GABA e glutamato da prole. Em ambos os delineamentos, as avaliações foram realizadas na fase jovem (idade = 30 dias) e adulta (idade = 75 dias) de forma independente. As variáveis comportamentais, aprendizado e memória, foram avaliadas durante treze dias utilizando um teste de navegação espacial, o Labirinto Aquático de Morris. No dia seguinte ao término dos testes, os ratos foram decapitados e os níveis de glutamato e GABA presentes no tálamo, hipocampo e córtex pré-frontal (CPF) determinados através de cromatografia liquida de alto desempenho (HPLC). Para este propósito um método cromatográfico para determinação dos dois aminoácidos em uma mesma amostra foi desenvolvido no presente trabalho e implantado no laboratório. A restrição de tiamina durante a lactação (Parte I) não afeta a razão entre peso encefálico e peso corporal nem dos ratos jovens nem dos adultos. Embora a capacidade de aprendizado da tarefa espacial não tenha sido afetada pela restrição de tiamina durante a lactação, a velocidade de aprendizado dos ratos jovens foi significativamente alterada [F(1,27) = 5,91; p = 0,022]. Nenhum dos aspectos comportamentais aprendizado e memória espacial - avaliados na fase adulta foram afetados. Com relação às avaliações bioquímicas, as concentrações de glutamato nas três regiões cerebrais analisadas [tálamo: F(1,26) = 37,98; p = 0,0001; hipocampo: F(1,26) = 13,35; p = 0,001; PFC: F(1,26) = 12,74; p = 0,001] e de GABA no tálamo [F(1,26) = 11,38; p = 0,002] dos animais adultos foram significativamente diminuídas pela restrição de tiamina durante a lactação. Todavia, não foram observadas diferenças significativas na concentração desses neurotransmissores quando a avaliação foi realizada em ratos jovens. Quando a restrição de tiamina foi realizada no período peri-natal (Parte II) observou-se um efeito significativo desse tratamento sobre a razão peso encefálico e peso corporal dos animais jovens [F(1,15) = 9,00; p = 0,009]. Todos os animais jovens foram capazes de aprender a tarefa de navegação espacial, mas a velocidade de aquisição foi prejudicada pelo tratamento [F(1,15) = 4,56; p = 0,049]. A relação entre os pesos encefálico e corporal e os aspectos comportamentais não foram alterados na fase adulta pela restrição peri-natal de tiamina. Esse tratamento também não afetou os níveis de glutamato e GABA em nenhuma das regiões cerebrais analisadas dos ratos jovens e adultos. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo mostram pela primeira vez que a restrição maternal de tiamina pode induzir alterações cognitivas e neuroquímicas na prole, indicando a importância dos níveis de tiamina na mãe durante os processos de gestação e lactação. Alterações na concentração dessa vitamina em períodos precoces do desenvolvimento podem afetar a neurobiologia e o comportamento dos animais da prole. Embora os estudos sobre os efeitos da restrição de tiamina durante a lactação ou durante o período peri-natal tenham sido independentes, uma observação preliminar dos resultados referentes aos efeitos desses tratamentos sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos nos permite supor que a restrição maternal de tiamina durante a lactação (Parte I) parece ocasionar efeitos mais pronunciados na prole do que a restrição no período peri-natal (Parte II). Tanto a restrição durante a lactação quanto a peri-natal causam déficit no aprendizado espacial da prole avaliada na fase jovem. Um estudo fatorial considerando, em um mesmo experimento, essas duas variáveis independentes e um controle do período de recuperação deve ser realizado no futuro.
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45

Silva, Carolina Furtado Torres da. "Reparo de DNA em dois patógenos humanos: caracterização do gene IMP4 de Schistosoma mansini e estudos acerca do MMR, Sistema GO e taxa de mutação em Trypanosoma cruzi." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8FVPH6.

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Cells have evolved a complex set of mechanisms to appropriately respond to genotoxic damage, ensuring genomic stability. Such responses retain mutation rates in an acceptable level, through a fine-tuning balance between genome maintenance and generation of genetic variability. In this work, we studied some features of the DNA repair machinery of Schistosoma mansoni and Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agents of schistosomiasis and Chagas disease in Brazil. Both parasites need to adapt to distinct environments, and are consequently exposed to various DNA damaging agents. Using a functional heterologue complementation strategy, we have isolated a S. mansoni cDNA that complements Escherichia coli mutants defective in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. This cDNA has sequence homology to a gene involved in the RNA metabolism pathway, the ScIMP4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To establish whether the S. mansoni cDNA could complement yeast mutants ScIMP4-defective, we constructed a yeast haploid strain containing a truncated Imp4p gene which shows MMS sensitivity. The functional homology between the ScIMP4 gene and the cDNA from S. mansoni was verified by partial complementation of the mutant yeast with the worms gene. As a second goal, we studied T. cruzi DNA repair mechanisms possibly involved in the generation of genetic variability in this protozoan parasite. We have previously demonstrated that polymorphisms in the TcMSH2 locus, which encodes a key component of the mismatch repair (MMR), result in three different protein isoforms present in the T. cruzi population. Using cisplatin, MNNG and H2O2 in vivo assays performed with cadmium, which in sub lethal concentrations inhibits specifically the MMR, we provided evidences that TcMSH2A-expressing parasites have increased MMR activity when compared to parasite strains expressing TcMSH2C isoforms. To better understand the mechanisms involved in the oxidative DNA damage response in T. cruzi we characterized the putative OGG1 ortologue in the parasite and showed that (i) TcOgg1A expression is toxic in bacteria and (ii) stably TcOgg1A transfected parasites have increased H2O2 sensitivity. Additionally, a search for candidates for a functional homologue of E. coli MutT in T. cruzi using the Nudix Box was attempted. We`ve found that expression of Ndx1 or Ndx4 was unable to suppress the high spontaneous mutagenesis of E. coli mutT-deficient strain and that EcMutT overexpressing parasites showed increased survival and decreased 8oxoG levels after H2O2 treatment. Finally, we developed a methodology to determine the mutation rate in T. cruzi. The assay is performed in semisolid medium plates and is based on the selection of clones that spontaneously reverts the neomycin-sensitive phenotype caused by a single base substitution in the neomycin resistance gene (neo) inserted into the parasite genome. Our preliminary results indicate that this experimental approach is functional since (i) clones that grew in neomycin containing plates have the mutation repaired as shown by DNA sequence, (ii) a proportionally higher number of clones able to grow in the presence of neomycin was observed after long-time culture in liquid medium and in cultures that were treated with a mutagenic agent. This methodology is now in place in our laboratory to be used to determine the mutation rate in distinct T. cruzi strains, as well as analyzing the effect of different mutagens in this parasite.
O conteúdo genético de um organismo está continuamente exposto a agentes que danificam a molécula de DNA, causando mutações ou comprometendo suas funções. Complexos mecanismos de reparo ou tolerância a danos no DNA ajudam a manter baixas as taxas de mutação em uma célula e a garantir a integridade do seu genoma. Neste trabalho, estudamos o reparo de DNA em dois parasitos humanos, Schistosoma mansoni e Trypanosoma cruzi, causadores da esquistossomose e da Doença de Chagas no Brasil. Esses parasitas são expostos a diferentes agentes genotóxicos ao longo do ciclo de vida e necessitam, portanto, apresentar diversos mecanismos de adaptação. Através da estratégia de complementação funcional heteróloga, isolamos um cDNA de S. mansoni capaz de complementar bactérias deficientes na via de reparo por excisão de bases (BER). O sequenciamento do cDNA indicou homologia ao gene ScIMP4 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, que está envolvido no metabolismo de RNA. Construímos uma linhagem mutante de S. cerevisiae, que codifica a proteína IMP4 truncada e verificamos que esta apresenta sensibilidade acentuada a MMS. Observamos ainda que o gene IMP4 de S. mansoni foi capaz de complementar parcialmente a levedura mutante, indicando homologia funcional entre os genes IMP4 do verme e da levedura. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho, estudamos mecanismos de reparo de DNA possivelmente associados à geração de variabilidade genética em T. cruzi. Nosso grupo demonstrou previamente a existência de três isoformas (A, B e C) da proteína TcMSH2 em T. cruzi. Esta proteína é o principal componente da via de reparo de erros de pareamento (MMR) em eucariotos. Através de ensaios in vivo com cisplatina, MNNG e H2O2, na presença de cloreto de cádmio (em concentrações que inibem especificamente o MMR), obtivemos novos indícios de que as cepas que codificam a isoforma A de TcMSH2 apresentam MMR mais eficiente, quando comparadas a cepas que codificam a isoforma C desta proteína, e isto pode estar relacionado com a maior variabilidade genética vista nas últimas. Para estudar mecanismos de resposta a danos oxidativos em T. cruzi, caracterizamos o possível ortólogo de OGG1 no parasito. Vimos que a expressão do alelo TcOgg1A é tóxica em bactérias e que a superexpressão deste no clone CL Brener aumenta sua sensibilidade ao tratamento com H2O2. Ainda, realizamos uma busca por homólogos funcionais de MutT em T. cruzi. Nossos resultados indicam que os alelos Ndx1 e Ndx4, que apresentam o domínio Nudix, não complementam bactérias deficientes em MutT. Também observamos que a superexpressão de EcMutT em T. cruzi aumenta a sobrevivência dos parasitos em resposta ao tratamento com H2O2 e reduz os níveis de 8-oxoG após estresse oxidativo. Finalmente, desenvolvemos um sistema repórter capaz de avaliar a taxa de mutação em T. cruzi. O ensaio, realizado em meio semi-sólido, baseia-se na seleção de mutantes resistentes a neomicina, que revertem uma mutação inserida no gene neo introduzido no genoma do parasito. Os resultados obtidos em um ensaio preliminar indicam a viabilidade da metodologia, através da qual seremos capazes de determinar a taxa de mutação em diferentes cepas de T. cruzi, assim como avaliar o efeito de diferentes agentes mutagênicos no parasita.
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46

Campos, Danilo Roman. "Disfunção cardíaca em animal nocaute para o receptor do tipo 2 para bradicinina." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8H5QQF.

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The Kinins are important peptides concerning control of cardiovascular function. Their action mechanism depend on the activation of two distinct receptor, type 1 and 2 bradykinin receptor (B1R and B2R). They both are coupled to G protein, which are responsible to activate different intracellular pathways, involved in different cellular process. Their role in the control of heart function is not well understood. Based on this issue, we decided to evaluate the heart physiology of mouse knockout to type 2 receptor of bradykinin (B2R-/-), in order to evaluate the B2R function in the heart physiology. Using langendorff technique we observed a reduced heart function, in terms of contraction. To evaluate the mechanism involved in the heart dysfunction, we used isolated cardiomyocyte. We evaluated the cellular contraction and both, left and right ventricular cardiomyocytes presented reduction in cell shorthening. Furthermore, time to 50% to contraction and relaxation were increased. In order to investigate the electrical properties of left ventricular cardiomyocyte in B2R-/-, we used patch-clamp technique in current and voltage-clamp mode. When comparing control and B2R-/- we observed: increased time to repolarization of action potential; increased resting potential; inward potassium rectification (IK1) is not altered; transient outward potassium current (Ito) was reduced; delay potassium current (Ik) was not altered and L-type calcium current (ICa,L) was attenuated. Besides, kinetics process concerning Ito and ICa,L, in a overall mean were altered. We evaluated calcium release from sarcoplasmatic reticulum using confocal microscope and we obtained a reduction in calcium release from sarcoplasmatic reticulum from B2R-/-. To characterize alterations in the production of reactive oxygen species we evaluate basal production of superoxide in cardiomyocyte and B2R-/- presented an increased production when comparing to control. We also investigated the participation of nitric oxide (NO) in modulate Ito, ICa,L and calcium release from sarcoplasmatic reticulum. We observed that NO is, in parts, responsible to the reduction in Ito and ICa,L in cardiomyocytes of B2R-/-. However NO is not responsible to the reduction in calcium transient. Taking together, our results indicate that B2R-/- mice present a reduction in heart function attributed to alterations in electrophysiology, calcium transient and generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the dysfunction presented is, in parts, due to excessive production of NO. In sum, the heart phenotype presented by B2R-/- mice is similar to many models of heart failure, indicating that B2R-/- mice develop spontaneous heart failure.
As bradicininas são importantes peptídeos moduladores da função cardiovascular. Elas atuam através da ativação de dois distintos receptores, receptores do tipo 1 e 2, denominados B1R e B2R. Esses receptores são acoplados a proteína G, ativando vias de sinalização intracelular. O papel que ambos desempenham na fisiologia cardíaca ainda é pouco conhecido. Por este motivo, decidimos estudar o animal nocaute para o B2R (B2R-/-), para averiguarmos o papel que este desempenha no controle da função cardíaca. Utilizando a técnica de Langendorff foi caracterizada uma redução na capacidade contrátil do coração isolado. Para melhor investigarmos os mecanismos envolvidos na disfunção cardíaca, estudamos os miócitos cardíacos isolados. Foi constatado que a capacidade contrátil, tanto de células isoladas do ventrículo direito como do esquerdo, apresentou redução significativa, bem como aumento no tempo para 50% da contração e relaxamento. Para caracterizarmos as propriedades elétricas das células isoladas do ventrículo esquerdo utilizamos a técnica de patch-clamp nos modos current- e voltage-clamp e foi constatado que, comparando-se o controle com o B2R-/- o potencial de ação apresenta uma duração maior; o potencial de repouso encontra-se mais despolarizado; a corrente de potássio retificadora de entrada (IK1) não está alterada; a corrente de potássio transiente de saída (Ito) encontra-se reduzida; a corrente de potássio retificadora de saída (Ik) não foi alterada e a corrente de cálcio do tipo L (ICa,L) foi atenuada. Além disso, os processos cinéticos da Ito e ICa,L foram, de uma forma geral, alterados. Avaliamos a liberação de Ca2+ pelo retículo sarcoplasmático através da técnica de microscopia confocal e constatamos que animais B2R-/- apresentam uma liberação fracional reduzida de Ca2+. Para caracterizarmos alterações na produção de espécies reativas do oxigênio avaliamos a produção basal de superóxido pelos cardiomiócitos e constatamos que os animais B2R-/- apresentam uma produção basal aumentada, quando comparados com os animais controle. Também averiguamos a participação do óxido nítrico (NO) na modulação da Ito, ICa,L e do transiente global de Ca2+. Constatamos que o NO é, em parte, responsável pela redução da Ito e ICa,L nos cardiomiócitos de animais B2R-/-, porém o NO não é responsável pela redução observada do transiente global de Ca2+. Tomando em conjunto, nossos dados indicam que os animais B2R-/- apresentam uma redução importante na função cardíaca, sendo este fenótipo devido, em parte, às alterações na eletrofisiologia das células cardíacas, na redução da liberação de Ca2+ dos estoques intracelulares (retículo sarcoplasmático) e no aumento da produção de superóxido. Além disso, as alterações encontradas devem-se provavelmente, a uma produção aumentada de óxido nítrico. Em suma, o fenótipo cardíaco apresentado pelos animais B2R-/- assemelha-se àquele encontrado na insuficiência cardíaca, indicando que os camundongos B2R-/- desenvolvem naturalmente esta patologia.
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47

Freitas, Renata Nascimento de. "Estudos moleculares de tecidos normais e tumores malignos de roedores tratados com samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum)." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8HEPNW.

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Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) toxicity and carcinogenicity properties have been extensively described in domestic and experimental animals. Some epidemiologic studies have associated the human exposition to the bracken fern and /or to its toxins with a higher risk for the occurrence of esophagus cancer in Venezuela and stomach cancer in Japan, Brazil, Costa Rica, United Kingdom ad Venezuela. However, these epidemiologic studies are not enough to unequivocally establish a causal relationship between bracken fern and cancer development in human beings. In the present work we proposed to investigate the presence of molecular markers of the bracken fern toxins on the animals genome which, if found, would be used in the assessment of the risk to the bracken exposure for humans. Initially, we investigated DNA adducts formation in normal targets tissues of female rats treated by gavage with a single dose of alcoholic extracts or other different preparations obtained from young fronds of freshly collected bracken for medium and long term. We used 32P-postlabeling method to identify the DNA adducts. Our results indicate that DNA adducts detectable by 32P-postlabeling are not formed in stomach or ileum of rats treated with bracken fern via digestive tube. We evaluate the presence of adducts in DNA samples obtained from upper digestive tube of mice treated with an acute single dose of bracken extract and spores and we found three adducts that had been previously described and also other four adducts which were not characterized. None of these adducts presented chromatography mobility similar to the single adduct obtained from in vitro modified DNA with activated ptaquiloside (a carcinogenic glycoside extracted from bracken). We conclude that other substances, besides ptaquiloside, are able to induce DNA adducts formation, which might contribute to the bracken carcinogenicity in mice. Following the strategy to identify molecular markers of the bracken action in the rat genome, and considering colorectal tumors carcinogenesis in humans as model, we examined eight malignant tumors induced by bracken treatment in rats for the presence of mutations in genes related to the classical pathway for the colorectal cancer, p53 and ras and also evaluated the mutator pathway by studying microsatellites stability. The exons 5 9 of the p53 and exons 1 and 2 of the K-ras and H-ras genes were sequenced and none mutation was found in the eight tumors. The amplification of five microsatellites loci previously validated (one mononucleotide repeat, three dinucleotide repeat and one tetranucleotide repeat) in the malignant tumors and in normal adjacent tissue did not reveal any microsatellite instability. The envolvement of mutations occurring in other tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes of the classical pathway as well as in genes required for chromosomal segregation and epigenetic events still must be investigated in the search for molecular markers of the bracken fern induced tumors.
As propriedades tóxicas e carcinogênicas da samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) têm sido extensivamente descritas em animais domésticos e experimentais. Alguns estudos epidemiológicos têm associado a exposição humana à samambaia e/ou suas toxinas com um aumento do risco de ocorrência de câncer de esôfago e estômago no Japão, Brasil, Costa Rica, Reino Unido e Venezuela. No entanto, estes estudos epidemiológicos não são suficientes para, inequivocadamente, estabelecer uma relação causal entre a samambaia e o surgimento destes cânceres em humanos. Assim, propusemo-nos no presente trabalho, a investigar a presença de marcadores moleculares da ação das toxinas da samambaia sobre o genoma de animais que, se encontrados, pudessem ser utilizados na avaliação do risco da exposição à samambaia para humanos. Investigamos inicialmente a formação de adutos de DNA em tecidos alvos normais de ratas tratadas via intragástrica com uma dose aguda única de extratos alcoólicos obtidos do broto de samambaia ou com diferentes preparações de broto de samambaia por médios e longos prazos. Utilizamos a metodologia de pós-marcação com 32P para identificação de adutos de DNA. Nossos resultados indicam que adutos de DNA detectáveis por pós-marcação com 32P não são formados em estômago e íleo de ratas tratadas com broto de samambaia via digestiva. Avaliamos a presença de adutos em amostras de DNA de tubos digestivos superior de camundongos tratados com dose aguda de extrato e esporos de samambaia e encontramos três adutos que já haviam sido descritos e ainda outros quatro adutos que não foram caracterizados. Nenhum destes adutos apresentou mobilidade cromatográfica similar ao único aduto obtido de DNA modificado in vitro com o ptaquilosídeo ativado (glicosídeo carcinogênico extraído da samambaia). Assim, concluímos que outras substâncias presentes na samambaia, além do ptaquilosídeo, são capazes de induzir a formação de adutos de DNA, podendo contribuir para a carcinogenicidade da samambaia em camundongos. Como parte da estratégia para identificação de marcadores moleculares da ação da samambaia sobre o genoma de ratos, e usando a carcinogênese de tumores colorretais humanos como modelo, examinamos oito tumores malignos induzidos pela samambaia em ratos para a presença de mutações nos genes associados com a via clássica para o câncer colorretal, p53 e ras e também avaliamos a via mutadora estudando microssatélites. Os exons 5 9 do gene p53 e os exons 1 e 2 dos genes K-ras e H-ras foram examinados por seqüenciamento de DNA e nenhuma mutação foi encontrada nos oito tumores malignos. A amplificação de cinco locos de microssatélites previamente validados (um com repetição de mononucleotídeo, três com repetições de dinucleotídeos e um com repetições de tetranucleotídeos) nos tumores malignos e em tecido normal adjacente não revelou qualquer instabilidade. O envolvimento de mutações em outros genes supressores de tumor ou oncogenes da via clássica bem como em genes requeridos para a segregação cromossômica e eventos epigenéticos devem ser ainda investigados na pesquisa por marcadores moleculares de tumores induzidos pela samambaia.
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48

Correa, Natassia Caroline Resende. "Clonagem e expressão de protease mitogênica de Carica candamarcensis." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8H6P5G.

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Cysteine proteinases are found in many organisms and play essential functions in parasites, mammals and plants. Carica candamarcensis, a member of the Caricaceae family, contains highly active cysteine proteinases in its latex. One of the proteins isolated from this specie was named CMS2MS2, it contains 214 aminoacids, exhibits proteolytic activity and shows mitogenic effect on mammal cells. The objective of this study was to produce recombinant CMS2MS2 to further study the biological activity and structure characterize this enzyme. To clone this gene a degenerate primer pair was derived from the recently elucidated N- and C-terminal sequence of CMS2MS2,. Amplicons of about 650 bp and 500 bp were obtained by PCR from the cDNA, generated by reverse transcription using total RNA from leaf. Initial cloning of the 650 bp fragment was done into plasmid pCR 2.1, which was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10. Positive clones were confirmed by endonuclease digestion, specific PCR and sequencing. It was shown that F2 and E3 clones could be isoforms of cysteine-proteases in C. candamarcensis. The F2 clone was chosen and excised from pCR 2.1 with XhoI and HindIII enzymes for sub-cloning into pET28a(+)-TEV vector, between SalI e HindIII sites. The expression profile in BL21-DE3 bacteria induced with 0.5 mM IPTG showed a protein with approximately 30 kDa, as expected. The protein is only present in the insoluble fraction of the bacterial lysate. The mitogenic activity of the recombinant protein showed that the protein has proliferative effect on L929 fibroblasts at 0.4 e 1 nM concentrations, while in primary cultured osteoblasts it induces mitogenesis at 1 nM concentration which is within the pharmacological range exhibited by the non-recombinant enzyme.
As cisteíno-proteases são encontradas em vários organismos e se destacam por apresentar funções essenciais em parasitos, mamíferos e plantas. Várias plantas que são fontes dessas cisteíno-proteases pertencem à família Caricaceae, que tem como membro a espécie Carica candamarcensis. Uma das proteínas isoladas desse organismo, denominada CMS2MS2, é composta por 214 aminoácidos, possui atividade proteolítica e comprovada ação mitogênica em células de mamíferos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi produzir CMS2MS2 recombinante para posteriores estudos da atividade biológica e caracterização estrutural. Para a clonagem desse gene, foi utilizado um par de primers degenerados baseados na seqüência aminoacídica N-terminal e C-terminal da proteína CMS2MS2, cuja estrutura foi recentemente elucidada. Amplicons de aproximadamente 650 e 500 bp foram obtidos do cDNA, gerado por transcrição reversa a partir do RNA da folha da planta. A clonagem inicial do fragmento de 650 bp foi realizada no vetor pCR 2.1, que por sua vez foi transformado em bactérias Escherichia coli TOP10. Os clones positivos foram selecionados e a presença do fragmento de interesse verificada através de digestão, PCR e seqüenciamento do inserto. Foi possível observar pela análise dos clones F2 e E3 a existência de possíveis isoformas de cisteíno-proteases em C. candamarcensis. O inserto do clone F2 foi escolhido e em seguida excisado do plasmídeo pCR 2.1 com as enzimas XhoI e HindIII para sub-clonagem no vetor pET28a (+) TEV entre os sítios SalI e HindIII. O perfil de expressão dos clones em bactérias BL21-DE3 induzidas com 0,5 mM IPTG demonstrou uma proteína de aproximadamente 30 kDa, como esperado após a sub-clonagem, presente somente na fração insolúvel do lisado bacteriano. Testes de atividade mitogênica da proteína recombinante mostrou que essa proteína possui efeito proliferativo sobre fibroblastos L929 nas concentrações de 0,4 e 1 nM, enquanto que em osteobalstos obtidos de cultura primária induz mitogênese na concentração de 1 nM, faixas de concentração nas quais a enzima não-recombinante exibe atividade farmacológica.
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49

Breyner, Natalia Martins. "Condrogênese de células tronco mesenquimais derivadas de Rattus Norvegicus utilizando matriz orgãnica tridimensional à base de quitosana." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-8H8PVV.

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Cartilage is known to be an avascular tissue and this characteristic taken together with others provides the tissue a very limited regeneration capacity. Consequently, a small damage to the tissue results in progressive damages or degenerative processes like osteoarthrite. Tissue engineering techniques has been applied not only in the treatment of cartilage damage but also in other medical fields such as orthopedic and odontology. In the present work, it was demonstrated that the 3D (tridimesional) chitosan scaffold was efficient in the adhesion and differentiation process of the MSCs (Mesenchymal Stem Cells) after the addition of a chondrogenic medium containing TGF- and dexamethasone. The cultured MSCs in the 3D chitosan scaffold were more viable during the first nine weeks of culture, demonstrating a reduction in the production of Alkaline Phosphastase, which indicates phenotipic changes of the cells. Confirming these results, the collagen production of the MSCs cultured in this kind of scaffold increased together as the culture period indicating the beginning of a differentiation. However, when gelatin is added to the scaffold constitution, the results were not satisfactory. Ahead of the excellent results using a matrix made of chitosan in the promotion of MSCs differentiation. It becomes clear that this 3D organic structure is one of the best candidates for biomaterial implants colonized by stem cells in the tissue recovering in regenerative medicine.
A cartilagem apresenta-se histologicamente descrita como um tecido avascular, o que lhe confere, junto a outras características, uma limitada capacidade de reparo. Consequentemente, pequenas lesões podem acarretar em danos progressivos e/ou processos degenerativos, como osteoartrite. Para o tratamento de lesões da cartilagem, técnicas de engenharia de tecido têm sido indicadas. Neste trabalho, foi demonstrado que a matriz 3D (tridimensional) de quitosana se apresentou adequada ao processo de adesão e diferenciação de CTM (Células-tronco mesenquimais) após a adição do meio condrogênico contendo TGF- e dexametasona. As CTM cultivadas em matriz 3D de quitosana se apresentaram viáveis durante as 9 semanas de cultivo, além de apresentarem uma redução na produção de FA, o que indica alteração fenotípica das células. Corroborando com esses resultados, a produção de colágeno pelas CTM cultivadas neste tipo de matriz aumentou no decorrer do período de cultivo, indicando um início de diferenciação. Entretanto, ao adicionar gelatina à constituição da matriz os resultados obtidos não foram satisfatórios. Diante dos excelentes resultados apresentados pela matriz 3D à base de quitosana na promoção da condrogênese usando CTM, podemos apontar essa estrutura orgânica com um dos principais candidatos em implantes de biomateriais colonizados por células tronco para recuperação tecidual em medicina regenerativa.
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50

Caetano, Braulia Costa. "Desenvolvimento de um modelo de vacinação contra Toxoplasma gondii empregando adenovírus recombinante." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/UCSD-87RNXA.

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In the present study, genes encoding the SAG1, SAG2 and SAG3 proteins of T. gondii were cloned into replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses, after being modified for appropriate expression in mammalian cells. Modifications included removal of 3-end sequences encoding the GPI-anchoring motifs and, for SAG3, substitution of the 5´-end encoding the natural signal sequence for the influenza virus haemaglutinin signal sequence (HASS). After the characterization of the three recombinant adenoviruses and demonstration of in vitro expression of the SAG proteins, the viruses were employed in immunizations of BALB/c mice. Vaccination with the three recombinants led to production of specific anti-SAG IgG antibodies and also induced activation of specific IFN- producing CD8+ T cells. To determine if the vaccination with the recombinant vectors is capable of eliciting protection against the parasite, animals received a challenge with the highly virulent RH strain or, alternatively, the cystogenic P-Br strain. Results show that vaccination with SAG-recombinant adenoviruses did not increase the survival of animals after challenge with the RH strain, but promoted a significant decrease of 50-80% in brain cyst numbers in groups that received the P-Br strain. In such way, we conclude that immunization with recombinant adenoviruses encoding the T. gondii SAG1, SAG2 and SAG3 antigens is capable of activate specific Th1-biased immune responses against those proteins, and protect against common infective forms of the parasite.
No presente estudo, os genes que codificam as proteínas SAG1, SAG2 e SAG3 de T. gondii foram clonados em adenovírus recombinantes deficientes em replicação, após terem sido modificados para a expressão apropriada em células de mamíferos. As modificações incluíram a remoção, nos três genes, da extremidade 3 que codifica para o motivo de ancoragem em GPI e, no caso de SAG3, troca do peptídeo sinal nativo da proteína pelo peptídeo sinal da hemaglutinina do vírus influenza (HASS). Após a caracterização dos três adenovírus recombinantes e da demonstração da expressão das proteínas de interesse in vitro, os vírus foram empregados na imunização de camundongos BALB/c. A vacinação com os três recombinantes levou à produção de IgG anti-SAG específica, e ainda foi capaz de induzir ativação de células CD8+ produtoras de IFN- específicas. Para avaliar a capacidade dos vetores recombinantes em gerar proteção contra o parasita, os animais foram submetidos a desafio com a cepa RH altamente virulenta ou, alternativamente, com a cepa cistogênica P-Br de T. gondii. Os resultados mostram que a imunização com os adenovírus SAG-recombinantes não aumentou o tempo de sobrevivência dos animais após o desafio com a cepa RH, mas levou a uma redução significativa de 50-80% no número de cistos cerebrais dos animais dos animais que receberam a cepa P-Br. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a vacinação com os adenovírus recombinantes codificando os antígenos SAG1, SAG2 e SAG3 de T. gondii é capaz de ativar uma resposta imune específica e desviada para um perfil Th1 contra aquelas proteínas, e de proteger contra formas infectantes comuns do parasita.
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