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Academic literature on the topic 'UBHC'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "UBHC"

1

Reddy, P. Srinivas, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and Narsimhulu Sanke. "Investigations on exhaust emissions of insulated diesel engine fuelled with algae oil blended with nano particles." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, no. 08 (2022): S17—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.003.

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Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (measure of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines, which call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, consisting of air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine fuelled with algae oil blended with optimum quantity of diethyl ether (DEE) mixed with copper nano particles with varied injection timing with both versions of the engine such as conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. The pollutants of PM, CO and UBHC were drastically reduced with test fuel with advanced injection timing with both versions of the engine. However, NOx emissions increased with LHR engine.

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Rabbani, Mohammad Attalique, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and P. Usha Sree. "Reduction of Pollutants of Insulated Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil with Supercharging." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S284—S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.043.

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This paper aims at alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine are particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx ) levels, carbon mono oxide (CO) emissions and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental disorders like Global warming, Green-House effect, acid rain etc,. Hence control of these emissions is urgent and an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, however, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic collected from debris by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine. The concept of LHR diesel engine is to minimize the heat flow to the coolant there by increase of thermal efficiency. This LHR engine is useful for burning high viscous and low calorific value fuels. LHR engine consisted of ceramic coated cylinder head engine. The exhaust emissionsof PM, CO, NOx and UBHC with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. The data was compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine.

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Saravanakumar, L., B. R. Ramesh Bapu, and B. Durga Prasad. "Effect of Combustion Chamber Geometry on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Mahua Biodiesel Blends." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 900–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.900.

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The present work investigates the effect of change in combustion chamber geometry on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with mahua biodiesel. Since plant oil derived from the mahua tree has high fatty acids, it undergoes esterification followed by transesterification process to reduce its viscosity. Experiments were conducted using a blend of 20% biodiesel (B20) 40% biodiesel (B40) with diesel and compared with diesel by using two types of combustion chamber geometry, explicitly hemispherical and modified hemispherical combustion chamber. Performance parameters such as Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and emission parameters like Unburned Hydro Carbon (UBHC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) were studied from the diesel engine with above mentioned configurations. It is obvious that there is considerable improvement in the performance parameter viz, BTE, BSFC and reduction in UBHC emissions by using the modified geometry piston. However, the NOx emission was found to be higher than that of standard configuration. The results obtained from the blend B20 at modified combustion chamber geometry are on par with diesel and hence mahua biodiesel can be suggested as an alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (C.I) engine with modified combustion chamber geometry.

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Jaichandar, Sriramulu, D. Samuelraj, and M. Sathish Kumar. "Effects of Varying Injector Opening Pressure on the Performance of a B20 JOME Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v16i1.6031.

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The present work examines the influence of Injector Opening Pressure (IOP) on Jatropha oil fueled Compression Ignition (CI) engine. A Direct Injection (DI) type diesel engine was tested with a blend of 20% Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) with 80% diesel (B20) on volume basis. The engine was run on four different injector opening pressures viz. 190, 210, 220 and 230 bar along with standard IOP of 200 bar. For all IOPs, performance considerations like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), combustion factors such as cylinder pressure and ignition delay and emission issues such as CO, UBHC, smoke opacity and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were investigated. From the experimental examinations it was observed that IOP of 220 bar showed improvement in terms of BTE and BSFC by about 2.3% and 4.4%. Considerable enhancement in reduction of emission levels particularly for CO, UBHC and smoke were also observed for increased IOP of 220bar by about 26.4%, 12.96% and 3.4% respectively, compared to the engine operated at standard IOP of 200 bar. However, NOx emission level was deteriorated compared to normal IOP. It was also found that increasing the IOP, lowered ignition delay and increased the in-cylinder pressure.

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Chaichan, Miqdam Tariq. "Characterization of Lean Misfire Limits of Mixture Alternative Gaseous Fuels Used for Spark Ignition Engines." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.19.1.06.

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Increasing on gaseous fuels as clean, economical and abundant fuels encourages the search for optimum conditions of gas-fueled internal combustion engines. This paper presents the experimental results on the lean operational limits of Recardo E6 engine using gasoline, LPG, NG and hydrogen as fuels. The first appearance of almost motoring cycle was used to define the engine lean limit after the fuel flow was reduced gradually. The effects of compression ratio, engine speed and spark timing on the engine operational limits are presented and discussed in detailed. Increasing compression ratio (CR) extend the lean limits, this appears obviously with hydrogen, which has a wide range of equivalence ratios, while for hydrocarbon fuel octane number affect gasoline, so it can' t work above CR=9:1, and for LPG it reaches CR=12:1, NG reaches CR=15:1 at lean limit operation. Movement from low speeds to medium speeds extended lean misfire limits, while moving from medium to high speeds contracted the lean misfiring limits. NOx, CO and UBHC concentrations increased with CR increase for all fuels, while CO2 concentrations reduced with this increment. NOx concentration increased for medium speeds and reduced for high speeds, but the resulted concentrations were inconcedrable for these lean limits. CO and CO2 increased with engine speed increase, while UBHC reduced with this increment. The hydrogen engine runs with zero CO, CO2 and UNHC concentrations, and altra low levels of NOx concentrations at studied lean misfire limits.

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Y. Nagini, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and S. Naga Sarada. "Investigations on reduction of pollutants in spark ignition engine." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 01 (2023): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.039.

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With a great vulnerability to oil embargoes and shortage of fossil fuels, attention is focussed on development of alternative fuel sources. Therefore alternative fuels like alcohol are preferred due to their comparable properties with gasoline. Reduction of exhaust emissions from engines has been focused and given importance in the development of new engines. The aim of the investigations is to determine and control of pollutants of the variable speed engine with piston surface, coated with copper and also inner side of the cylinder head as well as liner fuelled with gasohol [80% of gasoline blended with 20% of ethanol] by varying timing of spark ignition coupled with catalytic converter using catalyst of sponge iron incorporating air injection in catalytic chamber. The operating conditions of the investigations were configuration of the engine and ignition timing, with and without the provision of catalytic chamber. The exhaust emissions of carbon mono oxide (CO), un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. CO emissions, UBHC emissions and NOx levels were evaluated with sophisticated analyzer at various values of BMEP of the engine. Copper coated engine with gasohol at its optimum ignition timing reduced pollution levels. Catalytic converter reduced pollution levels by 40% and further reduction of emissions were pronounced with the injection of air. The ignition timing which was found to be optimum with CE was 280bTDC (before top dead centre), while it was 270b TDC with copper coated engine (CCE).

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Reghu, V. R., V. Shankar, and P. Ramaswamy. "Comparative Experimental Studies on Four Stroke Four Cylinder Diesel fuelled Base Line Engine and Low Heat Rejection Engine." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 6889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.05.0517.

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The depletion of conventional fuel source at a fast rate and increasing of environment pollution motivated extensive research in energy efficient engine design. In the present work, experimental investigations were carried out on a four-stroke four-cylinder dieselfuelled Base Line Engine (BLE) by conducting a normal load test and measuring the required Brake Thermal Efficiency (BThE) and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) in a 100 HP dyno facility. A six-gas Analyser was used for the measurement of Unburnt Hydrocarbons (UBHC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), free Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx) and a smoke meter was used to measure smoke opacity. Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine was realized by coating the crown of the aluminium alloy piston with the most popular Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) material, namely 8%Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia (8YPSZ), after coating qualification on research pistons, specifically fabricated to retain the piston material specification, and the geometry of the crown contour. A normal load test was conducted on LHR engine to evaluate the performance as well as to determine the concentration of pollutants. A ~30% improvement in BThE and ~35% improvement in SFC was exhibited by the LHR engine at all loads studied (7 to 64%). While UBHC level showed an increase, the CO, CO2 and O2 contents as revealed in the emission test showed a mixed response (high and low) for an LHR engine. Compared with BLE, NOx and smoke level in LHR engine emission showed an increasing trend with the load. On comparing BLE and LHR engine test results, value addition to the BLE in terms of reduced fuel consumption and pollutants was observed.

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Machiraju, Aditya Seshu, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and P. Ushasree. "Experimental Investigations on Control of Exhaust Emissions of a Semi-Adiabatic Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S383—S390. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.059.

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This paper concentrates on alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in.. They also cause environmental disorders. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for semi adiabatic diesel engine (SADE). The concept of semi adiabatic diesel engine is to reduce heat flow to the coolant there by providing hot combustion chamber used for burning high viscous fuels like plastic oil. Semi adiabatic engine consisted of air gap insulated piston with stainless steel crown and stainless steel gasket. The exhaust emissionsof particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide levels (NOx ) and Un-burnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and SADE with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum value of 10% flow rate was provided to control the emissions. The data were compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine with and without EGR.

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9

Venkatesan, Elumalai Perumal, Parthasarathy Murugesan, Sri Veera Venkata Satya Narayana Pichika, Durga Venkatesh Janaki, Yasir Javed, Z. Mahmoud, and C. Ahamed Saleel. "Effects of Injection Timing and Antioxidant on NOx Reduction of CI Engine Fueled with Algae Biodiesel Blend Using Machine Learning Techniques." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010603.

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Fossil fuels are depended upon often in the transport sector. The use of diesel engines in all areas produce pollutants, such as NOx and CO, which cause serious environmental pollution and hazards, such as global climate change and breathing difficulties. Conventional fuel usage should be reduced, and there should be a shift toward alternative fuels. For compression ignition (CI) engines, microalgae biodiesel has been promoted as a clean, sustainable fuel. This is because it possesses desired traits, such as a quick rate of development, high productivity, and the capacity to turn CO2 into fuel. When algal biodiesel is used, pollutants, such as CO, UBHC, and smoke, are typically reduced, whereas NOx emissions are typically increased. The adoption of an exhaust gas recirculation technology and the advancement or delay of injection timing can effectively reduce NOx formation. Incorporating antioxidant chemicals such as butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) into fuel also minimizes NOx formation. In this study, the use of microalgae biodiesel as a substitute fuel for CI engines was investigated by altering the injection timing and adding each antioxidant in two doses. According to ASTM standard test procedures for biodiesel, the fuel qualities of various blends of algal biodiesel with antioxidants were tested and compared with the diesel fuel. The experiments were conducted using CI engines, and parameters were examined, such UBHC, CO, NOx, and smoke opacity. In comparison to diesel fuel, B20 + 30% BHA (21 bTDC) blends produced 49% lower oxides of nitrogen. The smoke, HC, and CO emissions of fuel blend B20 + 30% BHA (25 bTDC) were reduced by 33.33%, 32.37%, and 11.21%, respectively, compared with those of diesel fuel. The fuel blend B20 + 30% BHA (25 bTDC) showed the highest brake thermal efficiency of 14.52% at peak load condition. A multi-output regression deep long short-term memory (MDLSTM) model was designed to predict the performance and emissions of CI engines operating with varied fuel mixtures. The average RMSE and R2 values for the proposed MDLSTM were 0.38 and 0.9579, respectively.

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Laxmi, K., and M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Effect of injection pressure on exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with LPG." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S341—S346. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.052.

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In the context of exhaustion of fossil fuels day by day due to heavy demand with the use of agriculture sector and transport sector, escalation of fuel prices in International Oil Market causing huge economic burden on developing countries like India and rise of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the conservation of fossil fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many merits over liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low due to clean combustion, high calorific value in comparison with liquid fuels. Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (meausre of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines. They can be rectified to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. They are many methods to induct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near end of compression stroke etc,. Investigations were carried out with LPG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and diesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx ), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx ,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection pressure and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of LPG was 35% of total mass of diesel as full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of LPG and further reduced with an increase of injection pressure.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "UBHC"

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Fall 2007." UBC Press, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/493.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Spring 2007." UBC Press, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/511.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Fall winter 2002." UBC Press, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/488.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Fall winter 2003." UBC Press, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/489.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Fall winter 2004." UBC Press, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/490.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Fall winter 2005." UBC Press, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/491.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Fall winter 2006." UBC Press, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/492.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Spring summer 2003." UBC Press, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/507.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Spring summer 2004." UBC Press, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/508.

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Press, UBC. "UBC Press catalogue. Spring summer 2005." UBC Press, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/509.

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Books on the topic "UBHC"

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Mule, Anjali. Manusa ubha kela. Pune: Dayamanda Pablikesansa, 2009.

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Awachat, Anil. Dhāge-āḍave ubhe. 2nd ed. Mumbaī: Mêjesṭika Prakāśana, 1998.

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Ubac, Raoul. Entretien avec Raoul Ubac. Paris: L'Echoppe, 1994.

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Puvāra, Indu. Āḍī līṭīo ubhī līṭīo. Amadāvāda: Rannāde Prakāśana, 2006.

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Mastrapa, Ernel González, Miriam García Aguiar, and Miguel Valdés Pérez. UBPC desarrollo rural y participación. 2nd ed. [La Habana, Cuba]: Universidad de La Habana, Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Departamento de Sociología, 1998.

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Māṇḍaliyā, Dhūnī. Vedanānī vacce ubho chuṃ huṃ... Mumbaī: Āra. Āra. Śeṭha eṇḍa Kampanī Prā. Li., 2016.

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International Conference of Building Officials., ed. Quick-reference guide to the UBC: (based on the 1997 UBC). Whittier, Calif: International Conference of Building Officials, 1997.

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(Paris, France) Galerie Thessa Herold. Bryen et ses amis: Ubac, Arp, Wols. Paris: Galerie Thessa Herold, 2005.

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Raoul, Ubac, ed. Ubac et les fondements de son art. [Paris]: A. Maeght, 1985.

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Anthony, Sang, ed. Cé leis an ubh seo? Belfast: IMRU, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "UBHC"

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Jenkins, Robert F., and King G. Robertson. "UBC Recycling Complex Mass Balance." In Recycling of Metals and Engineercd Materials, 1007–27. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788073.ch88.

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Stevens, W. D., G. Riverin, and C. Simard. "Continuous Measurement of UBC Decoating Efficiency." In Recycling of Metals and Engineercd Materials, 823–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788073.ch72.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Graphs for Isotopes of 126-Ubh(Unbihexium)." In Nuclei with Z = 55 - 100, 16526–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70609-0_7752.

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Hürlimann, M. D., W. N. Hardy, M. E. Hayden, and R. W. Cline. "Performance of the UBC Cryogenic Hydrogen Maser." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 95–101. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_18.

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Srivastava, A. N., Kirti A. Gautam, and S. N. Sankhwar. "Molecular Biomarkers and Urinary Bladder Cancer (UBC)." In Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer Patients, 219–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5877-7_14.

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Wang, Jiang Qing, Jian Quan Bi, Lei Zhang, Chong Sun, and Jun Tie. "UBHIC: Top-Down Semi-supervised Hierarchical Image Classification Algorithm." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 564–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8599-9_65.

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Simkin, Mark, Dominique Schröder, Andreas Bulling, and Mario Fritz. "Ubic: Bridging the Gap between Digital Cryptography and the Physical World." In Computer Security - ESORICS 2014, 56–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11203-9_4.

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Membrado, Emilio Rodríguez, and Alcides López Labrada. "The UBPC: A Way of Redesigning State Property with Cooperative Management." In Cooperatives and Socialism, 292–316. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137277756_14.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Atomic Mass and NuclearBinding Energy for Ubh-298(Unbihexium)." In Nuclei with Z = 55 - 100, 15874. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70609-0_7564.

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Atomic Mass and NuclearBinding Energy for Ubh-299(Unbihexium)." In Nuclei with Z = 55 - 100, 15875. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70609-0_7565.

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Conference papers on the topic "UBHC"

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Henein, Naeim A., Mauro K. Tagomori, Mahmoud K. Yassine, Henien A. Henien, Peter Hartman, and Thomas Asmus. "In-Situ Phase-Shift Measurement of the Time-Resolved UBHC Emissions." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/950161.

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Krishna, Maddali V. S. Murali, Ch Indira Priyadarsini, Y. Nagini, S. Naga Sarada, P. Usha Sri, and D. Srikanth. "Effect of Spark Ignition Timing on Copper Coated Spark Ignition Engine With Alcohol Blended Gasoline With Catalytic Converter." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50159.

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This paper reports performance evaluation of four–stroke, single–cylinder, water cooled, variable compression ratio (3–9), variable speed (2200–3000 rpm) spark ignition engine with brake power of 2.2 kW at a speed of 3000 rpm with copper coated combustion chamber (CCE) [copper-(thickness, 300 μ) was coated on piston crown, inner side of liner and cylinder head] with alcohol blended gasoline [20% methanol with 80% gasoline; 20% of ethanol with 80% of gasoline by volume) with varied spark ignition timing provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst along with air injection and compared with engine with conventional combustion chamber (CE) with gasoline operation. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions (CO and UBHC) were evaluated at full load operation of the engine. Aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were measured by wet method of 2,4, dinitrophenyle method at full load operation of the engine. Alcohol blended gasoline operation improved performance and reduced CO and UBHC emissions when compared with gasoline operation with both versions of the combustion chamber. At recommended and injection timing, CCE with test fuels improved performance and reduced pollution levels, when compared with CE. Catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst along with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with test fuels.

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Saravanan, Subramani, Vallikat Madathil Prasanth, Philip Nirup, G. Nagarajan, and G. Lakshmi Narayana Rao. "Emission Characteristics of DI CI Engine Fuelled With High FFA CRBO Blend." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66882.

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In this investigation high FFA CRBO a renewable non-edible vegetable oil was tested to find its suitability as a CI engine fuel in its blended form. A dilute blend was prepared by mixing it with petroleum diesel in volume basis [20% CRBO + 80% No.2 petroleum diesel]. The main objective of this investigation is to study the performance and emission characteristics of this high FFA CRBO blend by employing it as a fuel for diesel engine. Tests were conducted on a naturally aspirated DI stationary diesel engine coupled to a swinging field dynamometer. Emissions were measured by using MRU Delta 1600 L gas analyzer. Variations in the emission of UBHC, CO, NOX and smoke density were found for different loads and compared with diesel. It was observed that when operating with CRBO blend, engine emissions levels are reduced significantly than that of diesel. When compared with diesel fuel, NOx emission, UBHC emission and smoke density for CRBO blend were lower with slight increase in CO emissions. It was also observed that the variations in brake thermal efficiency between CRBO blend and diesel were minimum at all operating conditions. From the experimental results it can be concluded that as a dilute blend higher FFA CRBO has an ability to replace petroleum diesel partially as the engine emissions were reduced significantly with minor loss in power.

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4

Kim, Hoisan, Suckju Yoon, Ming-Chia Lai, Sergio Quelhas, Richard Boyd, Naresh Kumar, and Joon-Ho Yoo. "Correlating Port Fuel injection to Wetted Fuel Footprints on Combustion Chamber Walls and UBHC in Engine Start Processes." In SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3240.

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5

Mahalakshmi, N. V., and R. Karthikeyan. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of Four Stroke D.I. Diesel Engine Fueled With Turpentine Diesel Blends." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2005-1229.

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Pinus product (Turpentine) has been proposed as an alternate to petro fuels since the invention of S.I. engine. In general, due to higher volatility, turpentine has been used only in the S.I. engine. But the present work proves that based on the property of turpentine (Table – 1), it is a very good substitute for diesel fuel. The low cetane number of turpentine oil had prevented the use of 100% turpentine oil in diesel engine. The present work explores the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of turpentine diesel blends and its suitability with C.I. engine. The 20% turpentine 80% diesel blend has an equal combustion and performance characteristics with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results show that some of the toxic gases like CO, UBHC and soot are decreased compared to diesel baseline. In particular around 45% to 50% smoke reduction is obtained with higher turpentine blends. Also it proves that 20% addition of turpentine into conventional diesel fuel improve the performance, combustion, and emission to a considerable limit.

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Jakkaraju, Madhuri, and Vasudha Patri. "S. I. Engine Pollution Control Using Low-Cost Palletized Catalytic Converter." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58248.

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I. C. Engines consume large amounts of fossil fuel emitting harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). By using a catalytic converter (CC), the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon emissions can be transformed into less harmful carbon dioxide (CO2) & water vapor (H2O). Currently available CC’s are using costly noble metals like platinum (pt), palladium (pd), rhodium (rh) etc., hence making them expensive. This paper deals with the use of low-cost palletized silver coated alumina as the catalyst element in a CC. In this study, alumina and silver were used in the ratio of 10:1. All tests have been conducted on a stationary S.I. Engine at a constant speed of 1500 r.p.m with and without CC. Also, the performance of the palletized CC in combination with promoters like Bismuth, Cerium and Lanthanum was tested which have shown better results than silver alone as the coating element. It has been experimentally determined that the CO emissions have dropped from 7.25 (% vol) to 3.03(% vol) and the HC values have reduced from 350 ppm to 190 ppm.

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Anand, R., G. R. Kannan, and P. Karthikeyan. "Performance Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled With Biodiesel–Diesel–Diethyl Ether Blends." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86712.

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Increasing energy demand and rapid depletion of fossil fuels has accelerated the search for an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil is the most suitable alternative for diesel due to low production cost. Higher viscosity, pour and cloud point of biodiesel causes several engine operating problems such as injector choking, piston ring sticking and unfavorable pumping and spray characteristics. In order to avoid the problem associated with biodiesel various combinations of biodiesel-diesel-diethyl ether were prepared in this present investigation. Based on the stability and fuel properties close to diesel the combination namely B70D20DEE10 (biodiesel 70%, diesel 20% and diethyl ether 10%) was further selected for experimental investigation. Experiments were performed on a single cylinder direct injection water cooled diesel engine under varying load, injection timing and injection pressure while keeping engine speed constant of 1500 rpm. The highest brake thermal efficiency was reported for B70D20DEE10 at an injection timing of 25.5 bTDC and injection pressure of 260 bar at full load condition which is 5.6% higher than diesel. The highest heat release rate (HRR) was observed at above operating condition is 29.4 MJ/°CA, which is 5.3% higher than diesel. Further a slight reduction in unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) by 12 ppm, nitric oxide by 116 ppm and smoke opacity by 18% was observed when compared to diesel.

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8

Krishna, M. V. S. Murali, Ch Indira Priyadarsini, P. Ushasri, P. V. K. Murthy, and D. Baswaraju. "Comparative Studies on Performance and Emissions of Two Stroke and Four Stroke Copper Coated Spark Ignition Engines With Methanol Blended Gasoline." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62264.

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Investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of two stroke and four stroke of single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engines having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ)] coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst with methanol blended gasoline (80% gasoline and 20% methanol by volume) and compared with conventional engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation. Performance parameters — brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and un-burnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) were determined with different values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine and compared with one over the other of two stroke and four stroke SI engine with different versions of the engine. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions were measured by 2, 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2,4 DNPH) method at peak load operation of CE and CCE of two-stroke and four-stroke SI engine. The engine was provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst. There was provision for injection of air into the catalytic converter. Brake thermal efficiency increased with methanol blended gasoline with both versions of the engine. CCE showed improvement in the performance when compared with CE with both test fuels. Four-stroke engine decreased exhaust emissions effectively in comparison with two-stroke engine with both versions of the engine. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced exhaust emissions with different test fuels on both configurations of the engine.

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Rai, Ashutosh Kumar, Bhupendra Singh Chauhan, Haeng Muk Cho, and Naveen Kumar. "A Study on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled With Linseed Oil and Diesel Blends." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65937.

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To meet the challenges of increased energy need and concerned about environmental friendly, renewable fuels are being explored in the current energy scenario. In the present study non edible Linseed oil was used as alternative source for diesel engine fuel. The physico-chemical properties were evaluated and compared with mineral Diesel and found in close resemblance. The fuel was tested by using performance and emission parameters on an unmodified single cylinder diesel engine. The study was done by using diesel & Diesel-linseed oil blends at various loads from no load to 100% loads with interval of 20%. The linseed fuel was blended into 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% v/v ratio with neat diesel and compared with baseline data of neat diesel operation. Performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumptions were studied and emission parameters such as CO (carbon mono oxide), UBHC (unburned hydrocarbon), NOx (oxides of nitrogen), CO2 (carbon di oxide), exhaust temperature were measured. The thermal efficiency of the engine was lower and the brake specific energy consumption of the engine was higher when the engine was fueled with Linseed oil-Diesel blends compared to diesel fuel. Emission characteristics are better than diesel fuel. NOx formations, using various fuel blends during the whole range of experiment were lower than diesel fuel. The results from the experimental study suggest that the linseed oil could be a potential substitute for diesel engine in the near future as far as small and medium energy productions are concerned.

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Kumar, Naveen, Sidharth Bansal, and Vipul Vibhanshu. "Potential Utilization of Higher Alcohols in Unmodified Diesel Engine." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64618.

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India does not have large reserves of crude petroleum and spends a huge amount of foreign exchange for importing crude petroleum. The environmental degradation caused by burning of petroleum derived fuels is also causing an ecological imbalance. Research is carried world over on renewable fuels which could either be used as an extender or substitute to petroleum origin fuels and in this context alcohols such as ethanol and butanol have an immense potential. The earlier work on use of alcohols as a blend with diesel in the compression ignition engine has suggested reduction in emissions, however, problems such as phase separation and increase in fuel consumption has also been encountered while utilizing ethanol in diesel engines. To alleviate this problem, isobutanol has the potential to be used along with ethanol to make a homogenous blend without any phase separation and simultaneous advantage of alcohol being an oxygenated fuel which shall improve the combustion and reduce emission. The present study was carried out to explore the potential utilization of ethanol-isobutanol-diesel blends (containing up to 20% ethanol-isobutanol mixture in equal proportions) in compression ignition engine. Three blends were prepared having 5%, 10%, 20% ethanol-isobutanol mixtures respectively and calorific value, kinematic viscosity; specific gravity and density of blends were found to decrease with increase in ethanol-isobutanol percentage. The engine trial was conducted on an unmodified diesel engine to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics on ethanol-isobutanol-diesel blends and results were compared with baseline data of diesel. The results obtained from the engine trial suggested that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) decreased for the blends and considerable reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) was observed with blends with a small increase in unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC). The nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke emissions were also found to reduce for the ethanol-isobutanol-diesel blends.

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Reports on the topic "UBHC"

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MacConnachie, C. A., and L. H. Randall. Investigations of the applicability of magnetic resonance imaging methods to CANMET's research interests part three: results from UBC Bruker MSL 400. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/305300.

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Hayward, N., and V. Tschirhart. A comparison of 3-D inversion strategies in the investigation of the 3-D density and magnetic susceptibility distribution in the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331954.

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The inversion of new compilations of aeromagnetic data and gravity data are employed to investigate the 3-D physical property (magnetic susceptibility and density) distribution within the Great Bear magmatic zone. The application of two different software suites (Geosoft VOXI and UBC GIF MAG3D and GRAV3D) affords a comparison of approaches and results. The magnetic susceptibility results are broadly compatible, but Geosoft VOXI enabled more detailed definition of shallow sources. The density results were markedly different in how the model responded to the low-resolution gravity data in characterization of the near-surface. GRAV3D extrapolated shallow sources to surface, whereas Geosoft VOXI smoothed and closed the top of shallow sources below surface. The different magnetic susceptibility and density models can be used to assess the physical property distribution and relationships across the region. One approach, applied here, is to combine the near-surface magnetic susceptibility and density results to identify zones of coincidently high physical properties, a common physical proper relationship associated with IOCG mineral deposits. These integrated models highlight many of the region's known mineral occurrences and reveal other zones for further analysis.

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