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Academic literature on the topic 'UAAR'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "UAAR"

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Su, Xichao, Yu Wu, Fang Guo, Jiapeng Cui, and Ge Yang. "Trajectory optimization of an unmanned aerial–aquatic rotorcraft navigating between air and water." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 172988142199225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881421992258.

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Unmanned aerial–aquatic vehicles are a new type of aircraft that can navigate in air and underwater. An unmanned aerial–aquatic rotorcraft (UAAR) is introduced to complete the task of navigating between air and underwater, and the trajectory optimization problem for this task is focused on in this study. The dynamics of a four-axle rotorcraft with eight rotors operating in air and underwater is described. On this basis, the trajectory optimization model is established, wherein the constraints on control variables and states in different media are included. The optimization index is denoted as the weighted sum of the terminal states. In view of the weakness of the teaching- and learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm, the formula for updating the individual grade in the teaching process is modified. Thus, this ensures that the algorithm avoids converging at the local optimum and improves the solution quality. Finally, an improved TLBO (ITLBO)-based trajectory optimization method for UAAR navigating between air and water is developed. The control variables are discretized with respect to height at a set of Chebyshev collocation points to reduce the terminal error of states, and the values of control variables at other heights are obtained via interpolation. In the simulation studies, the ITLBO-based method exhibits better performance in terms of optimizing the index when compared to the other two algorithms. Furthermore, the effects of the distribution and number of collocation points on the results are analyzed.
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Zhao, Zhixin, Xiaohui Wu, Guoli Ji, Chun Liang, and Qingshun Li. "Genome-Wide Comparative Analyses of Polyadenylation Signals in Eukaryotes Suggest a Possible Origin of the AAUAAA Signal." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040958.

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Pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation is an essential step for almost all mRNA in eukaryotes. The cis-elements around the poly(A) sites, however, are very diverse among different organisms. We characterized the poly(A) signals of seven different species, and compared them with that of four well-studied organisms. We found that ciliates do not show any dominant poly(A) signal; a triplet (UAA) and tetramers (UAAA and GUAA) are dominant in diatoms and red alga, respectively; and green alga Ostreococcus uses UGUAA as its poly(A) signal. Spikemoss and moss use conserved AAUAAA signals that are similar to other land plants. Our analysis suggests that the first two bases (NN in NNUAAA) are likely degenerated whereas UAAA appears to be the core motif. Combined with other published results, it is suggested that the highly conserved poly(A) signal AAUAAA may be derived from UAA with an intermediate, putative UAAA, following a pathway of UAA→UAAA→AAUAAA.
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Curnew, Leah Jane Fitzgerald, Kate McNicholas, Bridgette Green, Jackie Barry, Hannah L. Wallace, Lingyan Wang, Cassandra Davidson, John P. Pezacki, and Rodney S. Russell. "Visualizing HCV Core Protein via Fluorescent Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050129.

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Introduction: Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) share the same basic structure as proteinogenic amino acids. However, UAAs permit additional functions and applications to proteins due to their different side chains. Recent UAA applications include using fluorescent UAAs to label proteins. The UAA system provides an alternative method to traditional protein labeling mechanisms (antibodies, GFP, and tags, such as HA and HIS), which can affect protein functionality and topology. The purpose of this study was to visualize the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein using the fluorescent UAA Anap (3-[(6-acetyl-2-naphthalenyl)amino]-L-alanine). Methods: Huh-7.5 cells were co-transfected with HCV core plasmids containing amber stop codons at various positions throughout the coding sequence and a second plasmid encoding the orthogonal tRNA/synthetase pair that facilitates Anap incorporation. Three days post transfection, cells were stained for core protein and lipid droplets (LDs) and visualized using immunofluorescence or confocal microscopy. Results: We have optimized transfection protocols for the efficient expression of the tRNA/synthetase pair required for Anap incorporation and are able to visualize our core mutant proteins containing Anap. We have successfully substituted Anap into 11 different positions within the core, including substitutions for tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine residues. In addition, we have shown that our core mutants associate with cellular LDs, suggesting that the incorporation of the UAA did not disrupt core protein expression, stability, or cellular localization. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the establishment of a UAA incorporation system in an HCV protein without any obvious impact on core protein function. The ability to label viral proteins using fluorescent UAAs eliminates the requirement of antibodies or tags for protein visualization. In conclusion, the UAA system is a useful method to study HCV proteins and can potentially be used to label viruses for live cell and animal studies.
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Lee, Hannae, Dongchan Kim, Sooin Kim, and Hyun Soo Lee. "Conversion of Racemic Unnatural Amino Acids to Optically Pure Forms by a Coupled Enzymatic Reaction." Molecules 26, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051274.

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Genetic code expansion (GCE) technology is a useful tool for the site-specific modification of proteins. An unnatural amino acid (UAA) is one of the essential components of this technique, typically required at high concentration (1 mM or higher) in growth medium. The supply of UAAs is an important limitation to the application of GCE technology, as many UAAs are either expansive or commercially unavailable. In this study, two UAAs in a racemic mixture were converted into optically pure forms using two enzymes, the d-amino acid oxidase (RgDAAO) from Rhodotorula gracilis and the aminotransferase (TtAT) from Thermus thermophilus. In the coupled enzyme system, RgDAAO oxidizes the d-form of UAAs in a stereospecific manner and produces the corresponding α-keto acids, which are then converted into the l-form of UAAs by TtAT, resulting in the quantitative and stereospecific conversion of racemic UAAs to optically pure forms. The genetic incorporation of the optically pure UAAs into a target protein produced a better protein yield than the same experiments using the racemic mixtures of the UAAs. This method could not only be used for the preparation of optically pure UAAs from racemic mixtures, but also the broad substrate specificity of both enzymes would allow for its expansion to structurally diverse UAAs.
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Dippel, Andrew B., Gregory M. Olenginski, Nicole Maurici, Melanie T. Liskov, Scott H. Brewer, and Christine M. Phillips-Piro. "Probing the effectiveness of spectroscopic reporter unnatural amino acids: a structural study." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798315022858.

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The X-ray crystal structures of superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) containing the spectroscopic reporter unnatural amino acids (UAAs) 4-cyano-L-phenylalanine (pCNF) or 4-ethynyl-L-phenylalanine (pCCF) at two unique sites in the protein have been determined. These UAAs were genetically incorporated into sfGFP in a solvent-exposed loop region and/or a partially buried site on the β-barrel of the protein. The crystal structures containing the UAAs at these two sites permit the structural implications of UAA incorporation for the native protein structure to be assessed with high resolution and permit a direct correlation between the structure and spectroscopic data to be made. The structural implications were quantified by comparing the root-mean-square deviation (r.m.s.d.) between the crystal structure of wild-type sfGFP and the protein constructs containing either pCNF or pCCF in the local environment around the UAAs and in the overall protein structure. The results suggest that the selective placement of these spectroscopic reporter UAAs permits local protein environments to be studied in a relatively nonperturbative fashion with site-specificity.
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Fuentes, Vanessa, Guadalupe Barrera, Joaquín Sánchez, Roberto Hernández, and Imelda López-Villaseñor. "Functional Analysis of Sequence Motifs Involved in the Polyadenylation of Trichomonas vaginalis mRNAs." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 6 (March 30, 2012): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05322-11.

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ABSTRACTSynthesis of functional mRNA in eukaryotes involves processing of precursor transcripts, including the addition of a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end. A multiprotein complex recognizes a polyadenylation signal, generally the hexanucleotide AAUAAA in metazoans, to direct processing of the pre-mRNA. Based on sequence analysis of several cDNAs, we have previously suggested that the UAAA tetranucleotide (which may include the UAA translation stop codon) could be the polyadenylation signal inTrichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoon that causes human trichomoniasis. This proposal is analyzed here with the aid of a transient-expression system of a reporter gene (catflanked byT. vaginalisactin noncoding sequences). When cells were transfected with a plasmid bearing the original 3′ untranslated region (UTR) sequence containing the UAAA motif, the resultingcatmRNA was polyadenylated similarly to the endogenous actin mRNA. Base changes in the UAAA sequence produced alterations to the polyadenylation site of the reporter mRNAs, while nucleotide substitutions at either side of UAAA did not. Furthermore, relocation of the UAAA motif redirected the processing and polyadenylation of the reporter mRNA. In addition, a pre-mRNA cleavage site for polyadenylation was defined. Interaction ofT. vaginalisproteins with the UAAA motif was shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Based on our findings, we provide evidence that inT. vaginalisthe UAAA tetranucleotide has a role equivalent to that of the metazoan consensus AAUAAA polyadenylation signal.
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Italia, James S., Yunan Zheng, Rachel E. Kelemen, Sarah B. Erickson, Partha S. Addy, and Abhishek Chatterjee. "Expanding the genetic code of mammalian cells." Biochemical Society Transactions 45, no. 2 (April 13, 2017): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160336.

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In the last two decades, unnatural amino acid (UAA) mutagenesis has emerged as a powerful new method to probe and engineer protein structure and function. This technology enables precise incorporation of a rapidly expanding repertoire of UAAs into predefined sites of a target protein expressed in living cells. Owing to the small footprint of these genetically encoded UAAs and the large variety of enabling functionalities they offer, this technology has tremendous potential for deciphering the delicate and complex biology of the mammalian cells. Over the last few years, exciting progress has been made toward expanding the toolbox of genetically encoded UAAs in mammalian cells, improving the efficiency of their incorporation and developing innovative applications. Here, we provide our perspective on these recent developments and highlight the current challenges that must be overcome to realize the full potential of this technology.
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Wang, Tong-Yun, Guo-Ju Sang, Qian Wang, Chao-Liang Leng, Zhi-Jun Tian, Jin-Mei Peng, Shu-Jie Wang, et al. "Generation of Premature Termination Codon (PTC)-Harboring Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) via Genetic Code Expansion Technology." Viruses 14, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14030572.

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Despite many efforts and diverse approaches, developing an effective herpesvirus vaccine remains a great challenge. Traditional inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines always raise efficacy or safety concerns. This study used Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine herpes virus, as a model. We attempted to develop a live but replication-incompetent PRV by genetic code expansion (GCE) technology. Premature termination codon (PTC) harboring PRV was successfully rescued in the presence of orthogonal system MbpylRS/tRNAPyl pair and unnatural amino acids (UAA). However, UAA incorporating efficacy seemed extremely low in our engineered PRV PTC virus. Furthermore, we failed to establish a stable transgenic cell line containing orthogonal translation machinery for PTC virus replication, and we demonstrated that orthogonal tRNAPyl is a key limiting factor. This study is the first to demonstrate that orthogonal translation system-mediated amber codon suppression strategy could precisely control PRV-PTC engineered virus replication. To our knowledge, this is the first reported PTC herpesvirus generated by GCE technology. Our work provides a proof-of-concept for generating UAAs-controlled PRV-PTC virus, which can be used as a safe and effective vaccine.
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Porter, Douglas F., Yvonne Y. Koh, Brett VanVeller, Ronald T. Raines, and Marvin Wickens. "Target selection by natural and redesigned PUF proteins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 52 (December 14, 2015): 15868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508501112.

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Pumilio/fem-3 mRNA binding factor (PUF) proteins bind RNA with sequence specificity and modularity, and have become exemplary scaffolds in the reengineering of new RNA specificities. Here, we report the in vivo RNA binding sites of wild-type (WT) and reengineered forms of the PUF protein Saccharomyces cerevisiae Puf2p across the transcriptome. Puf2p defines an ancient protein family present throughout fungi, with divergent and distinctive PUF RNA binding domains, RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), and prion regions. We identify sites in RNA bound to Puf2p in vivo by using two forms of UV cross-linking followed by immunopurification. The protein specifically binds more than 1,000 mRNAs, which contain multiple iterations of UAAU-binding elements. Regions outside the PUF domain, including the RRM, enhance discrimination among targets. Compensatory mutants reveal that one Puf2p molecule binds one UAAU sequence, and align the protein with the RNA site. Based on this architecture, we redesign Puf2p to bind UAAG and identify the targets of this reengineered PUF in vivo. The mutant protein finds its target site in 1,800 RNAs and yields a novel RNA network with a dramatic redistribution of binding elements. The mutant protein exhibits even greater RNA specificity than wild type. The redesigned protein decreases the abundance of RNAs in its redesigned network. These results suggest that reengineering using the PUF scaffold redirects and can even enhance specificity in vivo.
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Dagger, Claire. "Uair Amháin Eile." Comhar 60, no. 12 (2000): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25574163.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "UAAR"

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MAIONI, CORINNE. "L'accesso al sistema di intese e la discrezionalità del Governo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/277369.

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La pronuncia della Corte costituzionale sul caso UAAR, che ha visto l'intervento delle più alte corti, consente di affrontare il tema dell'esistenza di un diritto all'intesa. Il ragionamento condotto dai giudici di legittimità trova le sue premesse nella rappresentazione dell’art. 8, 3 comma Cost. come disposizione meramente procedurale, autonoma e non servente rispetto agli altri due commi. In questa prospettiva la Corte Costituzionale ha ridefinito la ratio dell’intesa, individuandone lo scopo non già nella realizzazione dei principi di uguaglianza e pluralismo in materia religiosa, come fino a quel momento sostenuto da larga parte della dottrina e della stessa giurisprudenza, ma nella estensione del metodo della bilateralità alle confessioni acattoliche. Partendo da queste premesse, dopo una ricostruzione storica della politica ecclesiastica in materia di rapporti Stato-confessioni, che costituisce il contesto nel quale si è posta la questio iuris del "diritto" all'intesa, il presente lavoro intende procedere con un'analisi sistematica dei principi costituzionali che compongono il microsistema normativo riguardante la libertà religiosa, al fine di comprendere se vi siano principi atti a vincolare la discrezionalità dell'Esecutivo quanto all'avvio del procedimento bilaterale.
The ruling of the Constitutional Court on the case of UAAR makes it possible to speak about a right to an agreement with the State. The Constitutional Court has redefined the ratio of the agreement between State and religious group, identifying its purpose not in the realization of the principles of equality and pluralism, but in the extension of the method of bilaterality to acactolic confessions. Starting from these premises, after a historical reconstruction of the ecclesiastical policy, this work intends to proceed with a systematic analysis of the constitutional principles t, in order to understand whether there are principles that bind the freedom of the Government with regard to initiating the bilateral procedure.
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Santos, Moisés Oliveira dos. "Ablação de pele queimada com laser de pulsos ultra-curtos para promoção da cicatrização. Avaliação por tomografia por coerência óptica, histologia, μATR-FTIR e microscopia não-linear." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-08032013-135443/.

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As queimaduras causam alterações na estrutura anatômica da pele associadas a trauma. As queimaduras podem ser classificadas em lesões de primeiro, segundo e terceiro grau. As queimaduras de terceiro grau têm sido grande foco de pesquisas em busca de tratamentos mais conservadores e de maior rapidez no reparo para um resultado funcional e estético satisfatório. O tratamento convencional consiste no uso de medicamentos tópicos e no enxerto de pele natural ou sintética. Alternativamente, a terapia laser utiliza o processo de ablação para remoção do tecido queimado necrosado, devido ao não contato mecânico, à rapidez na aplicação e alcance a áreas de difícil acesso. Deste modo, a proposta deste estudo é avaliar a viabilidade de utilizar lasers de femtossegundos de altíssima intensidade como coadjuvante no tratamento de pacientes queimados. Para o estudo, foram utilizados 25 ratos da raça Wistar, divididos em grupos de 5 animais: grupos pele sadia, pele queimada, dois tipos de tratamento (desbridamento cirúrgico ou ablação a laser de femtossegundos) e em quatro tempos de acompanhamento do processo cicatricial. Três regiões do dorso dos animais foram expostas a fonte de vapor causando queimadura de terceiro grau. No terceiro dia após a queimadura, uma das regiões foi ablacionada com laser de altíssima intensidade de pulsos ultracurtos ( λ = 785nm, 90 fs, 2 kHz e 10 μJ/pulso); outra recebeu o desbridamento cirúrgico; e a última foi considerada o controle de queimadura. As regiões foram analisados por tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT), histologia, reflectância total atenuada por espectroscopia no infravermelho usando transformada de Fourier (μATR-FTIR), microscopia de fluorescência por excitação de dois fótons (TPEFM) e a técnica de geração de segundo harmônico (SHG), nos dias 3, 5, 7 e 14 após os tratamentos. Os resultados mostraram que nas condições de irradiação utilizadas foi possível obter remoção de debris de queimadura de terceiro grau. As técnicas utilizadas para caracterização do tecido permitiram verificar que em todos os tratamentos houve a promoção da reparação tecidual. No décimo quarto dia, a curva de regeneração mostrou que o coeficiente de atenuação do tecido ablacionado a laser converge para os valores da pele sadia, porém as fibras de colágeno ainda não atingiram a mesma organização das fibras presentes na pele sadia.
Burns cause changes in the anatomical structure of the skin associated with trauma. The severity of the burn injury is divided into first, second and third-degree burns. The third-degree burns have been a major focus of research in search of more conservative treatments and faster results in repair for a functional and cosmetically acceptable. The conventional treatment is the use of topical natural or synthetic skin graft. An alternative therapy is the laser ablation process for burned tissue necrosis removal due to the no mechanical contact, fast application and access to difficult areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using high intensity femtosecond lasers as an adjunct treatment of burned patients. For this study, 65 Wistar rats were divided into groups of five animals: healthy skin, burned skin, two types of treatment (surgical debridement or femtosecond laser ablation) and four different times in the healing process monitoring. Three regions of the back of the animals were exposed to steam source causing third-degree burn. On the third day after the burn, one of the regions was ablated with high intensity ultrashort laser pulses (λ = 785 nm, 90 fs, 2 kHz and 10 μJ/ pulse), the other received surgical debridement, and the last was considered the burn control. The regions were analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), histology, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transform (μ-ATR-FTIR), two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (TPEFM) and second harmonic generation technique (SHG) on days 3, 5, 7 and 14 pos-treatments. The results showed that with the laser irradiation conditions used it was possible to remove debris from third degree burn. The techniques used to characterize the tissue allowed to verify that all treatments promoted wound healing. On the fourteenth day, the regeneration curve showed that the attenuation coefficient of laser ablated tissue converges to the values of healthy skin, but collagen fibers have not yet reached the same organization of those in the healthy skin
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Chelliapan, Shreeshivadasan. "Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing macrolide antibiotics by Up-Flow Anaerobic Stage Reactor (UASR)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427280.

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Costa, José Luis. "The tRNALeu (UAA) Intron of Cyanobacteria : Towards Understanding a Genetic Marker." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fysiologisk botanik, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4537.

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The tRNALeu (UAA) intron has been recorded in the plastid genome of many algae and land plants and was the first intron to be discovered in cyanobacteria. In all known cases it interrupts the tRNALeu anticodon loop at a conserved position (U-intron-AA). Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes, some involved in symbiotic associations with a wide range of organisms. The most studied associations are those with plants, where strains of Nostoc are the common cyanobacterial partner. In this thesis two aspects of the biology of the cyanobacterial tRNALeu (UAA) intron are focused: first, the use of the intron as a genetic marker for studying the diversity and specificity of two cyanobacterial symbiosis (bryophytes and cycads) and second, the evolutionary patterns of the intron by using the unique data set generated from the diversity analysis. From the studies, many different Nostoc strains are involved in the two symbiotic associations, although no variation was observed within a single bryophyte cavity or cycad coralloid root. Furthermore, a certain level of temporal stability in the cyanobiont composition of the bryophyte population was found and, in the cycad association different coralloid roots from a single specimen may harbor different cyanobacteria. That a minor cyanobiont could have avoided detection is still possible but unlikely. The sequence alignment of the Nostoc tRNALeu (UAA) introns reveals great sequence similarity with size variation only found in the structural element P6b. This element was found to consist of heptanucleotide repeats and of other non-repetitive genetic elements (NIS elements). The sporadic occurrence of the NIS elements indicates recent origins and a mechanism for its dispersal is proposed. In this thesis new insights are given concerning cyanobacterial symbioses and also on the mechanisms involved in the evolution of an old genetic element: the tRNALeu (UAA) intron in cyanobacteria.
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Patterson, Eric A. "Unconventional Assisted Recovery (UAR) historical case study analysis and quantitative feasibility assessment." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401638.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2001.
Thesis advisor(s): McCormick, Gordon. "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available in print.
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Brooks, Amber Nicole. "Barb & Debbie." restricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11182008-133705/.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Josh Russell, committee chair ; John Holman, Sheri Joseph, committee members. Electronic text (152 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 9, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 152).
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Aarseth, Larsson Kim. "Chemical Characterisation of Nitrocellulose." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-41416.

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Nitrocellulose is the main component in many types of ammunition, propellants and explosives. The principles of production for nitrocellulose have not changed much since the 19th century when it started being industrially produced for this purpose. The character of the nitrocellulose has a large effect on the end products abilities. The aim of this study was to develop a method that would be able to characterise and distinguish between nitrocellulose from different manufacturers to be able to relate the character of the nitrocellulose to the properties of ammunition, propellants and explosives. Samples were dissolved in acetone and analysed by GC/MS and data were then analysed by multivariable statistics. FTIR was also used to characterise the nitrocellulose. Results from both methods showed very small differences when chromatograms and spectra were analysed. This study shows that GC/MS and FTIR are not suitable for this type of characterisation. The differences between the data were not sufficient to be able to separate the samples from each other.
Nitrocellulosa är den viktigaste komponenten i många typer av ammunition, drivmedel och sprängämnen. Principerna för produktionen av nitrocellulosa har inte förändrats mycket sedan det börjades produceras industriellt för detta ändamål på 1800 talet. Karaktären av nitrocellulosa har en stor inverkan på slutproduktens egenskaper. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla en metod som skulle kunna karaktärisera och skilja mellan nitrocellulosa från olika tillverkare för att kunna relatera karaktären av nitrocellulosa till egenskaperna hos ammunition, drivmedel och sprängämnen. Proverna löstes i aceton och analyserades med GC/MS och data analyserades med multivariabel statistik. FTIR användes också för att karakterisera nitrocellulosan. Resultaten för båda proverna visade mycket små skillnader när kromatogram och spektra analyserades. Denna studie visar att GC/MS och FTIR inte är lämpliga för denna typ av karaktärisering. Skillnaderna i data var inte tillräckliga för att kunna skilja proverna från varandra.
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Tian, Meilin. "Structure-function studies of membrane proteins by site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066166.

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Les protéines membranaires comme les récepteurs, les canaux ioniques et les transporteurs possèdent des rôles cruciaux dans les processus biologiques tels que la signalisation physiologique et les fonctions cellulaires. La description dynamique et fonctionnelle des structures protéiques est fondamentale pour comprendre la plupart des processus concernant les macromolécules biologiques. L'incorporation, dans des protéines, d'acides aminés non naturels (Uaas) possédant des propriétés physiques ou chimiques spécifiques fournit un puissant outil pour définir la structure et la dynamique de protéines complexes. Ces sondes permettent le suivi et la détection en temps réel de la conformation des récepteurs et des complexes de signalisation. Les approches d'expansion du code génétique ont permis l'incorporation d'Uaas servant de sondes dans des protéines avec une précision moléculaire. L'expansion héréditaire du code génétique peut permettre d'étudier la biologie des protéines de manière systémique.Avec cette stratégie, des Uaas capables de photopontage ont été utilisés pour étudier la relation structure/fonction des Protéines G Couplées aux Récepteurs (GPCR), telles que l'identification de la liaison du ligand ou des interactions protéine-protéine, en détectant les changements dynamiques avec les Uaas spectroscopiques et l'étiquetage bioorthogonal. Sur la base d'applications relativement bien établies d'Uaa dans les GPCR, ici, les analyses fonctionnelles sont combinées à l'incorporation génétique d'un Uaa photosensible spécifique au site, p-azido-L-phénylalanine (AzF) dans d'autres protéines membranaires, pour détecter la protéine, les changements conformationnels et les interactions protéiques. Contrairement à d’autres molécules photosensibles qui permettent aux protéines de répondre à la lumière, l'insertion des Uaas directement dans la chaine d’acides aminés offre des possibilités uniques pour le photo-contrôle de la protéine. Les aspects dynamiques de l'allostérie sont plus difficiles à visualiser que les modèles structuraux statiques. Une stratégie photochimique est présentée pour caractériser la dynamique des mécanismes allostériques des récepteurs NMDA neuronaux (NMDAR). Ces récepteurs appartiennent à la famille des canaux ioniques activés par le glutamate et portent la transmission synaptique excitatrice rapide associée à l'apprentissage et à la mémoire. En combinant le balayage AzF et un test fonctionnel résistant à la lumière, nous avons pu apporter des éléments permettant de mieux comprendre la dynamique des interfaces NTD (N-Terminal Domain des NMDAR) ainsi qu’un nouveau mécanisme de régulation allostérique, améliorant notre compréhension de la base structurale du mécanisme d’activation et de modulation des récepteurs NMDA.Outre l'incorporation de l’Uaa photopontant AzF dans les récepteurs neuronaux pour détecter l'effet fonctionnel, AzF a été appliqué pour piéger des interactions faibles et transitoires entre protéines dans un transporteur d'acides aminés LAT3, impliqué dans le cancer de la prostate. Les techniques de dépistage ont été établies en appliquant un photo-cross-linker positionné dans la protéine pour examiner les interactions entre LAT3 et les interacteurs inconnus et fournir des indices d'identification des partenaires de liaison.Dans l'ensemble, ce travail dévoile de nouvelles informations sur la modulation allostérique de l'activité du récepteur NMDA et sur les interactions protéines-protéines.. Les résultats pourraient fournir de nouvelles informations structurales et fonctionnelles et guider le dépistage de composés thérapeutiques pour des maladies associées au dysfonctionnement de ces protéines membranaires
Membrane proteins including receptors, channels and transporters play crucial roles in biological processes such as physiological signaling and cellular functions. Description of dynamic structures and functions of proteins is fundamental to understand most processes involving biological macromolecules. The incorporation of unnatural amino acids (Uaas) containing distinct physical or chemical properties into proteins provides a powerful tool to define the challenging protein structure and dynamics. These probes allow monitoring and real-time detection of receptor conformational changes and signaling complexes. The genetic code expansion approaches have enabled the incorporation of Uaas serving as probes into proteins with molecular precision. Heritable expansion of the genetic code may allow protein biology to be investigated in a system-wide manner.With this strategy, photocrosslinking Uaas have been used to study GPCR structure/function relationship, such as identifying GPCR-ligand binding or protein-protein interactions, detecting dynamic changes with spectroscopic Uaas and bioorthogonal labeling. Based on relatively well-established applications of Uaa in GPCRs, here, functional assays are combined with the site-specific genetic incorporation of a photo-sensitive Uaa, p-azido-L-phenylalanine (AzF) into other membrane proteins, to probe protein conformational changes and protein interactions. Unlike photo-sensitive ligands that enable proteins in response to light, the site-specific insertion of light-sensitive Uaas facilitates directly light-sensitive proteins. Dynamic aspects of allostery are more challenging to visualize than static structural models. A photochemical strategy was presented to characterize dynamic allostery of neuronal NMDA receptors (NMDARs), which belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptor channel family and mediate the fast excitatory synaptic transmission associated with learning and memory. By combining AzF scanning and a robust light-induced functional assay the dynamics of NMDAR N-terminal domain (NTD) interfaces and novel allosteric regulation mechanism were uncovered, improving our understanding of the structural basis of NMDAR gating and modulation mechanism.Besides incorporation of photo-cross-linker AzF into neuronal receptors to detect the functional effect, AzF was used to trap transient and weak protein-protein interactions in an amino acid transporter LAT3, which is critical in prostate cancer. Screening technique was established by applying genetically encoded photo-cross-linker to examine interactions between LAT3 and unknown interactors and provide clues to identify the binding partners.Overall, the work reveals new informations about the allosteric modulation of channel activity and proteins interactions. These light-sensitive proteins facilitated by site-specific insertion of light-sensitive Uaas enable profiling diversity of proteins. The results will provide novel structural and functional information and may guide screening of therapeutic compounds for diseases associated with malfunctioning of these membrane proteins
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Berrios-Ayala, Mark. "Brave New World Reloaded: Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.

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Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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"BICMOS implementation of UAA 4802." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886230.

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Books on the topic "UAAR"

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O'Coigligh, Ciaran. Doineann & Uair Bhrea. Dublin: Coisceim, 1986.

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Waddell, Martin. Bhí fathaigh ann uair. Baile Átha Cliath: Gill and Macmillan, 1992.

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Doineann agus uair bhreá. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 1985.

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Waddell, Martin. Bhí fathaigh ann uair. Baile Átha Cliath: Gill and Macmillan, 1992.

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Doineann agus uair bhreá. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 1985.

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Doineann agus uair bhreá. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 1985.

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Pádraig Eoghain Phádraig Mac an Luain. Uair an chloig cois teallaigh. Baile Átha Cliath: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, An Coláiste Ollscoile, 1985.

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Chao-Duivis, M.A.B. (Monica Adriana Bernardina), 1953-, ed. Hoofdstukken bouwrecht: Aanbestedingsrecht : volgens ARW, UAR en UAR-EG : Geschiktheidseisen : Selectiecriteria : Gunningscriteria. 4th ed. [Deventer]: Kluwer, 2005.

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Madzhʹid, Kḣʹyshchmakhva. Uzachḣvuda uara, agḣvychḣvgḣvys?: Akhabargḣvyrakva, agḣakhḣvakhrakva, agḣakhḣvakhra aĭshyskva. Cherkessk: Kʺarcha-cherkes respublika gḣvyragḣat͡s︡ḣshchtyrta, 1994.

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Chao-Duivis, M.A.B. (Monica Adriana Bernardina), 1953-, ed. Hoofdstukken bouwrecht: Aanbestedingsrecht : volgens ARW, UAR en UAR-EG : Aanbesteding : Opdracht (Gunning) : Geschillenregeling. 4th ed. [Deventer]: Kluwer, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "UAAR"

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Hansen, Bent. "Planning And Economic Growth in the UAR 1960-51." In Routledge Library Editions: Egypt, Vol4:19—Vol4:39. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203079140-35.

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"6. Verben auf -UAR." In Spanisches Verblexikon, 68–70. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783486836622-010.

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Dawisha, Adeed. "Arab Nationalism’s Downward Slide, 1958–1967." In Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169156.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses Arab nationalism’s downward slide. The Syrians had imagined the United Arab Republic (UAR) as a union of equals under the leadership of Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasir. However, Syria had little choice but to follow in Egypt’s shadow, and to do things the way Egyptians did them. This created backlash from the Syrian business and army circles, resulting in the Syrian coup and the end of the UAR. Momentous as it was, the Syrian secession did not mean the end of the Arab nationalist movement. However, Arab nationalism still did suffer a very serious setback. If Iraq’s refusal to join the UAR was the first dent in Arab nationalism’s seemingly impregnable armor, the dissolution of the UAR was a significant fracture.
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"Punctuation Codons (UAA, UGA, UAG)." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 1603. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_13835.

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"The Lebanese—UAR Dispute of 1958." In The Struggle for Lebanon. I.B.Tauris, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755611874.ch-003.

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Bilous, Rudolf. "Diabetes mellitus and the kidney." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by John D. Firth, 4975–87. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0491.

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Diabetic nephropathy is the commonest cause of endstage renal disease in the developed world. Aetiology and pathology—causation is related to glycaemic control, hypertension, inflammation, genetic factors, and dietary and other environmental factors. Pathological hallmarks in the glomerulus are thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial expansion, with or without nodule formation, secondary to an accumulation of extracellular matrix. Many patients have a varying severity of tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Staging and natural history—is classically described in terms of urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER). Clinical features—most patients (>60%) will have a normal UAER throughout their diabetic life, but 1 to 2% of the remainder develop persistent moderately increased albuminuria each year. Once UAER exceeds 200 µg/min, there tends to be a relentless increase in proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate declines progressively at a rate that largely depends upon blood pressure control. Prevention—tight glycaemic control can prevent moderately increased albuminuria in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Whether intensive blood pressure control using angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can also prevent this remains controversial. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, intensive blood pressure control using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) slows progression from moderately to severely increased albuminuria and also slows the rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate in those with severely increased albuminuria. Management—aims for (1) control of glycaemia, (2) control of hypertension (<130/80 mmHg) using an ACE inhibitor or an ARB as first line; and (3) other interventions, including some or all of serum lipid lowering, smoking cessation, and reduction of dietary protein and salt.
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Dawisha, Adeed. "The Apex of Arab Nationalism: The United Arab Republic and the Iraqi Revolution, January–September 1958." In Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169156.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on the United Arab Republic (UAR). The UAR, formed by the fusion of Egypt and Syria on February 1, 1958, came as a stunning surprise to most Arabs and non-Arabs. No one whose expectations were shaped by rational assessment could think that an organic unity between two Arab states was at all possible in such a short space of time. It was not the actual unity that was so surprising; Arab nationalists fervently believed in the eventual amalgamation of Arab countries. However, no one was prepared for the breathless pace at which events were to unfold. The chapter then looks at the Iraqi revolution, which was characterized by both General ‘Abd al-Karim Qasim and Colonel ‘Abd al-Salam ‘Aref as a crowning achievement of Arab nationalism.
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Dawisha, Adeed. "Arab Nationalism on the March, 1955–1957." In Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169156.003.0007.

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This chapter argues that if specific events were to be picked as signposts in the spectacular forward march of Arab nationalism during the 1950s, the three that stand out are the 1955 Baghdad Pact, the 1956 Suez Crisis, and the birth of the United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1958. While Egypt’s perceived victory in the Suez Crisis and the merger of Egypt and Syria into the UAR constituted perhaps the two singular events that truly galvanized Arab public opinion behind the ideas and symbols of Arab nationalism, it was the Baghdad Pact which was the defining event that triggered a chain of political initiatives and responses that ultimately were to mark the period as the nationalist era. It was in this era that large segments of the educated populace came to believe passionately in the unquestionable and inevitable triumph of Arab nationalism.
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Heller, Joseph. "How the Middle East crises affected US policy toward Israel (1958–60)." In The United States, the Soviet Union and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-67. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526103826.003.0009.

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The year 1956 witnessed serious crises in the Middle East which had a direct influence on Israel’s security. The unity of Egypt and Syria (UAR), the coup in Iraq, and the danger to Lebanon’s independence and Nasser’s possible takeover of Jordan all had a direct bearing on Israel’s survival. The establishment of UAR in particular haunted Ben-Gurion, who feared that the complete encirclement of Israel was in the offing. Thus in view of Soviet enmity, Israel again looked tyo the US to improve its deterrent capability. However, the Eisenhower administration was still trapped in the nightmare of the Arab Middle East joining the Soviet bloc, should America become Israel’s patron. Ben-Gurion’s visit to America proved that the administration had not changed its basic strategy. Ben-Gurion failed to get a stronger commitment than the Eisenhower doctrine for the territorial integrity of all the states in the region.
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Bathrinath S., Saranyadevi S., Thirumalai Kumaran S., and Saravanasankar S. "PageRank Algorithm-Based Recommender System Using Uniformly Average Rating Matrix." In Handbook of Research on Green Engineering Techniques for Modern Manufacturing, 99–112. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5445-5.ch006.

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Applications of web data mining is the prediction of user behavior with respect to items. Recommender systems are being applied in knowledge discovery techniques to the problem of making decisions on personalized recommendation of information. Traditional CF approaches involve the amount of effort increases with number of users. Hence, new recommender systems need to be developed to process high quality recommendations for large-scale networks. In this chapter, a model for UAR matrix construction method for item rank calculations, a Page Rank-based item ranking approach are proposed. The analysis of various techniques for computing item-item similarities to identify relationship between the selected items and to produce a qualified recommendation for users to acquire the items as their wish. As a result, the new item rank-based approaches improve the quality of recommendation outcome. Results show that the proposed UAR method outperforms than the existing method. The same method is applied for the large real-time rating dataset like Movie Lens.
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Conference papers on the topic "UAAR"

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Brooks M Smith. "UAAs and the Standards-Setting Process." In Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLS (Total Maximum Daily Load) Proceedings of the 10-14 March 2007, San Antonio, Texas. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22419.

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Wright, Andrew B., Warfield Teague, Ann M. Wright, and Edmond W. Wilson. "Instrumentation of UALR labscale hybrid rocket motor." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Valentin Korman. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.664620.

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Hashimoto, S., Y. Liu, K. Asano, M. Mori, Y. Funahashi, and Y. Fujishiro. "Influence of Air Utilization on Power Generation Properties of a Non-Combined Cycle Pressurized SOFC System." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2012-91157.

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In this study, we proposed the non-combined cycle pressurized IT-SOFC system for efficient use of compression hydrogen energy in a gas cylinder, and the possibility of the system was discussed by comparison of the SOFC power gain by pressurization and power consumption gain of an air compressor. Oxygen partial pressure pO2 management on cathode side is also important because pO2 directly influences to the polarization resistances. For estimation of the power densities as functions of air utilization Uair and pressurized air remaining factor χ(=(pO2,cathode−0.021Uair)/(0.21(pair−0.1))), the ac impedance data of a micro tubular single cell, which was developed in ceramic reactor project, was measured under the several pO2 conditions on cathode side at atmospheric pressure (0.1MPa) and 0.3MPa. Area specific activation polarization resistance Rpol.act and concentration polarization resistance Rpol.conc. were obtained from the the ac impedance data, and the power generation curves of SOFC bundle under the several Uair and χ conditions were simulated using the Rpol.act and Rpol.conc. These simulations suggested that if χ is high enough, i.e. over 0.5, pressurization could dramatically reduce Rpol.act and Rpol.conc. even at Uair = 0.95. Based on these simulated power generation curves of the SOFC bundle, the preconditions of SOFC system were expanded up to 10kW class for practical comparison between SOFC power and power loss by the air compressor. This comparison is suggested that the maximum actual power Wact. of pressurized SOFC at 0.3MPa can be higher than that of atmospheric pressure SOFC if χ is over c.a. 0.5. The χ and Uair must be kept high enough for the high performance operation. It is found out that effective exhaust of low pO2 gas from system is important for holding the high χ.
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Liu, Kai, Deqing Zou, and Hai Jin. "UaaS: Software Update as a Service for the IaaS Cloud." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scc.2015.72.

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Laborde, Romain, Arnaud Oglaza, Samer Wazan, Francois Barrere, Abdelmalek Benzekri, David W. Chadwick, and Remi Venant. "Know Your Customer: Opening a new bank account online using UAAF." In 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045148.

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Kamal, Umair, Muhammad Mudassir, Yasir Ameer, and Attaullah Y. Memon. "Robust Optimal Control and Trajectory Tracking of an Unmanned Aerial Aquatic Vehicle (UAAV)." In 2022 19th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibcast54850.2022.9990083.

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Forgacs, Csaba. "Productivity development and regional specificities of economies of scale of specialised farms in Central and Eastern European (EU 10) agriculture (2005-2016)." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.009.

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The paper explores which farm types by specialisation direction2 (ten different types) and at what farm sizes by physical size3 (five categories) of specialised farms backed more production growth and productivity development in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs, EU104) over the period of 2005-2016. We compare EU10 average figures to EU27/15 averages and outline the changes by specialisation in total resource use of (i) labour (AWU), (ii) land (UAA) as well as in (iii) average farm size (UAA/specialised farms), (iv) total farm productivity (SO/farm), (v) labour productivity (SO/AWU) and (vi) area productivity (SO/UAA). We conclude that production and productivity growth of specialised farms in EU 10 differs by country, and by type and size of farming and, each CEEC has followed her own path of farm structure development in line with the country’s tradition and economic possibilities. We give regional characteristics of development in main specialisation types broken down to 5 farm size categories. We concluded the number of cereal farms increased in 6 out of 10 countries in all farm size categories and that of cattle farms went up in 5 out of EU 10 from 2005 to 2016. Farms with these two specializations have significantly extended agriculture land use and more than tripled production, but used more labor compared to basis year. SO/Farm/UAA/AWU productivity indicators of cereal farms increased quite a bit in most farm size categories in all EU 10 countries to a less extent in cattle, poultry pig and dairy farms. Growth in area productivity was led by pig, poultry, and cereal farms at E 10 level. Growth of the three productivity indicators in EU 10 are scattered quite a bit by farm types, and by countries but generally was headed by three farm size categories as 5-19.9 ha, 20-49.9 ha and 50-99.9 ha. However, the distance between EU10 and EU15 related to the level of production, land, and labour productivity still shows wide gap which needs to further narrow in the coming years.
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de Koning, Constance. "Combining UACR and GFR improves prediction of drug effect in CKD phase 2 trials." In ASN Kidney Week 2022, edited by Rachel Giles. Baarn, the Netherlands: Medicom Medical Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55788/57ba55db.

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Fatemi Moghaddam, Faraz, Nasrin Khanezaei, Sina Manavi, Mohammad Eslami, and Alireza Samar. "UAA: User authentication agent for managing user identities in cloud computing environments." In 2014 IEEE 5th Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsgrc.2014.6908723.

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Zhang, Yu, Yan Li, Guirong Zhang, and Tingting Zhong. "The Acceptance of Education Information System: An Empirical Study Based on UAA Model." In 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering (CiSE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cise.2010.5676751.

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Reports on the topic "UAAR"

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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.

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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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