Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'U.S. rural South'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 11, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.

The South African government is engaged in providing 'water for all' especially to rural areas. This is done by developing accessible, potable, safe drinking water systems. Safe drinking water is classified according to its quality and quantity factors. These factors are an important aspect in the consumers' perception of a rural water service. It is the intention of the Free Basic Water Policy (FBWP) to provide a service that addresses these factors by issuing a water service that is affordable. Little is known about the way in which these services are experienced, received and perceived by the beneficiaries in the rural communities. It is also not clear whether the FBWP has had the intended effect on its recipients. Therefore the main aim of this study was to determine the consumers' perceptions and household utilization of a rural water service through an exploration of consumers' perceptions of the water quality, water quantity, FBWP and household water utilization. This study was done by employing a qualitative strategy, making use of focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Data collected with these methods, revealed that consumers rely on physical qualities and performance of water when evaluating a water service. Water quantity was defined through availability and accessibility of which distance has direct economic implications. The FBWP was perceived to be non-beneficial; however its intended purpose is to improve the quality of life of its beneficiaries. It is suggested that the water service stakeholders be informed about the consumers' understanding and daily experience of these water aspects. It is proposed that this understanding can be achieved through the use of a systems perspective, as it illustrates the interaction and interdependence that exists among the consumers, consumer behavioural processes and service providers. This interaction is considered as an important improvement of quality of life.
Thesis (M. (Consumer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Unemployment in South Africa is a major problem and the marginal economic growth has not stimulated job creation. The problem is skewed to the rural communities. As the most labour absorptive sector, agriculture is best placed to help address this challenge. However, to become a viable globally competitive sector rural small-scale farmers need Government policy certainty and support; cluster creation is a means for small-scale farmers to be provided the required support. An exploratory study was conducted on Western Cape Wine cluster members and relevant Government employees. This study sought to identify behaviours and enablers instrumental in this cluster s success; while the Government employees clarified South Africa s official readiness for cluster implementation. The cluster abundantly evidenced : strong linkages, competition coupled with cooperation, connectedness among all the players as well as knowledge spill-over. These elements were enabled by historical support, primarily in research. The Government Departments, however, displayed paucity in these very behaviours, thus failing to maximise on efforts they made. Cluster members bemoaned the debilitating frequent changes in policy. Unless this crucial enabler together with the provision of infrastructure for creating connected communities is provided by collaborating Government Departments, South Africa s small-scale farmers cannot enjoy the benefits of clustering.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
vn2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

The diploma thesis focuses on the risks associated with the use of gas detectors in the intervention of fire brigade units, specifically in the case of an event associated with a carbon monoxide leak. The diploma thesis briefly explains the procedure of the units of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic in terms of gas detection, specifically carbon monoxide. The work focuses on the Fire and Rescue Service of the South Moravian Region and analyzes the current equipment of fire stations with detection means. The output of the diploma thesis is to design a suitable optimization of the unit and measurement, including financial evaluation in various types of emergencies, in which units of the fire brigade may encounter a leak of carbon monoxide. Furthermore, a draft Methodological Sheet is prepared - Interventions with carbon monoxide leakage provide information on carbon monoxide and procedures for activities related to gas leakage.

This thesis is concerned with evaluating the principles of, and approaches to, contemporary land redistribution programmes. Using contemporary South African land redistribution policy as a case study, it examines the policy process of a land reform programme. This enables an assessment of the extent to which policy implementation difficulties that are often experienced are the result of flawed policy conceptualisation and/or policy development, rather than simply poor policy implementation. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in South Africa between 1998 and 2001, the thesis provides the first full account of the policy process for contemporary South African land redistribution policy. This account identifies many of the broader political and contextual factors that help explain why and how the policy process evolved as it did, and adds to previous academic research on the extent to which competing political agendas affected the policy process. The main argument of the thesis is that the policy process for conceptualising, developing and implementing land redistribution policy between 1994 and 2001 was flawed. The thesis contrasts theoretical models of a policy process with models of the actual policy processes observed in South Africa during this period, in order to identify how and why the policy process was flawed. It proposes that the policy process was influenced primarily by competing political agendas that weakened and hindered the policy conceptualisation and policy development stages of the process, resulting in a land redistribution policy that was both difficult to implement and unable to meet the challenge of rural poverty it was meant to help alleviate.

O trabalho analisa a expedição astronômica realizada pela Marinha norteamericana ao Chile, durante os anos de 1849 a 1852, comandada pelo oficial e também astrônomo James Melville Gilliss. O objetivo foi compreender os interesses científicos, políticos, geopolíticos e comerciais que motivaram a viagem, bem como as imagens e representações sobre a América do Sul, especialmente do Panamá, Peru, Chile e Argentina, construídas e divulgadas através do relatório oficial da expedição, com o título \"The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years (1849- 1852). Esta pesquisa também procura examinar os diferentes dispositivos discursivos utilizados pelos oficiais que escreveram o relatório, James Gilliss e Archibald MacRae, discutindo dissensões e diferentes visões sobre o modo de veicular dados científicos, e também modos distintos de relatar a América do Sul.
This work analyzes the astronomical expedition to Chile realized by U.S. Navy, during the years of 1849 to 1852, led by Lieutenant and also astronomer James Melville Gilliss. The purpose of this thesis is to comprehend scientific interests and political, geopolitical and commercial reasons that prompted the expedition, as well as to examine representations and images about South America especially about Panamá, Peru, Chile and Argentina , that were constructed and spread through the official travel account, named \"The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years (1849-1852). This research also aims to examine the different rhetorical devices used by officials who wrote the final report, James Gilliss and Archibald MacRae, discussing disagreements and different opinions on how to convey scientific data, and also distinct ways of portraying South America.

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CAPES
The research?s goal is to analyse, by means of a longitudinal study, seigniorial families that belonged their material and immaterial Wealth base in Parishes of Rio de Janeiro, which established the conquer of the land or occupied the apex of the social and economic hierarchy in that places. We verified that they earned by land purchasing, relatives? formation and rituals, slaveholding, free workers establishment in their farms, among other outlines. We are going to analyse seigniorial families of two Parishes, Nossa Senhora da Piedade and Santo Antonio de Jacutinga, situated in Rec?ncavo da Guanabara. The cutting time adopted is about the families? managerial survival historical in 17th century to 18th century when it was the period that had the biggest growth of the sugar and feed production.
O objetivo desta pesquisa ? analisar, por meio de um estudo longitudinal, fam?lias senhoriais que possu?am a base de sua riqueza material e imaterial em Freguesias rurais do Rio de Janeiro, as quais estabeleceram a conquista da terra e ocuparam o ?pice da hierarquia social e econ?mica naquelas localidades. Constatamos que, para isso, valeram-se da posse ou compra de terras, da constitui??o de redes de parentesco consangu?neas e rituais, da posse de escravos, do estabelecimento de trabalhadores livres em seus s?tios e fazendas, dentre outros elementos. Analisamos fam?lias senhoriais de duas freguesias rurais, as freguesias de Nossa Senhora da Piedade do Igua?u e Santo Antonio de Jacutinga, situadas ao fundo do Rec?ncavo da Guanabara. O corte temporal adotado ? o do tempo das fam?lias, da sobreviv?ncia geracional da casa que, aqui, contempla fins do s?culo XVII a fins do s?culo XVIII, per?odo de crescimento e maior produ??o de a??car e g?neros aliment?cios.

Despite a few decades of discussion and the existence of all the studies on the transfer of the Brno Main Station to the river and the subsequent construction of the new Trnitá district, it has not been decided on the exact architectural form of these major urban interventions. In my pre-diploma thesis, I worked out an urban study of a new southern district - Trnitá, which gave above all a functional and mass form of the territory. This location will be extremely interesting for both the city's visitors, who will be moving from the station to the center, and of course for the potential new residents of the district. The district offers a unique combination of city life and recreation in the immediate vicinity of the natural river and park features. For a more detailed elaboration, I chose a building within a walk-through block by a river consisting of two buildings. My goal was to create a new scenery for what's happening in the neighborhood, to design new scenarios for how we can look at blocks. Given the contact with the waterfront and the river, I decided to propose both private and public functions. An important role is played by the courtyard, which defines a private space (a raised platform intended only for the residents of the house) and a public space - a creative center courtyard using a raised part as a residence bench. The mass of the house is horizontally divided into two parts. The first and second floors belong to the creative center, which is transparent with distinctive stone columns. An important goal was to show the life and movement of the center and its openness to new people and ideas - access from the yard. From the third floor there are apartments that are terraced and offer views of the river and roof terraces of deluxe apartments.

MA (Tshivenda)
Senthara ya M.E. R. Mathivha ya Nyambo dza Afrika, Vhutsila na Mvelele
Muvhuso wa vhukoḽoni u tshi swika kha ḽino ḽa Afrika Tshipembe hu vhonala hu tshi nga wo vha wo ḓisa nḓaḓo na masiandaitwa mivhusoni ya vhongwaniwapo vha vharema, vhe vha vhonala vha tshi nga vho vha vho dzula zwavhuḓi ḽo lala. U bva zwenezwo hu vhonala hu tshi nga yo sia nḓaḓo na masiandaitwa azwo. Zwi vhonala zwi tshi vho nga tshilonda tshi sa phuphei tshine tsha dzulela u ṅweka tshi sa fholi u swika na ṋamusi. Ndivho ya iyi ṱhoḓisiso ndi u ita tsenguluso ya tsudzuluswo ya vhuluvha ha vhalanda u bva kha vhurangaphanḓa ha sialala u ya kha vhorapoḽotiki vha muvhuso tshiṱirikini tsha Vhembe. Muṱoḓisisi u ḓo shumisa ngona nthihi fhedzi, ndi ngona ya khwaḽithethivi. Kha ngona ya khwaḽithethivi muṱoḓisisi u ḓo kuvhanganya mafhungo awe nga u shumisa mbudzisavhathu na mbudziso. Vhurangaphanḓa ha sialala vhu vhonala vhu tshi nga vhu ḓo vhuelwa nga u luvhiwa, u ṱhonifhiwa, u wana mashango avho murahu khathihi na u ḓo swikelela kha u vha tshipiḓa tsha komiti ya vhusimamilayo ya muvhuso wa masipala, tshiṱirikini tsha Vhembe, vunduni ḽa Ḽimpopo. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo livha kha u tandulula thaidzo ya u sudzuluswa ha vhuluvha ha vhadzulapo u bva kha vhurangaphanḓa ha sialala u ya kha vhorapoḽotiki vha muvhuso. Ṱhoḓisisoni iyi hu vhonala zwi tshi nga hu ḓo konanywa vhurangaphanḓa ha sialala na vhorapoḽotiki, u tandulula thaidzo ya u sudzuluswa ha vhuluvha, u sa vha hone ha tshumisano vhukati ha vhurangaphanḓa ha sialala na vhorapoḽotiki vha muvhuso, u sa vha hone ha komiti ya ṱhanganelano masipalani, vhurangaphanḓa ha sialala na vhorapoḽotiki vha vhonala vha tshi ḓo ḓivha nḓila dzine vha nga dzi tevhela u vhuedzedza mashango kha vhaṋe vhao. Ṱhanganelano ya vhuvhusi ha shango na komiti ya mahosi, zwi vhonala i tshi nga vha yone nḓila ine ya nga fhelisa mifhirifhiri na pfhudzungule tshiṱirikini tsha Vhembe, vunduni ḽa Ḽimpopo, Afrika Tshipembe.
NRF

The dissertation followed 3 research goals: to compare the availability of controlled physical activities in children with mental, hearing, visual disability in selected regions of the EU countries (South Bohemia-Czech Republic, Plovdiv-Bulgaria, Primorska-Slovenia, West Midlands-UK), then in experimental investigation in South Bohemia to monitor indicators of physical health in samples of children with named disabilities, and in same children to monitorindicators of psychosocial health.Analytical research investigations related to availability of controlled movement activities included children aged 8-15 years with researched disabilities, registered in the school systems of analysed regions of EU countries (N=12073 children, 6355 males, 5718 females). In followed experimental investigation in South Bohemia 180 children participated (90 males, 90 females) aged 8 - 15years, weredividedin samplesaccordingresearched disabilities.Evaluation of the data and their statistic interpretation verified the hypotheses. Research results have shown that children with observed types of disabilities can achieve positive effects in anthropometric indicators of training under the influence of controlled physical activities. Research results present also benefits for the social rehabilitation of children with disability in the problematic of reducing fearful behaviour symptoms and in increasing of independent behaviour.

The issue of women&rsquo
s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition
land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo
s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.

In these days of international safety measures there is a small probability of outer attack, which would concern the Czech Republic. A greater risk exists from the side of terrorist attacks or natural disasters and catastrophies of a large extent. An integral part of protection of the population in the situation of threat to the state and state of war is especially a matter of concealment of people from undesirable impacts. The method and content of collective protection of people is determined by the plan of concealment, which belongs to the emergency plan of the region, perchance to outer emergency plans for zones of emergency planning as well as municipality plans. The concealment of people at the state of war in the region territory can be provided in permanent and improvized shelters. They serve for the protection of people from the effects of weapons of mass destruction, they are considerably resistant against direct hits of classic explosives as well as percussion bullets. At present no legislative regulation directs municipalities to work out concealment plans. Public awareness of the character of possible threat, prepared rescue and liquidating works and of protection of people is also insufficient. My thesis shows the present situation and the state of concealment plans at municipalities with extended field of activity in the region of South Bohemia. It compares individual means for concealment of people at municipalities with extended field of activity and their state and applicability in the state of emergency or war. At the same time it shows prospective intentions concerning the protection of people in the Czech Republic until 2013.

Even in our contemporary moment, the word plantation evokes a distinctly Southern and rural image in which slavery is well hidden within an idyllic botanical scene. And yet, from the very beginning of industrialization in the United States, plantation agriculture and enslavement were thoroughly embedded in the circuits of Northern capital and urbanization. "Shackled in the Garden" begins from the premise that the plantation is not an archaic institution that withered away in the nineteenth century, but rather is an enduring site of production and reproduction in the U.S. and throughout the Global South. Historically, the plantation has played a central role in organizing racialized bodies, technologies and environments in the South. In the wake of widespread ecological and social disaster across global Southern geographies, I insist that it behooves us to take another view of the plantation.

"Shackled in the Garden" rethinks the plantation as an ecological space: a space of dynamic relations in which racialized bodies and technologies are aggregated and disaggregated by a powerfully tropical environment. In the midst of ongoing crises over the sustainability of the plantation complex in the mid-eighteenth century, the plantation metamorphosized from an idyllic geography of botanical bounty and pure soil to a "toxic paradise": a tainted space that enclosed usable bodies and usable lands to be put in the service of increasingly experimental purposes. This peculiar conjoining of racialized subjects and the environment transformed the plantation into a privileged site for investigations into natural history, which sought to catalog and organize the natural world. Understandings of natural history as an innocent and feminine pursuit based on non-intervention and simple observation of the environment hid rampant experimentation on all kinds of "specimen" on the plantation including botanical species, agricultural crops, livestock, and enslaved persons.

While emergent biological models in the mid-nineteenth century began to understand race and identity as being rooted in the body, climatic or environmental determinations of identity continued to hold rhetorical power. Biology may have achieved a hegemonic position with the increasingly legitimated theories of Darwinian evolution, but natural history did not wither into oblivion. While individuation, mechanization, and biology flourished in the North, the plantation South continued to be figured as a natural ecology, a geography where identity refused its disentanglement from a dangerously miasmic and tropical environment. This project emerges out of both literary studies and science studies. Moving from James Grainger and Thomas Jefferson through Thomas Wentworth Higginson to Booker T. Washington, I explore how a literary imaginary of the plantation pastoral, which continued to represent the plantation as an unenclosed, pre-industrial and green geography in the face of extensive industrialization and environmental degradation, contributed to an understanding of the plantation as a "natural" space of scientific experimentation. The second half of the project considers a perhaps surprising genealogy of plantation fiction from authors such as Martin Delany and Jean Toomer who defamiliarized pastoral naturalizations of plantation space at the same time as they played on the heterotopic spatiality of the plantation to imagine a different, more global plantation South.

Dissertation

The aim of thesis ,,Development of selected small towns with using available support programmes" is to evaluate the present situation of selected small tors and a proposal for their further development by using available support programmes. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on explanation of all concepts of these small towns and the practical part includes a analysis of received subsidies and their total evaluation and other potential projects for the development of selected towns with using available support programmes.

Text in English with summaries and keywords in English, Venda and Sepedi
Fuelwood remains a crucial source of energy among the vast majority of rural households because of its availability and affordability in comparison with most energy alternatives. Approximately 17 million people in South Africa live in communal lands where fuelwood can be harvested easily and freely by households, with 80% of the overall fuel consumed for domestic purposes extracted from burning fuelwood. The rapid-excess trends of fuelwood consumption – aggravated by population growth, agricultural and household settlement expansions – pose utmost challenges for community development. Overharvesting of fuelwood can result in fuelwood scarcity, loss of biodiversity, excessive land clearance and soil erosion. This study evaluated the factors that influence fuelwood consumption in households at the Thulamela Local Municipality. The study utilised mixed research methods, comprising quantitative and qualitative methods. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of both closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data from the households. The collected data was mainly qualitative data (nominal and categorical data) and the researcher used the frequency menu to summarise the data and cross tabulation menu in the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 25. For cross tabulation, the researcher used the Chi-square (χ2) test to measure the degree of association between two categorical variables. If the p-value is less than 0.05, there is a significant association between variables – thus, the variables dependent on each other. The study found that socio-economic characteristics such as monthly income, employment status, gender, educational level of the household head, number of employed household members, energy expenditure and type of occupation play a significant role in the factors that influence fuelwood consumption. As a result of these factors, fuelwood energy is still being used as a primary energy source by most households to meet their domestic needs for cooking and water heating – despite most of them being electrified. Additionally, lack of environmental education, the erratic electricity supply and staggering living conditions which drive widespread poverty in rural areas contribute to the extensive fuelwood consumption among households. The study highlighted the recommendations on mitigation measures that can be used to reduce extensive fuelwood consumption. These recommendations include encouraging the use of renewable energy and modern energy technologies such as biogas and solar energy, together with improved cooking stoves to help reduce overexploitation of natural resources and prevent indoor air pollution which is associated with heart disease and immortality. There is also a need to raise environmental awareness. It is through education that people’s perceptions, attitudes and behaviour regarding fuelwood consumption practices can be changed. The promotion of sustainable development through harvest control and afforestation can significantly reduce deforestation, loss of biodiversity, fuelwood scarcity and soil erosion.
Khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa sa tshiko tshihulwane tsha mafulufulu kha miṱa minzhi ya mahayani ngauri dzi a wanala na u swikelelea musi dzi tshi vhambedzwa na dziṅwe nḓila dza mafulufulu. Vhathu vha swikaho miḽioni dza 17 Afrika Tshipembe vha dzula mahayani hune vha kona u reḓa khuni hu si na vhuleme nahone nga mahala, ngeno zwivhaswa zwi swikaho 80% zwi shumiswaho miḓini zwi tshi bva kha khuni. Maitele maṅwe a tshihaḓu a kushumiselwe kwa khuni – a tshi ṋaṋiswa na nga nyaluwo ya vhathu, u engedzea ha vhulimi na vhupo ha vhudzulo – zwi ḓisa khaedu kha mveledziso ya tshitshavha. U reḓa khuni lwo kalulaho zwi nga vhanga ṱhahelelo ya khuni, u xelelwa nga mutshatshame wa zwi tshilaho, u ṱangula mavu na mukumbululo wa mavu. Ngudo iyi yo ḓiimisela u ela zwivhumbi zwi ṱuṱuwedzaho u shumiswa ha khuni miḓini ngei kha Masipala Wapo wa Thulamela. Ngudo yo shumisa ngona dza ṱhoḓisiso dzo ṱanganaho dzi re na ngona khwanthethivi na khwaḽithethivi. Mbudzisambekanywa dzo dzudzanywaho dzi re na mbudziso dza phindulo nthihi na dza phindulo ndapfu dzo shumiswa u kuvhanganya data miḓini. Data yo kuvhanganyiwaho kanzhi ndi yo sedzaho ndeme (ya tshivhalo na khethekanyo) ngeno muṱoḓisisi o shumisa menyu wa tshivhalo tsha zwithu u nweledza data na menyu wa thebulu dzi leluwaho kha Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) vesheni ya vhu 25. U itela thebulu dzi leluwaho, muṱoḓisisi o shumisa ndingo dza Chi-square (χ2) u ela tshikalo tsha nyelelano vhukati ha zwithu zwivhili zwo fhambanaho. Arali ndeme ya p i ṱhukhu kha 0.05, hu na u elana hu hulwane vhukati ha zwithu zwi vhambedzwaho – zwithu izwi zwi dovha zwa ṱalutshedzana. Ṱhoḓisiso yo wana uri zwiṱaluli zwa ikonomi na matshilisano sa mbuelo ya ṅwedzi, tshiimo mushumoni, mbeu, ḽeveḽe ya pfunzo ya ṱhoho ya muḓi, tshivhalo tsha vhathu vha shumaho muṱani, mbadelo dza fulufulu na mushumo une muthu a u shuma zwi na mushumo muhulwane kha zwithu zwi ṱuṱuwedzaho u shumiswa ha khuni. Nga ṅwambo wa zwithu izwi, khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa sa tshiko tshihulwane tsha fulufulu kha miḓi minzhi u swikelela ṱhoḓea dzavho dza hayani dza u bika na u wana u dudedza – naho vhunzhi havho vhe kha muḓagasi. Nṱhani ha izwo, u sa vha na pfunzo ya vhupo, nḓisedzo ya muḓagasi ine ya dzula i tshi shanduka na maga a kutshilele a konḓaho ane a vhanga vhushai ho andaho kha vhupo ha mahayani zwi vhanga u shumiseswa ha khuni miḓini. Ngudo dzo sumbedzisa themendelo kha maga a u lulamisa ane a nga shumiswa u fhungudza u shumiseswa ha khuni. Themendelo idzi dzi katela u ṱuṱuwedza tshumiso ya mafulufulu ḽo vusuludzwaho na thekhinoḽodzhi dza fulufulu dza musalauno sa bayogese na fulufulu ḽa masana a ḓuvha, kathihi na zwiṱofu zwa u bika zwo khwiniswaho u thusa u fhungudza u tambiseswa ha zwiko zwa mupo na u thivhela tshikafhadzo ya muya nga ngomu zwine zwa vhanga vhulwadze ha mbilu na dzimpfu. Hu na ṱhoḓea ya u ita mafulo a zwa vhupo. Ndi nga kha pfunzo hune kuvhonele kwa vhathu, kusedzele kwa zwithu na vhuḓifari havho maelana na kushumiselwe kwa khuni zwa nga shandukiswa. U bveledzwa ha mveledziso i sa nyeṱhi nga kha ndango ya khaṋo na u ṱavhiwa ha miri zwi nga fhungudza vhukuma u fhela ha maḓaka, u lozwiwa ha mutshatshame wa zwi tshilaho, u konḓa ha khuni na mukumbululo wa mavu.
Dikgong tša go bešwa di tšwela pele go ba methopo o bohlokwa wa enetši gareng ga bontši bja malapa a dinagamagaeng ka lebaka la ge di hwetšagala le go se ture ga tšona ge di bapetšwa le mekgwa ye mengwe ya enetši. Tekano ye e ka bago batho ba dimilione tše 17 ka Afrika Borwa ba dula mafelong a magaeng fao dikgong di ka kgonago go rengwa gabonolo le ka tokologo ke malapa a, fao e lego gore 80% ya palomoka ya dibešwa tšeo di šomišwago ka gae di hwetšwago go dikgong. Lebelo leo ka lona dikgong di hwetšago ka lona gore di tle di bešwe – leo le mpefatšwago ke go gola ga setšhaba, temo le go oketšega ga madulo a batho – le tliša ditlhohlo tše kgolo tlhabollong ya setšhaba. Go rema dikgong go fetišiša go ka feletša ka go hlaelela ga tšona, tahlegelo ya phedišano ya diphedi tša mehutahuta, go rema mehlare ka fao go fetišišago le kgogolego ya mobu. Dinyakišišo tše di ikemišeditše go sekaseka mabaka ao a huetšago go šomišwa ga dikgong ka malapeng ka Masepaleng wa Selegae wa Thulamela. Dinyakišišo tše di šomišitše mekgwa ya dinyakišišo ye e hlakantšwego, ye e lego wa dinyakišišo tša bontši le wa dinyakišišo tša boleng. Dipotšišonyakišišo tšeo di beakantšwego ka seripa tše di nago le bobedi dipotšišo tša di nago le dikgetho le dipotšišo tšeo di nyakago gore motho a fe maikutlo a gagwe di šomišitšwe go kgoboketša tshedimošo ka malapeng. Tshedimošo ye e kgobokeditšwego e bile kudu tshedimošo ya boleng (ya dipalo le ya go hlophiwa) gomme monyakišiši o šomišitše menyu wa bokgafetšakgafetša go dira kakaretšo ya tshedimošo le go menyu wa go bea dilo ka dintlha ka Sehlopheng sa Dipalopalo sa Bašomi ba tša Mahlale a Leago (SPSS) bešene ya 25. Go bea dilo ka dintlha, monyakišiši o šomišitše teko ya Chi-square (χ2) go ela bogolo bja kamano magareng ga diphapano tše pedi tša magoro. Ge p-value e le ye nnyane go 0.05, go na le kamano ye bohlokwa magareng ga diphapano – ke gore, diphapano di a hlalošana. Dinyakišišo di hweditše gore dipharologantši tša ekonomi ya setšhaba tša go swana le letseno la kgwedi ka kgwedi, maemo a mošomo, bong, maemo a thuto a hlogo ya lapa, palao ya maloko a ka lapeng ao a šomago, tšhomišo ya tšhelete go enetši le mohuta wa mošomo di raloka tema ye bohlokwa ka mabakeng ao a huetšago go šomišwa ga dikgong. Ka lebaka la mabaka a, enetši ya dikgong e sa šomišwa bjalo ka methopo o bohlokwa wa enetši ke malapa a mantši ka nepo ya go fihlelela dinyakwa tša bona tša ka gae tša go apea le go ruthufatša dintlo – go sa kgathale gore bontši bja tšona ke tša mohlagase. Godimo ga fao, tlhokego ya thuto ya mabapi le tikologo, kabo ya mohlagase ye e sa tshepišego le maemo a bophelo ao a hlobaetšago ao a hlohleletšago bohloki ka dinagamagaeng di tsenya letsogo go tšhomišo ya dikgong go fetišiša ka malapeng. Dinyakišišo di hlagiša ditšhišinyo tša mabapi le go fokotša tšhomišo ya dikgong go fetišiša. Ditšhišinyo tše di akaretšwa go hlohleletša tšhomišo ya mohlagase wa go dirišwa leswa le ditheknolotši tša enetši tša sebjalebjale tša go swana le gase ya tlhago le mohlagse wa sola, gotee le ditofo tša go apea tšeo di kaonafaditšwego ka nepo ya go fokotša go šomiša kudu methopo ya tlhago le go thibela tšhilafatšo ya moya ya ka dintlong e lego seo se amantšhwago le bolwetši bja pelo le mahu. Gape go na le tlhokego ya go tliša temošo ya tša tikologo. Ke ka go diriša thuto fao e lego gore maikutlo a batho, ditebelelo le maitshwaro a bona mabapi le ditiro tša tšhomišo ya dikgong a tlago fetošwa. Tšwetšopele ya tlhabollo ya go ya go iule ka taolo ya go rema dikgong le go bjala mehlare fao go ka fokotšago go rengwa ga mehlare, tahlegelo ya mehutahuta ya diphedi, tlhaelelo ya dikgong le kgogolego ya mobu.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environment Management)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Sepedi and Venda
Access to firewood and other affordable energy sources is essential to the livelihoods of rural households in developing countries. Studies have been conducted to understand the reasons behind an extensive reliance on firewood in rural areas, especially in developing countries, despite improved electrification rates and a number of government policies introduced to encourage rural households to switch from traditional to modern fuels. This study aimed at assessing and thus understand the factors influencing the use of firewood by households in Ga - Malahlela village in Limpopo Province. Limited research has been conducted on firewood use, subsequent to improved electrification in rural areas in South Africa, hence it was to shed light on this little-explored subject on which the study was carried out. The assessment was based on household demographics and household energy use patterns, with a structured questionnaire being utilised to arrive at a detailed understanding of the factors that drive firewood use. It was established that firewood was still used to a significant degree, to satisfy household energy needs such as cooking, water heating and space heating. This was mainly due to the socioeconomic status of households. Socio-economic factors such as income, education level, household size and preference were found to be the factors exerting the greatest influence on the use of firewood among households in the study area. Psychological variables and the geographical location of the study area were also shown to promote the use of firewood. The study further revealed that, as indicated in the reviewed literature, households in the study area fuel stack and do not ascend the energy ladder. The reviewed literature further indicated that not all factors have equivalent significance in determining the behaviour and pattern of household energy use. This indicates that energy sources such as firewood are not completely discarded but are instead used in conjunction with modern energy sources such as electricity. In conclusion, this study established that despite the availability of electricity, as a result of poverty and the lack of free basic services such as free basic electricity, reliance on firewood in rural areas will continue.
Go hwetša dikgong le methopo ye mengwe ya dibešwa tšeo di rekegago go bohlokwa go mekgwa ya malapa a dinagamagaeng go hwetša dilo tše bohlokwa tša bophelo dinageng tšeo di hlabologago. Dithutelo di phethagaditšwe go kwešiša mabaka ao a thekgago kholofelo go dikgong mafelong a dinagamagaeng a dinaga tšeo di hlabologago le ge go na le ditekanyo tše di kaonafaditšwego tša tlhagišo ya mohlagase le palo ya melaotshepetšo ya mmušo yeo e tsebišitšwego go tutuetša malapa a dinagamagaeng go fetoga go tloga go dibešwa tša sekgale go iša go tša sebjale. Thutelo ye e ikemišeditše go lekola ka gona go kwešiša mabaka ao a huetšago malapa a Motsaneng wa Ga-Malahlela ka Profenseng ya Limpopo go diriša ya dikgong. Dinyakišišo tše lekantšwego di phethagaditšwe ka ga tirišo ya dikgong ka morago ga tlhagišo ya mohlagase yeo e kaonafaditšwego mafelong a dinagamagaeng ka Afrika Borwa, gomme e be e swanetše go fa tshedimošo ka ga hlogotaba yeo e hlohlomišitšwego gannyane gore thutelo ye e phethagatšwe. Tekolo ye e theilwe go dipalopalo ka ga malapa setšhabeng le mekgwa ya malapa ya go dirišwa dibešwa, ka go diriša lenaneopotšišo leo le beakantšwego gore go fihlelelwe kwešišo ye e hlalošago ka botlalo mabaka ao a hlohleletšago tirišo ya dikgong. Go lemogilwe gore dikgong di sa dirišwa ka bontši bjo bo bonagalago go kgotsofatša dinyakwa tša malapa tša enetši tše bjalo ka go apea, go ruthetša meetse le go ruthetša lefelo. Se se be se swanela gagolo ka lebaka la boemo bja ka moo ekonomi e amago tšwelopele ya malapa. Mabaka a ka moo ekonomi e amago tšwelopele ya setšhaba a go swana le ditseno, boemo bja thuto, bogolo bja lelapa le tšeo di ratwago go hweditšwe go ba mabaka ao a hlohleletšago khuetšo ye kgolokgolo go tirišo ya dikgong gare ga malapa thutelong ye. Dielemente tšeo di ka fetolwago le lefelo tikologong ye e itšeng tša thutelo le tšona di bontšhitšwe go godiša tirišo ya dikgong. Thutelo ye gape e utollotše gore, bjalo k age go šupilwe dingwalong tšeo di lekotšwego, malapa a lefelong la thutelo a latela mekgwa ya dibešwa tša mehutahuta gomme ga a latele manamelo a enetši. Dingwalo tšeo di lekotšwego di laeditše go ya pele gore ga se mabaka ka moka ao a nago le bohlokwa bjo bo lekanago go šupeng boitshwaro le mokgwa tša tirišo ya enetši ka malapeng. Se se šupa gore methopo ya enetši ye bjalo ka dikgong ga se ya tlogelwa ka gohlegohle eupša e dirišwa mmogo le methopo ya sebjale ya enetši ye bjalo ka mohlagase. Go ruma, thutelo ye e utollotše gore le ge go na le mohlagase, ka lebaka la bohloki le tlhaelo ya ditirelo tša motheo tša mahala tše bjalo ka mohlagase wa motheo wa mahala, kholofelo go dikgong dinagamagaeng e tlo tšwela pele.
U swikelela khuni na zwiṅwe zwiko zwa fulufulu zwine zwa swikelelea ndi zwa ndeme kha u tsireledza zwo teaho zwa vhutshilo kha miṱa ya vhupo ha mahayani kha mashango o no khou bvelelaho. Ngudo dzo farwa u itela u pfesesa zwiitisi zwa u ḓitika zwihulwane nga khuni kha vhupo ha mahayani kha mashango ane a khou ḓi bvelela zwi si na ndavha na u khwiniswa ha u dzheniswa ha muḓagasi na tshivhalo tsha mbekanyamaitele dza muvhuso dzo ḓivhadzwaho u ṱuṱuwedza miṱa ya vhupo ha mahayani u bva kha u shumisa zwivhaswa zwa kale u ya kha zwa ano maḓuvha. Ngudo iyi yo livhiswa kha u asesa na u pfesesa zwiṱaluli zwine zwa ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha khuni nga miṱa ya Muvhunduni wa Ga-Malahlela Vunduni ḽa Limpopo. Ṱhoḓisiso dzi si nngana dzo itwa nga ha u shumiswa ha khuni hu tshi tevhela u dzheniswa ha muḓagasi vhuponi ha mahayani Afurika Tshipembe, ho vha u bvisela khagala nga ha zwiṱuku zwo wanululwaho kha thero heyi ye ngudo ya i bveledzisa. U linga ho vha ho ḓisendeka nga ngudamirafho ya miṱa na kushumisele kwa fulufulu miṱani, hu na mbudzisombekanywa dzo dzudzanywaho dzo shumiswaho u swikelela kha u pfesesa nga vhuḓalo zwiṱaluli zwine zwa ta u shumiswa ha khuni. Ho dzhielwa nṱha uri khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa nga maanḓa u ḓisa ṱhoḓea dza fulufulu miṱani u fana na u bika, u vhilisa maḓi na u dudedza vhudzulo. Hezwi zwo tea nga maanḓa kha vhuimo ha matshilisano a zwa ikonomi miṱani: zwiṱaluli zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano zwi ngaho sa mbuelo, vhuimo ha pfunzo, vhuhulu ha muṱa na zwo no takalelwa ho wanwa uri ndi zwiṱaluli zwine zwa shumisa ṱhuṱhuwedzo khulwane ya u shumiswa ha khuni vhukati ha miṱa ya vhupo ha ngudo. Variabuḽu dza saikhoḽodzhikhaḽa na vhupo ha ḓivhashango zwa vhupo ha ngudo zwo sumbedziswa u ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha khuni. Ngudo yo isa phanḓa na u wanulusa uri, sa zwo sumbedziswaho kha maṅwalwa o sedzuluswaho, miṱa kha vhupo ha ngudo i kuvhanganya fulufulu ngeno hu sina u gonya ha tshanduko ya kushumisele kwa fulufulu. Maṅwalwa o sedzuluswaho o sumbedzisa a tshi i sa phanḓa uri a si zwiṱaluli zwoṱhe zwine zwa vha na ndeme i linganaho kha u ta vhuḓifari na kushumisele kwa fulufulu miṱani. Hezwi zwi sumbedza uri zwiko zwa fulufulu zwi ngaho sa khuni a zwo ngo laṱelwa kule tshoṱhe fhedzi zwi shumiswa zwo ṱanganyiswa na zwiko zwa fulufulu zwa ano maḓuvha zwi ngaho sa muḓagasi. Ri tshi pendela, ngudo iyi i ta uri na musi muḓagasi u hone, nga nṱhani ha vhushayi na ṱhahelelo ya tshumelo dza muḓagasi wa mahala wa mutheo u fana na muḓagasi wa mahala wa mutheo, u ḓitika nga khuni vhuponi ha mahayani hu ḓo ḓi bvela phanḓa.
Department of Environmental Science
M.A. (Environmental Science)