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Journal articles on the topic 'U.s. occupation of Iraq'
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Lee, Jongguk. "U. S. Occupation Policy and Yoshida regime’s Policy Initiative." Journal of Korean-Japanese Military and Culture 29 (April 30, 2020): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47563/kjmc.29.3.
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Gabe, M. "Civil-Military Relations in Okinawa under U. S. Occupation." Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association 40 (1989): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7218/nenpouseijigaku1953.40.0_47.
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Al-Sarraf, Adam, and N. Jansen Calamita. "The Development of Investment Arbitration in Iraq: Domestic Law, the ICSID Convention and Iraqs Investment Treaties." BCDR International Arbitration Review 3, Issue 2 (December 1, 2016): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2016032.
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Unlike other developing states in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, Iraq did not participate in the proliferation of bilateral investment treaties and the widespread adoption of arbitration for the resolution of disputes falling within their scope. As a consequence, in the years since the fall of Saddam Hussein and the end of the U.S.-led occupation, Iraq has had to consider how and on what terms it will participate in this global regime. This paper examines the development of international arbitration as an institution in Iraq with reference to both Iraq’s domestic law and its international commitments.
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Jovanović, Bojan, Marko Ševrović, Sandro Tokić, and Davor Sumpor. "Korištenje IRAP metodologije pri selektiranju prometnih nesreća uzrokovanih umorom vozača cestovnih vozila." Sigurnost 62, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31306/s.62.3.1.
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SAŽETAK: Korištenjem samo klasičnih metoda zasnovanih na izračunu objektivnog statističkog rizika nakon ekspertiza prometnih nesreća vrlo je teško pouzdano izdvojiti one za koje je mogući uzrok umor vozača cestovnih vozila. IRAP metodologija može bitno pomoći u boljem izdvajanju prometnih nesreća za koje je vjerojatni uzrok umor vozača, jer se iRAP metodologijom može brzo i objektivno procijeniti statička sigurnost prometne infrastrukture, a onda i isključiti kao mogući uzrok. Prema dinamičkom otvorenom Fullerovom TCI modelu „zahtjev zadaće-sposobnost vozača“, vozači dominantno određuju željenu razinu težine zadaće tijekom vožnje odabirom brzine, što u slučaju odabira nedopuštene brzine ili brzine neprilagođene uvjetima na cesti između ostaloga može ovisiti i o tome je li vozač umoran ili ne. Na primjeru šest prometnih nesreća na autocestama u Republici Hrvatskoj, izdvojenih statističkom obradom prema karakterističnim kriterijima iz recentne znanstvene literature, pokazat će se kako se primjenom iRAP metodologije odrednice prometne infrastrukture iz skupine čimbenika „prometni okoliš“ mogu potpuno isključiti kao uzrok prometne nesreće. Što točnije izdvajanje prometnih nesreća cestovnih vozila za koje je mogući uzrok umor pomoći će kolegama istraživačima iz ostalih znanstvenih područja istražiti karakteristične čimbenike prometnih nesreća povezanih s umorom, a zbog predlaganja mjera za smanjivanje utjecaja umora na izvedbu vozača.
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Bobkin, Nikolay. "The Iranian-American competition in Iraq: the political defeat of the United States." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015847-8.
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The article gives an assessment of Iran's policy in neighboring Iraq during the years of the American occupation. The author's scientific hypothesis is that after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran, and not America, became the real beneficiary of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The Iranian leadership, interested in changing the Baathist regime in Baghdad, having received such a strategic gift, did everything to use the US military presence to its advantage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategy of expanding Iran's influence in Iraq and its impact on US policy. The article shows that the nature of Iran's influence in Iraq included all the elements of state power: diplomatic, informational, military and economic. It is concluded that Tehran managed to take advantage of the democratic reforms in Iraq, which were carried out under the control of Washington. Iran used its Shiite henchmen, which gave it a political advantage over the United States, which did not have such influential allied forces in Iraq. Despite the disparate balance of military forces with America, Iran managed to avoid the risk of war with the United States and move on to achieving its long-term goals in Iraq. In the future, Tehran plans to achieve the rejection of Baghdad from constructive relations with Washington.
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Sonmez, A. Sait, and Samed Kurban. "Turkey’s Northern Iraq Policy Within the Dilemma of National Security Problems and Economic Cooperation (2003-2015)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n2p13.
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The general characteristic of the foreign policy adopted by Turkey for North Iraq has been shaped based on the national integrity of Iraq since the Gulf War4. However developments in this country caused an increase in seperation demands from North Iraq Kurds. On the other hand this region had become an important base for Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) since 1980’s. Turkey’s security dilemma and priorities over Iraq were formulated as “red lines” and decleraded before invasion of Iraq. But North Iraq based security issues increased after the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America (USA). Getting support of the USA Iraqi Kurds began to follow a policy as political rival of Turkey. But economic relations, which have been established with the regional Government in terms of energy and trade, caused cooperation in other fields. So transfomation of bilateral relations of Turkey and Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq (KRGI) is discussed in this paper. Aim of this paper is to analyze how economic cooperation caused cooperation in security issues such as fight against terrorism.
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Mamedov, R. Sh. "Consequences of Lifting UN and US Sanctions on Iraq after 2003." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 12, no. 5 (June 15, 2023): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2022-12-5-164-170.
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Both the international community and individual states against Iraq applied some of the most extensive sanctions in recent history under President Saddam Hussein in 1990–2003. The State’s ability to withstand external threats has been weakened. The changing international dynamics influenced this, but also by the long-term sanctions regime. The United States and the coalition led by them took advantage of a weakened Iraq and invaded the country in 2003, overthrowing the regime of S. Hussein. The post-conflict situation and the occupation situation in which Iraq found itself headed by the new government required alternative approaches. The lifting of sanctions was because of the need to stabilize the new political regime in the country close to the occupiers after the overthrow of S. Hussein. Also, it contributed to the enrichment of certain lobbying groups in the United States associated with this military policy.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Measurement of Uranium Concentration in Soil of Middle of Iraq using CR ?V 39 Track Detector." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 2 (June 12, 2011): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.2.451-455.
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The aim of this research is to determine the uranium concentration in soil and water samples taken from different locations from the middle and south of Iraq using fission fragments track registration. Twelve samples of soil and water were taken from middle and South of Iraq. The nuclear reaction used as a source of nuclear fission fragments is U-235 (n.f) obtained by bombardment U-235with thermal neutrons from (Am-Be) neutron source with flux (5X103 n.cm-2.s-1). The concentration values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples recommended by IAEA.The results of the measurements show that the uranium concentration in soil samples were in Thekar (16.38 ppm), AL-Basra (16.1ppm) and (0.78 ppm) in Baghdad, from the results which show that this governorate were contaminated with depleted uranium after the Wars against Iraq . The uranium concentration in the water samples of Tigers river were in AL-Qurna (8.85 ?g/l) and in AL-Suwera (4.72 ?g/l).
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Fadil T, Nada Fadil, Najeba Abdulah H, and Sabiha A. Bedin. "Measurement of Uranium Concentration in Soil of Middle of Iraq using CR ?V 39 Track Detector." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 2 (June 12, 2011): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2011.8.2.451-455.
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The aim of this research is to determine the uranium concentration in soil and water samples taken from different locations from the middle and south of Iraq using fission fragments track registration. Twelve samples of soil and water were taken from middle and South of Iraq. The nuclear reaction used as a source of nuclear fission fragments is U-235 (n.f) obtained by bombardment U-235with thermal neutrons from (Am-Be) neutron source with flux (5X103 n.cm-2.s-1). The concentration values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples recommended by IAEA.The results of the measurements show that the uranium concentration in soil samples were in Thekar (16.38 ppm), AL-Basra (16.1ppm) and (0.78 ppm) in Baghdad, from the results which show that this governorate were contaminated with depleted uranium after the Wars against Iraq . The uranium concentration in the water samples of Tigers river were in AL-Qurna (8.85 ?g/l) and in AL-Suwera (4.72 ?g/l).
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Elfenbein, Caleb. "Establishing Religion in Iraq: Islam and the Modern State." Comparative Islamic Studies 3, no. 1 (October 19, 2008): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v3i1.57.
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The institutional development of the “new Iraq” provides an object lesson in the necessity of drawing from disparate academic disciplines in the study of modern forms of Islam. Understanding historical formations of Islam and governing institutions is an integral part of ascertaining what place Islam may hold in post-occupation Iraq. At the same time, to present as complete a picture as possible it is equally important to draw from areas of study that provide insight into the institutions and practices of the modern state, the place of religion therein, and the practices and techniques of modern forms of colonialism. Bringing these different resources to bear on the analysis of Iraq?s constitution sheds tremendous light on the relationship between Islam and state imagined by the authors of the document, the chief threats to this vision (as the authors envision them), and the measures they have taken to forestall the potential transformation of the form and place of Islam active in governing institutions.
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Martinou, Andriana. "A U(6) Boson Model for Deformed Nuclei." Symmetry 15, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15020455.
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The Interacting Boson Model is one of the most famous group-theoretical nuclear models, which established the use of the U(6) symmetry in nuclei, built upon the s,d bosons, which derive by nucleon pairs. In this article, it is suggested that the symmetric pairs of the valence harmonic oscillator quanta can be used approximately as the s and d bosons of a new U(6) Boson Model, applicable in medium mass and heavy nuclei. The main consequence of this interpretation is that the number of bosons is the number of the pairs of the valence harmonic oscillator quanta, which occur from the occupation of the Shell Model orbitals by nucleons.
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Gagliano, Joseph A. "Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U. S. Imperialism, 1915–1940." History: Reviews of New Books 30, no. 1 (January 2001): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2001.10525931.
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Lipovac, Marijan. "The Czechoslovak Union in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from the collapse of Czechoslovakia in 1939 to the occupation of Yugoslavia in 1941." Zbornik Janković 5, no. 5-6 (August 17, 2022): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47325/zj.5.6.
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U radu se obrađuje djelovanje Čehoslovačkog saveza u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji od propasti Čehoslovačke 1939. do okupacije Jugoslavije 1941., s naglaskom na prilagodbu češke manjine novim političkim okolnostima, posebno uspostavu Banovine Hrvatske, kao i na sudjelovanje u pomaganju izbjeglicama iz okupirane Češke.
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جليل, محمد, and شامل كويش سلطان. "الموقف الفلسطيني من الاجتياح العراقي للكويت ( 2 آب 1990 – 17 كانون الثاني 1991 )." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 27 (January 7, 2018): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss27.59.
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Situations comes through wars and crisis, some of them consider as rationality , and others as irritability and hastiness , second Gulf crisis took great importance because it has brought various situations through both sides of Iraq and Kuwait , when Iraq occupy Kuwait in the second of August 1990 and as a result of this comes the breakdown of relationships of both sides level .
Arab and international , which caused great effects in the future of many Arab and regional cases . This occupation revealed some facts in Arab and the international , appeared in on agreement between Arab countries at least in the principles of coexistence , we can see this in Arab 's division in all levels , and no agreement between Arab and international regional about the foundation which Arab_ Arab mutual and cooperation .
The research divided into three parts .The first part talked about the historical struggle between Iraq and Kuwait till 1990 , The second part specialized to study of Palestinian official situation about the Iraqi Invasion to Kuwait in 2 August1990 – 17 January1991 ,Third part is about Palestinian's organizations in Invasion .
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Alshbib, Duraid K. "The Contemporary Concept of Odious Debts: Iraq’s Debts as a Model." International Journal of Economics and Finance 15, no. 10 (September 10, 2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n10p44.
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Iraqi loans stood out because of their unique characteristics. The international blockade in 1991, the occupation in 2003, and the actions of puppet administrations were among the many events that contributed to this debt, with the first two being the most significant. and corruption with many faces. Due to these policies, Iraq is currently undergoing debt restructuring under the supervision and guidelines of the IMF. The goal of the research was to examine the causes of the increase in Iraqi debt following the invasion in 2003. The study discovered that even in the case of a revenue surplus, Iraqi governments continued to construct annual budgets with deficits that are financed by debt. It caused Iraq’s debts to grow and accumulate. Debt has grown to be a significant issue for the Iraqi economy and financial system. Iraqi debts are viewed negatively due to their impact on the welfare of the Iraqi people. According to the international doctrine of odious debts, Iraq has the right not to pay these payments.
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Price, John. "Valery Burati and the Formation of Sohyo during the U. S. Occupation of Japan." Pacific Affairs 64, no. 2 (1991): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759960.
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Al-Jameel, Hamid Athab. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE U-TURN DESIGN AT MEDIAN OPENINGS IN IRAQ: Al-NAJAF CITY AS A CASE STUDY." Kufa Journal of Engineering 6, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/611311.
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Field observations indicate that left turning vehicles at U-turn sections lead to a significantly bottleneck (congestion) at both origin and destination (opposing) roads. The bottlenecks have been observed in several U-turns such as Kufa –Najaf U-turn sections, Najaf –Karbala U-turn sections. It was found that left turn flow from U-turn leads to high congestion on both origin and destination roads. Therefore, field improvements have been done by the traffic policemen who create a temporary barrier from traffic plastic signs in order to protect left turning vehicles from through traffic in opposing direction. This study introduces new design for U-turn in order to protect both turning and through trafficto increase the level of performance. This design has been tested by using simulation model. The developed model (S-Paramics) has been calibrated using field data collected from Al-Najaf city. Then, the validation for the developed model has been implemented using another set of field data. Finally, the simulation model has been adopted to test the new design for U-turn. It was found that the new design gives higher capacity than the current design.
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O'reilly, Marc J. "Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism & the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia & the Middle East, 1914–1923. New York: Routledge, 2001, xii, 273 pp." Nationalities Papers 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990307128.
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In early 2003, President George W. Bush touted the prospects for democratization in Iraq, as well as in adjacent countries of the Middle East, following a U. S.-led invasion. He neglected to explain, however, how a country home to Kurds, Arab Sunnis, and Arab Shi'a—groups that historically have not co-existed harmoniously—would adjust to new and imposed political arrangements. Both the Shi'a, who constitute a majority, and the Kurds seek to escape Sunni oppression, omnipresent since the creation of Iraq in the 1920s. Although democracy may end Sunni privilege, Washington's commitment to the territorial integrity of Iraq will likely dissatisfy some if not many Kurds and Shi'a, who, presumably, not only expect improved representation within an Iraqi parliament but also enhanced political and cultural autonomy. Nearly a century ago, similar yearnings manifested themselves only to remain unfulfilled. This theme of dashed expectations pervades Aviel Roshwald's superb book, Ethnic Nationalism & the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia & the Middle East, 1914–1923.
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Brown, Shaun, K. S. Coates, and W. R. Morrison. "The Alaska Highway in World War II: The U. S. Army of Occupation in Canada's Northwest." Western Historical Quarterly 24, no. 2 (May 1993): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970971.
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Pokudov, Zakhar Vasil'evich, and Viktor Evgen'evich Tumanin. "The concept of “American exceptionalism” in U. S. foreign policy on the example of the doctrine of George W. Bush." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.2.32857.
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The subject and key goal of this research consist in analysis of the impact of “American exceptionalism” concept upon U. S. foreign policy at the initial state of George W. Bush presidency. It is demonstrated how the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism”, being an intrinsic part of messianic idea of the United States, found its reelection in the foreign policy course of George W. Bush, particularly in the doctrine that virtually outlined the contours for the “global war against terrorism” and subsequent military operation in Iraq in 2003. In order to achieve the indicated goal, the author sets two tasks: deconstruction of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism”, and demonstration of how these components were integrated into the Bush’s doctrine. Foreign sources and historiography allowed demonstrating the evolution of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” and its conceptual grounds. For tracing the patterns of the impact of this phenomenon upon the U. S. foreign policy course, the author applied historical-genetic method. The use of specific-historical analysis illustrated the influence of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” upon the U. S. foreign policy course overall, and the doctrine of George W. Bush in particular. The conclusion is made that the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” gradually shifted from the field of U. S. domestic policy towards foreign policy; and the September 11 events prompted final consolidation of “American exceptionalism” in the U. S. foreign policy. The novelty of this work is defined by the fact that impact of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” upon establishment of the doctrine of George W. Bush is analyzed in detail for the first time.
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Neama, Ali Fahem, and Hassnen Hazem Aziz. "E-commerce in Iraq." Journal of Education College Wasit University 2, no. 25 (December 5, 2021): 1271–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol2.iss25.2738.
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In the rising global financial system, e-trade has increasingly come to be a vital aspect of commercial enterprise method and a sturdy impulse for financial development. One of the most enormous tendencies in commercial enterprise in latest years has been the increasing use of e-trade. It has revolutionized many marketplaces and started opportunities by no means imagined before. Organizations that are not investigating the usage of e-commerce are in a amazing hazard of locating themselves being overtaken by way of others who're making use of this technology. Iraq is characterized as one of the very few nations inside the global which are nonetheless thus far from the actual use of inevitable offerings of e-commerce. often, Iraq suffers from some of capabilities that paintings as limitations to an effective use of e-trade in life including the lack of understanding and expertise of the gain of e-commerce, the shortage of facts and verbal exchange technologies (ICT) know-how and abilities, the risky bodily community infrastructure, protection and different privateness-associated problems similarly to problems associated with prices for the adoption of a new era. Senior leaders of the u . s . must be privy to those rising, and increasingly complicated environments of e-trade with a view to compete on a worldwide (or maybe on a nearby) level. The reason of this examine is two-fold. First, it seeks to analyze the hindrances to e-commerce adoption in Iraq. second, it seeks to suggest some tips for a hit applying of e-commerce. The paintings starts by analyzing e-commerce, its advantages, its demanding situations and market fashions of e-trade. The remainder of this paper is based as follows: in the subsequent section, an average implementation of e-trade is given, accompanied by means of the limitations to e-commerce adoption in growing countries and then limitations to its adoption in Iraq. Later, the conclusions and hints are presented and the paper is finalized with obstacle of look at and destiny paintings.
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Kobyakova, O. S., I. A. Deev, O. V. Khodakova, V. I. Starodubov, and V. P. Chigrina. "Portrait of regional health authority manager." Manager Zdravoochranenia, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/1811-0185-2022-1-6-15.
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Competent management is crucial condition for the development and functioning and requires qualified managers. In the Russian Federation over the past few years Federation there were many rotations in management of regional health authorities. These changes will be followed by lack of continuity in management decision-making, high degree of uncertainty and a low level of population and professional community trust. T h e a i m o f t h e s t u d y was to give a detailed information about regional health authorities managers in Russian Federation. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . This research was designed as observational study with the use of questionnaire which included the characteristics of the age and gender of the respondents, the level of their basic and additional education, additional competencies, occupational background in leadership position. R e s u l t s . We achieved a response from 81 respondents. We founded that rotation of managers and extremely short occupation period had significant impact on managers’ qualifications. The culture of purposeful formation of the professional skills by the respondents was poor. Only 7% of managers paid attention to their education. About 40% did not have professional retraining for management in healthcare. C o n c l u s i o n s . It is necessary to develop a standard set of Russian region health managers competencies and responsibilities.
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Oun, Ameer Ghani Abd, and Mohammed Hamza Abass. "New Report of Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons and Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) Simmons as seed-borne fungi of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 032030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032030.
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Abstract The objective of the present study is to determine fungal species Stemphylium vesicarium and Ulocladium alternariae associated with seeds of five wheat cultivars called Wefia (WAF), Eba 99 (EBA), Adena (ADN), Bohooth (BTH) and Mahmoudia (MHD). Those fungi were identified by using morphological and microscopic features as well as molecular sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out relying on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is a new report recording S. vesicarium and U. alternariae as seed-borne fungi of wheat seeds in Iraq.
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Shixian, LIU. "Transnational Trauma and Politics in Phil Klay’s Post-9/11 War Novel Redeployment." Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2023.0302.005.
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Phil Klay’s short story collection Redeployment is considered a quintessential literary text for the U. S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and won the 2014 National Book Award for fiction. This study argues that it gestures beyond the narrow American war frame to show both the physical and cultural trauma of nonwhite Other in wars during the post- 9/11 era; meanwhile, Klay subverts and deconstructs the myth of trauma hero, truly representing soldiers’ anxiety and trauma about their relationships with enemies, wars, and national power. In Klay’s view, the disillusionment of the American myth of “city upon a hill” projects intense political crises and social contradictions, including the civilian-military divide, racial conflicts, and the loss of national faith and security. And America’s way of democracy reconstruction in the Middle East is colored by ethnocentrism and cultural imperialism, thus further questioning the rationality and justice of the U. S. global counter-terrorism strategies.
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Maisaia, Vakhtang, and Eteri Khanjaliashvili. "Georgia`s Security Environment and Combating Terrorism - New Challenges and Threat in 21st Century." Security science journal 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.1.1.8.
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The article discusses Georgia’s security environment in the lens of terrorism. Taking into account that 21st century took the importance of terrorism on a global scale it became not only concern of word politic but domestic politics as well. It is the act of violence initiated by humans and are often of a malicious nature. That is a reason for increased attention toward it. Although Georgia is not among the countries with high risk of terrorist attack, there are some challenges in this respect. However, before estimating the threats coming from terrorism, first, we need to clarify conceptual meaning of security for Georgia and what are the main threats for it. Security environment in Georgia is linked with Russian occupation and terrorism, especially with Chechen fighters in Syria and Iraq who sometimes are associated with Pankisi gorge (east Georgia). Returning back these fighters in Georgia may cause some danger for its security. But Georgia has close ties with international society and it cooperates with different organizations with this respect.
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Zwanenburg, Marten, Michael Bothe, and Marco Sassòli. "Is the law of occupation applicable to the invasion phase?" International Review of the Red Cross 94, no. 885 (March 2012): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383112000537.
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The ‘debate’ section of the Review aims at contributing to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or practical controversies around humanitarian issues.The definition of occupation under international humanitarian law (IHL) is rather vague, and IHL instruments provide no clear standard for determining the beginning of occupation. Derived from the wording of Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations, occupation may be defined as the effective control of a foreign territory by hostile armed forces. It is not always easy to determine when an invasion has become an occupation. This raises the question whether or not the law of occupation could already be applied during the invasion phase. In this regard, two main positions are usually put forward in legal literature. Generally it is held that the provisions of occupation law only apply once the elements underpinning the definition set out in Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations are met. However, the so-called ‘Pictet theory’, as formulated by Jean S. Pictet in the ICRC's Commentary on the Geneva Conventions, proposes that no intermediate phase between invasion and occupation exists and that certain provisions of occupation law already apply during an invasion.The collapse of essential public facilities such as hospitals and water-supply installations, partly due to the large-scale looting and violence that came along with the progress of the coalition forces, in Iraq in 2003 demonstrates that this discussion is not simply a theoretical one. Invading armed forces need clarity as to what rules they need to apply.Three experts in the field of occupation law – Marten Zwanenburg, Michael Bothe, and Marco Sassòli – have agreed to participate in this debate and to defend three approaches. Marten Zwanenburg maintains that for determining when an invasion turns into an occupation the only test is the one set out in Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations, and therefore rejects the ‘Pictet theory’. Michael Bothe, while also rejecting the ‘Pictet theory’, argues that a possible intermediate situation between invasion and occupation, if there is any at all, would be very short and that, once an invader has gained control over a part of an invaded territory, the law of occupation applies. Finally, Marco Sassòli defends the ‘Pictet theory’ and argues that, in order to avoid legal vacuums, there is no distinction between an invasion phase and an occupation phase for applying the rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention.The debaters have simplified their complex legal reasoning for the sake of clarity and brevity. Readers of the Review should bear in mind that the debaters’ actual legal positions may be more nuanced than they may appear in this debate.
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Alsabaq, Yusra, Rayat Alsaade, and Eman Mohammed. "Study Some Parameters of HCV Isolated From Sample of Hemophilic Patients in Children Welfare Teaching Hospitalin Medical City/Baghdad." Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties 30, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.58897/injns.v30i2.285.
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Objective(s) : This study aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of anti -HCV and studying thecorrelation between hemophilia and risk factors for acquiring HCV such as age , marital status &occupation among hemophilic patients .Methodology : 210 hemophilic patients in children welfare teaching hospital/medical city/Baghdad–Iraq(hemophilia center) were investigated using prepared questionnaire and tested for HCV infection, thosewere measuring patient’s age, hemophilia types and severity, marital status, residency and history ofprevious HCV infection .Results : Most hemophilic patients were hemophilia A at severe , hemophilia was at age group 20 – 29years , the majority of patients were unmarried and from urban areas , some of them had HCV infectionwhich was more among those had previous HCV infection .Recommendations : Health education level be increased among general population , all hemophilicpatients be commitment periodic HCV infection screening also blood and its products be strictly screened .
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Measuring Uranium in the Soil of Some Area in Missan Governorate/ Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2011): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.39-43.
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Concentrations of uranium were measured in this study for twenty soil samples from four areas with different depths (soil surface-20-40-60-80)cm .The study regions include Missan Governorate (Al-Iskan area,Al-Shibbana area ,Hai-Al Moualimin Al Jadied area ,Sector 30 area). The Uranium concentrations in soil samples measured by using fission tracks registration in (CR-39) track detector that caused by the bombardment of (U-283) with thermal neutrons from (241Am-Be) neutron source that has flux neutron thermal of (5 ×103 n cm-2 s-1). The concentrations values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples. Through out the result, it was found that averages of uranium concentrations in soil samples were as the following : Al - Iskan area (0.404 ± 2.765) ppm, Al - Shibbana area (0.432 ± 1.719) ppm, Hai - Al - Moualimin Al - Jadied (0.236 ± 2.320) ppm, Sector 30 area (2.158±0.631) ppm.
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Hassan, Sarah, and Ayla Ghalib. "Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein Level May Predict Morbidly Adherent Placenta in Women with Placenta Previa." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.20.2.16.
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Background: In situations of a morbidly adherent placenta, studies have shown that maternal serum alfa feto protein (AFP) is clinically high. Objective: To examine the association of morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) in pregnant women with placenta previa (PP) and their serum AFP biomarker. Methods: A prospective observational study that was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq during the period from Feb. till Nov. 2019. It included 82 pregnant women those between 14-20 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancy, viable fetus, and diagnosed with low lying placenta, with and without vaginal bleeding. A blood sample from all women was taken to investigate for serum AFP level after confirming the diagnosis of low-lying placenta by early abdominal ultrasound (U/S) scan. All the enrolled pregnant women were followed by Doppler U/S at gestational age 28-32 weeks, underwent targeted screening for MAP and were divided into two groups according to the status of placenta: MAP group included 11 pregnant women and PP group alone included 71 pregnant women. Results: In this study, MAP was diagnosed in 13.4% of cases. Mean of serum AFP biomarker in women with MAP was significantly higher than that in women with PP. Serum AFP biomarker in early pregnancy >200 ng/ml is predictive for diagnosis of MAP in late pregnancy. Conclusion: Maternal serum AFP biomarker may play an important role at early pregnancy in prediction of placental adherence at late pregnancy in cases of early low-lying placenta. Keywords: Morbidly adherent placenta, alpha feto protein, previa, pregnancy, Iraq Citation: Hassan SS, Ghalib AK. Maternal serum alpha feto protein level may predict morbidly adherent placenta in women with placenta previa. Iraqi JMS. 2022; 20(2): 278-285. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.20.2.16
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Editorial, E. "Corrigendum: Transient analytical solution of temperature distribution and fracture limits in pulsed solid-state laser rod by Khalid S. Shibib, Mohammed A. Munshid, Mohammed Jalal Abdul Rayyak, and Luma Hasan Salman* , doi reference: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI141011090S." Thermal Science 21, no. 4 (2017): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170731162e.
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Simeon Oka, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Thermal Science request that it is necessary to name of the 3rd author of the paper TRANSIENT ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND FRACTURE LIMITS IN PULSED SOLID-STATE LASER ROD by Khalid S. SHIBIB, Mohammed A. MUNSHID, Mohammed Jalal ABDUL RAYYAK, and Luma Hasan SALMAN* Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq published in the journal Thermal Science, Year 2017, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1213-1222 since due to typing error of the Editorial staff, name of the 3rd author was not correctly written. Name of the 3rd author written as Mohammed Jalal ABDUL RAYYAK has to be written as: Mohammed Jalal ABDULRAZZAQ <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the corrected article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI141011090S">10.2298/TSCI141011090S</a></b></u>
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Maheswari, Dr V. Uma. "A Study on Student Engagement among MBA Graduates." International Journal of Management and Humanities 10, no. 7 (March 30, 2024): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.g1693.10070324.
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This study aims to understand the moderating role of demographic and behavioural variables on student engagement among MBA graduates. Utrech Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES-S) was used to assess the student engagement. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test were applied to find out the moderating role of the demographic and behavioural factors. It was found out that gender, medium of instruction at school level, frequency of late coming and interaction level in the class discussions had an impact over student engagement, and variables like family monthly income and the type of occupation of the parents did not impact the student engagement.
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Mamedov, R. Sh, and M. A. Sapronova. "Features of the Political Development of Iraq in 2003—2020: the Formation of a New Elite." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-1-357-370.
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The features of recruiting the political elite of Iraq after the overthrow of the regime of President Saddam Hussein in 2003 are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the processes of elite formation in the Middle East during the period of regional transformations. The key mechanisms and principles of the formation of the Iraqi political elite within the framework of the emerging post-Saddam political system have been identified. It is shown that the political leaders who came into power with the support of the Americans until 2003 were the “counter-elite” of S. Hussein, therefore participation in the opposition movements became an important criterion for recruiting. Special attention is paid to the informal (traditional) principles of recruiting the new elite, which have become the main mechanism of this process. In particular, the following principles are described: “muhassasa taifiyya”, which assumes the distribution of political positions in accordance with the share of ethno-confessional groups in the general population, clan solidarity, and religious institutions. It is emphasized that the role of Shiite religious structures, including spiritual leaders, and their influence on the formation of the political elite have significantly increased compared to the pre-occupation period.
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Assis, Janaina Maria Oliveira de, Ludmilla Oliveira Calado, Werônica Meira Souza, and Maria do Carmo Sobral. "Mapeamento do Uso e Ocupação do Solo no Município de Belém de São Francisco-PE nos Anos de 1985 e 2010 (Mapping of Use and Occupancy of Soil in Town of Belém de São Francisco-PE in Years of 1985 and 2010)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 7, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v7.5.p859-870.
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R E S U M O Este artigo tem como objetivo mapear o uso e ocupação do solo no município de Belém de São Francisco, localizado na mesorregião do São Francisco, Pernambuco, na porção semiárida do nordeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs) e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Foi realizada uma classificação não-supervisionada do uso e ocupação do solo, onde foi feita a identificação de quatro temas: corpos d’água, vegetação densa, vegetação rasteira e solo exposto/área urbana, nos diferentes anos de 1985 e 2010. As imagens utilizadas foram do sensor Landsat 5 TM, coletadas no acervo de imagens do INPE. Os mapas foram elaborados no software ArcGIS 10.1, utilizando o sistema de coordenadas Sirgas2000, no fuso 24S. Os resultados mostraram diferentes fases de uso e ocupação do solo, apresentando diferentes causas de sua variação espaço-temporal, incluindo mudanças nos recursos hídricos, na vegetação e consequentemente na ocupação urbana do município. A B S T R A C T This article aims to map the use and occupation of land in the city of Bethlehem in San Francisco , located in the middle region of the San Francisco PE in semiarid northeastern part of Brazil . Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) and remote sensing tools were used . Water bodies , dense vegetation , low vegetation and bare soil / urban area in different years 1985 and 2010 : methodology as a non - supervised classification of the use and occupation of land , where the identification of four themes was done was done. The images used were from Landsat 5 TM , collected in the collection of images from INPE . The maps were drawn with ArcGIS 10.1 software , using SIRGAS2000 coordinate system , the spindle 24S . The results showed different phases of use and occupation of land , with different causes of their spatio-temporal variation , including changes in water resources , vegetation and consequently the urban occupation of the city .Keywords: Use and land cover, remote sensing, geographic information system.
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Storey-Fisher, Kate, Jeremy L. Tinker, Zhongxu Zhai, Joseph DeRose, Risa H. Wechsler, and Arka Banerjee. "The Aemulus Project. VI. Emulation of Beyond-standard Galaxy Clustering Statistics to Improve Cosmological Constraints." Astrophysical Journal 961, no. 2 (January 26, 2024): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0ce8.
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Abstract There is untapped cosmological information in galaxy redshift surveys in the nonlinear regime. In this work, we use the Aemulus suite of cosmological N-body simulations to construct Gaussian process emulators of galaxy clustering statistics at small scales (0.1–50 h −1 Mpc) in order to constrain cosmological and galaxy bias parameters. In addition to standard statistics—the projected correlation function w p(r p), the redshift-space monopole of the correlation function ξ 0(s), and the quadrupole ξ 2(s)—we emulate statistics that include information about the local environment, namely the underdensity probability function P U(s) and the density-marked correlation function M(s). This extends the model of Aemulus III for redshift-space distortions by including new statistics sensitive to galaxy assembly bias. In recovery tests, we find that the beyond-standard statistics significantly increase the constraining power on cosmological parameters of interest: including P U(s) and M(s) improves the precision of our constraints on Ωm by 27%, σ 8 by 19%, and the growth of structure parameter, f σ 8, by 12% compared to standard statistics. We additionally find that scales below ∼6 h −1 Mpc contain as much information as larger scales. The density-sensitive statistics also contribute to constraining halo occupation distribution parameters and a flexible environment-dependent assembly bias model, which is important for extracting the small-scale cosmological information as well as understanding the galaxy–halo connection. This analysis demonstrates the potential of emulating beyond-standard clustering statistics at small scales to constrain the growth of structure as a test of cosmic acceleration.
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Gorodnia, N., and Y. Protsenko. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE U.S.–SAUDI RELATIONS (1931–1940)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 151 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.151.2.
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This research intends to cover the process of establishment of the U.S.–Saudi relations, and the factors it was influenced by. It is based on the study of the U.S. foreign policy documents. The research has revealed that the United States recognized the government of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (February 1931) after an agreement was reached to elevate its diplomatic representation in Iraq to the ambassadorial level. That means that the U.S. prioritized relations with the Kingdom of Iraq to relations with the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd. The United States recognized the government of the King Ibn Saud due to commercial interests. Hereafter the Department of State initiated the U.S.–Saudi Provisional Agreement in regard to Diplomatic and Consular Representation, Juridical Protection, Commerce and Navigation, signed in November 1933. It was aimed at protecting the rights of the U.S. citizens, who worked in the Kingdom since 1931, especially after obtaining the oil concession by the California Standard Oil company in May 1933. However, the diplomatic representative to Saudi Arabia was not appointed. This issue was mainstreamed when commercial volumes of oil were discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, the U.S. oil company signed its second concession agreement in 1939, and the U. S. commercial interests in Saudi Arabia had significantly increased. Besides, the representatives of Great Britain, Germany and Japan intensified their activities to obtain oil concessions in Saudi Arabia. The King Ibn Saud highly appreciated exclusively commercial U.S. interests, the absence of its intentions to expand political influence or to take over Saudi territories. For these reasons, he preferred cooperation with the United States to other nations. The U.S.–Saudi diplomatic relations were established on February 4, 1940, when B. Fish, who was the U. S. Minister–resident in Egypt, presented his credentials to the King Ibn Saud. The decision to establish diplomatic representation in Saudi Arabia was taken in June–July 1939. It was caused by the increasing competition for Saudi oil, not a beginning of the World War, as some scholars suggest.
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Flesher, Dale L., Andrew D. Almand, and Laurie A. Barfitt. "John Stillé, Jr.: Accounting Records of a Successful 18th Century Philadelphia Merchant." Accounting Historians Journal 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-52366.
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ABSTRACT The examination of John Stillé, Jr.'s accounting and business records from his early career in the late 18th century uncovers historical and economic events of the day and how these events impacted the business of a merchant. While each ledger and waste book tells a story of its own, each book also corroborates the story of the others. Stillé's accounting records are described and compared with bookkeeping practices of the time. Even the dual-currency preprinted books and the recordings therein are unusual. As such, this paper represents a microhistory of an important Philadelphia merchant of the 1790s and his attempts at record keeping. A knowledgeable and organized approach to accounting and bookkeeping plausibly played a role in the success Stillé enjoyed in his occupation and his interactions with noted and wealthy citizens of Philadelphia, including at least one signer of the Declaration of Independence and the U. S. Constitution.
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Talib, Zainab Ali, and Jalal Taqi AL-Obeadi. "Alternatives to enhance traffic conditions at U-turn sites." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 14, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v14i2.766.
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Traffic simulation models play a major role in allowing traffic engineers to assess complex traffic situations such as U-turn section. Such models help in proposing solutions and proposing alternative scenarios without committing too many expensive resources and this models are necessary to implement alternative strategies in the field. Simulation traffic models can significantly improve the quality of road network planning and design in urban areas. According to filed observation, the U-turn movement cause traffic congestion at both origin and distention (opposite) roads. This study introduces many alternatives to enhance the movement at U-turn section. These alternatives have been tested by using simulation models. The PTV VISSIM software is used to development the models. This development model has been calibrated and validated by using filed data collected from Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq.
References
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[3] Al-Obaedi, J., "Investigation the effect of speed humps on merging time of u-turn traffic", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, (2019), 1-4.
[4] Al-Obaedi, J., " Simulating the Effect of Speed Humps on the U-Turn Traffic", international Journal of Engineering, Vol. 32, (2019), Pages 1773-1780.
[5] Meel I, Satirasetthavee D, Kanitpong K, Brannolte U. The Optimal Design of UTurns on Thai Highways. Acta Technica Jaurinensis 2014;7(1):21–32.
[6] Meel I, Brannolte U, Satirasetthavee D, Kanitpong K. Safety impact of application of auxiliary lanes at downstream locations of Thai U-turns. IATSS Research 2017;41(1):1–11.
[7] Meel, I., "The optimal design of u-turns on thai highways", Acta Technica Jaurinensis, Vol. 7, No. 1, (2014), 21-32.
[8] Yang, X. (2001),” CORSIM-Based Simulation Approach to Evaluation of Direct Left Turn Versus Right Turn Plus U Turn from Driveways. (Ph.D dissertation), University of South Florida, Tampa.
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[14] Zainab A T Al-Kareawi and Jalal T S Al-Obaedi (2021). Simulation of U-turn traffic based on VISSIM and PARAMICS micro simulation, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1895 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1895/1/012030.
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Barker, Graeme, Paul Bennett, Lucy Farr, Evan Hill, Chris Hunt, Giulio Lucarini, Jacob Morales, et al. "The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2012: the fifth season of investigations of the Haua Fteah cave." Libyan Studies 43 (2012): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000008x.
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AbstractThe paper reports on the fifth (2012) season of fieldwork of the Cyrenaican Prehistory Project. The primary focus of the season was the continuation of the excavation of the prehistoric occupation layers in the Haua Fteah cave. A small trench (Trench U) was cut into Holocene (Neolithic) sediments exposed on the south wall of Charles McBurney's Upper Trench. Below this, the excavation of Trench M was continued, on the southern side of McBurney's Middle Trench. In previous seasons we had excavated Oranian ‘Epipalaeolithic’ layers dating toc.18,000–10,000 BP (years before the present). In 2012 the excavation continued downwards through Dabban ‘Upper Palaeolithic’ occupation layers, one of which was associated with a post-built structure and likely hearths. There are indications of an occupational hiatus separating the oldest Dabban from the youngest Levallois-Mousterian (Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Stone Age) lithic material. The Deep Sounding excavated by Charles McBurney in 1955 was cleared of backfill to its base, and its south-facing wall was recorded in detail and sampled extensively for materials for dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. McBurney believed that he had reached bedrock at the base of the Deep Sounding, but a small sounding (Trench S) cut into the sediments below this level found further, albeit sparse, evidence for human occupation. Whilst the antiquity of ‘Pre-Aurignacian’ human occupation at the site still needs to be resolved, it seems likely to reach back at least to Marine Isotope Stage 5e, the beginning of the last interglacial (c.130,000–115,000 BP). Important finds from the 2012 excavations in terms of the behavioural complexity of the human groups using the cave include a possible worked bone point from a Pre-Aurignacian layer and a granite rubbing stone in a Dabban layer from a source over 600 km from the cave.
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Weber, Christina D. "Navigating Gender Boundaries Inside and Outside the Wire: A Qualitative Analysis of U. S. Women Veterans of Vietnam and Iraq." Minerva Journal of Women and War 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3172/min.2.2.8.
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Breyer, Benjamin N., Shona C. Fang, Karen H. Seal, Gayatri Ranganathan, Brian P. Marx, Terence M. Keane, and Raymond C. Rosen. "Sexual Health in Male and Female Iraq and Afghanistan U. S. War Veterans With and Without PTSD: Findings From the VALOR Cohort." Journal of Traumatic Stress 29, no. 3 (April 29, 2016): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.22097.
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Alsaadi, Tasen Saleh, and Hayder Abdulameer K. AL- Thamiry. "Evaluation and Development of the (Hilla – Daghara) Rivers System." Journal of Engineering 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.02.04.
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Shatt Al-Hilla branches from the left of Euphrates River, U/S Hindiyah Barrage, Iraq, and extends about 100 km. It branches at the end into Shatt Al-Diwaniya 112 km and Shatt Al-Daghara 64 km. The study aims to evaluate and develop (Hilla-Daghara) rivers system, which is included Shatt Al-Hilla and Shatt Al-Daghara. Fieldwork began from (26 October until December) 2020. M9, S5 devices, and the installed staff gauges were used to measure discharges and water levels, respectively. A one-dimensional model was developed for the study area by HEC-RAS, after calibration and verification by field measurements; the Manning's n of Shatt Al-Daghara is found to be 0.022. Five Scenarios were simulated to study the reach under the current conditions. It was found that the discharge capacity in Shatt Al-Hilla and Shatt Al-Daghara is 200 m3/s and 50 m3/s, respectively. Four scenarios were conducted for the development to improve the capacity of Shatt Al-Hilla to 303 m3/s and Shatt Al-Daghara to 75 m3/s. Earthworks volume of development Shatt Al-Hilla and Shatt Al-Daghara are about (5.89 and 0.54) Mm³, and its cost is (11.780 and 1.080) billion IQD respectively. Results of applied development show that Shatt Al-Daghara tail can pass discharge more than five m3/s when Shatt Al-Daghara tail cross regulator that causes choking in the last reach of Shatt Al-Daghara is removed.
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Cohen, Yinon. "Socioeconomic Dualism: The Case of Israeli-born Immigrants in the United States." International Migration Review 23, no. 2 (June 1989): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300205.
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Relying on the 1980 U. S. Census of Foreign-Born Population and the 1979 INS Public Use File, this article compares Israeli-born Americans (including Arabs) to both the United States and Israeli populations with respect to age, marital status, unemployment, education, industry, occupation and income as of 1979–80. Some of the results, mainly those pertaining to the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Israeli immigrants as compared to their society of origin, corroborate previous research. Thus, Israeli-born immigrants in the United States held top white-collar jobs and were less likely to be unemployed than the rest of the Israeli labor force. Once in America, however, it seems that not all Israeli-born Americans are as successful as portrayed by past research. In fact, the Census data reveal occupational and economic dualism among the population of Israeli-born Americans. The reasons for this dualism are discussed.
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Etuk, Repairer, Steven D. Shirk, Kelly M. Klein, Robin M. Masheb, Marc N. Potenza, Crystal L. Park, Kerri Keeler, and Shane W. Kraus. "Examining the Clinical Correlates of Overeating and Binge-Eating Behaviors Among U. S. Veterans." Military Medicine 187, no. 3-4 (December 28, 2021): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab533.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Pressure to meet U.S. military weight requirements during service may predispose some service members to develop psychiatric disorders such as eating disorders or unhealthy eating behaviors, which may persist after military discharge. Specifically, research examining U.S. military veterans has found that in weight management programs, veterans with binge-eating behaviors have shown poor treatment outcomes. Overall, previous research suggests that veterans experience considerable and persistent disordered eating problems, and in addition may experience a higher prevalence of disordered eating in comparison to the general U.S. population. Research on Post-9/11 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans is needed as this group frequently presents with high rates of medical and psychiatric disorders. The current study used clinician-administered structured interviews to examine relationships between psychiatric, health, and demographic variables in a sample of Post-9/11 OEF/OIF/OND veterans with binge-eating or overeating behavior or neither. Materials and Methods This article presents secondary analyses of the baseline phase from data obtained for the Survey of the Experiences of Returning Veterans. Using structured phone interviews, we cross-sectionally examined patterns of medical comorbidities between sociodemographic, health, eating, and psychiatric variables in 846 recently deployed U.S. veterans with binge-eating behaviors (reporting both overeating and loss of control [LOC] eating), overeating behaviors (overeating without LOC), or healthy controls (absence of any disordered eating). Study procedures were approved by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Institutional Review Boards, and informed consent was obtained from the participants. A series of chi-square and analysis of variance tests revealed significant bivariate between-group differences in sociodemographic, health, eating, and psychiatric variables. Variables with significant group differences (P < .05) were entered into a multinomial logistic regression to examine relationships between psychiatric, health, and eating factors and binge-eating severity. Results Results of the multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that women relative to men were less likely to overeat. When comparing the binge-eating group and controls, higher body mass index was associated with higher odds of binge eating. Furthermore, for the overeating group in comparison to controls, fasting behavior was associated with higher odds of overeating. For the psychiatric variables, the binge-eating and overeating groups were associated with higher rates of compulsive buying when compared to healthy controls. Additionally, the overeating group was associated with higher rates of alcohol dependence. Lastly, binge-eating and overeating behaviors were positively associated with specific psychiatric and health comorbidities. Conclusions Further research is needed to inform the development of effective treatments for disordered eating problems, as evidenced by an anticipated increase of veterans entering the VA healthcare system and the high rate of binge eating observed in our study and prior research in Post-9/11 veterans. Moreover, our study findings suggest the relevance of screening veterans for compulsive buying. This study was limited by its relatively small sample which only examined disordered eating behaviors. Future studies could simultaneously explore binge-eating behaviors and binge-eating disorder diagnoses in larger samples. Study strengths include a diverse sample of Post-9/11 veterans with sizable female representation.
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Aziz, Shuokr, and Sardar Bruska. "Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 14, no. 1 (2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2101031a.
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Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.
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Zdebskyi, Dmytro. "Application of the polygraph under the conditions of marital state in Ukraine." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 3 (55) (2023): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2023.55.28-33.
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B a c k g r o u n d . Choosing the most effective polygraph methods to meet the needs of military and law enforcement forces in Ukraine, in the conditions of martial law, determined the relevance of our subject. The adaptation of the best international standards of research using the polygraph and the development of a great national school, taking into account the psychological features of the polygraph practice, is an up-to-date requirement on the way to European integration, successful struggle with the Russian occupation forces and countering internal threats. At the same time, in psychological science, the use of the polygraph in accordance with the modern challenges of war has not been researched enough. M e t h o d s . A complex of research methods was applied, including: theoretical (analysis, comparison, synthesis of theoretical and methodological approaches to research results), empirical (observation, survey, testing, experiment), methods of statistical processing of research data (actual analysis and comparison of samples). To assess the reliability of the statements of the interviewees, the survey used the method of pretest interview according to the Federal system, the method of the test of test questions – "Federal Zone Comparison Test" (Federal ZCT) for constructing test questions and "Empirical Scoring System – Multinominal" (ESS-M) for evaluating the received results. R e s u l t s . A ranking of effectiveness was carried out, according to the importance of each of the psychophysiological channels in polygraph examinations. The data obtained by us were compared with a meta- analytic study of the American Polygraph Association (APA). The obtained results made it possible to identify the criteria and indicators of the effectiveness of the polygraph in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, taking into account certain psychological indicators of military personnel. C o n c l u s i o n s . In accordance with the results of the study, based on the identified psychological indicators, the conditions for the effectiveness of the polygraph in official checks and investigations conducted in the military units of Ukraine under martial law were established and confirmed. The effectiveness of the application of polygraph methods was confirmed by comparison with the APA meta-analysis. The results of the obtained data provided an opportunity to refute the version regarding the incompatibility of the American methods of polygraph examinations with the mentality of the citizens of Ukraine.
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Roettger, B. F., R. U. Rentsch, D. Pinon, E. Holicky, E. Hadac, J. M. Larkin, and L. J. Miller. "Dual pathways of internalization of the cholecystokinin receptor." Journal of Cell Biology 128, no. 6 (March 15, 1995): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.128.6.1029.
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Receptor molecules play a major role in the desensitization of agonist-stimulated cellular responses. For G protein-coupled receptors, rapid desensitization occurs via receptor phosphorylation, sequestration, and internalization, yet the cellular compartments in which these events occur and their interrelationships are unclear. In this work, we focus on the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor, which has been well characterized with respect to phosphorylation. We have used novel fluorescent and electron-dense CCK receptor ligands and an antibody to probe receptor localization in a CCK receptor-bearing CHO cell line. In the unstimulated state, receptors were diffusely distributed over the plasmalemma. Agonist occupation stimulated endocytosis via both clathrin-dependent and independent pathways. The former was predominant, leading to endosomal and lysosomal compartments, as well as recycling to the plasmalemma. The clathrin-independent processes led to a smooth vesicular compartment adjacent to the plasmalemma resembling caveolae, which did not transport ligand deeper within the cell. Potassium depletion largely eliminated clathrin-dependent endocytosis, while not interfering with agonist-stimulated receptor movement into subplasmalemmal smooth vesicle compartments. These cellular endocytic events can be related to the established cycle of CCK receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, which we have previously described (Klueppelberg, U. G., L. K. Gates, F. S. Gorelick, and L. J. Miller. 1991. J. Biol. Chem. 266:2403-2408; Lutz, M. P., D. I. Pinon, L. K. Gates, S. Shenolikar, and L. J. Miller. 1993. J. Biol. Chem. 268:12136-12142). The rapid onset and peak of receptor phosphorylation after agonist occupation correlates best with a plasmalemmal localization, while stimulated receptor phosphatase activity correlates best with receptor residence in intracellular compartments. We postulate that the smooth vesicular compartment adjacent to the plasmalemma functions for the rapid resensitization of the receptor, while the classical clathrin-mediated endocytotic pathway is key for receptor downregulation via lysosomal degradation, as well as less rapid resensitization.
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Kļavinska, Antra. "ETHNONYMS IN THE SYSTEM OF PROPER NAMES OF LATGALE." Via Latgalica, no. 5 (December 31, 2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1639.
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Proper names, including ethnonyms (folk, tribal and other ethnic community names), is an<br />essential component of any language lexis, which particularly brightly reveals a variety ofextralinguistic processes.<br />The aim of the paper is to analyze the conformity of ethnonym transonymization (the change of proper name class) and deonymization (the change of proper name into<br />appellative) in the culture of Latgale, and linguistic techniques and extralinguistic factors.<br />Linguo-culturological approach has been used in the research, and the link between cultural-<br />historical and social processes in the research of linguistic processes has been taken into<br />account. Determining the origin of ancient ethnonyms, the researchers of the Baltic languages<br />acknowledge a transonymization model typical to the Balts: hydronym → name of region<br />→ ethnonym (Zinkevičius 2005, 186–187). This paper attempts to reveal various ethnonym<br />(denoting mostly foreigners) transonymization models in the system of proper names of<br />Latgale, nominating motivation, and the types of word-formation.<br />It seems that the ethnonyms that denote the neighbouring nations (Estonians,<br />Lithuanians, Russians) most frequently turn into other proper names. Transonymization<br />models have been identifi ed as follows:<br />1) ethnonym → anthroponym → oikonym (or ethnonym → oikonym → anthroponym),<br />for example, l ī t a u n ī k i ‘the Lithuanians’ → L ī t a u n ī k s ‘a surname’ →<br />L ī t a u n ī k i ‘a village in Preiļi county’;<br />2) ethnonym → microtoponym, for example, ž y d i ‘the Jews’ → Ž y d a p ū r s<br />‘a marsh in Vārkava county’;<br />3) ethnonym → anthroponym, for example, č y g u o n i ‘the Roma people’ →<br />Č y g u o n s ‘a nickname for a dark-haired man’;<br />4) ethnonym (→ oikonym) → ergonym, for example, l a t g a ļ i ‘The Baltic tribe’ →<br />“L a t g a ļ i” ‘a farm in Mērdzene rural municipality of Kārsava county’.<br />Transonymization of ethnonyms in the culture of Latgale is motivated by historical<br />and social processes. Transonymization processes present the evidence of Latgalians’ stereotypical perception of foreigners, compact settlement of different ethnic groups in<br />Latgale, and historical events.<br />Various types of word-formation are used in the transonymization process:<br />1) semantic, i.e., only the meaning changes, the morphemic system of lexeme is notchanged, for example, ethnonym p o ļ a k i → oikonym P o ļ a k i (→ surname P o ļ a k s<br />(the male singular form of the ethnonym));<br />2) morphological, typically suffixes are added to ethnonyms (sometimes phonetic<br />changes in the root occur), for example, i g a u n i ‘the Estonians’ → surnames I k a u n ī k s<br />(ikaun-+-nīk-s); I g o v e n s (igov-+ - en-s);<br />3) syntactical, forming compound words, for example, the ethnonym k r ī v i<br />‘the Russians’ has motivated the oikonym K r ī v a s o l a <Krīva sola ‘Russian Village’,<br />K r ī v m a i z e s <Krīvu maizes ‘Russian bread’;<br />4) formation of analytical forms, where one of the components has ethnonymic<br />semantics and the second component is a nomenclature word (hill, meadow, marsh, lake,<br />etc.), for example, Ž y d a p ū r s ‘Jew’s marsh’, an attributive adjective, for example, a<br />village M a z i e L ī t a u n ī k i ‘small Lithuanians’, a substantive of other semantics, for<br />example, a meadow Č i g o n e i c a s j ū s t a ‘Gypsy’s belt’.<br />Proper names of foreign origin motivated by ethnonyms have taken their stable<br />place in the system of proper names of Latgale, for example, L a t i š i, a village in Pušmucova<br />rural municipality of Cibla civil-parish (in Russian латыши ‘the Latvians’).<br />Proper names of ethnonymic semantics, used to name various phenomena and<br />realities, are often included in the lexicon of various dialects of Latvian and even other<br />languages. If to assume the fact that ethnonyms are proper names, then it can be concluded<br />that the appellatives mentioned above have appeared in deonymization process: ethnonym<br />→ appellative. Moreover, the material of Latgalian dialects confirms the existence of deethnonymic<br />proper names, for example, a lot of different realities are associated with the<br />ethnonyms denoting Roma people: č y g u o n i ‘participants of masquerade parade’;<br />č y g o n k a 1) a sort of winter apples, the apple of this sort (dark green and red); 2) the railroad;<br />3) achimenes (flower, Achimenes); 4) mushrooms: wild champignon (Rozites caperata) or<br />ugly milkcap (Lactarius necator); č y g u o n a s a u l e ‘the moon’. Appellativeness of<br />ethnonyms has an associative character. The names are reflecting the Latgalians’ stereotypical<br />perception of appearance, occupation, character traits, and traditions of foreigners as alien<br />and different, however, acceptable and assimilable phenomena.
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Lissner, Falk, Frank A. Weber, and Thomas Schleid. "Drei Formen des Samarium(III)-Sulfidselenids Sm2S2-xSe1+x (0,1 ≤ x < 0,2) / Tree Types of the Samarium(III) Sulfide Selenide Sm2S2-xSe1+x (0,1 ≤ x < 0,2)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 56, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2001-1005.
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Single crystals of Sm2S2-xSe1+x (0.1 ≤ x < 0.2) have been obtained for the first time through the oxidation of KSm2Cl5 with an excess of sulfur and selenium in equimolar amounts at 850 °C after seven days in evacuated silica tubes. They emerged as almost black, in thin layers deep red, lath-shaped needles (A and U type, respectively) as well as red, bead-shaped polyhedra (C type) of the gross chemical composition Sm2S2Se according to X-ray structure analyses. A much simpler method of synthesis is based on the direct fusion of the elements (samarium, sulfur and selenium) in appropriate molar ratios (2:2:1) in the presence of NaCl as a flux under otherwise analogous conditions (silica tubes, 7 d, 850 °C). A-Sm2S1.82Se1.18 crystallizes orthorhombically (a = 753.1(3), b = 401.9(1), c = 1565.8(6) pm, Z = 4) in the space group Pnma with the α-Gd2S3-type structure. Two crystallographically different Sm3+ cations are coordinated by eight (Sm1) and seven (Sm2) Ch2- anions (S2- and Se2-) as biand monocapped trigonal prisms, respectively. C-Sm2S1.90Se1.10 adopts the cubic γ-Ce2S3-type structure (I4̅3d; a = 858.7(2) pm, Z = 5.333) with trigon-dodecahedrally coordinated Sm3+ cations (CN = 8 ). Finally, U-Sm2S1.84Se1.16 with the orthorhombic U2S3-type structure (Pnma; a = 1105.3(6), b = 399.2(1), c = 1074.0(5) pm, Z = 4) exhibits two crystallographically different Sm3+ cations again, which are coordinated by seven (Sm1) and seven plus one (Sm2) Ch2- anions, respectively. The preferential occupation of S _ and Se2- anions at only one in the C-type, but three anionic sites each in the A- and U-type crystal structures of Sm2S2-xSe1+x (0 .1 ≤ x < 0.2 ) is discussed.
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Litovski, Aleksandar, and Roberto Trajkovski. "The development of national: Liberation and anti-Fascist struggle in Vardar Macedonia in 1941-1944 according to Wehrmacht's records." Vojno-istorijski glasnik, spec br (2022): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vig2200223l.
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Although the Vardar part of Macedonia was briefly under the direct occupation of the Third Reich between 1941 and 1944, the documentation of the Wehrmacht represents a large database for the beginning and rise of the Macedonian liberation and anti-fascist movement, in all its phases, starting from the autumn 1941 to the late autumn 1944. The most of the documents are those of the military and intelligence character, but also some political, economic, cultural and national aspects related to the Vardar part of Macedonia and Macedonian liberation and anti-fascist movement are presented in them. In this paper the authors are concentrated on several important historical milestones related to the elaborated historical problematic s with analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating the documentation of some military-operational-territorial commands and services-institutions of the Wehrmacht.
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Al-Saad, Raed. "Role of Computerized Tomography Scan in clinically suspected renal trauma." Kufa Medical Journal 16, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36330/kmj.v16i1.1961.
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introduction: Renal trauma is the most common urologic trauma and occurs in 8-10% of patients with significant blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma Aim of study: Is to evaluate role of CT scan as an initial investigation in clinically suspected blunt renal injuries. patient and method: A prospective study was carried out in Al-Sadir medical city in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf health directorate-Iraq over a period of one year from 1/10/2009 to 1/10/2010, on 53 patients with blunt abdominal trauma admitted to the casualty and referred for radiological assessment, all cases were examined by a specialized radiologist by US then underwent CT examination on basis of selection according to clinical criteria. Results: It showed majority of blunt trauma cases were young adults male, all cases due to RTAs, most of renal injuries are minor injuries; Right kidney was more vulnerable to trauma than left kidney. No contrast reaction was noticed among the patients, normal CT scan effectively exclude renal injury, no cases were missed, in comparison to U/S which is positive in 85% of cases and falsely negative in 14.3%. Blunt renal injuries were rarely associated with free fluid (only 14.3%).