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1
O'reilly, Marc J. "Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism & the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia & the Middle East, 1914–1923. New York: Routledge, 2001, xii, 273 pp." Nationalities Papers 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990307128.
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In early 2003, President George W. Bush touted the prospects for democratization in Iraq, as well as in adjacent countries of the Middle East, following a U. S.-led invasion. He neglected to explain, however, how a country home to Kurds, Arab Sunnis, and Arab Shi'a—groups that historically have not co-existed harmoniously—would adjust to new and imposed political arrangements. Both the Shi'a, who constitute a majority, and the Kurds seek to escape Sunni oppression, omnipresent since the creation of Iraq in the 1920s. Although democracy may end Sunni privilege, Washington's commitment to the territorial integrity of Iraq will likely dissatisfy some if not many Kurds and Shi'a, who, presumably, not only expect improved representation within an Iraqi parliament but also enhanced political and cultural autonomy. Nearly a century ago, similar yearnings manifested themselves only to remain unfulfilled. This theme of dashed expectations pervades Aviel Roshwald's superb book, Ethnic Nationalism & the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia & the Middle East, 1914–1923.
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Ali, Raghad J., Firyal H. Al-Obaidi, Nariman F. Ahmed, and Hussein Hummdy. "Evaluation of Human Urinary N-acetyl beta – D- glucosaminidase index in children with urinary tract anomalies." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 57, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.572351.
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Background: The kidneys perform glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion and the study of urinary excretion of some enzymes considered as a sensitive test for the detection of early stages of renal disease, particularly N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) which is a hydrolytic lysosomal enzyme present in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Increased urinary NAG due to tubular damage could be used as a marker by a simple non invasive test for prediction of urinary tract problems like pelviureteric junction(PUJ) obstruction ,vesicouretric reflux(VUR) and pyelonephritis.Objectives: to assess urinary NAG/ urinary creatinine (NAG/ Cr) ratio in children with different urinary tract anomalies and compare it with normal healthy children.Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted from November, 2012 to April, 2013. Urine samples were collected from 51 patients with Urinary tract problems, and 40 healthy children as a control group, their age range (1month-13years). Children were admitted to Pediatric nephrology department, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital / Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. The Glomerular filtration rate was in normal range in all of them. Urine samples were tested for NAG by (ELISA,Cusabio ,China) while, both Serum creatinine (S-Cr) and urine creatinine (U-Cr) were estimated by Jaffe’s kinetic method.Results: The current results revealed that NAG/creatinine index was significantly higher in patients with vesicoureteral reflux, Pelviureteric junction obstruction and pyelonephritis in comparison with cystitis.Conclusions: The assessment of urinary NAG could be considered as a useful marker in prediction of the vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis secondary to Pelviureteric junction obstruction .Urinary NAG is elevated in children with pyelonephritis and it can be considered as a further criterion in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract infection.
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Enas AL.Yasiry. "Post 2003’s War: US' Failure in Political and Economic Restructure of Iraq." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 10, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2020.10.5.1.
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The key purpose of this article is to understand the proclaimed purpose of the US invasion of Iraq and subsequently analyze Americans promises to build new infrastructure and develop a new economy of the country. By discussing the steps taken by the US government after the invasion of Iraq towards restructuring and reconstruction of the country, the author defined reasons for the American failure in restructuring of the state. The qualitative methods of research was employed to analyze the failure of the United States in the political and economic restructuring of Iraq. The data was collected from different sources including scientific journals, research papers and articles published by the different websites. This paper concludes that war cannot be summarized as a humanitarian intervention. Especially invasion of a country without UN’s Security Council’s approval itself creates doubt on the legitimacy of the political reforms and economic restructure of the invaded country. Author verified that beside the post 2003 complex political situation in Iraq, the American intervention brought the country’s economy back to the zero point.
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Mohammed, Ghaith, and Ghada Abdulrahman. "Comparative ELISA Detection of SARS-COV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients` Serum, Saliva, and Nasal Fluid in Iraq." Israa University Journal for Applied Science 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52865/nwgt5493.
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Precise management of COVID-19 infection and global pandemic requires a precise assay of SARS-COV-2 antibodies. Spike protein and RBD specific serum monoclonal antibodies has been known to be elicited with the currently approved mRNA vaccine for COVID-19. Since combating SARS-CoV-2 infection begins as early at the viral entry port, mediated by mucosal immunity; whether the currently approved vaccines have the capacity to elicit mucosal immunity is still to be studied. Method; We conducted our research to detect SARS-Cov-2 IgA-RBD and IgG-NCP, in a set of a randomized three patients’ groups (total 55 subjects, randomized into 20 (Non previously infected control, 20 fully vaccinated people from AlSalam teaching hospital vaccination ward upon receiving the vaccine doses, and 15 patients newly recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection from AlShifaa quarantine hospital after remission from COVID-19 infection and preparing to discharge) in three fluid samples serum, saliva and nasal fluid, for a total of three samples per participant, to make a total of 165 samples to be tested, using a commercial immunoassay kit (Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA RBD IgA, and Anti-SARS- CoV-2 NCP ELISA IgG) the study was designed to assess the immunoglobulins levels in each sample from different health status and anatomical locations to give the statistical difference and the correct conclusion regarding this study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24, as well as Microsoft excel version (16.0.15028), test equations were performed via Mann-Whitney U Test, as well as The Kruskal-Wallis H test, to evaluate the non-gaussian distribution among the study group, for each of the outcomes, p < 0.05 was undertaken as statistically significant. Results; Our work showed that two doses of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA), elicited a robust anti SARS-CoV-2 nasal and salivary IgA and IgG monoclonal antibody protection (as compared to control 0.625 COI, the vaccinated subjects resulted in a higher median salivary concentration of IgG NCP values as 1.69 COI, with a p-value of 0.0001. same goes for median salivary concentration of IgA RBD with value of 2.875 ± 1.276, as compared to control median values of 0.667 ± 0.208), (as compared to control 0.462 ± 0.2369, the vaccinated subjects resulted in a higher median nasal concentration of IgG NCP values as 1.944 ± 0.694, with a p-value of 0.0001. Same goes for median nasal concentration of IgA RBD with value of 1.941 ± 0.53, as compared to control median values of 0.681 ± 0.226). Two injections 25 days a part shown to trigger a stronger titer of protective immunity as compared to single early shot, still it`s less robust compared to the titers measured for the recovered subjects from COVID-19 infection. Taking into consideration that there was a lack of trustable ELISA based assays with specially designed kit for this purpose, focusing on nasal and salivary secretions, the current study that our pre investigational and investigational data are consistent. The results of this study indicates that a protective antigen specific nasal and salivary monoclonal antibody, can be triggered following proper vaccination regimen with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, so this paves the way for using mucosal protective antibodies detection kits, as a suitable alternative option as a less invasive method compared to serum investigations, for detecting the protection against SARS-Cov-2 infection, induced by vaccine. The vaccinated subjects are significantly better tested via IgA in Saliva as compared to IgG, because of the higher median values for the IgA vs IgG, 2.875 ± 1.276 and 2.083 ± 1.610 respectively with a p-value of 0.008. in a similar state the IgA is the best test for the convalescent subjects in term of nasal fluid samples investigations, as the median value are comparatively higher than median value of IgG, 2.024 ± 0.520 and 1.786 ± 1.115 respectively.
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Afrimadona, Afrimadona. "Power and Legitimacy in International Politics: Britain and Germany’s Responses to the U.S.’s Wars Against Iraq in 1991 and 2003." Global South Review 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.28816.
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The paper evaluates the constructivist claim that legitimacy embedded in a country’s foreign policy shapes the responses of other countries’ foreign policy. I test the claim using four cases of Britain’s and Germany’s responses to US’s invasion in Iraq in 1991 and 2003. The choice of US’s invasion in Iraq in 1991 and 2003 was made on the ground that the latter was regarded as utterly illegitimate due to a lack of UN’s authorization. Thus, both cases reveal a variation in the extent of legitimacy (positive versus negative cases). My observation of Britain’s and Germany’s foreign policy responses is based on the fact that both countries are US’s allies. Thus, by examining allies’ responses to US’s invasion in Iraq in these two periods, I control for countries’ type of relationship with the US that may affect their behavior towards the country. My observation shows that only one out of the four cases (Germany’s response to US’s invasion in 2003) supports the claim that legitimacy is the main concern underlying states’ foreign policy response. In general, this study also suggests that legitimacy may matter under normal situation. During crises, however, states tend to be more pragmatic and power-based explanation seems more convincing.
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Wijnberg, Monique J., Paul H. A. Quax, Nancy M. E. Nieuwenbroek, and Jan H. Verheijen. "The Migration of Human Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro Is Mediated by Plasminogen Activation and Can Be Inhibited by α2-Macroglobulin Receptor Associated Protein." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 78, no. 02 (1997): 880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657646.
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SummaryThe plasminogen activation system is thought to be important in cell migration processes. A role for this system during smooth muscle cell migration after vascular injury has been suggested from several animal studies. However, not much is known about its involvement in human vascular remodelling. We studied the involvement of the plasminogen activation system in human smooth muscle cell migration in more detail using an in vitro wound assay and a matrix invasion assay. Inhibition of plasmin activity or inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) activity resulted in approximately 40% reduction of migration after 24 h in the wound assay and an even stronger reduction (70-80%) in the matrix invasion assay. Migration of smooth muscle cells in the presence of inhibitory antibodies against tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) was not significantly reduced after 24 h, but after 48 h a 30% reduction of migration was observed, whereas in the matrix invasion assay a 50% reduction in invasion was observed already after 24 h. Prevention of the interaction of u-PA with cell surface receptors by addition of soluble u-PA receptor or α2-macroglobulin receptor associated protein (RAP) to the culture medium, resulted in a similar inhibition of migration and invasion. From these results it can be concluded that both u-PA and t-PA mediated plasminogen activation can contribute to in vitro human smooth muscle cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the interaction between u-PA and its cell surface receptor appears also to be involved in this migration and invasion process. The inhibitory effects on migration and invasion by the addition of RAP suggests an involvement of a RAP sensitive receptor of the LDL receptor family, possibly the LDL-receptor related protein (LRP) and/or the VLDL receptor.
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Bobkin, Nikolay. "The Iranian-American competition in Iraq: the political defeat of the United States." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015847-8.
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The article gives an assessment of Iran's policy in neighboring Iraq during the years of the American occupation. The author's scientific hypothesis is that after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran, and not America, became the real beneficiary of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The Iranian leadership, interested in changing the Baathist regime in Baghdad, having received such a strategic gift, did everything to use the US military presence to its advantage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategy of expanding Iran's influence in Iraq and its impact on US policy. The article shows that the nature of Iran's influence in Iraq included all the elements of state power: diplomatic, informational, military and economic. It is concluded that Tehran managed to take advantage of the democratic reforms in Iraq, which were carried out under the control of Washington. Iran used its Shiite henchmen, which gave it a political advantage over the United States, which did not have such influential allied forces in Iraq. Despite the disparate balance of military forces with America, Iran managed to avoid the risk of war with the United States and move on to achieving its long-term goals in Iraq. In the future, Tehran plans to achieve the rejection of Baghdad from constructive relations with Washington.
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Immerfall, Stefan. "Perennial Anti-Americanism in Germany? Critical comments on Ruth Hatlapa’s and Andrei S. Markovits’ “Obamamania and Anti-Americanism as Complementary Concepts”." German Politics and Society 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290405.
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The transatlantic fallout preceding and immediately following the openingof the Second Iraq War in 2003 was accompanied by an unusuallywidespread public contempt for U.S. President George W. Bush. No doubt,vast majorities in Germany (and in many other European countries)rejected the Iraq invasion. But how should we interpret their motives?Was criticism levelled against a specific policy or was it based on negativestereotyping of America? Three kinds of arguments have been broughtforward as to why the latter should be the case.
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Sonmez, A. Sait, and Samed Kurban. "Turkey’s Northern Iraq Policy Within the Dilemma of National Security Problems and Economic Cooperation (2003-2015)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n2p13.
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The general characteristic of the foreign policy adopted by Turkey for North Iraq has been shaped based on the national integrity of Iraq since the Gulf War4. However developments in this country caused an increase in seperation demands from North Iraq Kurds. On the other hand this region had become an important base for Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) since 1980’s. Turkey’s security dilemma and priorities over Iraq were formulated as “red lines” and decleraded before invasion of Iraq. But North Iraq based security issues increased after the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America (USA). Getting support of the USA Iraqi Kurds began to follow a policy as political rival of Turkey. But economic relations, which have been established with the regional Government in terms of energy and trade, caused cooperation in other fields. So transfomation of bilateral relations of Turkey and Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq (KRGI) is discussed in this paper. Aim of this paper is to analyze how economic cooperation caused cooperation in security issues such as fight against terrorism.
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جليل, محمد, and شامل كويش سلطان. "الموقف الفلسطيني من الاجتياح العراقي للكويت ( 2 آب 1990 – 17 كانون الثاني 1991 )." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 27 (January 7, 2018): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss27.59.
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Situations comes through wars and crisis, some of them consider as rationality , and others as irritability and hastiness , second Gulf crisis took great importance because it has brought various situations through both sides of Iraq and Kuwait , when Iraq occupy Kuwait in the second of August 1990 and as a result of this comes the breakdown of relationships of both sides level .
Arab and international , which caused great effects in the future of many Arab and regional cases . This occupation revealed some facts in Arab and the international , appeared in on agreement between Arab countries at least in the principles of coexistence , we can see this in Arab 's division in all levels , and no agreement between Arab and international regional about the foundation which Arab_ Arab mutual and cooperation .
The research divided into three parts .The first part talked about the historical struggle between Iraq and Kuwait till 1990 , The second part specialized to study of Palestinian official situation about the Iraqi Invasion to Kuwait in 2 August1990 – 17 January1991 ,Third part is about Palestinian's organizations in Invasion .
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Measurement of Uranium Concentration in Soil of Middle of Iraq using CR ?V 39 Track Detector." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 2 (June 12, 2011): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.2.451-455.
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The aim of this research is to determine the uranium concentration in soil and water samples taken from different locations from the middle and south of Iraq using fission fragments track registration. Twelve samples of soil and water were taken from middle and South of Iraq. The nuclear reaction used as a source of nuclear fission fragments is U-235 (n.f) obtained by bombardment U-235with thermal neutrons from (Am-Be) neutron source with flux (5X103 n.cm-2.s-1). The concentration values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples recommended by IAEA.The results of the measurements show that the uranium concentration in soil samples were in Thekar (16.38 ppm), AL-Basra (16.1ppm) and (0.78 ppm) in Baghdad, from the results which show that this governorate were contaminated with depleted uranium after the Wars against Iraq . The uranium concentration in the water samples of Tigers river were in AL-Qurna (8.85 ?g/l) and in AL-Suwera (4.72 ?g/l).
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Fadil T, Nada Fadil, Najeba Abdulah H, and Sabiha A. Bedin. "Measurement of Uranium Concentration in Soil of Middle of Iraq using CR ?V 39 Track Detector." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 2 (June 12, 2011): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2011.8.2.451-455.
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The aim of this research is to determine the uranium concentration in soil and water samples taken from different locations from the middle and south of Iraq using fission fragments track registration. Twelve samples of soil and water were taken from middle and South of Iraq. The nuclear reaction used as a source of nuclear fission fragments is U-235 (n.f) obtained by bombardment U-235with thermal neutrons from (Am-Be) neutron source with flux (5X103 n.cm-2.s-1). The concentration values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples recommended by IAEA.The results of the measurements show that the uranium concentration in soil samples were in Thekar (16.38 ppm), AL-Basra (16.1ppm) and (0.78 ppm) in Baghdad, from the results which show that this governorate were contaminated with depleted uranium after the Wars against Iraq . The uranium concentration in the water samples of Tigers river were in AL-Qurna (8.85 ?g/l) and in AL-Suwera (4.72 ?g/l).
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Koshelnick, Yuri, Monika Ehart, Hannes Stockinger, and Bernd Binder. "Mechanisms of Signaling through Urokinase Receptor and the Cellular Response." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 82, no. 08 (1999): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615847.
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IntroductionThe urokinase-urokinase receptor (u-PA-u-PAR) system seems to play a crucial role in a number of biological processes, including local fibrinolysis, tumor invasion, angiogenesis, neointima and atherosclerotic plaque formation, inflammation, and matrix remodeling during wound healing and development.1-6 Binding of urokinase to its specific receptor provides cells with a localized proteolytic potential. It stimulates conversion of cell surface-bound plasminogen into active plasmin, which, in turn, is required for proteolytic degradation of basement membrane components, including fibronectin, collagen, laminin, and proteoglycan core proteins.7 Moreover, plasmin activates other matrix-degrading enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases.8 Overexpression of u-PA/u-PAR correlates with tumor invasion and metastasis formation,9-13 while reduction of cell-surface bound u-PA and inhibition of u-PAR expression leads to a significant decrease of invasive and metastatic activity.14 Specific antagonists that suppress binding of u-PA to u-PAR have been shown to inhibit cell-surface plasminogen activation, tumor growth, and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo models.15,16 Independently of its proteolytic activity, u-PA is implicated in many biological processes that seem to require u-PAR-mediated intracellular signal transduction, such as proliferation, chemotactic movement and adhesion, migration, and differentiation.17 Data obtained in the late 1980s indicated that u-PA not only provides cells with local proteolytic activity, but might also be capable of transducing signals to the cell.18-22 At that time, however, the u-PAR has just been isolated, cloned, and identified as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein and not a transmembrane protein. Signaling via the u-PAR was, therefore, regarded as being unlikely, and the effects of u-PA on cell proliferation18-22 were thought to be mediated by proteolytic activation of latent growth factors. The assumption of direct signaling via u-PAR was, in fact, considered controversial, until about 10 years later when a physical association between u-PAR and signaling proteins was found.23 From this report on, several proteins associated with u-PAR have been identified. Now, u-PAR seems to be part of a large “signalosome” associated and interacting with several proteins on both the outside and inside of the cell.
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Raffo, M. Paula, M. Cecilia Eyras, and Oscar O. Iribarne. "The invasion of Undaria pinnatifida to a Macrocystis pyrifera kelp in Patagonia (Argentina, south-west Atlantic)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (June 23, 2009): 1571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540900071x.
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Biological invasions can alter the biodiversity of native communities generating an ecological impact that in many cases is irreversible. In 2001, Undaria pinnatifida invaded Macrocystis pyrifera kelp in Cracker Bay (42°56′S, 64°27′W; Northern Patagonia, Argentina). The possible impact of that invasion was evaluated in March 2004 with a study of population and morphological parameters of both kelp species and their associated holdfast biodiversity. Three nearby areas of spatial distribution of the kelps were differentiated, one dominated by M. pyrifera (M), an intermediate area characterized by M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida (M+U), and another dominated by U. pinnatifida (U). In each area, sporophytes in nine quadrats of 1 m2 were collected. The density and biomass m−2, the height of the sporophytes and the size of the holdfast of M. pyrifera did not diminish in the presence of U. pinnatifida. The richness, abundance and diversity of the flora associated with the holdfast of both kelps were similar, whereas these parameters were higher in the case of the fauna associated to M. pyrifera than U. pinnatifida Results obtained in this work suggest that, at this invasion stage, there is no evidence of interspecific competition. Nevertheless, since density and diversity of the fauna associated with the holdfast is different, we expect community changes if the U. pinnatifida invasion continues to expand.
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Jani, Bushra Juhi. "Survival and Storytelling: Scheherazade and Lutfiya al-Dulaimi’s Saturn Ladies." English Language and Literature Studies 13, no. 2 (March 5, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v13n2p16.
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This essay analyzes Lutfiya al-Dulaimi’s novel, Saturn Ladies, which explores the trauma, suffering, and difficulties faced by women in war and exile, particularly in Iraq during and after the US-led invasion. The author draws comparisons between the character of Hayat in the novel and Scheherazade from The Thousand and One Nights, highlighting the use of storytelling as a means of survival and resistance in the face of violence and oppression. Overall, the essay argues that Saturn Ladies revives the legacy of Scheherazade to communicate contemporary events and to keep the country’s history alive through storytelling.
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Allgayer, H. "Regulation and Clinical Significance of Urokinase-Receptor (u-PAR), an Invasion-Related Molecule." Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 44, no. 6 (June 2006): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-926584.
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Mousa, Ahmed. "Retrospective Comparison of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Diagnostic Tools in Pregnant Women with Abnormal Placentation." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651232.
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Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide, and Placenta Accreta (PA) is a major contributor. Although advancements in obstetric practices have led to a decline in maternal mortality, PA remains challenging to diagnose and manage. Current diagnostic tools include ultrasound (U/S) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); however, the sensitivity and specificity of these techniques in diagnosing Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) are widely debated. Objective: To compare the accuracy of U/S and MRI in the diagnosis of PAS. Methods: A retrospective analysis of pregnant women in their second and third trimesters suspected to have PAS was conducted. Women with both antenatal U/S and MRI who delivered in Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital between 1st October 2014 and 2nd February 2019 were included. Results: Of the 46 women included in the study, MRI corrected the diagnosis of 13 patients (28%) and confirmed the U/S diagnosis of 19 patients (41%). However, MRI also resulted in an incorrect change in diagnosis of eight patients (17%), and an incorrect confirmation of U/S diagnosis of six patients (13%). Statistical analyses of both U/S and MRI in the diagnosis of PAS showed that U/S sensitivity and specificity were 40% and 75%, respectively, whereas MRI sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 58%, respectively. Conclusion: MRI was more sensitive than U/S in identifying placental invasion into the uterine wall. Therefore, we recommend MRI examination for all patients suspected to have PAS. Keywords: Abnormal placentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), placenta accreta spectrum, ultrasound, prenatal diagnosis, surgical findings, histopathology.
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Al-Jameel, Hamid Athab. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE U-TURN DESIGN AT MEDIAN OPENINGS IN IRAQ: Al-NAJAF CITY AS A CASE STUDY." Kufa Journal of Engineering 6, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/611311.
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Field observations indicate that left turning vehicles at U-turn sections lead to a significantly bottleneck (congestion) at both origin and destination (opposing) roads. The bottlenecks have been observed in several U-turns such as Kufa –Najaf U-turn sections, Najaf –Karbala U-turn sections. It was found that left turn flow from U-turn leads to high congestion on both origin and destination roads. Therefore, field improvements have been done by the traffic policemen who create a temporary barrier from traffic plastic signs in order to protect left turning vehicles from through traffic in opposing direction. This study introduces new design for U-turn in order to protect both turning and through trafficto increase the level of performance. This design has been tested by using simulation model. The developed model (S-Paramics) has been calibrated using field data collected from Al-Najaf city. Then, the validation for the developed model has been implemented using another set of field data. Finally, the simulation model has been adopted to test the new design for U-turn. It was found that the new design gives higher capacity than the current design.
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Duque, Tayna Sousa, Iasmim Marcella Souza, Débora Sampaio Mendes, Ricardo Siqueira da Silva, Danielle Piuzana Mucida, Francisca Daniele da Silva, Daniel Valadão Silva, and José Barbosa dos Santos. "Ecological Niche Modeling of Invasive Macrophyte (Urochloa subquadripara) and Co-Occurrence with South American Natives." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 12722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712722.
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Invasive macrophytes are considered problematic in natural environments and hydroelectric reservoirs. Climate changes, the occurrences of watercourses, and biotic interactions influence biological invasions of macrophytes. The abundance of native species can be positively or negatively correlated with the occurrences of invasives. Urochloa subquadripara is an invasive in natural or disturbed habitats co-occurring with the natives Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia minima in South America. Aquatic plant communities can be altered by climate change, so species distribution models (SDMs) are important tools for predicting invaded areas. This study aimed to apply an SDM to study correlations of U. subquadripara with the potential distributions of native species E. crassipes and S. minima. Occurrence data for U. subquadripara, E. crassipes, and S. minima were collected from databases and in consultation with the published literature. Parameters encompassing biological information of the species were entered into the CLIMEX software and used to generate the Ecoclimatic Index (EI). The species co-occurrence was performed based on multicriteria decision-making (MCDM), and weights were assigned using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). It was observed that U. subquadripara, E. crassipes, and S. minima had a higher occurrence in tropical and subtropical regions. However, it is predicted that these species may move to high latitudes from climatic changes. Considering climate changes, such as the increase in temperature and CO2, the risk of invasion by U. subquadripara in the northern hemisphere is mainly in lakes, whereas the areas conducive to invasions are rivers and reservoirs in the southern hemisphere. In general, emerging and floating macrophyte species such as U. subquadripara, E. crassipes, and S. minima will be favored, causing suppression of submerged species. Therefore, identifying the potential distribution of these species allows the creation of pre-invasion intervention strategies.
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Alshbib, Duraid K. "The Contemporary Concept of Odious Debts: Iraq’s Debts as a Model." International Journal of Economics and Finance 15, no. 10 (September 10, 2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n10p44.
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Iraqi loans stood out because of their unique characteristics. The international blockade in 1991, the occupation in 2003, and the actions of puppet administrations were among the many events that contributed to this debt, with the first two being the most significant. and corruption with many faces. Due to these policies, Iraq is currently undergoing debt restructuring under the supervision and guidelines of the IMF. The goal of the research was to examine the causes of the increase in Iraqi debt following the invasion in 2003. The study discovered that even in the case of a revenue surplus, Iraqi governments continued to construct annual budgets with deficits that are financed by debt. It caused Iraq’s debts to grow and accumulate. Debt has grown to be a significant issue for the Iraqi economy and financial system. Iraqi debts are viewed negatively due to their impact on the welfare of the Iraqi people. According to the international doctrine of odious debts, Iraq has the right not to pay these payments.
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Xu, X., L. Chen, W. Hwang, P. Dawson, D. Guerry, P. VanBelle, D. Elder, L. Schuchter, and P. Gimotty. "The prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion in primary melanoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 9050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9050.
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9050 Background: Lymphatic invasion (LI) is an under-observed phenomenon in primary malignancies that can be better detected by immunostaining and that may associate with prognosis. In this study we sought to test the hypothesis that LI was associated with melanoma-specific survival (MSS) and was an independent prognostic factor. Methods: This study included 277 patients with stage I/II melanomas in vertical growth phase (VGP) who had at least 10 years of follow up. The log-rank test was used to test the study hypothesis - 72 melanoma-specific deaths were needed for 80% power to detect an odds ratio of 2.1. Paraffin sections were stained with antibodies to podoplanin (lymphatic vessels) and S-100 (melanoma cells) to identify LI. Univariate and multivariate Cox models were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of LI. An independent cohort of 106 similar patients was used for validation of the 10-year MSS rates. Results: LI was observed in 44.5% (95% CI: 38.6% - 50.4%) of the melanomas and its presence was significantly associated with thickness, mitotic rate, gender, age, and ulceration (U). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves for those with and without LI were significantly different (log-rank test p=0.022). The final multivariate model for time to MSD identified 4 independent prognostic factors: thickness (HR=1.5, p<0.001), U (HR=2.2 p=0.013), site (HR=3.9, p<0.001) and LI (HR=1.9, p=0.015). These factors were used to define a prognostic tree with 5 risk groups defined by melanomas that were thin (≤1.0mm) with no LI or U; thin with LI but no U; 1–3mm with no U; 1–3mm with U; and >3mm. Respectively, MSS rates were 100%, 88.6%, 77%, 48% and 42%. In the validation set, observed 10-year MSS rates in each risk group were not significantly different from those predicted from the survival curves for the tree-based risk groups. Conclusions: LI is an independent prognostic factor for MSS. Among patients with thin melanomas without U the 10-year MSS was lower for those patients with LI (89%, 95% CI=78% - 99%; n=41) compared to those without (100%, n=78). LI is an important prognostic factor that needs further validation in a population of patients from the sentinel node biopsy era. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Faleye, T. O., and A. O. Afolaranmi. "A Critical Overview of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)’s Origin, Goals, and Its Fall through the US and Allied Forces." African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajlpra-d31apetk.
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The origins of ISIS were traced to the Arab Spring that created instability in the Middle East. This instability was exacerbated by the American-led coalition's invasion of Iraq in 2003, prompted by the 9/11 attacks. The paper aims to have an overview of the origin and goals of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the strategies employed by the U.S. and Allied Forces to make ISIS fall. A systematic literature review approach was adopted to review the selected literature. ISIS was formed out of various militant groups in the country whose goal is to establish an Islamic caliphate governed by strict Sharia law. The goal of ISIS was to establish an Islamic caliphate in Iraq, Syria, and beyond with a caliph as the leader of the territories, thereby eradicating state borders and governments they deemed to be illegitimate. This caliphate is to be governed by strict Sharia law. This analysis delves into the strategies used by the US-led coalition to reclaim territories from ISIS. These strategies include military strategies, economic strategies, political strategies, and social strategies. It was, therefore, recommended that to combat ISIS's ideology effectively, the United States may need to collaborate more with Muslim clerics all over the world to promote interpretations of the Quran that counter radicalization in Islam.
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Pokudov, Zakhar Vasil'evich, and Viktor Evgen'evich Tumanin. "The concept of “American exceptionalism” in U. S. foreign policy on the example of the doctrine of George W. Bush." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.2.32857.
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The subject and key goal of this research consist in analysis of the impact of “American exceptionalism” concept upon U. S. foreign policy at the initial state of George W. Bush presidency. It is demonstrated how the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism”, being an intrinsic part of messianic idea of the United States, found its reelection in the foreign policy course of George W. Bush, particularly in the doctrine that virtually outlined the contours for the “global war against terrorism” and subsequent military operation in Iraq in 2003. In order to achieve the indicated goal, the author sets two tasks: deconstruction of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism”, and demonstration of how these components were integrated into the Bush’s doctrine. Foreign sources and historiography allowed demonstrating the evolution of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” and its conceptual grounds. For tracing the patterns of the impact of this phenomenon upon the U. S. foreign policy course, the author applied historical-genetic method. The use of specific-historical analysis illustrated the influence of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” upon the U. S. foreign policy course overall, and the doctrine of George W. Bush in particular. The conclusion is made that the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” gradually shifted from the field of U. S. domestic policy towards foreign policy; and the September 11 events prompted final consolidation of “American exceptionalism” in the U. S. foreign policy. The novelty of this work is defined by the fact that impact of the phenomenon of “American exceptionalism” upon establishment of the doctrine of George W. Bush is analyzed in detail for the first time.
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Hess, C. B., D. W. Niesel, Y. J. Cho, and G. R. Klimpel. "Bacterial invasion of fibroblasts induces interferon production." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 11 (June 1, 1987): 3949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.11.3949.
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Abstract Although bacteria and/or bacterial products have been shown to induce interferon (IFN) production in cells of the immune system, the ability of non-lymphoid cells to produce IFN in response to bacterial products and/or bacterial invasion is currently unknown. In this study we examined murine and human fibroblasts for their ability to produce IFN in response to challenge with the invasive bacteria Shigella flexneri and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Both human and murine primary cell cultures produced high levels (500 to 1000 U/ml) of IFN-beta within 12 hr after Shigella invasion. The production of IFN appeared to be dependent upon bacterial invasion because no IFN was produced by cells pretreated with a non-invasive isogenic variant of S. flexneri. Furthermore, UV treated invasive S. flexneri, which lose the ability to invade cells, failed to induce IFN production in fibroblasts after bacterial challenge. In contrast to primary cells, most human and murine continuous cell lines did not produce IFN in response to Shigella invasion. The above results demonstrate that bacterial invasion of primary cultures of fibroblasts can induce IFN production. Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest that IFN may play an important front line host defense against invasive bacterial infections.
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Neama, Ali Fahem, and Hassnen Hazem Aziz. "E-commerce in Iraq." Journal of Education College Wasit University 2, no. 25 (December 5, 2021): 1271–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol2.iss25.2738.
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In the rising global financial system, e-trade has increasingly come to be a vital aspect of commercial enterprise method and a sturdy impulse for financial development. One of the most enormous tendencies in commercial enterprise in latest years has been the increasing use of e-trade. It has revolutionized many marketplaces and started opportunities by no means imagined before. Organizations that are not investigating the usage of e-commerce are in a amazing hazard of locating themselves being overtaken by way of others who're making use of this technology. Iraq is characterized as one of the very few nations inside the global which are nonetheless thus far from the actual use of inevitable offerings of e-commerce. often, Iraq suffers from some of capabilities that paintings as limitations to an effective use of e-trade in life including the lack of understanding and expertise of the gain of e-commerce, the shortage of facts and verbal exchange technologies (ICT) know-how and abilities, the risky bodily community infrastructure, protection and different privateness-associated problems similarly to problems associated with prices for the adoption of a new era. Senior leaders of the u . s . must be privy to those rising, and increasingly complicated environments of e-trade with a view to compete on a worldwide (or maybe on a nearby) level. The reason of this examine is two-fold. First, it seeks to analyze the hindrances to e-commerce adoption in Iraq. second, it seeks to suggest some tips for a hit applying of e-commerce. The paintings starts by analyzing e-commerce, its advantages, its demanding situations and market fashions of e-trade. The remainder of this paper is based as follows: in the subsequent section, an average implementation of e-trade is given, accompanied by means of the limitations to e-commerce adoption in growing countries and then limitations to its adoption in Iraq. Later, the conclusions and hints are presented and the paper is finalized with obstacle of look at and destiny paintings.
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GURA, Viktoriya, and Oleksandr Yuriev. "THE SECURITY POTENTIAL OF THE EUROPEAN REGION: THE FACTOR OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Public Administration 18, no. 2 (2023): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-9193.2023/18-3/14.
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B a c k g r o u n d . In connection with the aggressive invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine, the issue of security has become acute in the European region. The article's purpose was to research and analyze the need to transform the security potential of the European region in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. Among the essential tasks, the authors set the need to characterize the current state of scientific development of the problem of increasing the security potential of the region, analyze the European experience in forming and implementing the security potential of the region, and justify the peculiarities of the security potential of the European region due to the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. The research object was the security potential of the European region under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. M e t h o d s . This publication is based on using reliable sources from world-renowned databases, relevant organizations, and web resources. The authors used qualitative research methods, in particular, the method of organic search. In addition, the theoretical-methodological analysis, comparative method, logical-epistemological analysis, and normative-value method made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the security potential of the European region due to the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. R e s u l t s . Since regional security has a systemic nature, the state of scientific development of the problem of increasing the security potential of the region was considered through the prism of subsystems of regional security, namely legal, institutional, economic, informational, social, and others. The European experience of ensuring the security of the region is grounded on democratic values, certain norms of documents and organizations, and the participation of supranational structures. However, after the escalation of the war in February 2022, the European community overestimated the level of security in its region, which is currently protected by the Armed Forces of Ukraine. С o n c l u s i o n s . Ukraine's role was recognized as a candidate for membership in the European Union. The European region feels the consequences of the Russian invasion through cultural, economic, energy, and other threats. This feeling forces the EU leadership to review the elements of regional security and focus on transformations. The last authors of this article identified the refusal of excessive centralization, the implementation of systemic reforms, and the formation of a transnational defense institute.
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LOCKMAN, ZACHARY. "Did the Events of 9/11 Change the Field of Middle East Studies? Pensée 1: Of Course—But How?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 3 (August 2007): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070481.
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The short answer to the question as posed is, Yes, of course, 9/11 changed the field of Middle East studies. However, the next question we need to ask is, In what ways have the events of 9/11 (and all that they set in motion, in the United States and internationally, including the U.S. invasion of Iraq) actually affected our work as scholars, students, teachers, resource specialists, and so forth, whose primary focus is the Middle East and/or the Muslim world, as well as the institutions, networks, and field(s) with which we are engaged? Space limitations allow me to offer only a few brief thoughts.
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Oun, Ameer Ghani Abd, and Mohammed Hamza Abass. "New Report of Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons and Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) Simmons as seed-borne fungi of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 032030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032030.
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Abstract The objective of the present study is to determine fungal species Stemphylium vesicarium and Ulocladium alternariae associated with seeds of five wheat cultivars called Wefia (WAF), Eba 99 (EBA), Adena (ADN), Bohooth (BTH) and Mahmoudia (MHD). Those fungi were identified by using morphological and microscopic features as well as molecular sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out relying on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is a new report recording S. vesicarium and U. alternariae as seed-borne fungi of wheat seeds in Iraq.
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Shixian, LIU. "Transnational Trauma and Politics in Phil Klay’s Post-9/11 War Novel Redeployment." Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2023.0302.005.
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Phil Klay’s short story collection Redeployment is considered a quintessential literary text for the U. S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and won the 2014 National Book Award for fiction. This study argues that it gestures beyond the narrow American war frame to show both the physical and cultural trauma of nonwhite Other in wars during the post- 9/11 era; meanwhile, Klay subverts and deconstructs the myth of trauma hero, truly representing soldiers’ anxiety and trauma about their relationships with enemies, wars, and national power. In Klay’s view, the disillusionment of the American myth of “city upon a hill” projects intense political crises and social contradictions, including the civilian-military divide, racial conflicts, and the loss of national faith and security. And America’s way of democracy reconstruction in the Middle East is colored by ethnocentrism and cultural imperialism, thus further questioning the rationality and justice of the U. S. global counter-terrorism strategies.
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Golden, Michael, P. N. Raghunath, John Tomaszewski, Mary David, Alice Kuo, Katalin Kariko, Elliot Barnathan, and S. Steve Okada. "Native Atherosclerosis and Vein Graft Arterialization: Association with Increased Urokinase Receptor Expression In Vitro and In Vivo." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 80, no. 07 (1998): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615153.
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SummaryInteraction of proteases with cell surface receptors may modulate cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and matrix degradation. Since the plasminogen activator system has been hypothesized to play a role in intimal thickening after various types of vascular injury, we first studied the expression of urokinase receptor (u-PAR) protein and mRNA by smooth muscle cells (SMC) grown in explant cultures from normal and diseased vessels. Using equilibrium binding studies with radiolabeled 125I-labeled single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA), we determined that SMC cultured from atherosclerotic arteries expressed a higher maximal number of binding sites/cell (3.6 ± 0.4 × 105 sites/cell vs. 2.1 ± 0.3 × 105, ± SEM, p <0.05) with a similar affinity (Kd = 1.5 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 nM, p = ns). However, SMC subcultured from diseased saphenous vein grafts expressed the highest levels of u-PAR compared to SMC from normal saphenous vein (4.8 ± 0.6 × 105 sites/cell vs. 1.6 ± 0.9 × 105, ± SEM, p <0.05). Using binding studies and Northern analysis, we demonstrated a dose and time dependent upregulation of u-PAR protein and mRNA expression respectively in human SMC in response to serum stimulation. Using a rabbit specific u-PAR cDNA probe, we demonstrated a similar upregulation of u-PAR mRNA both in rabbit aortic SMC in culture in response to serum stimulation and up to a 20 fold increase in u-PAR mRNA in rabbit jugular veins in response to implantation as arterial grafts in vivo. Finally, to confirm that u-PAR mRNA is upregulated in human vessels after injury, we performed immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies on coronary arteries, normal saphenous veins and saphenous veins from 10 weeks to 13 years after implantation as grafts. u-PAR mRNA was found mainly in the periadventitial microcirculation in normal veins, but was found to be upregulated in the neointima and media of thickened veins in both macrophages and smooth muscle cells. SMC near the internal elastic laminae in diseased coronary arteries appeared to express increased u-PAR mRNA. These data suggest that this increased expression of u-PAR may contribute to early lesion development.
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Rybakov, Ye, Mikhail Tarasov, S. Chernyshov, Marina Sukhina, V. Charikov, Sabina Kozyreva, and V. Kashnikov. "IS A STUDY OF THE LEVEL OF CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGEN (CA 19-9) EFFECTIVE IN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER?" Problems in oncology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2020-66-5-528-534.
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Objective. Саrbohydrаte antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is the frequently used tumor marker in the clinical setting of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study was designed to investigate the correlation between preoperative serum levels of CA 19-9 (pre-CA 19-9) and the clinicopathologic factors of patients with CRC. Patients and methods. A study was performed on 482 patients with histologically diagnosed colorectal adenocarcinoma between January 2016 and December 2017, based on retrospective collected data. The clinical data such as age, sex, size of tumor, differentiation (G), depth of tumor (T), lymph node metastasis (N), distant metastasis (M), lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, perineural invasion, stage, and preoperative serum levels of CEA (pre-CEA) and pre-CA 19-9 were obtained. These patients were classified into two groups according to pre-CA 19-9 (CA 19-9 high: H37 U/mL; CA 19-9 normal: H37 U/mL). Results. Eighty five patients among 483 patients (17.6%) with CRC showed a high pre-CA 19-9. The elevationof pre-CA 19-9 was significantly associated with size of tumor > 4.5 cm (р=0.0001), higt CEA > 5ng/ml (р<0.0001), wrong differenciation of tumor (р=0.0003), depth of tumor (р<0.0001), lymph node metastasis (р<0.0001), distant metastasis (р<0.0001), lymphatic invasion (р=0.0013), vascular invasion (р<0.0001), perineural invasion (р<0.0001), stage (р<0.0001). On multivariate analysis, high pre-CA 19-9 was shown to be independently associated with depth of tumor (р=0.05), lymph node metastasis (р=0.0006). Spearman>s correlation coefficient r between REA and CA 19-9 was 0.21 (95% CI 0.13 - 0.30; p<0.0001). Conclusion. High pre-CA 19-9 in advanced colorectal cancer might provide important information to predict the depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis.
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Hall, L. A., J. P. Harron, and J. R. Conley. "INCIDENCE OF THE HONEY BEE PARASITE ACARAPIS WOODI (RENNIE) (ACARI: TARSONEMIDAE) IN GEORGIA AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERADICATION PROGRAM." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.1.35.
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The detection of the honey bee trachael mite in the U. S. in 1984 caused the Georgia Department of Agriculture to adopt a regulatory program to deal with the possible invasion of the mite into Georgia. A mite infestation in Georgia first was discovered in April 1985 during a routine bee inspection by the Georgia Department of Agriculture. Quarantine and destruction of the infested apiary and a quarantine of all yards within a 2-mile radius was imposed.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Measuring Uranium in the Soil of Some Area in Missan Governorate/ Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2011): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.39-43.
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Concentrations of uranium were measured in this study for twenty soil samples from four areas with different depths (soil surface-20-40-60-80)cm .The study regions include Missan Governorate (Al-Iskan area,Al-Shibbana area ,Hai-Al Moualimin Al Jadied area ,Sector 30 area). The Uranium concentrations in soil samples measured by using fission tracks registration in (CR-39) track detector that caused by the bombardment of (U-283) with thermal neutrons from (241Am-Be) neutron source that has flux neutron thermal of (5 ×103 n cm-2 s-1). The concentrations values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples. Through out the result, it was found that averages of uranium concentrations in soil samples were as the following : Al - Iskan area (0.404 ± 2.765) ppm, Al - Shibbana area (0.432 ± 1.719) ppm, Hai - Al - Moualimin Al - Jadied (0.236 ± 2.320) ppm, Sector 30 area (2.158±0.631) ppm.
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Arslan, Kenan, and Doğan Yücel. "Nâlî’nin Kürtçe Divanında Türkçe Unsurlar." International Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 23 (November 12, 2021): 318–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.5.23.5.17.
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Kurdish is a widely spoken language in many countries. It has been influenced by Persian and Arabic a lot through the history. Kurdish has been enclosed and interacted with Turkish right after Ottoman invasion in Iraq. There is no study about Turkish influence on Kurdish so far according to our scanning so that this study will be the first one ever. We have scanned, the Divan of Nali, a book by Nali who wrote poems in Sorani Kurdish in 19th century. In his Divan, there were 40 words in total: 33 Turkish words, 3 words carried into Kurdish by Turkish, and 4 words that have Turkish prefixes or suffixes. The outcomes have been categorized by phonetic, thematic, semantic, and etymologic respectively. After the evaluations, we have found out that there is a significant Turkish influence in Nali`s Divan. We have used a combined method in this study. Keywords: Nali, Nali`s Divan, Classical Ottoman Poetry, Kurdish Divan, Turkish Loanwords in Kurdish
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Schirawski, Jan, Bernadette Heinze, Martin Wagenknecht, and Regine Kahmann. "Mating Type Loci of Sporisorium reilianum: Novel Pattern with Three a and Multiple b Specificities." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 8 (August 2005): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.8.1317-1327.2005.
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ABSTRACT Sporisorium reilianum and Ustilago maydis are two closely related smut fungi, which both infect maize but differ fundamentally in their mode of plant invasion and site of symptom development. As a prelude to studying the molecular basis of these differences, we have characterized the mating type loci of S. reilianum. S. reilianum has two unlinked mating type loci, a and b. Genes in both loci and adjacent regions show a high degree of synteny to the corresponding genes of U. maydis. The b locus occurs in at least five alleles and encodes two subunits of a heterodimeric homeodomain transcription factor, while the a locus encodes a pheromone/receptor system. However, in contrast to that of U. maydis, the a locus of S. reilianum exists in three alleles containing two active pheromone genes each. The alleles of the a locus appear to have arisen through recent recombination events within the locus itself. This has created a situation where each pheromone is specific for recognition by only one mating partner.
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Damjanovich, László, Csaba Turzó, and Róza Ádány. "Factors Involved In the Plasminogen Activation System in Human Breast Tumours." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 71, no. 05 (1994): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642505.
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SummaryThe plasminogen activation system is a delicately balanced assembly of enzymes which seems to have primary influence on tumour progression. The conversion of plasminogen into serine protease plasmin with fibrinolytic activity depends on the actual balance between plasminogen activators (urokinase type; u-PA and tissue type; t-PA) and their inhibitors (type 1 and 2 plasminogen activator inhibitors; PAI-1 and PAI-2). The purpose of this study was to determine the exact histological localization of all the major factors involved in plasminogen activation, and activation inhibition (plasmin system) in benign and malignant breast tumour samples. Our results show that factors of the plasmin system are present both in benign and malignant tumours. Cancer cells strongly labelled for both u-PA and t-PA, but epithelial cells of fibroadenoma samples were also stained for plasminogen activators at least as intensively as tumour cells in cancerous tissues. In fibroadenomas, all the epithelial cells were labelled for PAM. Staining became sporadic in malignant tumours, cells located at the periphery of tumour cell clusters regularly did not show reaction for PAI-1. In the benign tumour samples the perialveolar connective tissue stroma contained a lot of PAI-1 positive cells, showing characteristics of fibroblasts; but their number was strongly decreased in the stroma of malignant tumours. These findings indicate that the higher level of u-PA antigen, detected in malignant breast tumour samples by biochemical techniques, does not necessarily indicate increased u-PA production by tumour cells but it might be owing to the increased number of cells producing u-PA as well. In malignant tumours PAI-1 seems to be decreased in the frontage of malignant cell invasion; i.e. malignant cells at the host/tumour interface do not express PAI-1 in morphologically detectable quantity and in the peritumoural connective tissue the number of fibroblasts containing PAI-1 is also decreased.
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Hassan, Sarah, and Ayla Ghalib. "Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein Level May Predict Morbidly Adherent Placenta in Women with Placenta Previa." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.20.2.16.
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Background: In situations of a morbidly adherent placenta, studies have shown that maternal serum alfa feto protein (AFP) is clinically high. Objective: To examine the association of morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) in pregnant women with placenta previa (PP) and their serum AFP biomarker. Methods: A prospective observational study that was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq during the period from Feb. till Nov. 2019. It included 82 pregnant women those between 14-20 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancy, viable fetus, and diagnosed with low lying placenta, with and without vaginal bleeding. A blood sample from all women was taken to investigate for serum AFP level after confirming the diagnosis of low-lying placenta by early abdominal ultrasound (U/S) scan. All the enrolled pregnant women were followed by Doppler U/S at gestational age 28-32 weeks, underwent targeted screening for MAP and were divided into two groups according to the status of placenta: MAP group included 11 pregnant women and PP group alone included 71 pregnant women. Results: In this study, MAP was diagnosed in 13.4% of cases. Mean of serum AFP biomarker in women with MAP was significantly higher than that in women with PP. Serum AFP biomarker in early pregnancy >200 ng/ml is predictive for diagnosis of MAP in late pregnancy. Conclusion: Maternal serum AFP biomarker may play an important role at early pregnancy in prediction of placental adherence at late pregnancy in cases of early low-lying placenta. Keywords: Morbidly adherent placenta, alpha feto protein, previa, pregnancy, Iraq Citation: Hassan SS, Ghalib AK. Maternal serum alpha feto protein level may predict morbidly adherent placenta in women with placenta previa. Iraqi JMS. 2022; 20(2): 278-285. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.20.2.16
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Editorial, E. "Corrigendum: Transient analytical solution of temperature distribution and fracture limits in pulsed solid-state laser rod by Khalid S. Shibib, Mohammed A. Munshid, Mohammed Jalal Abdul Rayyak, and Luma Hasan Salman* , doi reference: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI141011090S." Thermal Science 21, no. 4 (2017): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170731162e.
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Simeon Oka, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Thermal Science request that it is necessary to name of the 3rd author of the paper TRANSIENT ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND FRACTURE LIMITS IN PULSED SOLID-STATE LASER ROD by Khalid S. SHIBIB, Mohammed A. MUNSHID, Mohammed Jalal ABDUL RAYYAK, and Luma Hasan SALMAN* Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq published in the journal Thermal Science, Year 2017, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1213-1222 since due to typing error of the Editorial staff, name of the 3rd author was not correctly written. Name of the 3rd author written as Mohammed Jalal ABDUL RAYYAK has to be written as: Mohammed Jalal ABDULRAZZAQ <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the corrected article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI141011090S">10.2298/TSCI141011090S</a></b></u>
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Mirskii, G. "Drama of the Arab East." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-77-87.
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New upheavals have shaken the Middle East this summer. A small but determined army of Sunni jihadists that had operated in the war-torn Syria suddenly crossed the border into Iraq and launched a large-scale military campaign. In a matter of days the invaders captured the second largest city of Iraq, Mosul, and although heavily outnumbered by the Iraqi army, put it to flight. The militants, known as ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham, the latter word meaning Syria and Lebanon) and led by an exceedingly tough and ruthless commander Abubaqr al-Baghdadi, are descendants of the infamous terrorist international network Al-Qaeda. Actually, the ISIS members represent the third generation of Al-Qaeda militants who waged the war against the Soviet Army in Afghanistan back in 1989-s and later fought the Americans in Iraq in the wake of the U.S. invasion. Lately they joined the Syrian armed opposition that has been trying to overthrow the regime of Bashar al-Assad for about three years. Now that the military situation in Syria appears to favor the embattled president, ISIS has probably come to the conclusion that its priority is not necessarily the ousting of Assad; rather it is the creation of an Islamic state according to the name of their organization. Exactly this seems to be the rationale for their comeback into Iraq. The Sunni jihadists whose ultimate aim is to resurrect the medieval Islamic Caliphate have to confront both the Iraqi Kurds who live in a virtually semi-independent state formation and the Shia Arabs who mostly inhabit the southern part of Iraq. Yet, both communities, although probably capable of protecting North, South and the capital city, are hardly likely to reassert the government authority in the central part of the country. What is necessary is the assistance from abroad. The Shia-dominated Iraqi government of Nouri al-Maliki, in deep trouble, is looking to both Iran and the U.S. for military aid. Both Washington and Tehran, however, appear reluctant to be seen as wholeheartedly backing the Shia side if only for fear of alienating the mainstream Arab States who are of course Sunni. This is a pretty delicate situation indeed.
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Caceci, T., T. Toth, R. H. Pyle, P. B. Siegel, and D. Ochs. "Stimulation of non-opsonic phagocytosis in avian respiratory phagocytes." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010010278x.
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Avian respiratory disease costs the U. S. poultry industry millions of dollars per year in lost production. The avian respiratory system, while similar in many ways, differs from that of mammals anatomically, physiologically, and in its response to invasion by infectious agents. One of the least understood components is the variety of cell types collectively referred to as avian respiratory phagocytes (ARP), the first line of defense against invasion. The resident ARP population is normally very low, but numbers increase in response to certain stimuli. We undertook a study to quantify the extent of ARP influx and the degree of increase in phagocytic activity in response to the presence of non-pathogenic Pasteurella multocida. Chickens were stimulated by intratracheal inoculation of P. multocida, and the ARP's collected by lavage of the lungs and air sacs. Control birds were inoculated with vehicle carrying no P. multocida, and then lavaged.
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Gorodnia, N., and Y. Protsenko. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE U.S.–SAUDI RELATIONS (1931–1940)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 151 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.151.2.
Full textAbstract:
This research intends to cover the process of establishment of the U.S.–Saudi relations, and the factors it was influenced by. It is based on the study of the U.S. foreign policy documents. The research has revealed that the United States recognized the government of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (February 1931) after an agreement was reached to elevate its diplomatic representation in Iraq to the ambassadorial level. That means that the U.S. prioritized relations with the Kingdom of Iraq to relations with the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd. The United States recognized the government of the King Ibn Saud due to commercial interests. Hereafter the Department of State initiated the U.S.–Saudi Provisional Agreement in regard to Diplomatic and Consular Representation, Juridical Protection, Commerce and Navigation, signed in November 1933. It was aimed at protecting the rights of the U.S. citizens, who worked in the Kingdom since 1931, especially after obtaining the oil concession by the California Standard Oil company in May 1933. However, the diplomatic representative to Saudi Arabia was not appointed. This issue was mainstreamed when commercial volumes of oil were discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, the U.S. oil company signed its second concession agreement in 1939, and the U. S. commercial interests in Saudi Arabia had significantly increased. Besides, the representatives of Great Britain, Germany and Japan intensified their activities to obtain oil concessions in Saudi Arabia. The King Ibn Saud highly appreciated exclusively commercial U.S. interests, the absence of its intentions to expand political influence or to take over Saudi territories. For these reasons, he preferred cooperation with the United States to other nations. The U.S.–Saudi diplomatic relations were established on February 4, 1940, when B. Fish, who was the U. S. Minister–resident in Egypt, presented his credentials to the King Ibn Saud. The decision to establish diplomatic representation in Saudi Arabia was taken in June–July 1939. It was caused by the increasing competition for Saudi oil, not a beginning of the World War, as some scholars suggest.
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ISHIDA, HIROYUKI, TOSHIRO OGURA, AMANE TAKAHASHI, KEI KITAMURA, RYOICHI MIYAMOTO, SHINICHI MATSUDAIRA, MINORU TANABE, HIROAKI KANDA, and YOSHIYUKI KAWASHIMA. "Prognostic Value of Peritoneal Lavage Cytology in Potentially Resectable Pancreatic Cancer Stratified by Cytologic Status." Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis 3, no. 3 (May 2, 2023): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/cdp.10221.
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Background/Aim: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with positive peritoneal lavage cytology (CY) reportedly have poor prognoses. However, the value of diagnosis of suspicious for malignancy on CY is unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the prognostic impact of CY by focusing on CY subgroups. Patients and Methods: Data were collected from 231 resectable PDAC patients who underwent curative-intent resection. Patients were divided into three CY-based groups: negative (CY0), suspicious for malignancy (CY-S), and positive (CY1). Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors were analyzed. Results: CY1 and CY-S were diagnosed in 7.8% and 3.9% of the patients, respectively. The CY1 group had significantly larger tumors and higher frequencies of distal tumors, anterior pancreatic tissue invasion, retropancreatic tissue invasion, and R1 resection than the CY0 group. Patient characteristics did not differ between the CY0 and CY-S groups. The CY1 group exhibited worse survival than the CY0 and CY-S groups (median survival time: 18.8 vs. 39.6 months, p=0.0021 and vs. 62.2 months, p=0.018). Multivariate analysis for survival indicated that a tumor size >2 cm, preoperative CA19-9 value >100 U/ml, CY1, lymph node metastasis, R1 resection, and lack of adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with poor prognosis. Both the CY1 and CY-S groups had higher frequencies of peritoneal recurrence than the CY0 group (50% vs. 11.8%, p<0.001 and 44.4% vs. 11.8%, p=0.019). Conclusion: The prognosis of the CY1 group was poor. Although CY-S was associated with a higher frequency of peritoneal recurrence than CY0, the long-term outcomes of patients with surgical treatment were acceptable.
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Talib, Zainab Ali, and Jalal Taqi AL-Obeadi. "Alternatives to enhance traffic conditions at U-turn sites." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 14, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v14i2.766.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic simulation models play a major role in allowing traffic engineers to assess complex traffic situations such as U-turn section. Such models help in proposing solutions and proposing alternative scenarios without committing too many expensive resources and this models are necessary to implement alternative strategies in the field. Simulation traffic models can significantly improve the quality of road network planning and design in urban areas. According to filed observation, the U-turn movement cause traffic congestion at both origin and distention (opposite) roads. This study introduces many alternatives to enhance the movement at U-turn section. These alternatives have been tested by using simulation models. The PTV VISSIM software is used to development the models. This development model has been calibrated and validated by using filed data collected from Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq.
References
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[2] Della, R. H., Hanafiah, Arliansyah, J., & Artiansyah, R. (2015). Traffic Performance Analysis of U-turn and Fly Over U-turn Scenario; A Case Study at Soekarno Hatta Road, Palembang, Indonesia. Procedia Engineering, 125, 461–466. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.123
[3] Al-Obaedi, J., "Investigation the effect of speed humps on merging time of u-turn traffic", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, (2019), 1-4.
[4] Al-Obaedi, J., " Simulating the Effect of Speed Humps on the U-Turn Traffic", international Journal of Engineering, Vol. 32, (2019), Pages 1773-1780.
[5] Meel I, Satirasetthavee D, Kanitpong K, Brannolte U. The Optimal Design of UTurns on Thai Highways. Acta Technica Jaurinensis 2014;7(1):21–32.
[6] Meel I, Brannolte U, Satirasetthavee D, Kanitpong K. Safety impact of application of auxiliary lanes at downstream locations of Thai U-turns. IATSS Research 2017;41(1):1–11.
[7] Meel, I., "The optimal design of u-turns on thai highways", Acta Technica Jaurinensis, Vol. 7, No. 1, (2014), 21-32.
[8] Yang, X. (2001),” CORSIM-Based Simulation Approach to Evaluation of Direct Left Turn Versus Right Turn Plus U Turn from Driveways. (Ph.D dissertation), University of South Florida, Tampa.
[9] Detemple, J., Garcia, R., & Rindisbacher, M. (2007). Chapter 21 Simulation Methods for Optimal Portfolios. Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, 867–923. doi:10.1016/s0927-0507(07)15021-0.
[10] Vaitkus, Audrius, et al. "Traffic Calming Measures: An Evaluation of the Effect on Driving Speed." PROMET –Traffic &Transportation 29.3 (2017): 275-285.doi: 10.7307/ptt. v29i3.2265.
[11] World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2015. World Health Organization, 2015
[12] AL-Jameel H. A. E (2014). Contribution to the U-turn design at median opening in Iraq: Al-Najaf city as a case study, Kufa Journal of Engineering (K.J.E).
[13] Della, R. H., Hanafiah, Arliansyah, J., & Artiansyah, R. (2015). Traffic Performance Analysis of u-turn and Fly Over u-turn Scenario; A Case Study at Soekarno Hatta Road, Palembang, Indonesia. Procedia Engineering, 125, 461–466. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.123
[14] Zainab A T Al-Kareawi and Jalal T S Al-Obaedi (2021). Simulation of U-turn traffic based on VISSIM and PARAMICS micro simulation, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1895 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1895/1/012030.
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Al-Leithy, Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa. "A Psychoanalytic Reading of Ahmed Saadawi's Novel Frankenstein in Baghdad." International Linguistics Research 6, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v6n1p12.
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Ahmed Saadawi’s novel Frankenstein in Baghdad provides a distinct exposure of the psychic ailments (disorders) that engulf almost all of the characters in the novel. Even though they are not themselves aware of the problem, the characters in the novel suffer from split psyches, traumas they cannot deal with and knots they cannot resolve. The novel shows, to quote T. S. Eliot, but “a heap of broken” (Ellmann 459) psyches. Such is a phenomenon that blights contemporary Iraqi personality in general and can, in a sense, be termed collective unconscious (Bressler 127) (Note 1). The novel is, thus, a representation of what can be dubbed psychic fractures that have befallen the Iraqi character, noticeably ensuing the American invasion of Iraq that took place in 2003, the aftermaths of which the Iraqi people is still undergoing. Importantly, despite being an essential facet of the novel and an indispensable venue to understanding the characters this aspect has escaped the attention of critics and researchers alike.
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Cho, S. E., J. H. Park, S. H. Hong, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces asterum var. solidaginis on Invasive Weed Solidago gigantea in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 8 (August 2013): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-13-0154-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Solidago gigantea Aiton (syn. S. serotina Aiton), known as giant goldenrod, is native to North America and has been invasive in Europe and Asia. In Korea, this plant was accidentally introduced around the 1960s and has become widely naturalized by replacing indigenous plants and disrupting the native ecosystem (3). In October 2012, hundreds of giant goldenrod plants growing wild in riverine areas and roadsides were found affected by a powdery mildew in Busan, Korea. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Symptoms first appeared as circular to irregular white patches, which subsequently showed abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves. Appressoria on the mycelium were nipple-shaped to moderately lobed. Conidiophores measured 120 to 240 × 10 to 12.5 μm, were arising laterally from hyphal mother cells, and produced 2 to 6 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline, followed by 2 to 3 cells. Foot-cells in conidiophores were 42 to 70 μm long and characterized by a distinctly curved base. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to ovate, measured 28 to 42 × 17 to 24 μm (length/width ratio = 1.4 to 2.1), contained small oil drops, lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes on the subterminal position. No chasmothecia were observed. The morphological characteristics described above were typical of the Euoidium type anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements and structures were consistent with those of G. asterum var. solidaginis U. Braun (1). To confirm the identity of the causal fungus, the complete ITS region of rDNA from isolate KUS-F27219 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 (4) and sequenced. The resulting 508-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC513763). A GenBank BLAST search of this sequence revealed >99% similarity with the ITS sequences of G. cichoracearum from Australia (GQ183940 ex Solidago sp.) and Japan (AB077625 ex S. altissima L. and AB077627 ex S. virgaurea subsp. asiatica Kitam. ex Hara). The G. cichoracearum isolates on Solidago spp. listed above are now placed in G. asterum var. solidaginis (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy potted giant goldenrods. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 24 to 30°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 7 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Association of S. gigantea with Golovinomyces powdery mildews has been known in North America, South America, Europe, New Zealand, Central Asia (Iran, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan), and Japan (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by G. asterum var. solidaginis on S. gigantea in Korea. Our field observations suggest that the powdery mildew could be a limiting factor to suppress the expansion of this invasive weed in Korea. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, retrieved January 22, 2013. (3) S. M. Oh et al. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 22:280, 2002. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.
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Weber, Christina D. "Navigating Gender Boundaries Inside and Outside the Wire: A Qualitative Analysis of U. S. Women Veterans of Vietnam and Iraq." Minerva Journal of Women and War 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3172/min.2.2.8.
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Breyer, Benjamin N., Shona C. Fang, Karen H. Seal, Gayatri Ranganathan, Brian P. Marx, Terence M. Keane, and Raymond C. Rosen. "Sexual Health in Male and Female Iraq and Afghanistan U. S. War Veterans With and Without PTSD: Findings From the VALOR Cohort." Journal of Traumatic Stress 29, no. 3 (April 29, 2016): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.22097.
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Alsaadi, Tasen Saleh, and Hayder Abdulameer K. AL- Thamiry. "Evaluation and Development of the (Hilla – Daghara) Rivers System." Journal of Engineering 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.02.04.
Full textAbstract:
Shatt Al-Hilla branches from the left of Euphrates River, U/S Hindiyah Barrage, Iraq, and extends about 100 km. It branches at the end into Shatt Al-Diwaniya 112 km and Shatt Al-Daghara 64 km. The study aims to evaluate and develop (Hilla-Daghara) rivers system, which is included Shatt Al-Hilla and Shatt Al-Daghara. Fieldwork began from (26 October until December) 2020. M9, S5 devices, and the installed staff gauges were used to measure discharges and water levels, respectively. A one-dimensional model was developed for the study area by HEC-RAS, after calibration and verification by field measurements; the Manning's n of Shatt Al-Daghara is found to be 0.022. Five Scenarios were simulated to study the reach under the current conditions. It was found that the discharge capacity in Shatt Al-Hilla and Shatt Al-Daghara is 200 m3/s and 50 m3/s, respectively. Four scenarios were conducted for the development to improve the capacity of Shatt Al-Hilla to 303 m3/s and Shatt Al-Daghara to 75 m3/s. Earthworks volume of development Shatt Al-Hilla and Shatt Al-Daghara are about (5.89 and 0.54) Mm³, and its cost is (11.780 and 1.080) billion IQD respectively. Results of applied development show that Shatt Al-Daghara tail can pass discharge more than five m3/s when Shatt Al-Daghara tail cross regulator that causes choking in the last reach of Shatt Al-Daghara is removed.
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Feldman, David Lewis. "The United States Role in the Malvinas Crisis, 1982: Misguidance and Misperception in Argentina's Decision to Go to War." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 2 (1985): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165715.
Full textAbstract:
The Malvinas (Falklands) war of April-June 1982 has generated little attention among international scholars largely because neither its causes or consequences are. assumed to have great power significance.The thesis of this article is that the timing of the Malvinas invasion, and the subsequent miscalculation that the United States would tacitly assist Argentina, were partly shaped by U. S. policies. Although the principal motive for the invasion was to vindicate a claim stretching back to the early 19th century (U.S. House 1982c: 50-51; Etchepareborda, 1983:48-58), the abruptness of Argentina's actions was conditioned by Reagan administration overtures towards a grand “anti-Communist” alliance (Maechling, 1982:75-82; Sunday Times, 1982: 63); an increase in the frequency and prestige of high-level contacts between the U.S. and Argentina between 1980-1982; the cultivation of official links between Galtieri and high-ranking U.S. national security officials (U.S. House, 1982d: 67; Hastings and Jenkins, 1983:46); the intense, personal diplomacy of former Secretary of State Haig during the conflict (Hastings and Jenkins, 1983: 104-113); and by covert efforts by Argentina to extend and strengthen U.S.-Argentine ties (Cardoso et al., 1983: 60-61).
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Krylov, German L. "The Key Features of the Sadrist Movement (“At-Tayyar As-Sadri”) as a Player in the Political Process in Present-Day Iraq." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 1 (2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640015337-8.
Full textAbstract:
The Sadrist Movement (“at-Tayyār as-Sadri”) broke into Iraqi politics in the immediate aftermath of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's government as a result of the US invasion in 2003. The previously clandestine movement emerged from the shadows and proved to be a powerful force that dramatically adjusted Washington's plans for Iraq. Muqtada as-Sadr who positions himself as an anticorruption fighter and champion of equality and social justice, united under his umbrella people of sundry political views: from graduates of Shia religious schools to secular-minded left-wingers. As-Sadr’s personality, shaded by the haloed figure of his father-martyr, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq as-Sadr, plays an essential role in consolidating such a vast variety of beliefs. Meanwhile, the absence of strict hierarchy and organizational structure inside the movement prevents Muqtada as-Sadr from effectively managing the “sadrist current”, which at the same time is strongly influenced by his own instable and unpredictable character. An old ally of Iran with the history of effective cooperation dating back to the times of anti-American resistance, as-Sadr maintains substantial independence from Tehran, despite his uttered support for the “Wilāyat al-Faqīh” theory understood in large part identically with the ideological doctrine of the Islamic Republic, as it seems from as-Sadr’s declarations. This makes him a hard but indispensable partner of Iranians in Iraq. In general, as-Sadr prefers to avoid taking serious political responsibilities, feeling comfortable in a specific métier of gadfly and dissenter. However, he provided vital support for the government in crucial moments, as his supporters actively participated in the operations of popular mobilization forces against ISIS, as well as in actions aimed to moderate and curb the mass protests in 2019–2020. As-Sadr also repeatedly advocated the idea of the popular mobilization forces integration into the structures of the federal army, thus contributing to the latent government-led campaign of re-establishing the state’s monopoly on armed operations.