Relevant bibliographies by topics / U-P model

Academic literature on the topic 'U-P model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "U-P model"

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Aziz, Abdul. "Empat Model Aproksimasi Binomial Harga Saham Model black-Scholes." CAUCHY 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2009): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v1i1.1702.

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Kami akan menyajikan empat bentuk nilai parameter-parameter u, d, dan p dalam model Binomial harga saham, yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan penyamaan ekspektasi dan variansi model diskrit dengan kontinu. Metode pertama menggunakan asumsi u . d = 1, yang mana metode ini dapat menghasilkan tiga bentuk solusi untuk parameter-parameter u, d, dan p dalam model Binomial harga saham. Metode kedua menggunakan asumsi p = 0,5. Dari kedua metode ini ternyata dapat dihasilkan empat bentuk solusi u, d, dan p yang berbeda dan akan dibandingkan hasilnya dalam pendekatan nilai option dalam model Binomial dengan model Black-Scholes.
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Rastovski, Dražen. "Model rada - čimbenik uspješnosti poduke plivanja." Život i škola 65, no. 1-2 (December 23, 2019): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32903/zs.65.1-2.4.

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S ciljem utvrđivanja učinkovitosti pojedinih modela poduke neplivača i njihove usporedbe, testirano je 201 dijete populacije između 9 i 11 godina. Uzorak je podijeljen na dva subuzorka, gdje su djeca učila plivati prema istom programu, ali u različitim modelima rada. Prvi je model bio model poduke neplivača u sklopu ljetovanja i to u trajanju od 14 dana, dok je drugi model proveden u okviru škole u prirodi ali u šest dana. Za utvrđivanje učinkovitosti navedenih modela korišten je statistički programski paket STATISTICA verzija 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, SAD). Normalnost distribucije pojedinih varijabli provjerena je Kolmogorov-Smirnov testom te je utvrđeno da ne slijede istu. Za usporedbu napretka u skupinama korišten je Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, a za usporedbu među skupinama Mann-Whitney U Test (za usporedbu inicijalnog i finalnog mjerenja te razlike između finalnog i inicijalnog mjerenja). Kao statistički značajna korištena je vrijednost P<0,05. Rezultati dobiveni provedenim istraživanjem pokazali su da oba modela pokazuju dobre rezultate i prigodni su za poduku neplivača. Prednost dajemo modelu 1. odnosno poduci neplivača u okviru ljetovanja. Model 2. poduke neplivača u okviru škole u prirodi radi se u šest dana i očito mu nedostaje vremenskog prostora za još kvalitetniju provedbu. Kako je riječ o programima koji se provode u svim sredinama, neobično je bilo važno utvrditi učinkovitost programa te detektirati uspješnosti pojedinih modela.
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Koikegami, Shigeru, and Takashi Yanagisawa. "Superconductivity of the 2D d–p model with a small U." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 63, no. 6-8 (June 2002): 1373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(02)00035-5.

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Yang, Jing, Xuemei Deng, and Qunyi Bie. "Global regularity for the tropical climate model with fractional diffusion." AIMS Mathematics 6, no. 10 (2021): 10369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2021601.

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<abstract><p>In this paper, we investigate the following tropical climate model with fractional diffusion</p> <p><disp-formula> <label/> <tex-math id="FE1"> \begin{document}$ \begin{eqnarray} \left\{\begin{array}{ll} u_t+u\cdot\nabla u+\nabla p+\Lambda^{2\alpha}u+{\rm div}(v\otimes v) = 0,\\[1ex] v_t+u\cdot\nabla v+\nabla\theta+\Lambda^{2\beta}v+v\cdot\nabla u = 0,\\[1ex] \theta_t+u\cdot\nabla\theta+\Lambda^{2\gamma}\theta+{\rm div} v = 0,\\[1ex] {\rm div} u = 0,\\[1ex] ( u, v, \theta)(x,0) = ( u_0, v_0, \theta_0), \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray} $\end{document} </tex-math> </disp-formula></p> <p>where $ (u_0, v_0, \theta_0) \in H^s(R^n) $ with $ s\geq 1, n\geq 3 $ and $ {\rm div} u_0 = 0 $. When the nonnegative constants $ \alpha, \beta $ and $ \gamma $ satisfy $ \alpha\geq\frac{1}{2}+\frac{n}{4}, \ \alpha+\beta\geq 1+\frac{n}{2}, \ \alpha+\gamma\geq1+\frac{n}{2} $, by using the energy methods, we obtain the global existence and uniqueness of solution for the system. In the special case $ \theta = 0 $, we could obtain the global solution provide that $ \alpha\geq\frac{1}{2}+\frac{n}{4}, \alpha+\beta\geq1+\frac{n}{2} $ and $ (u_0, v_0)\in H^s(s\geq1) $, which generalizes the existing result.</p></abstract>
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Lima-Santos, A. "On the $$\mathcal{{U}}_{q}[osp(1|2)]$$ U q [ o s p ( 1 | 2 ) ] Temperley–Lieb Model." Journal of Statistical Physics 165, no. 5 (November 5, 2016): 953–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-016-1648-z.

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Hansen, Blake, Tao Liu, Lauri Bazerman, Mari-Lynn Drainoni, Fizza S. Gillani, Edward Cachay, Katerina Christopoulos, et al. "994. Risk for Viral Rebound in the Era of U=U; A CNICS Analysis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S525—S526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1180.

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Abstract Background The “Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U=U)” HIV prevention campaign is a cornerstone of HIV prevention. However, there are few recommendations to guide patients and providers in U=U implementation and limited data on risk factors for viral rebound among persons eligible for U=U. Methods We conducted a retrospective multi-center study using data from the CNICS HIV research network to identify risk factors for viral rebound among persons with established viral suppression [two viral loads (VL) and all VLs of &lt; 200 copies/ul within a one-year period (U=U eligible)]. Demographics, patient-reported outcomes, and longitudinal clinical data from 21,359 persons with HIV were analyzed. To include missing data in the analysis, they were treated as a separate category. The primary outcome of viral rebound was defined as any VL &gt; 200 copies/ul within two years after U=U eligibility. A univariable logistic regression model was conducted to identify predictors of viral rebound. Significant variables (p&lt; 0.05) were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. Predictive values of individual variables were captured by adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Results From 2011-2019, 12,150 patients met criteria for U=U eligibility and had two years of follow up data. The median age was 46 (IQR: 38-53); 68% male; 51% were white, 39% black. 1544 (13%) experienced viral rebound during follow-up. Forest plot summaries of univariable and multivariable logistic regression models are in Figures 1&2. In multivariable analysis, Black race (aOR=1.56, p&lt; 0.001); MSM-IDU risk (aOR=1.38, p=0.006); lower QoL score (aOR=1.49, p=0.005); poorer ART adherence (aOR=1.84, p&lt; 0.001); duration of lifetime ART [aOR=1.47 (10+yrs), = 1.37 (5-10 yrs); and = 1.28 (2-5 yrs), p&lt; 0.001]; use of InSTIs after eligibility (aOR=1.60, p&lt; 0.001); current smoker (aOR=1.49, p&lt; 0.001), current amphetamine (aOR=1.83, p&lt; 0.001) or cocaine use (aOR=1.46, p=0.012), were associated with viral rebound. In both analyses, older age was protective against viral rebound. Figure 1. Summary of Univariate Logistic Regression Model Figure 2. Summary of Multivariable Logistic Regression Model Conclusion We identified multiple risk factors for viral rebound among PWH with viral suppression. Further research is needed to identify synergistic risk factors that increase probability of viral rebound to inform optimal implementation of U=U. Disclosures Edward Cachay, MD, MAS, Gilead (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Merck Sciences (Grant/Research Support) Heidi Crane, MD, MPH, ViiV (Grant/Research Support) Benigno Rodriguez, MD, Gilead (Speaker’s Bureau)ViiV (Speaker’s Bureau)
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Kuo, John S., Cheng Yu, Steven L. Giannotta, Zbigniew Petrovich, and Michael L. J. Apuzzo. "The Leksell Gamma Knife Model U versus Model C: A Quantitative Comparison of Radiosurgical Treatment Parameters." Neurosurgery 55, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000126880.33125.e6.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: We present a quantitative comparison of radiosurgery treatments for cavernous sinus tumors using the Leksell gamma knife Model U versus the Model C with automatic positioning system (APS) (Elekta Instruments, Norcross, GA). METHODS: At our medical center from August 1994 through May 2000, the Model U was used to treat 96 patients (37 men [39%] and 59 women [61%]; median age, 54.5 yr) with benign cavernous sinus tumors: 43 meningiomas (45%), 48 pituitary tumors (50%), and 5 others (5%). From June 2000 through April 2002, the Model C with APS treated 45 patients (20 men [44%] and 25 women [56%]; median age, 51.4 yr) with 15 meningiomas (33%), 29 pituitary tumors (65%), and 1 schwannoma (2%). The two groups had similar treated tumor volumes (Model U mean, 4.3 cm3; Model C mean, 4.2 cm3), equivalent tumor distances from critical structures (optic nerve, chiasm, and pons), comparable distributions in Sekhar tumor grades, and the same median prescribed dose of 15 Gy to the 50% isodose line at the tumor periphery. All planning and treatments were performed by the same radiosurgery team to minimize dosage to adjacent critical tissues and to optimize conformity index. RESULTS: Analysis of multiple treatment parameters showed that the Model C plans were superior. Model C treatments had an improved conformity index (Model U mean, 1.7; Model C mean, 1.6; P &lt; 0.02) and a lower underdosed tumor volume (Model U mean, 0.4 cm3; Model C mean, 0.1 cm3; P &lt; 0.004). The total treated volume and the excess treated volume were similar. The Model C group had a reduction in optic chiasm dose (Model C mean dose, 3.8 Gy; Model U mean dose, 5.3 Gy; P &lt; 0.0001). The average number of isocenters was slightly higher for the Model C group (6.7 versus 6 for the Model U), but with a lower mean number of collimator sizes (1 versus 2 for the Model U). Model C plans required a mean of 93 fewer plugs per treatment, thus contributing to an estimated 67.6 minutes saved per treatment session. CONCLUSION: Comparison of radiosurgery treatments using the Leksell gamma knife Model U versus the Model C with APS was performed by quantitative analysis of treatment parameters on a cohort of benign cavernous sinus tumors. Treatment plans using the Model C resulted in better tumor coverage (improved conformity, less underdosed tumor volume) and decreased optic chiasm dose. An estimated average of 1 hour was saved per treatment when using the Model C with APS.
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Dȩbicki, Krzysztof, Lanpeng Ji, and Tomasz Rolski. "Logarithmic Asymptotics for Probability of Component-Wise Ruin in a Two-Dimensional Brownian Model." Risks 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7030083.

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We consider a two-dimensional ruin problem where the surplus process of business lines is modelled by a two-dimensional correlated Brownian motion with drift. We study the ruin function P ( u ) for the component-wise ruin (that is both business lines are ruined in an infinite-time horizon), where u is the same initial capital for each line. We measure the goodness of the business by analysing the adjustment coefficient, that is the limit of - ln P ( u ) / u as u tends to infinity, which depends essentially on the correlation ρ of the two surplus processes. In order to work out the adjustment coefficient we solve a two-layer optimization problem.
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Malozovsky, Y. M., and J. D. Fan. "Pseudogap and Unconventional Pairing in the Hubbard Model." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 29n31 (December 20, 1998): 2939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298001812.

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The attractive (U < 0) and repulsive (U > 0) Hubbard models have been studied using the Fermi liquid perturbation approach. The attractive Hubbard model (U < 0) is an adequate model for 3 He , an incompressible and strongly paramagnetic liquid [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] for |U|N F = 0.9) with a pseudogap in the charge response. A pairing instability and superfluidity for U < 0 exists in the spin channel only: spin-triplet with l = 0, or spin-singlet with l = 1 (p-wave orbital state j = s + l = 1), where l is the orbital momentum of a pair. The repulsive Hubbard model (U > 0) represents a highly compressible and nearly antiferromagnetic liquid [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] for UN F = 0.9) with a pseudogap in the spin response. However, for U > 0 a pairing instability and superconductivity exist in the charge channel only: spin-singlet with l = 0 (s-wave), or with l = 2 (d-wave) in the case of an anisotropic Fermi surface.
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Deng, Yinbin, Shuangjie Peng, and Jixiu Wang. "Nodal Solutions for a Quasilinear Elliptic Equation Involving the p-Laplacian and Critical Exponents." Advanced Nonlinear Studies 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ans-2017-6022.

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AbstractThis paper is concerned with the following type of quasilinear elliptic equations in{\mathbb{R}^{N}}involving thep-Laplacian and critical growth:-\Delta_{p}u+V(|x|)|u|^{p-2}u-\Delta_{p}(|u|^{2})u=\lambda|u|^{q-2}u+|u|^{2p^{% *}-2}u,which arises as a model in mathematical physics, where{2<p<N},{p^{*}=\frac{Np}{N-p}}. For any given integer{k\geq 0}, by using change of variables and minimization arguments, we obtain, under some additional assumptions onpandq, a radial sign-changing nodal solution with{k+1}nodal domains. Since the critical exponent appears and the lower order term (obtained by a transformation) may change sign, we shall use delicate arguments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "U-P model"

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Luo, Hongwei, and Hongwei luo@rmit edu au. "Modelling and simulation of large-scale complex networks." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080506.142224.

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Real-world large-scale complex networks such as the Internet, social networks and biological networks have increasingly attracted the interest of researchers from many areas. Accurate modelling of the statistical regularities of these large-scale networks is critical to understand their global evolving structures and local dynamical patterns. Traditionally, the Erdos and Renyi random graph model has helped the investigation of various homogeneous networks. During the past decade, a special computational methodology has emerged to study complex networks, the outcome of which is identified by two models: the Watts and Strogatz small-world model and the Barabasi-Albert scale-free model. At the core of the complex network modelling process is the extraction of characteristics of real-world networks. I have developed computer simulation algorithms for study of the properties of current theoretical models as well as for the measurement of two real-world complex networks, which lead to the isolation of three complex network modelling essentials. The main contribution of the thesis is the introduction and study of a new General Two-Stage growth model (GTS Model), which aims to describe and analyze many common-featured real-world complex networks. The tools we use to create the model and later perform many measurements on it consist of computer simulations, numerical analysis and mathematical derivations. In particular, two major cases of this GTS model have been studied. One is named the U-P model, which employs a new functional form of the network growth rule: a linear combination of preferential attachment and uniform attachment. The degree distribution of the model is first studied by computer simulation, while the exact solution is also obtained analytically. Two other important properties of complex networks: the characteristic path length and the clustering coefficient are also extensively investigated, obtaining either analytically derived solutions or numerical results by computer simulations. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the hub-hub interaction behaves in effect as the link between a network's topology and resilience property. The other is called the Hybrid model, which incorporates two stages of growth and studies the transition behaviour between the Erdos and Renyi random graph model and the Barabasi-Albert scale-free model. The Hybrid model is measured by extensive numerical simulations focusing on its degree distribution, characteristic path length and clustering coefficient. Although either of the two cases serves as a new approach to modelling real-world large-scale complex networks, perhaps more importantly, the general two-stage model provides a new theoretical framework for complex network modelling, which can be extended in many ways besides the two studied in this thesis.
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Books on the topic "U-P model"

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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Self-gravitating fluids. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0015.

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This chapter briefly describes ‘perfect fluids’. These are characterized by their mass density ρ‎(t, xⁱ), pressure p(t, ⁱ), and velocity field v(t, ⁱ). The motion and equilibrium configurations of these fluids are determined by the equation of state, for example, p = p(ρ‎) for a barotropic fluid, and by the gravitational potential U(t, ⁱ) created at a point ⁱ by other fluid elements. The chapter shows that, given an equation of state, the equations of the problem to be solved are the continuity equation, the Euler equation, and the Poisson equation. It then considers static models with spherical symmetry, as well as polytropes and the Lane–Emden equation. Finally, the chapter studies the isothermal sphere and Maclaurin spheroids.
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Kelly, Phil. Defending Classical Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.279.

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Three successive parts are presented within this article, all intended to raise the visibility and show the utility of classical geopolitics as a deserving and separate international-relations model: (a) a common traditional definition, (b) relevant theories that correspond to that definition, and (c) applications of certain theories that will delve at some depth into three case studies (the Ukrainian shatterbelt, contemporary Turkish geopolitics, and a North American heartland).The placement of states, regions, and resources, as affecting international relations and foreign policies, defines classical geopolitics. This definition emphasizes the application of spatially composed unbiased theories that should bring insight into foreign-affairs events and policies. Specifically, a “model” contains theories that correspond to its description. A “theory” is a simple sentence of probability, with “A” happening to likely affect “B.” Importantly, models are passive; they merely hold theories. In contrast, theories possess their own titles and perform actively when taken from such models.Various methodological challenges are presented: (a) combining concepts with theories, (b) estimating probability for testing theories, (c) claiming the “scientific,” (d) accounting for determinism, (e) revealing a dynamic environment for geopolitics, (f) separating realism from geopolitics, and (g) drawing classical geopolitics away from the critical. Certain theories that are placed within the geopolitical model are examined next: (a) heartlands and rimlands, (b) land and sea power, (c) choke points and maritime lines of communication, (d) offshore balancing, (e) the Monroe doctrine, (f) balances of power, (g) checkerboards, (h) shatterbelts, (i) pan-regions, (j) influence spheres, (k) dependency, (l) buffer states, (m) organic borders, (n) imperial thesis, (o) borders/wars, (p) contagion, (q) irredentism, (r) demography, (s) fluvial laws, (t) petro-politics, and (u) catastrophic events in nature. Additional theories apply elsewhere in the article as well.Of the three case studies, the Ukrainian shatterbelt represents the sole contemporary geopolitical configuration of this type, a regional conflict coupling with a strategic rivalry. Here, partisans of the civil war between the eastern and the western sectors of the country have joined with the Russians against the Europeans and Americans, respectively. Next, Turkey’s pivotal location has afforded it both advantages and disadvantages, a topic discussed at some length earlier in the article. Its “zero-problems” strategy of seeking positive relations with neighbors has now been forced to change tactics, reflective of new forces within and beyond the country. Finally, a North American heartland compares nicely to Halford Mackinder’s earlier Eurasia heartland thesis, with the American perhaps proving more stable, wealthy, and enduring, based in large part on its stronger geopolitical features.
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Book chapters on the topic "U-P model"

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McLean, K. Robin. "The Lattice of U-Sequences of an Abelian p-Group." In Groups, Modules, and Model Theory - Surveys and Recent Developments, 415–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51718-6_24.

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Touchon, Justin C. "Basic Statistical Analyses using R." In Applied Statistics with R, 103–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869979.003.0005.

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What are normal data? What are non-normal data? How do you tell them apart and how do you know what sort of data you have? Chapter 5 begins teaching statistical analysis with a focus on understanding the shape of one’s data and how to measure it. The RxP dataset is explored and the principal focus in this chapter is on normal data and on conducting an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), although classic non-parametric statistics such as a Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test are also introduced. Readers are taught how to test for data normality, assess model fit, interpret the summary output from the model, calculate summary statistics and p-values, and how to conduct post-hoc tests (Tukey’s HSD) to compare different levels of a single predictor.
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Pearson, Ronald K. "NARMAX Models." In Discrete-time Dynamic Models. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121988.003.0006.

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As noted In Chapter 1, the general class of NARMAX models is extremely broad and includes almost all of the other discrete-time model classes discussed in this book, linear and nonlinear. Because of its enormity, little can be said about the qualitative behavior of the NARMAX family in general, but it is surprising how much can be said about the behavior of some important subclasses. In particular, there are sharp qualitative distinctions between nonlinear moving average models (NMAX models) and nonlinear autoregressive models (NARX models). Since these representations are equivalent for linear models (c.f. Chapter 2), this observation highlights one important difference between linear and nonlinear discrete-time dynamic models. Consequently, this chapter focuses primarily on the structure and qualitative behavior of various subclasses of the NARMAX family, particularly the NMAX and NARX classes. More specifically, Sec. 4.1 presents a brief discussion of the general NARMAX class, defining five important subclasses that are discussed in subsequent sections: the NMAX class (Sec. 4.2), the NARX class (Sec. 4.3), the class of (structurally) additive NARMAX models (Sec. 4.4), the class of polynomial NARMAX models (Sec. 4.5), and the class of rational NARMAX models (Sec. 4.6). More complex NARMAX models are then discussed briefly in Sec. 4.7 and Sec. 4.8 concludes the chapter with a brief summary of the NARMAX class. The general class of NARMAX models was defined and discussed in a series of papers by Billings and various co-authors (Billings and Voon, 1983, 1986a; Leontartis and Billings, 1985; Zhu and Billings, 1993) and is defined by the equation . . . y(k) = F(y(k – 1), . . . , y(k – p), u(k), . . . , u(k – q), e(k – 1), . . . , e(k – r)) + e(k). (4.1) . . . Because this book is primarily concerned with the qualitative input/output behavior of these models, it will be assumed that e(k) = 0 identically as in the class of linear ARMAX models discussed in Chapter 2.
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"requirement of memory is large. So in this paper we propose an ae q p pu i r oe e a ce h bo a sf e de emo ty h es slli nr r d ie e r to o r en n c ni i s - struction of autocorrela (2) Nyquist sam pr u o le so isoe [ ] e [ ] a i , tp p i or oon cs t non w sn u struction p rop f os aaew he oani hh orrfebg ea s t si modnog oy n o ds tnhlceap eg oir fd . o rr - mance in th st t mm e wes i t t] a h ee p ] l , raota io ch nbfausnecdti on th wei th in d s ir uebc -t recon- plexity. In t mc ueie hn s o dr tauhm , Ct pilloA Fs t [ o i o8 a b lt e aw c s tr iicrcs pl a cg gie mu oon - eh d be y ha e constructed al u cty e o rI nNe at hqt oi s n fe u nh m c td p m io nC s , a[ i7Fn dm iisst ew bbn sh iii ge etn ae l detection is gtr e et d ac r ie n oo f en t pio e fa n s hen sig p n re nals, multi-c ae o r re i et t r sc n ig nl sdea la r i ’ sy gto . g n uI onrm be h e rt mio fe nats uf coub , ctC io AnF , ainsd obtain ai gog rr ef f r ac een do yynpp , eeaoo the length o lsy , m l pl dttir et ccef ir x ( er signal’s number ricP ) p g . Ie ian fe s u te C u rP m e se s t if fce su uinw ea aorrfrriiteehrresstaayU ne d rs i t e system model, OFDM signal is cy-." In Network Security and Communication Engineering, 522–23. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18660-134.

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"tamh tm iedor sphere -1 el 9a8 ti 0vse , lyc li s m im a p te le models. Much more detailed than in the Australian region (Simpson and Downey 1975; run. Rather they are models than simp allysofomuuscehdm ro ourte in eelxypesn in si cvee th to e V ha osicbe ee anndfoH rc uendt 198 recasting El Nino behav­ tures for the p w er iitohd4o ). bsT1eh rv e BMRC climate model iour (e.g., sea surface temperatures in the east simulated by the model ha 9s49e -d 9 1 se , aasnud rf ac th eet em ra p in efraal ­ lfeoqrueactaosrti al r Pacific), they could, in theory, be used to ob been compared with the coupling o ai fnftahleloacnedantetmoptehrea tu artemoosvpehre re la nidn . th Tehseew te asse rv ru end ra fiinvfea ll t i ( m Fr eesd , er w ik istehne th teal. s1a9m9e5 ). seTahesm ur o fa dceelmmo od deellss , ( hPoowweevrere , tis less than perfect. Improved ocean ph m er p ic e ra ctoun re d s it io bnust . s T li h ghtly different starting atmos­ these coupled mode alls . . 1995) are being developed for ialg lu rseterm ate esnttw he it h ‘ noobisseer ’ veind iffe ed rtahier ence betw nfa m ll, o w de e l . neTeoenge th t e ed to av mru uns O era cghep se aarsto ne pro onfalthperebd le ic m ti own it ihstthheeduisfef ic oufltcy oupled models in all five runs as an ‘ens coupled models has in sitmhue la attim ng osrp ai hnefrailclA of u st p ra rleicainpp it raetc io ip n i tat sihoon, w em abtls le’. eoam st e The en o ve srkin ll sem o rt ihne bl sei ave rn Amuusl rag t a ra ti lnegsgoennte he ia. (Ni ra l sp su a c ti caelsssca in le ssiimmuploartt in an gtaftomrousspeh rs e , ridcesvpairtieab th il e it iyr Fur T th h e es resoau tm th o , stphheem ri odels are less successful. sea cshuo rf l a ls ce1t9e9m6p ) e . ra M tu ordeealneoxmpaelriiemsehnatvsewailtohngspheicsitfo ie ry djtohb er e o fo f re si m pr uolbaa ti bnlgyc th cemSoOdIel ( eFx ig pe urrieme3n .3 ts ) . do ThaegSoO od I an be predicted without the need." In Droughts, 77. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-54.

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"T cu im rre e n tl Sycahleeasd ) qu aas rte wreeldlaatst he thLeammounltt -i D na oth io e n rt aylEIaR rt I h , odtrhoeurgm ht ajporrem di ocd ti eolnprw ob il llem re s q . u T ir hee the resolution of hOabvseearnva im to p ry o rt oafntCcooluupm le bdiamoUdneilvecrosm ity p . onTehnet, sea lt ehfo fo urgthsp ex hteernes , io onntaogfloorbeaclasdto in mga , in boatnhdth th eseeaorcee dva saonlnacn es diantcm lu odse ­ m in acn lu ydeodf ( t C he a rs toyn pe 1s9o 98 f ) m . ethods discussed above are uomciesamnatacnhdbaettmwoesepnhtehree . fl Fuo xe rsmaatntyhearbeoaus, n d th atr io ie nsoofftthhee rep F li o ca rtE in NgSaOn , d c , ur in re nstom co eupclaesdesm , oidmep ls roav re in cgapoanb le thoefo of frtehaelsie st iwcillalnrde -q suuirrfeacse ig coupling may be ess eenatd ia dli . tiA on ll tshue cc ecsusrroefnetmgpein ri ecraalt / isotn at i o st ficcaolumpe le th dom ds o . dFeo ls rirnesptlain ca ctee , a model parameterisatio nificant improvements in the SST anomaly patterns in the equatorial Pacific that th ry elraeyqeu rs ir , ecd lo m ud osd , erlad im inasp ti oonf , saun rf dacceonpv ro ecce ti sosn es, bound­ have many characteristics in common with observed to a quick solution, but, ro g v iv eemnetnhtesiam re p o li rktealny . N to onye ie o ld flEeN ss SsO uc cceosm sf puolsiin te tsh . eCm ur orreentdim ffi ocduelltspa ro re blceomnso id ferreapblliy ­ imp Iatcsthoofud ld ronuogthbte , they are worth pursuing. ce of the p ca hteirnigcc th ir ecuslpae ti c o if n ic peav tt oelruntsioinnoafgtihve en SESNTSaOndepaitsm od oes . ­ tehxe prospects for im forgotten, however, that not all of However, it is precisely this problem that must be no ctlufsuilv ly eluynodnersse ta a n so pnraolvteidmde ro sc uag le hst . p A re l dictions reside solved. Just as the ‘average’ daily weather is rarely of climate variabilit d y , th th eem re u l is ti aanmnpulaelteo th doeucgahdawles ca dloeo ce bpsteuravleda , idthteo ‘ ucnadneornsitcaanl’ diEnNgS th Oan id aeauissefm ul orceonastcroun ct ­ e2x .1 is c t ) e nc aend -e th .g e . , sien the time series o vidence for its for prediction. To reach their full potential, coupled distributions of rai cnuflaalrl ( cFhiagnugrees2i . n2ftrhae in f p al rlob (F ab ig il uir ty eim nd oidveildsun al eepdas to t E be N S ab O le etpoisroedpe li scaa te ndt he th eeivroleuv ti ooln vi nogfnoefw co duep velopments in data an ). Very recently, extratropical atmospheric and ocean interactions. There is lesdommeoedveildsehnacveeosftd ar etaeld ys t is oaonpdeinn the accuracy The most optimistic expectation is that once that may have a somewhat c ad d a if lfv er aern ia t t io unpstihnisEN fie S ld O . cEoNuSpO le , d th m ey odw el i s ll bheavaeb le cotnoqhueelrped id etnhtei fy chaanld le npg re edio ct ftmheeasiun red by the ocean s character, as other modes of climate variability. This may include Zhang te ertananl. ua1l99 ti 7 m , eFoslc la al neusr fa ( cKeleteemmapne ra et tures, from links between ENSO and the climate system not yet are now beginning to fin ddeatanlu . m1b9e9r8 ) o . M al. od1e9 ll 9e6 rs , m dis ocdoevlesremdaiyntahiediimnpienrv fe ecsttiogbaste io rv nast io onfaplodsastiab . lIemcplriomvaetdem ab e il cih ty anoin sm th seinde th ca edN al otrothmaun lt d i tropic f potential modes that link ocean basins, such as ENSO-and Barnett 1996). There is adlescoad ev aalltiPm ac eifsiccaf le o r ( vari­ related variations of SST in the tropical North Atlantic, ENSO links to rainfall may come an id dengcoed th ep aetnsLoam ti e f rece In n tl aydddiistc io u n ss etdoboycE ea n n fi -e altdmaonsdphMea re y er c o ( u1p9l9 in 7 g ). , new nointutdheeo se fcE ul N ar S O va riitas bility in the str ding generations of models need to include realistic land-southern Europe (R eolpfe -le wes .g k . i , a in ndneonrg Ha th th lp e e rn an dAfm ri acga/ ­ rae tm ali oss ti pchm er oedeclosuopflitnhge . la Snudch su rifm ac peroavnedmie ts ntvsegientvao ti lovneaThheeadp , r m ed aiyctaalbsio lity of ENS rt 1987). and adequate descriptions based on observed data of in Northern Hevm ar iyspohnerdeecOa sp d , rail on ntgiem ( e to s Ba c a ls a a le fse , w e sp se eacs ia oln ly strheep re isne it nitaal tio ve nge in ta t m io ondesltsa te is . c W ur orrekn tl oynbleainndg -s m ur afiancleym 19 e9a5n ) s . (i I . n e ., additio meda et al. driven by the development of coupled models for over several cdheacnagdenes , sis ) n ec a th u lso e la r ‘ itvnyfpairciaalbio li rty in the climate climate change projection over the next century conditional ENSO probability l u fo ernecceassetsxsi . m pe Fpcolteeds ’ e values (Dickinson et al. 1996). the Gulf Coast of the United States shows reaxaam sonal Significant advances in coupled model-based ENSO signal for both the first and second half s o tro p n le, f th g e." In Droughts, 65. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-45.

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"a in ff teec ra tcm tio o n re srbey al ist dictions into glob ian ic se m l at r m ti ondg elling of ocean-atmosphere model to a new equilibrium (e.g., Figure 2.5). This give a direct forecast of o th seph th e e ri sce ci S rc ST anom precipitat u io la n ti o (e n . gma ., o ly Jdpiee ls re­ new t a to l. lciibrrciuul oc m ati eoannsm ta o te deilnu tu n r ti nldirtivreesacahg es lo b a al atmospheric 1994). output . toWd in ri dvesttrhee ss ofc ie ela ds are taken fro m (n e th airs ) meoqdueil ­ imp A ro lt vheom ug ehn ts t h in estehedsekv il elloofppmreendtisc ti hnagvEeNrSeO su -l rteelda te idnw et h al. 1994). This is a n fo m rm o del again and so on (Ji SSTs, their greatest contribution has been in diag­ sep earrea te t he c om at pmoonsepnhtes re ofantdheoocfeacnouaprleedhamnodd le e d ll in agsn ev oesri , ngsotm he ecroeu se p a le rc d ocean-climate h has in a d tm ic o at sepdhetrhee sy psotteemn . t ia Hlofw or ­ a cl timmoastpehm er o ic demltohdaetlhacsan th ebeadavasnttaatgee -o of-f th sey -s a te rmt . g lo TbhaelaCpapnle ic aatn io dnsZeobf ia kENESNOSOSSSTSTprperdeidcitc io ti nosns -h aev .g e ., b e th en e p el reem di ecn ti tns. g Al w te o rn rl a d ti w ve id ly e , it prm ec aiyp it j at au us itonbeatnodm atically u a stati o st tihcearlt in seZdi as the b hat f m ur btahbewre asis f si g ( nCia fi noerse ta tta is l t . ic cant prog 1a9l9f4o ) r . ecH ast ress requi orwseovfemr, a ize yield model (e.g., Barnett et al. 1993). of es the in it clsueseim on s thre Feorufsu ef r u th lerrev in ie f w or smoaf ti o se n a , stohneal re fo ad re ecras is t in d g ir : ecPtaeldmteoro oc f th etahnee mea ic an annunalac nnual d at y m cl oesp ( c i. yec ., lecionuptlhiengmboe dels. In heric fields inst tewaedenotchleusf io ul nla (1 n9d98A ) n . derson (1994), Davey (1996), and Carson sainnof their the cmeatlh ie e s ) oc heaas ni tcu rn aendd out be exceedingly difficult." In Droughts, 60–62. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-42.

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"scto th ara ti rsetc ic te s d ( M mo OdSe ) l . f S or m ec it ahstadnad ta are called model output 1994). The state of ENSO is only one of many factors obs terevveedn SS gi T v en a perfect SRSoTp el feow re sckais ( t 1 -9 9i7 .e ) ., shtohweu (K se r d is hn to aKfuom re acrae st t al t . h1e99I5n ) d . ian summer monsoon m to oid ts elEuNsS ed O -a r t -N t C he E P cu rrent operational atmospheric Ward et al. (1993) discuss the useful level of skill In their study e , la ftoerd ty r -a fi i need vne fa lylspastu te brsn ta snfto ia rlpa ra d c ju ti sctamleun se ts . m of a d tr eop in ic a re l al n o ti r m th e A by f ri tchaenU fo KreM ca e st tse or th ol aotgihcaavleOb ff eiecnee (h xianm dc in aesd ts ) fo bra se th d e on specif e ie a d rs ( oofbsseeravseodn ) alSS fo Trew ca esrtess re in la ctei on 1s9h8i6p . swTih th esgeloabrael ly ladrigsetlry ib ubtaesdedSSoTn , SS st Tatiin st itchaelm ea o ch d el sism imulation wapserrieopde at 1e9d50 th -i 9r4 te . enEa ti cmh es s , e w as hoenraelpSoonue th n t. A O tla vnetrict , hean la dstade re claad ti e v , eltyhesm re aalll -ti EmNeSfOo re ccoam sts ­ u initial co unldaitt io io nnswatso st easrttiemdatwe ith th e s lig mha tl gynid tu if dfee ren otfvhaalviedah te addahisnkdic ll asstismim lar adteotwhiatthotbhtea in seadme fr osm ta t c is rto ic sasl -v av anrp ia re ti doincs ta ble and therefore random atmospheric methods. The chief limitation to further progress is a rai enrfaag ll edf or tion th ca elcm ul oad te e l. thTehebtehsitr te meondseilmeus la ti t m io antseao re flsaecaksoonf ( gJluonbeal th tr roopu ic gahlSSeSpTtefm or beecra ) s . tsAvcaclu id ra f te orfo th re ecawse ts ttgylpoibcaall ly v , a a ri l th ea ocuhghgitvheen seasonal SST pattern. Quite of ENSO would help, but would in most years be well, it sho at w io ends in sem as oodneall re ra piln ic fa altledpa th tt eeronbs se qruvietdeifn al sluffo fi rceiceanst. tsAatrmeoaslp so heu ri scedd , ynbaumtitchaely -m oondleyl -h baavseedusreaf in ul ­ T re hgu io s ns fo rofptrheec ip w it s a ystematic or tlido , n -t rhee la tmesdpaa ti pap ll l y ic var odel pre a d ti i o ct nys in g in biases. skill with lead times of a month or less before the require some kind ions wmoaun ld y r th ai antf al hlusm ea asnoin ty ( Fhoa ll sanidncerteaals . ed1 99 th 1 e ). Istuisscaelpsto ib p il o it s y si b o le f g ki ennderoaf te bdi as byadajuM stm OS ofteacdhjnuisqtumee . n T ts h , e perhaps those tropical west Africa to drought through the pro­ production of operat einot places a huge bnue rd ed en foorntthhiesg co re vsesrivoevreerdu re c c ti eonntd in ecnaedaers -. coTahsitsalcw ha e n st geAfirn ic a th nefolraensdtM because each time the m na oldd el y n is a m ch ic aanlge fo d r , eacansetwmsoedteo ls f s (e u . r g fa ., ceElb ta ohuinrdaan ry dhGaosnbgee1n99s6 ho ) w to nhbayve se v th e e ra lpo au te tnhtoirasla ne O ed S e statistics must be calculated to provide the to weaken the north African monsoon. More studies nneacleys si d sa s ad ojfu ry Msm tm u e lt n id ts e . c T ad h a is l re en qu se ir m es bltehsetgoe ne orbatta io in natnhdetorfopp ic oasls ib nloer th re g A io fr n ic aalnarnatihnrfo al p l, ogaesniwce ll inafs lu efnocr es on fundamental OiSmp st rao ti vse ti m cs enatnsdtuond th eerssecom re osdtehles , nseuecdh fo as r reg W ion ar sdwe it thaml. a ( r 1 gi 9n9a3l ) seaalssoonadlisrcau in sfsaltlh , e a re sk n il eleo de odt . her tahboosvee . related to the flux adjustments, discussed m tim ad eefboy re c th a e st sff real­ UK orM th et eeon ro olro th g e ic aasltOBfrfaizcielsw in ectes1e9 as 8o7n . dro Kungohwt le p d re gdeico ti fonEsNS in O m is a n in ysup ff airctisenotffotrher eg w io o n rl adlT se hviesreisa relatively dry area, subject to intermittent lbeescsaium se p o in rt a th n ese regions its influence is either small or Hastenr dartohuagnhdt. c T ol hleasbeorfao to re rs c a ( set . s g , ., asHw as etlelnarsatthho1s9e95b ) y , p ea ro st foBurnad zil an t than other factors. For instance, north­ are mainly statistical, although real-time dynamical patterns ( lFyo ll iandf lu west A nd eentcael. d frican w 19 b9y1 , H tro ept ic saela so Ant la ra nitn ic fa ll astenrath 1995, WSaSrTeM for eetceaosrtosl og hiacvae ard based on tropi lcbaOlAfefe ic n e . mTahdee st saitn is ctei cal 19f9o4 re ca bsy ts tahreeS1S9T 97 ) i . n In th aeddtirtoipoinc , aplaIrn ts d i of the Sahel are affected by on ENSO SSTs. On tl aanv ti ecraSgSeT , t a ro npoim ca allyAp tl aatn te ti rcnsSaSnTdsF Si o m ll i a la nrd ly , eltocaall . SS 19 T9p1a , tt Bar anns to Onceaannd (P Sam lm ith er11999866 ). , h re agvieonaboofuSt ou tw th ic Aem th e e ri cian , fl aule th nocue gh ofexEtN re SmOeE fo NrStOhs is , A no urstth ra w li eas , tnooftA ab ulsyt ra ilniatih er e ns influence precipitation in such as that in 1982-3, can dominate the circulation Drosdowsky 1993, F n re d th IendA ia uns tr O al c ia enanw north and and precipitation patterns over tropical South ericksen and i B nt aelrgo ( v e. ign . d , A sis m te e n ri t c ly a . h T ig hhe le r v ea el l -t o im f e sk iflol, resc im as itlsarhtaovethhaatdobatac in oend ­." In Droughts, 63. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-43.

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"tcoourpulnedexopceenasn iv -a etm en ossepmhbelrees . mIofdseol , s w to ecpo re u d ld ic tuslea rg th e e -l doiscst . i on Tsh , ebasskeid ll in seasonal rainfall and f scale indices such as the SOI, then use statistical generated the v o al nuethferoEmlN us iinnog -S ta ocu ti tchaelrnmaOnsrcoisltl at p io rne , ­ v re alra ia ti bolne ships between these forec agement. fic locat siowne . nAele te drn to at p iv reeldyi , ctw , esuccohuaasstraii ndices and the This study demonstrated that the skill obtainable in models to ld us nefatlhleatcaosuppelceid ­ A gr uosu tr nad li s a , th weaisrussueffiinc ie c n ro tptmo an ju asg ti efmy, enot. n Pr eecsounmoam bl iycp en re s d em ic b te lderpurnesdiocftasneaas tm ur o fa scpehetreimc peratures, then use these forecasts could also be useful in drought-dicti sea surface temperature msotdoelpfro ep rc aerdew pr it e h ­ mmiannaatg io enmeonftadpep ci rsoiporniam te aksitnogc , kifnogrirnas te ta sncoen in padse to te ra r l ­ tChoenbsoi ns edse of trsatbrlera ate tihno fa gy ulglhatnadndotthee st rinvga riables of interest. properties (McKeon et al. 1990). prediction. for using models iisnnseeead so endaltoc li s m el aetcet." In Droughts, 78. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-55.

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"n ar eegattaikveenco to rr e im la p ti loynsa , p th hy essieca ‘ ltelliencko nnectio key va between ntphaet te lo rn ca s l ’ w (1 a9s7o2n ). tFhoellpoowiinntgosfoemmeeirngc in on gcilsusc iv oentw ai onrekdbiynoLtahm er bsm Gl aapnstzrioeatblael . a1n9d9t1h ) e . widely distributed one (e.g., see (e.g., by Berlage and DeBoer 1960), Professor Jacob pressure f an pdr ec wiapsi ta atiW on a , l ke te r m produced teleconnection Bjerknes at the University of California at Los modes of interannual blcel im to a te idve perature, and surface Angeles made the key step forward by demonstrating nise today, including the South anerrita if nbyi li tthyethlaatrgweestre scale that the atmospheric teleconnection patterns were North Atlantic O Oscillation and c o th g e ­ p eq a u rt atoof ri aalcPoaucp if liecdOmco ea dneaonfdinttheer ac gtlioobnalbaettmwo ee sp nhteh re e was Inaba le d d to it icoanr ry to scb illation. (Bjerknes 1966, 1969, and 1972). It is now clear that of fortunate circu omuste ing a first-rate scientist, Walker other parts of the global ocean also participate in the the art of statistics htaahn is work because of a confluence Southern Oscillation, manifested through changes in matical tool of the ob d se cdeesv . e F lo ir pset, shortly beforehand, sea surface temperature and the overlying atmos­ also a very ab rvational dscriaepnicdelsy . aWsaalkm er atwhaes ­ phe B ri ycctih rc e u la la ti toen. 1970s and early 1980s, climate o st fat ti hse ti cIsnd (W ian alM ker le1 99 m7a ) t . h H em av aitn ic giatn ak ewn ho understood scientists were able to document the relationships gained the oppo ertteuonrio ty lo tgoicc al Departme th netijnob19o0f3h , e h ad ehRyap sm ot uhsesso is neda nd byCaB rp je ernktneers 19 in 8 2, mwoh re odd is e c ta uisls ed (e . tgh . e , m re aqtuhierm ed ata ic a la l rg oepesrta aff capab alreryoofupteh rf is orsm tu idniges, m w an h u ic ahlT So hue th ceorunplO ed sco il cleaa ti n o -n a / tEmlosNpihneoreasvaaricao ti uopnlecdenstyrsetdemo ) n . W ve a ry lk p er raw ct ais able to t m io ankseoanmeax jo te rne si f v fo e rt d a to ta so se lv ts e . tShoeE th NeSeO qu a ( t E or l ia NlP in ac o i / f S ic oiustnhoew rn co Omsm cil oln at liyon re ), f er a r ed p h to ra saesA ra n in oftah ll e , rkaencaalcp ti rvoib ty le m th aotfh pr aed dicting Indian monsoon coined in planning documents for the international by the earl yyfyaecatrosrowfasthtehattwietnh sta taidejru te t st dbe in c om th eep1 os 8s7i0 bl s e . Tmreonpti . caDlO ur cienagntG he lo b 1 al 98A0tsmoasnpdh er 1e99 (T 0s OGaAs ) ereix es p er o i­ flsaurfgfe ic -s ie cnatlence li amr-agtleob va arl ia d ti aotnas . to de hsccre ib n e tu raynd to agnaatlh ys eereom ur p iri ucnadl, e m rs o ta dned ll iinngg , aonfdtthheeo re p ti hcyaslicsa tu l di m es e c in hcarneiassm ed s 192 T3heansdtu1d9 ie 2s4 , bWyaW lk a e lker and others (e.g., Walker aad ss voacnicae te sdinwiutnhdEeN rs S ta O n . diAngdettealielceodndnie sc c u ti sosn io pnao tt ferrencsen in trge lo la b ti aol) nsshuirp fa s ce exp is re te s d su rbeertawnedenB li lsasrg1e9 -s 3c2a ) le s h ( o i. w e. e , d n that the TOGA era (1985-94) can be found in Trenberth patterns -in particular, tphaettIen rn d s ia n an sdum re m gional rain efaarl -l et aTl. h1e 99 i8deanntd if i A ca ll tainone ta o l. f 19 so 9m6. e of the physical v ra aitn io fa nlal. l W ev a id lk eenrc ’s erfeosreatrhcehepxrio st veindceedo th feefr monso an ir osrtgaonbisseorn ­ m rev ec it h a anism ed conne l c is t e io dnsi nt aesrseosct iated with patterns. in A W se a ri lekser’ osENfp SO has st ruedciiepsi ta w ti i o th n g re te alte ly -glo more wHoerbcaal-ls le cda le tpk did no hi tsattthee rn hav Soofuitnh terannual climate variability. complete data sets (e.g., Kiladis and Diaz 1989; expected because, efotrhe re a im e p rn acOt scillatio sons th tahtartemma ig n. htI in unh itia nc alveel ly ar b , e h th einsrReocpoenlfeiw rm sk eida se nvde ra Hlao lp f e th rt et1e9 le 8c6o , nn 1e9c8t7 io , ns ansdu gg 1e9s9 te 2 d ) c so o o rr n e la ptr io ec nispib ta et t w io enenwtehaekepnreed ss uarbeopuatt te th rn esta im nd e m th oene ­ cboynW ne acltkieornsa . ndRootphee le rs w , saknidaindde nt H ifi aeldpeardt di ( t 1 io 9n8a7ltaen le-were discovered. Th y 1989) attempted to improve the usefulness of tele d ­ taitmtehemomsitdodf le thoefetah rl eec tw or ernetliae ti tohncsesnttruernyg , th beuntebdyag th a a in tcdooncnuemce ti notn patterns y work ha ing regions foorfstehaesognlaolbcelitm ha att , eipnreaddidcittiioonnb to y fille Adc in ru c w ia alspaap rt hyosfictahleepxipcltaunrdebteheantfro em rg aoitn ten atio ed . to be a m ls e o re lhyadshroew la itn io gnssh ta itp is stiw ca ilthEN EN SO SO -p rtehca ip t it w at eiroenhliignhklsy , t te hleecSoonuntehcetrinonOp sc aitltleartn io s. n A ju rsetvaisewaonfk fo nrow th leedogbesaeb rv oeudticdoennstiisftieendttfhreom se aespoin so sdaend to reegpiiosn od seo . f T th h e ey g p lo a b rt eicw ul haerr ly physical explanation precipitation was associated with ENSO in at least 75 e." In Droughts, 56. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-39.

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Conference papers on the topic "U-P model"

1

Kojima, Takeo, and Vladimir Dobrev. "Diagonalization of Boundary Transfer Matrix for the U[sub q,p](sl̂(3,C)) ABF Model." In LIE THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICS: VIII International Workshop. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3460171.

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Narayanan, Madusudanan Sathia, Sourish Chakravarty, Hrishi Shah, and Venkat N. Krovi. "Kinematic-, Static- and Workspace Analysis of a 6-P-U-S Parallel Manipulator." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28978.

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This paper examines the symbolic kinematic modeling of a general 6-P-U-S (prismatic-universal-spherical) parallel kinematic manipulator (PKM). The base location of actuators has been previously shown to lead to: (i) reduction of the (motor) weight carried by the legs; (ii) elimination of the actuation transmission requirement (through intermediary joints as in the case of the Stewart-Gough platform); and (iii) most-importantly absorption of reaction-forces by the ground. We focus on using the symbolic equations to derive the conditions for type I and II singularities of this class of parallel manipulators. Based on these conditions, this system of equations is specialized to a specific configuration of the platform that has superior structural design and comparatively minimal singularities within its workspace. A series of studies were conducted to investigate the quality of workspace as well as estimate the actuation requirements for a unit payload carried over their workspace using the symbolic Jacobian model for this specialized configuration.
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Hauptman, J. G., H. I. Hassouna, J. A. Penner, T. G. Bell, and T. E. Emerson. "ANTITHROMBIN-III SUPPLEMENTATION ATTENUATES DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION IN THEE.COLI ENDOTOXEMIC DOG MODEL." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644890.

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We reported previously that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs early during E. coli endotoxemia in the rat, before the development of serious cardiovascular, metabolic or biochemical abnormalities, and that pretreatment with large doses of purified human antithrombin-III (AT-III; 250 U/kg) markedly attenuates DIC and increases survival (PC0.05). The present study was an extension ofan earlier one in which pretreatment of dogs with a low dose ofhuman AT-III (50 U/kg) provided borderline protection against DIC during endotoxemia. In the present study, mongrel dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, continuously monitored over a 21 hour protocol and given full fluid support. Twenty-three dogs were given iv infusions of E. coli endotoxin (0.5mg/kg) at times zero and 15 hours. Of these, seven received iv infusions of purified human AT-III (250 U/kg) 30 minutes prior to endotoxin; 16 received no AT-III and served as controls. Comparing the AT-III treated with the control group, there was significantimprovement in the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time (P<0.05). Also, fibrinogenand fibrin degradation products were improved significantly in the AT-III treated group (P<0.05). Platelet counts decreased in both groups and there was no between group difference (P>0.05). There was no s i gni fi cant between group differences in other parameters (e.g. hemodynamic, acid-base, metabolic). These data are in agreement with earlier studies in the endotoxemic rat which show that ore occurs early in endotoxemia, that DIC occurs before the development of serious abnormalities in other systems and that AT-III supplementation significantly attenuates OIC. This study supports the hypothes1s that AT-III supplementation is efficacious in conditions of impending OIC such as gram-negative endotoxemia/septicemia.
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Surana, K. S., and H. Vijayendra Nayak. "Solutions of Higher Class and Their Computations for Polymer Flows: Oldroyd-B Constitutive Model." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17145.

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Abstract This paper presents formulations, computations and investigations of the solutions of class C00 and C11 for two dimensional viscoelastic fluid flows in u, v, p, τijp, τijs with Oldroyd-B constitutive model using p-version Least Squares Finite Element Formulation (LSFEF). The main thrust of the research work presented in the paper is to employ ‘right class of interpolations’ and the best computational strategy to establish: i) when does Oldroyd-B model begins to fail in simulating the correct physics of flow ii) when and why does the proposed computational process fail iii) is there a correlation between i) and ii). Fully developed flow between parallel plates and the stick-slip problems are used as model problems. The investigations presented in this paper reveal the following. a) The manner in which the stresses are non-dimensionalized significantly influences the performance of the iterative procedure of solving nonlinear algebraic equations. b) Solutions of the class C00 are always the wrong class of solutions of GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs and thus spurious. c) C11 class of solutions are the right class of solutions of the GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs. d) In the flow domains, containing sharp gradients of the dependent variables, conservation of mass is difficult to achieve at lower p-levels (worse for coarse meshes). e) An augmented form of GDEs are proposed that always ensure conservation of mass at all p-levels regardless of the mesh and the nature of the solution gradients. f) We demonstrate that Oldroyd-B model describes correct physics of dilute polymer solutions of constant viscosity only for a limited range of Deborah numbers. Beyond this range, the computed solutions are not in agreement with the flow physics (thus spurious) even though the proposed computational process works exceptionally well. g) Numerical studies with graded meshes and high p-levels presented in this paper are aimed towards establishing and demonstrating detail behavior of local as well as global nature of the computed 10 solutions, h) Various norms are proposed and tested to judge local and global dominance of elasticity or viscous behavior 1) New definitions are proposed for elongational (extensional) viscosity. The proposed definitions are more in conformity and agreement with the flow physics compared to currently used definitions j) A significant aspect and strength of our work is that we utilize straightforward p-version LSFEF with C00 and C11 type interpolations without linearizing GDEs and that SUPG, SUPG/DC, SUPG/DC/LS operators are neither needed nor used.
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Surana, K. S., and H. Vijayendra Nayak. "Solutions of Higher Class and Their Computations for Polymer Flows Using Giesekus Constitutive Model." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17146.

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Abstract This paper presents formulations, computations and investigations of the solutions of classes C00 and C11 for two dimensional viscoelastic fluid flows in u, v, p, τijp, τijs with Giesekus constitutive model using p-version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF). The main thrust of the research work presented in the paper is to employ ‘right classes of interpolations’ and the ‘best computational strategy’ 1) to obtain numerical solutions of governing differential equations (GDEs) for increasing Deborah numbers 2) to investigate the nature of the computed solutions with the aim of establishing limiting values of the flow parameters beyond which the solutions may be possible to compute, but may not be meaningful. The investigations presented in this paper reveal the following: a) The manner in which the stresses are non-dimensionalized significantly influences the performance of the iterative procedure of solving non-linear algebraic equations. b) Solutions of the class C00 are always the wrong class of solutions of GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs and thus spurious. c) C11 class of solutions are the right class of solutions of the GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs. d) In the flow domains, containing sharp gradients of the dependent variables, conservation of mass is difficult to achieve at lower p-levels (worse for coarse meshes). e) An augmented form of GDEs are proposed that always ensure conservation of mass at all p-levels regardless of the mesh and the nature of the solution gradients. f) Stick-slip problem is used as a model problem. Dimensions, fluid properties and flow rates used correspond to MIT experiments [20]. We demonstrate that converged solutions are possible to compute for all flow rates reported in ref [20] and that the detailed examination of the solution characteristics reveals them to be in agreement with all the physics of the flow, g) Numerical studies with graded meshes and high p-levels presented in this paper are aimed towards establishing and demonstrating detail behavior of local as well as global nature of the computed solutions, h) Various norms are proposed and tested to judge local and global dominance of elasticity or viscous behavior i) New definitions are proposed for elongational (extensional) viscosity. The proposed definitions are more in conformity and agreement with the flow physics compared to currently use definitions j) A significant aspect and strength of our work is that we utilize straightforward p-version LSFEF with C00 and C11 type interpolations without linearizing GDEs and that SUPG, SUPG/DC, SUPG/DC/LS operators are neither needed nor used.
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Surana, K. S., and H. Vijayendra Nayak. "Numerical Computations of Higher Class Solutions for 2D Polymer Flows Using PTT Constitutive Model." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17147.

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Abstract This paper presents formulations, computations and investigations of the solutions of classes C00 and C11 for two dimensional viscoelastic fluid flows in u, v, p, τijp, τijs with Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) constitutive model using p-version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF). The main thrust of the research work presented in the paper is to employ ‘right classes of interpolations’ and the ‘best computational strategy’ 1) to obtain numerical solutions of governing differential equations (GDEs) for increasing Deborah numbers 2) investigate the nature of the computed solutions with the aim of establishing limiting values of the flow parameters beyond which the solutions may be possible to compute, but may not be meaningful. The investigations presented in this paper reveal the following: a) The manner in which the stresses are non-dimensionalized significantly influences the performance of the iterative procedure of solving non-linear algebraic equations. b) Solutions of the class C00 are always the wrong class of solutions of GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs and thus spurious. c) C11 class of solutions are the right class of solutions of the GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs. d) In the flow domains, containing sharp gradients of the dependent variables, conservation of mass is difficult to achieve at lower p-levels (worse for coarse meshes). e) An augmented form of GDEs are proposed that always ensure conservation of mass at all p-levels regardless of the mesh and the nature of the solution gradients. f) Stick-slip problem is used as a model problem. We demonstrate that converged solutions are possible to compute for all flow rates reported and that the detailed examination of the solution characteristics reveals them to be in agreement with all the physics of the flow, g) Numerical studies with graded meshes and high p-levels presented in this paper are aimed towards establishing and demonstrating detail behavior of local as well as global nature of the computed solutions, h) Various norms are proposed and tested to judge local and global dominance of elasticity or viscous behavior i) New definitions are proposed for elongational (extensional) viscosity. The proposed definitions are more in conformity and agreement with the flow physics compared to currently used definitions j) A significant aspect and strength of our work is that we utilize straightforward p-version LSFEF with C00 and C11 type interpolations without linearizing GDEs and that SUPG, SUPG/DC, SUPG/DC/LS operators are neither needed nor used.
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7

Yang, Yongji, Bing Zhang, Michael Moser, Edwin Zhang, and Wenjun Zhang. "Analysis and Optimization of Determining Factors in Irreversible Electroporation for Large Ablation Zones Without Thermal Damage." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70810.

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The aim of this study was to analyze five factors that are responsible for the ablation volume and maximum temperature during the procedure of irreversible electroporation (IRE). The five factors used in this study were the pulse strength (U), the electrode diameter (B), the distance between the electrode and the center (D), the electrode length (L), and the number of electrodes (N). A validated finite element model of IRE was built to collect the data of the ablation volume and maximum temperature generated in a liver tissue. Twenty-five experiments were performed, in which the ablation volume and maximum temperature were taken as response variables. The five factors with ranges were analyzed to investigate their impacts on the ablation volume and maximum temperature, respectively, using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the five factors for the maximum ablation volume without thermal damage (the maximum temperature ≤ 50 °C). U, and L were found with significant impacts on the ablation volume (P < 0.001, and P = 0.009, respectively) while the same conclusion was not found for B, D and N (P = 0.886, P = 0.075 and P = 0.279, respectively). Furthermore, U, D, and N had the significant impacts on the maximum temperature with P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively while same conclusion was not found for B and L (P = 0.720 and P = 0.051, respectively). The maximum ablation volume of 2952.9960 mm3 without thermal damage can be obtained by using the following set of factors: U = 2362.2384 V, B = 1.4889 mm, D = 7 mm, L = 4.5659 mm, and N = 3. The study concludes that both B and N have insignificant impacts (P = 0.886, and P = 0.279, respectively) on the ablation volume; U has the most significant impact (P < 0.001) on the ablation volume; electrode configuration and pulse strength in IRE can be optimized for the maximum ablation volume without thermal damage using response surface method.
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8

Luque, Nereyda, Oscar León, Milagritos Arriola, Carlos Mariscal, and Greydy Estofanero. "Risk Areas Zoning Using a New 3D Seismic Refraction Technique in the Gas Pipeline Right-of Way of a Gas and Condensed Field in the Peruvian Jungle." In ASME-ARPEL 2021 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2021-65004.

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Abstract The use of the new three-dimensional refraction technique was applied around the right-of-way (DDV) of the hydrocarbon gathering pipeline system (U-200), approximately 14.4 km long and 1.5 km wide. This technique included: a) processing of field seismic gathers data in conjunction with LIDAR-DTM topographic information, with which a 3D model of P-wave velocities was constructed; b) calibration of the P-velocity model with field data; and c) interpretation of the final P-velocity model. The application of the new technique allowed the three-dimensional study of the subsurface around the U-200 by including the geological characterization of the velocities and the elaboration of several predictive geological maps (lithology, structural, topography, etc.). Correlations of these maps allowed the building of risk factor maps, in which areas with higher or lower geodynamic risk can be directly identified. These areas represented the zones where the pipeline/flowline was most prone to collapse.
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Ju, Xiaochen, Xiaogang Liu, Zhibin Zeng, and Xinxin Zhao. "Fatigue study on rib-to-deck welded joint considering weld penetration rate." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0675.

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<p>The U-shaped rib-to-deck welded joint in orthotropic steel deck is a part with multiple fatigue cracks. The penetration rate which is the ratio of penetration depth to U-shaped rib thickness has an important influence on fatigue performance of partial joint penetration (PJP) welds. In this study, the influence of penetration rate on the fatigue performance of U-shaped rib-to-deck welded joints was studied. Firstly, the finite element model of U-shaped rib-to-deck welded joints with penetration rate of 65%, 75%, 85% and complete joint penetration (CJP) welds were established. The mechanical characteristics of different welding forms under typical loading conditions were analyzed. It was found that with the increase of penetration rate of PJP welds, the stress concentration at the weld root weakened. Then fatigue tests on specimens with different weld penetration rate were carried out. The fatigue cracks of CJP welds all started at the inner welding toe of the U-shaped rib. However, the fatigue cracks of PJP welds mainly started at the welding root of the unfused weld. Fatigue S-N curves for PJP and CJP were regressed, respectively, it could be found that the fatigue performance of CJP welds was superior to that of PJP welds.</p>
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Duan, Zhixuan, Alireza Kalantari, and Vincent McDonell. "Parametric Analysis of Flashback Propensity With Various Fuel Compositions and Burner Materials." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43629.

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Flashback is a key operability issue for low NOx premixed combustion of hydrogen enriched fuels. Previous work has systematically investigated the impact of fuel composition on flashback propensity and noted the coupling of flashback with burner tip temperature. It led to models for critical velocity gradient as an indicator of flashback propensity as a function of parameters studied, such as fuel composition, burner tip temperature and laminar flame speed, etc. The present work further analyzes existing data and develops an empirical physical model for flashback propensity as a function of dimensionless groups. A comprehensive parameter screening is conducted and the potential variables determining flashback behavior are catalogued into five types: operational parameters, unburnt conditions, ambient conditions, rig properties and others. The objective of the analysis is to predict the critical operational parameters with given unburnt conditions which are generally known to the hardware designer. Other factors, such as ambient conditions and rig properties might also affect the prediction performance. To account for such factors, a dimensional analysis is conducted based on Buckingham Pi theorem. The critical Damköhler number is selected as the indicator of flashback propensity and a model is developed suggesting the significance of preferential diffusion (Le), heat loss (TuT0), thermal coupling effect (TtipTu) and flame Péclet number (Pef) as follows: Da = Const. · Le -6.12 · T u T 0 -1.71 · T tip T u -3.69 Pe f 1.89 · f 1 θ ′ d · f 2 P u P 0 Finally, preliminary results for pressure effects are presented.
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