Journal articles on the topic 'Tyre compounding'
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1
Azira, Abd Aziz, D. Verasamy, N. S. Abdullah, and M. M. Kamal. "Epoxidised Natural Rubber/Silica Organic-Inorganic Composite for Tyre Masterbatch." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.205.
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Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica (Si) organic-inorganic composites were prepared by using a sol-gel technique. The choice of ENR (50 mol % epoxidation level), as a matrix was made because of its polar nature which can interact with the silica. The processing of the masterbatch was carried out by sol-gel method at room temperature by dispersing the silica in the rubber and coagulated with steam bath. The performance of the composites was evaluated in this work for the viability of ENR/Si in tyre compounding. Compounding was carried out on a two roll mill, where the additives and curing agents was later mixed. Characterization of these composites was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for dispersion as well as mechanical testing. Silica was also efficient as primary reinforcing filler in ENR with regard to modulus and tensile strength, resulting on an increase in the stiffness of the rubbers. Improvement in tensile strength over the control crosslinked rubber sample was probably due to synergisms of silica reinforcement and crosslinking of the rubber phase.
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Bandyopadhyay, S., S. Dasgupta, N. Mandal, S. L. Agrawal, S. K. Mandot, R. Mukhopadhyay, A. S. Deuri, and Suresh C. Ameta. "Use of Recycled Tyre Material in Natural Rubber based Tyre Tread Cap Compound: Part I (with Ground Crumb Rubber)." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 4 (November 2005): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100404.
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For both environmental and economic reasons, there is a continuing broad-based interest in the recycling of scrap rubber and therefore in the development of recycling technologies. In the present work three different sizes of mechanically ground Indian crumb rubbers were used in a natural rubber (NR) based tyre tread cap compound. Varying doses of crumb rubber were used as an additional compounding ingredient. The minimum torque and Mooney viscosity values were marginally increased with increasing dose and mesh size of crumb rubber. In a Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) study, the Payne effect before curing was marginally higher for compounds containing crumb rubber, while, after curing a comparable Payne effect was observed with respect to the control compound without having crumb rubber. A marginal deterioration in tensile strength, fatigue to failure and abrasion properties was observed. At all levels of usage, the 100 mesh size ground crumb rubber retained the properties better than other lower mesh size crumb rubbers.
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Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa, and Dayang Habibah Abang Asmawi. "Influence of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.175.
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Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to alcohol evolution. The high viscosity and poor processability in silica filled rubber compounds are believed to be associated with silica reaggregation (self aggregation) after rubber compounding. The study has been made of the effect of increased mixing stage and dispersion agent in rubber on uncured properties of the Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds. In this experiment, two orders of mixing were considered (1) Two Stages Mixing and (2) Three Stages Mixing. Results showed that filler dispersion, Mooney Viscosity and Payne Effect was influenced by the degree of mixing. The incorporation of dispersion agents in the compounds also resultant in the similar manner. It is believed that the dispersion agent could coat the silica surfaces as they are being broken down during the mixing and then stabilize the dispersed structure by stearically preventing silica reagglomeration.
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Chokanandsombat, Yotwadee, Pongdhorn Sea-Oui, and Chakrit Sirisinha. "Influence of Aromatic Content in Rubber Processing Oils on Viscoelastic Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) for Tyre Tread Applications." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.471.
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In recent years, the increasing concern on the toxicity of highly aromatic oils has been incentive to the development of rubber process oils (RPOs) which are more environmentally-friendly. Many alternative eco-friendly RPOs have been tested with the aims of selecting the most suitable replacement for these highly aromatic oils. As a consequence, in order to achieve both environmental friendliness and effective rubber compounding, the aromatic content in RPOs must be optimised. In the present study, the experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCAs) contents in RPOs on processability and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanisates. Results obtained suggest that the presence of RPOs leads to a decreased compound viscosity, and thus an enhanced processability. By incorporating the RPOs into SBR compounds, some mechanical properties including elongation at break and tear strength of cured SBR can be improved, particularly for the RPOs with high aromatic content. It is believed to be attributed to the increased compatibility between RPOs and SBR matrix. Nevertheless, the aromatic and PCA contents play little or insignificant role on the crosslink density and bulk viscosity of rubber compounds as well as hardness and compression set of vulcanisates.
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Rahmaniar, T. Susanto, P. Marlina, H. A. Prasetya, and M. Purbaya. "Studies on the curing, tensile and adhesion characteristics of cushion gum to carcass in truck retreaded tires: the effect natural rubber types." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 963, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/963/1/012032.
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Abstract In order to improve the quality of truck retreaded tyres, the cushion gum (CG) plays an important role as an adhesion medium to bond the carcass of the new tread to the worn old tyre. This study investigates the effect of natural rubber types such as reclaimed skimmed latex (RSL), ribbed smoke sheet (RSS), chloroprene (CR) and RSS added 10 phr of carbon black (CB) towards its CG performance in cold cure systems. The CG was compounded based on ASTM D3182 with 10 phr of Cumaroun Resin, 5 phr of Calcium Silicate, and other chemicals. The 4 types of CG were tested its physical and tensile properties. To determine the curing time, the rheological was analysed. The results show that the addition of carbon black may improve physical and tensile properties, excluding the elongation at break. It is found that the curing time of cushion gum based on SL rubber has the shortest duration. Each CG was applied to retreat the same type of truck’s worn tyres (1000R20). After surface modification, 5 mm of CG was bonded new same carcass the old surface and continued by heating in the autoclave chamber for 3 hours with pressure at 2 atm. The results show that the adhesion strength of cushion gum based on RSL; RSS; CR; RSS/CB is as follows: 13.64; 8.21; 8.04; 8.01 kN/m respectively, while the adhesion strength of commercial cushion gum is 15,38 kN/m. The spectra FTIR of each cushion gum convince that the less dispersion matrix compared to commercial cushion gum. To sum up, the RSL-NR is the recommended polymer for cushion gum compounding. However, in order to improve its quality, it is suggested to do some pre-treatment and increase the number of tackifier and processing oil in the formulation
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Kirushanthi, T., Thusitha N. Etampawala, Dilhara Edirisinghe, Jagath Pitawala, and D. R. Ratnaweera. "Development of Agro-Industrial Waste Reinforced Natural Rubber Composite: A Potential Formulation for Rubber Flooring Product." Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jacs.190.18040302.
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Agro-industrial waste has become a major environmental issue in most parts of the world. Rice husk is one of the major agricultural wastes especially in Asian countries. It is currently thrown away into landfills or rarely use as an alternative energy source, which in turn produce another waste, rice husk ash (RHA). Silica is the major component in well-burnt RHA. This work was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing silica extracted from RHA and another industrial waste, used tyre treads, with natural rubber to develop composite with enhanced mechanical properties especially for flooring products such as rugs, pavement blocks, door mats, etc. In this work extracted silica was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images confirmed that the extracted silica is in the nanometer to sub-micrometer length scale in size. Further our results confirmed that extracted silica has comparable chemical composition and amorphous nature as commercially used silica in rubber compounding. Composites were first formulated using crumb rubber to identify the optimum crumb rubber loading. It is found that 25 phr of crumb rubber provides the optimal mechanical properties. Finally, extracted silica was incorporated to 25 phr crumb rubber loaded composite to further reinforcement. SEM images confirm that 10 phr of silica have enhanced matrix-filler interactions to produce continuous structure, which was not observed in crumb rubber loaded rubber composite.
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Zainathul Akhmar, Salim Abdul Salim, Mohd Zaini Nurul Aizan, Ahmad Mohd Muhiddin, Jamil Siti Sarah, and Zainuddin Nor Hazwani. "The Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Behaviour of Bamboo Fibre Filled Natural Rubber Composite." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.53.
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For decades, carbon black is the most preferred reinforcing filler in rubber industry especially in tyre manufacturing. Carbon black which originated from crude oil is a non renewable source that may diminish over time. Therefore, an alternative from natural source is needed to replace carbon black as the reinforcing agent in rubber industries without so much affecting the physical and mechanical properties of the final products. Since bamboo is an abundant natural source in Malaysia and proved to be one of the strongest natural fibres comparable to other building materials like steel, concrete, and timber that have been subjected to lot of studies, bamboo seems to be the best alternative to replace carbon black in reinforcing rubber. Bamboo chips were first treated using alkalinisation method and dried before ground to 180-250μm to improve the interfacial adhesion with the rubber matrix. The bamboo fibres were then incorporated into rubber through compounding process at different loading. The cure characteristics of the composites were determined at 150oC using rheometer. The curing times were then used to vulcanise the rubber compounds using a hot press. The mechanical behaviour of the bamboo fibre filled natural rubber composite like tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness are then evaluated by taking the optimum loading of carbon black as the comparison. The strength of the composite were decreased and become harder as the fibre loading were increased. The weak adhesion of fibres to rubber matrix and uneven particle size distribution of fibres contribute to the fracture of the composites. These can be observed through the surface morphological analysis of the composite by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Myers, Charles E. "History of sterile compounding in U.S. hospitals: Learning from the tragic lessons of the past." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 70, no. 16 (August 1, 2013): 1414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp130112.
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Abstract Purpose The evolution of sterile compounding in the context of hospital patient care, the evolution of related technology, past incidents of morbidity and mortality associated with preparations compounded in various settings, and efforts over the years to improve compounding practices are reviewed. Summary Tightened United States Pharmacopeial Convention standards (since 2004) for sterile compounding made it difficult for hospitals to achieve all of the sterile compounding necessary for patient care. Shortages of manufactured injections added to the need for compounding. Non-hospital-based compounding pharmacies increased sterile compounding to meet the needs. Gaps in federal and state laws and regulations about compounding pharmacies led to deficiencies in their regulation. Lapses in sterility led to injuries and deaths. Perspectives offered include potential actions, including changes in practitioner education, better surveillance of sterile compounding, regulatory reforms, reexamination of the causes of drug shortages, and the development of new technologies. Conclusion Over the years, there have been numerous exhortations for voluntary better performance in sterile compounding. In addition, professional leadership has been vigorous and extensive in the form of guidance, publications, education, enforceable standards, and development of various associations and organizations dealing with safe compounding practices. Yet problems continue to occur. We must engage in diligent learning from the injuries and tragedies that have occurred. Assuming that we are already doing all we can to avoid problems would be an abdication of the professional mission of pharmacists. It would be wrong thinking to assume that the recent problems in large-scale compounding pharmacies are the only problems that warrant attention. It is time for a systematic assessment of the nature and the dimensions of the problems in every type of setting where sterile compounding occurs. It also is time for some innovative thinking about ensuring safety in sterile compounding.
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Antonescu, Ovidiu, Ioana Popescu, and Păun Antonescu. "Compounding of Concurential Rotation Movements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 658 (October 2014): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.658.9.
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By the composing of the rotation movements with the concurrent instantaneous axes in a point, a rotation movement with the instantaneous axis passing through that point is obtained. The resultant instantaneous angular velocity is sum of the component angular velocity. As examples of the mechanical systems in which appear the concurrent rotation movements are: the pivot bearings of the radial-axial with balls type, the ball radial bearings and the planetary mechanisms with bevel gears which are used both as differential to automotives and as orientation mechanisms (wrist) on the industrial robots.
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Shin, Sangyoon, Jamin Koo, Suk Won Kim, Seungyeon Kim, So Yeon Hong, and Euni Lee. "Evaluation of Robotic Systems on Cytotoxic Drug Preparation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Medicina 59, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030431.
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Background and Objectives: With the increased prevalence of patients with cancer, the demand for preparing cytotoxic drugs was increased by health-system pharmacists. To reduce the workload and contamination of work areas in pharmacies, compounding robots preparing cytotoxic drugs have been introduced, and the use of the robots has been expanded in recent years. As reports on the comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of compounding robots remain lacking, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to provide descriptive and quantitative evaluations of the accuracy of preparing injectable cytotoxic drugs. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using published studies up to 2020. To identify eligible studies, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were used. All studies reporting the outcomes relevant to drug-compounding robots such as accuracy, safety, and drug contamination were included. Outcomes from included studies were descriptively summarized. Drug contamination by the robot was quantitatively analyzed using the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS). Results: A total of 14 compounding robot studies were eligible for review and 4 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Robotic compounding showed failure rates of 0.9–16.75%, while the accuracy range was set at 5%. Two studies reported that robotic compounding needed more time than manual compounding, two reported that robotic compounding needed less time, and one just reported preparation time without a control group. In a meta-analysis regarding the contamination of the compounding area, manual compounding was associated with lower contamination, although the result was not statistically significant (OR 4.251, 95% CI 0.439–51.772). For the contamination of infusion bags, the robot was associated with lower contamination (OR 0.176, 95% CI 0.084–0.365). Conclusions: Robotic compounding showed better accuracy than manual compounding and, without control groups, showed a high accuracy rate and also reduced the risk of drug contamination and compounding workload. The preparation time of the robot was not consistent because the type of robot and introduced system were different. In conclusion, robotic compounding showed mixed results compared to the manual compounding of drugs, so the system should be introduced considering the risks and benefits of robots.
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Mohiuddin, AK. "Extemporaneous Compounding: Selective Pharmacists with Separate Skill." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i4.1660.
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Extemporaneous compounding takes place in community and hospital pharmacies. There are usually specialist compounding pharmacies in major towns and cities, but any pharmacy may undertake compounding as long as they have appropriate facilities according to state-based legislation (e.g. allocated clean bench, specific compounding equipment). Although development is a continuous process, companies are customizing features to meet the majority of patient needs, but the very nature of the process cannot meet all patient needs. The risk-benefit ratio of using traditionally compounded medicines is favorable for patients who require specialized medications that are not commercially available, as they would otherwise not have access to suitable treatment. However, if an FDA-approved drug is commercially available, the use of an unapproved compounded drug confers additional risk with no commensurate benefit. Published reports of independent testing by the FDA, state agencies, and others consistently show that compounded drugs fail to meet specifications at a considerably higher rate than FDA-approved drugs. Compounded sterile preparations pose the additional risk of microbial contamination to patients. In the last 11 years, three separate meningitis outbreaks have been traced to purportedly ‘sterile’ steroid injections contaminated with fungus or bacteria, which were made by compounding pharmacies. The 2012 outbreak has resulted in intense scrutiny of pharmacy compounding practices and increased recognition of the need to ensure that compounding is limited to appropriate circumstances.
Article Type: Review
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Li, Shu Cai, Han Peng Wang, Qiang Yong Zhang, and Yong Li. "New Type Geo-Mechanical Similar Material Experiments Research and Its Application." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1801.
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It is very important to choose a similar material which simulates rock mass correctly in geo-mechanics model test. In this paper, we introduce similar material research status and analyze the principle of selecting and compounding. According to the experiences of similar material research, we develop a new similar material (we call it iron barites sand cementation material, abbreviate IBSCM) through hundreds of compounding experiment. This similar material is made up of iron ore powder, barites powder, sand, rosin, alcohol and gypsum powder. Iron ore powder, barites powder and sand are main materials, the solution of rosin and alcohol is glue, and gypsum powder is regulator. Specimen mechanics tests show that different rock mass can be simulated by the model materials with different materials compounding. The new similar material is easy to buy and its price is cheap, and it has some advantages, such as high density, stable performance, easy dryness, and easy cutting. The new similar material can simulate a lot of rock mass, so it is an ideal similar material. At last, we apply this new type similar material to tunnel geo-mechanical model test and gain the ideal result.
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Villoing, Florence. "French compounds." Probus 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2012): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2012-0003.
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Abstract This article focuses on compounding as a process of word formation within the theoretical framework of lexeme-based morphology. It provides a systematic analysis of the two types of compounding in French: native compounding, the main type, and neoclassical compounding, which is quite marginal. It presents the various rules: native compounds are prototypically constructed of two lexemes and form a third one; they are predominantly endocentric; the governing constituent and the compound head, if any, is on the left and controls the semantic relations between the two constituents, whether coordinated, attributive or subordinating. Neoclassical compounds are prototypically constructed of bound neoclassical elements and form adjectives; they are often exocentric; the governing constituent is on the right. Inflection in native compounds is complex. Several areas of the analysis remain unresolved, particularly regarding the boundaries between morphological/syntactic compounds.
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Savchenko, L. P., and V. A. Georgiyants. "Current trends in compounding of medicines and its legislative regulation in foreign countries." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 4 (July 30, 2020): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.4.20.01.
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Compounding medicines preparation is part of the proper pharmaceutical supply of the population. Unfortunately, its volumes in Ukraine have been declining recently, but the spread of medicines production in privately owned pharmacies indicates the prospects of this activity type.
The aim of the work was the analysis of the current state of medicines compounding and its legislative regulation in foreign countries, formulation of the main directions of the Ukrainian legislation reforming on this issue.
The materials of the research were scientific publications in peer-reviewed foreign journals with using bibliosemantic method, the method of generalization and systematic data analysis.
The analysis of publications concerning the practice of medicines preparation in foreign countries showed its volume increasing. In most countries, such activities are an integral part of pharmaceutical care and the provision of medicines to the population. Along with conventional pharmacies, the widespread medicines compounding in hospital pharmacies. The structure of drug production differs in each country. According to the Global Market Insights report for 2018, the main therapeutic areas in the structure of compounding medicines market were hormone replacement therapy, analgesia, dermatology, specialized drugs and parenteral nutrition. The regulatory framework governing the medicines compounding was reviewed in the last few years. The EU updated the PIC/S Guide and approved the second version of the EU Council Resolution on the medicines compounding. To control the spread of sterile medicines serial preparation in the United States since 2013 this activity is controlled by the FDA. Compliance with GMP requirements is a mandatory requirement for the serial preparation of sterile medicines abroad.
Thus, the development of medicines compounding is a promising area of pharmaceutical activity. Despite the reduction in the number of compounding pharmacies, Ukrainian pharmacies are also involved in the preparation of specific medicines. A number of regulatory documents, the requirements of which are similar to international ones, regulates the quality control of compounding medicines. However, to comply with modern world trends, it is necessary to review and update this legislation.
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Michelioudakis, Dimitris, and Nikos Angelopoulos. "Selecting roots: the view from compounding." Linguistic Review 36, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2023.
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Abstract We investigate how saturation of different theta-roles by the non-head constituent correlates with derivational suffixes and, in turn, with the event structures compatible with those suffixes. We also investigate XP realisations of themes, causers and instruments in deverbal nominal and participial constructions and which ±agentive and/or ±process/episodic sub-readings allow which type of argument. It turns out that for each theta-role, the contexts that allow an XP realisation are exactly the complement of the contexts that would allow compounding of that same theta-role. We take this complementarity to be an indirect argument in favour of (i) divorcing argument licensing from argument selection and (ii) dissociating argument introduction from event-structure-related heads, which then potentially reaffirms the role of roots in (first phase) syntax.
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Ntelitheos, Dimitrios. "Compounding in Greek as Phrasal Syntax." Languages 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020151.
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This paper provides a syntactic analysis of two types of compounds in Greek: synthetic and phrasal compounds derived from agentive nominalizations of verbal strings containing an internal argument of the verb. The analysis is couched within a ‘morphology as syntax’ account and uses independently motivated syntactic tools to show that both types of compounds are derived in syntax proper without any need for a separate morphological component. The differences in the syntactic properties of the two types of compounds are explained with reference to the ‘size’ or ‘complexity’ of the projected internal arguments, which can be either ‘roots’, in the case of synthetic compounds, or unquantized nominals projected as NumPs, which require special licensing conditions in the case of phrasal compounds. Differences in prosodic and semantic interpretation are also explained with reference to phase theory and the type/number of phase domains within the structure of the two types of compounds.
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Barker, Jennifer M. "Compounding Risk for Hypoglycemia: Type 1 Diabetes and Addison's Disease." Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 14, no. 5 (May 2012): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2012.0043.
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Wongwattana, Unchalee. "Syntactic Word-Compounding in Tai Khrang." MANUSYA 21, no. 1 (2018): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-02101006.
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In this article, we claim that most word compounds in Tai Khrang are relatively transparent in the way that they can display both grammatical and semantic roles/relations in a complex and sophisticated manner, rather than arbitrary grammatical/semantic associations. Also, the term idiosyncratic or transparent is best accounted for in continuum. In this essay, we investigate the structures, grammatical relations and semantic roles/relations of word compounds in Tai Khrang with data collected from two Tai Khrang villages, Ban Nong Moet, Kamphaeng Phet, and Ban Sa Yai Chi, Phichit, in the lower northern part of Thailand. Another type of corpus is one composed of naturally occurring texts such as narratives. The results show that syntactic word compounding in Tai Khrang is complex and sophisticated, performed in three categories i.e. synthetic, verb-verb and noun-noun compounds. The synthetic strategy involves the imitation of simple clauses, non-simple clauses, nominalization, and phrases. The verbverb strategy is observed in certain serial verb constructions. The noun-noun strategy displays three semantic aspects, gradually differing from more to less transparent, which reveal various patterns of semantic relations.
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Lin, Dong, Xue Qing Qiu, and Zhi Hao Lin. "Study on Combination Use of Polycarboxylate Based Water Reducer and Lignosulphate Based Water Reducer." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.252.
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Using the cement paste fluidity experiment, this paper carried out a comprehensive research on the effect of the binary compound water reducer of polycarboxylate based water reducer (PC) and lignosulphate based water reducer (LS). The results show that for the use of single water reducer,the plasticizing ability of PC was much better than that of LS. In PC, the plasticizing ability of polyether type polycarboxylate based water reducer (POLYETHER) was slightly higher than that of polyester type polycarboxylate based water reducer (POLYESTER); in LS, sodium lignosulphate based water reducer (SLS) was slightly higher than calcium lignosulphate based water reducer (CLS). For the use of compound water reducer, the compounding effect of PC with LS was good, and the compounding proportion had a significant influence on the compounding effect, the more the proportion of PC in the compound water reducer, the better the compounding effect. Regarding the compounding effect, POLYESTER was significantly better than POLYETHER, SLS slightly better than CLS; To explore the working mechanism of the compound water reducer, the adsorption amount of each component water reducer in the binary compound water reducer on the cement particles surface was measured respectively. The results of adsorption amount show that for the use of single water reducer,the adsorption amount of CLS is greater than that of POLYETHER under the same conditions. The adsorption amount of CLS in the use of compound water reducer was less than that in the use of single water reducer, while the adsorption amount of POLYETHER in the use of compound water reducer was more than that in the use of single water reducer.
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Freywald, Ulrike. "Total reduplication as a productive process in German." Why and How of Total Reduplication: Current Issues and New Perspectives 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 905–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.4.06fre.
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In this paper I discuss two types of total reduplication that prove to be productive in Contemporary German: real-X Reduplication (RXR) and Durative Reduplication (DR). The function of the former, RXR, is to restrict the meaning of a word to its prototypical content (cf. Buchbuch ‘book-book; real book, not an e-book’). Based on corpus data I address the question whether we are dealing with reduplication or with compounding here. As a result it will become apparent that the process of RXR, while showing some parallels to compounding, lacks crucial characteristics of compounding and is therefore to be seen as a case of reduplication. The latter type of total reduplication, DR, involves the doubling of a bare, inflectionless verb stem, thus encoding durativity of the denoted event or activity (cf. grummel-grummel ‘grumble-grumble, to be continuously grumbling’). Finally I sketch a path of diachronic development of the emergence of DR from ideophones.
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Hansen, Dan, Hemachand Tummala, Wendy Jensen-Bender, Brittney A. Meyer, and Surachat Ngorsuraches. "Evaluating Student Performance and Perception of a Workshop Integrating Pharmacy Practice and a Pharmaceutics Lab." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 9, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v9i3.1387.
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Objective: Evaluating Student Performance and Perception of a Workshop Integrating Pharmacy Practice and a Pharmaceutics Lab
Innovation: Common methods for curricular integration are often time and faculty-intensive. An innovative approach to integration was developed and utilized in an introductory compounding workshop. Faculty members collaborated with a compounding pharmacist to design and facilitate a pharmaceutics workshop for first-year pharmacy students. The workshop was composed of four major sections, an introduction to pharmaceutical compounding and the regulations surrounding manufacturing and sterility, a case discussion involving a pediatric patient and the need to develop an appropriate drug delivery system, a short review of pharmaceutical calculations and labeling requirements, and then an introduction to logistics and active learning in a lab setting.
Critical Analysis: After taking part in the workshop, students indicated a significantly higher comfort level going into the pharmaceutics lab (3.48±0.83 to 4.04±0.70) and in the compounding process (3.06±0.83 to 3.71±0.80). Their views of the clinical application of the lab and the need to use knowledge gained from other courses in the lab were also significantly improved (4.36±0.68 to 4.61±0.49 and 3.71±0.77 to 4.26±0.74, respectively). In addition, their perceptions of how they will utilize the skills developed as a practicing pharmacist, and their feelings towards the safety procedures involved in compounding, were also positively affected (3.96±0.87 to 4.45±0.59 and 3.28±0.92 to 3.91±0.72, respectively). Finally, students’ average quiz score in Spring 2016, when the workshop was instituted, significantly increased from Spring 2015 (90.154±4.98 versus 85.89±10.87, respectively).
Article Type: Note
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Auer, Maximilian, Jannick Schmidt, Jan Diemert, Gabriel Gerhardt, Maximilian Renz, Viola Galler, and Jörg Woidasky. "Quality Aspects in the Compounding of Plastic Recyclate." Recycling 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010018.
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Compounding is the final processing step for quality adjustment and control before recycled thermoplastic polymer material can be introduced into production processes. Motivated by the need for higher recyclate shares, the research question is which quality problems recycling compounders are encountered in practice, where they occur, and which mitigation options might be reasonable. Therefore, an online survey with 20 recycling compounders based in Germany was conducted asking about typical processing steps and processed materials, test procedures for quality assurance, quality problems, and possibilities for reducing quality problems. Results show that compounders mainly name impurities and contaminations of the input material as challenging and the reason for quality problems. The study shows that the problems are not dependent on the material input type. Quality problems occur along the entire secondary value chain, with companies manufacturing components themselves being particularly affected. The composition determination of the input materials helps to minimize quality problems.
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Kloppenburg, H., D. Hardy, A. Lucassen, T. Groß, J. Kroll, and A. Lissy. "Processing Behaviour of High-cis Polybutadiene in Rubber Compounds." International Polymer Science and Technology 37, no. 6 (June 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1003700601.
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Compounding and extrusion are critical steps in the production of rubber compounds of a reliable quality within a given timeframe and hence at a reasonable cost. The materials used - including the rubber types -are varied in order to obtain improvements in product performance. One of the most important of the synthetic rubbers is neodymium polybutadiene (NdBR) which, because of its exceptional microstructure and macrostructure, offers outstanding properties. Through the use of high-cis NdBR, marked improvements have been obtained in end products in terms of dynamic performance and good fatigue and wear characteristics. At the same time, however, the processing behaviour of this type of rubber requires adjustments to be made at the compounding and extrusion stage. This can lead to problems in the handling of the milled sheet and profiles, resulting for example in severe surface roughness or die swell. In extreme cases the benefits of NdBR can be masked altogether if no adjustments are made to the processing stages. This paper presents countermeasures to improve the processability of NdBR by adapting the compounding and extrusion conditions to its specific requirements. The ratio of viscosity and elasticity is specific to each type of rubber and therefore requires individual adjustment of the processing conditions. We show that under appropriately adjusted conditions, even using NdBR grades with the highest molecular weights (e.g. Buna CB22), short compounding times and smooth milled sheets and extrusion profiles with a glossy surface can be obtained. Under these conditions neodymium polybutadiene rubbers provide a basis for an ideal combination of excellent material properties and improved processing behaviour. The positive characteristics of NdBR are retained when it is used in blended rubbers such as an SSBR/BR blend. The rules regarding the optimisation of process conditions for pure NdBR systems apply here too.
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Briggs, Emily, Orene Greer, Nishel Mohan Shah, and Natasha Singh. "Hyponatraemia compounding pre-eclamptic toxaemia in a patient with type 1 diabetes." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 9 (September 2020): e236511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236511.
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We report a case of profound, symptomatic hyponatraemia in association with pre‐eclamptic toxaemia (PET) in a 38‐year‐old nulliparous woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This patient developed hypertension and proteinuria at 31+6 weeks’ gestation and was admitted for management of pre-eclampsia. Severe headache, visual disturbance and nausea were associated with a hyponatraemia of 115 mmol/L followed by ketoacidosis. This was reversed through fluid restriction, supplementation with 1.8%–3.0% hypertonic saline and a volume-reduced variable-rate insulin infusion. Clinical stability was achieved and she was subsequently worked up for an induction of labour for worsening pre-eclampsia. Hyponatraemia in the context of PET has been previously reported as rare. However, it has complications that may significantly compound the sequelae of severe PET. We propose that specific and focused monitoring of serum sodium levels should become common practice in the management of women with this condition to allow for timely, measured correction of abnormalities.
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Li, Wenchao. "A Phonological, Morpho-Syntactical Study of Nominal Compounding in Japanese." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i5.15185.
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This paper provides a distributed-morphological analysis of nominal compounding in Japanese in an effort to pin down the phonological, morphosyntactic mechanism in nominal compounding. The findings reveal that the semantic relation between the N1and N2 has seven variations: Object + Tran.conj.; Instrument + Tran.conj.; Modifier - Tran.conj.; Place - Tran.conj.; Method - Tran.conj.; Cause - Tran.conj.; and Subject –tran. conj..Among the variations, sequential voicing is only subject to [Nobject - N TRAN.conj.] nominal compounds. Moreover, during the process of forming a nominal compound, the second constituents (N2) rendered by aspirate consonants /k/ and /t/ are very likely to receive sequential voicing. When the N2 is conveyed by consonant /c/ and fricative consonant /h/, sequential voicing does not occur. Syntactically, Japanese nominal compounds are all right-headed. The formation process of all nominal compounds is a matter of ‘word derivation’ given the fact that, (i) √Root and the latter added morphemes are not semantically associated and it is after the merger that the semantic interpretation is established, and (ii) the N-N’s category is determined by the added morphemes. In addition, lexicalisation plays an essential role during the nominal compounding process. Crucially, lexicalisation only applies to the[Nobject - N TRAN.conj.] type of compound.
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Alghasani, Yola, and Rusdi Noor Rosa. "An Analysis of Word Formation in Ariana Grande Song Lyrics from The Album “Sweetener”." English Language and Literature 11, no. 1 (October 7, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ell.v11i1.115782.
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This study aimed to analyze Ariana Grande‟s song lyrics in the album “Sweetener”. This study used a descriptive research method. The result of word formation used in song lyrics showed that there is one word formation process of the borrowing type. In the second aspect, the word formation of the coinage process appears two data. In the third aspect, the word formation of the compounding process appears five data. In the fourth aspect, the word formation of the mixing process appears seven data. In the fifth aspect, the word formation of the clipping process appears three data. In the eighth aspect, the word formation of the inflection process appears five as in compounding and the last, the word formation of derivation appears six data.
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Sopiah, Siti, and Della Yulianisha. "An Analysis of Word Formation Process of English Slang Used in Camp Rock Movie Script." JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i2.1343.
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This study analyzes the process of forming words from slang words in the Camp Rock film script. This study uses the word formation process theory from George Yule (2014) to analyze how the process of forming slang words in the Camp Rock film script and find out which type of word formation is the most dominant used in the Camp Rock film script. The research method used is descriptive method, namely collecting data and then analyzing it descriptively. The researcher found 5 types of slang word formation in this film script, consisting of clipping, derivation, compounding, acronym and blending. This study found that the most dominant type of word formation used in this film was clipping with a percentage of 57%, then followed by acronyms with a percentage of 19%, then blending with a percentage of 14%, and the last two namely derivation and compounding which only had a percentage of 5 %.
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Bledzki, A. K., M. Letman, A. Viksne, and L. Rence. "A comparison of compounding processes and wood type for wood fibre—PP composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 36, no. 6 (June 2005): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.10.029.
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Sublett, James L. "United States Pharmacopeia guidance for compounding of allergenic extracts for allergen immunotherapy." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 43, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2022.43.220028.
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Patient-specific allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) has been used as a disease modifying treatment for type 1 IgE mediated allergy to inhalants for > 100 years. Traditionally, the extracts used for a treatment set have been “mixed” under the supervision of allergists in their clinics. Until 2008, there were no specific requirements for mixing procedures. Allergenic extracts are classified as biologics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are subject to the biologics license application requirements. One of the conditions is that it must be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter <797>, which was first published in 2008. What allergists have always considered “mixing” of allergen extracts is considered “compounding” by the FDA and other state and federal regulatory agencies. A revision of USP Chapter <797> was proposed after a series of “never events,” including deaths, from compounded products. No reports of infections from SCIT have ever been reported. “Allergy” (ACAAI, AAAAI, AAOA, and other stakeholders) worked cooperatively with the USP Compounding Expert Committee to develop Section 21. “Compounding Allergenic Extracts” of what is expected to be accepted as the next version of USP Chapter <797> in mid 2022.
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LIU, PHIL D., and CATHERINE McBRIDE-CHANG. "Morphological processing of Chinese compounds from a grammatical view." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 4 (August 27, 2010): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000159.
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ABSTRACTIn the present study, morphological structure processing of Chinese compounds was explored using a visual priming lexical decision task among 21 Hong Kong college students. Two compounding structures were compared. The first type was the subordinate, in which one morpheme modifies the other (e.g., 籃 球 [laam4 kau4, basket-ball, basketball]), similar to most English compounds (e.g., a snowman is a man made of snow and toothpaste is a paste for teeth; the second morpheme is the “head,” modified morpheme). The second type was the coordinative, in which both morphemes contribute equally to the meaning of the word. An example in Chinese is 花 草 (faa1 cou2, flower grass, i.e., plant). There are virtually no examples of this type in English, but an approximate equivalent phrase might be in and out, in which neither in nor out is more important than the other in comprising the expression. For the subordinate Chinese compound words, the same structure in prime and target facilitated the semantic priming effect, whereas for coordinative Chinese compound words, the same structure across prime and target inhibited the semantic priming effect. Results suggest that lexical processing of Chinese compounds is influenced by compounding structure processing.
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Dabašinskienė, Ineta. "The acquisition of compounds in Lithuanian." Baltic Linguistics 1 (December 31, 2010): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.435.
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This study analyzes longitudinal data of two Lithuanian children, a boy and a girl, with the aim of investigating children’s ability to produce compounds. In contrast to such languages as German or English, Lithuanian does not show a marked preference for noun-compounding. It is not surprising, then that compounds in the analyzed child language data appear quite rarely, although in Lithuanian compounding is a productive pattern of word formation. The analysis of the data shows that compounds emerge quite early as pure imitations of adult utterances; however, even in later stages of language acquisition, when used spontaneously, they occur mostly as lexicalized items. Our data show that the first compounds appear after the emergence of noun and verb inflection and diminutives. These first compounds belong to the type of subordinate, endocentric two-member noun+noun compounds without interfixes.
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Rahman, Oon Suzana, Cece Sobarna, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, and Lia Maulia Indriyani. "Semantic Shift of English Internet Slangs Used in Social Media: Morphosemantic Analysis." Research and Innovation in Language Learning 5, no. 1 (July 12, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/rill.v5i1.6387.
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The aim this research are to identify the most common morphological process through word formation found in the lexical of English Internet slang, and to identify the most common type of shift of meaning used by netizen on social media.The research Methodology applied in this research is descriptive qualitative-textual analysis (Bhawna & Gobind (2015) and Smith (2017). The data sources are taken from facebook, twitter and teenage English Slang that are selectively chosen on the basis of criteria.The Theory of English Internet Slang taken from Crystal (2003, 2005, 2011, 2013), Gua and Dai (2019). The research findings are:No Morphological process 72% , derivation consisted of 16%, Compounding 4%, Coinned 4%, Clipping 4%. Whereas the type of semantic changes, mostly narrowing consists of 78%, The words that do not change the meanings are 28%. It is recommended for further reseach which is still open for semantic field, especially under the discussion on figurative meaning Tujuan peneltian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi proses morfologi yang paling banyak ditemukan di dalam pembentukan kata internet slang berbahasa Inggris, dan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis pergeseran makna yang paling banyak digunakan dalam kata internet slang berbahasa Inggris. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan yaitu descriptive qualitative –textual analysis dari (Bhawna & Gobind (2015) and Smith (2017). Teori Internet Slang Berbahasa Inggris yang digunakan dalam penelitian berasal dari Crystal (2003, 2011, 2013), Gua dan Dai (2019).Temuan penelitian ini yaitu: tidak terjadi proses morfologis 72%, derivation consisted of 16%, Compounding 4%, Coinned 4%, Compounding 4%. Sedangkan jenis perubahan semantik, yaitu: narrowing yang terdiri dari 72%, Makna kata yang tidak mengalamii pergeseran, yaitu 28 %. Peneliti merekomendasikan untuk penelitian selanjunya yang masih terbuka terutama di bidang semaantik dalam pembahasan makna figurative
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Nappo, Solange Aparecida, Elisaldo Araújo Carlini, Maria Dalva Araújo, and Lúcio Flávio Sousa Moreira. "Prescription of anorectic and benzodiazepine drugs through notification B prescriptions in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 2 (June 2010): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000200017.
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A study was conducted on 22,158 special B prescriptions (notificações B) containing amphetamine-type anorectic drugs or benzodiazepines, obtained from compounding pharmacies or drugstores located in the city of Natal, RN, Brazil. The data obtained were compared with those from other Brazilian cities. Results showed that compounding pharmacies dispensed 85.4% of the prescriptions, indicating that these pharmacies filled out nearly 10 times more of these prescriptions than did the drugstores. The majority (83.5%) of B prescriptions issued for the compounding pharmacies were for women, where the female/male patient ratio ranged from 7.1/1.0 for mazindol to 10.3/1.0 for amfepramone. Similar results were obtained for the benzodiazepines with ratios of 1.9/1.0 for clonazepam to 15.6/1.0 for oxazepam. Omissions and mistakes were present in the B prescriptions, including missing information about the patient (in 49.6% of the documents) or about the pharmacies or drugstores (50.4%). There were cases where the name and/or CRM of the physician was lacking. It was noted that one medical doctor made out 1855 B prescriptions within one year. The same patient's name appeared on 138 prescriptions, and the same RG (identification card number) was present in 125 others. Comparison of Natal's data with those of several other Brazilian cities disclosed a striking similarity throughout Brazil, from Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul State to Belem-Para State, revealing a practically identical medical/pharmaceutical behavior. This pattern of prescription/dispensation of amphetamine-type substances mostly to women for weight loss is therefore for cosmetic reasons. Consequently, there is an urgent need for an ethical review of this behavior.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "Word formation process of terms in COVID-19 pandemic." Leksika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/lks.v15i1.9248.
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The objectives of this research are to know the type and examples of the word-formation process of the terms that appear during pandemic Covid-19. This research uses qualitative research. From the result analysis, some types of word-formation processes include borrowing, compounding, blending, acronym, clipping, and multiple processes. In borrowing, for example, the words “Rapid test” and “Swab test”. In compounding, for example, the words “handsanitizer, lockdown, coronacoma, coronaspeck and self-quarantine”. In blending, for example, the words ‘covid, covidiot, covidient, quarantini, infodemic, quaranteam, coronials, covexit, covidivorce, quaranteen and coroncation”. In clipping, for example, the words ‘sanny” and “iso”. The word “sanny’ comes from “hand sanitizer” and “Iso” comes from “isolation”. In the acronym, for example, the initials WFH (Work from Home), PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), WFO (Work from Office), and PUI (Person Under Investigation). In multiple processes for example the words “handwashing”, zoomboombing, coronababies, self-isolation”.
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Hibberd, Suzannah, and Amy Hill. "P17 Introducing concentrated preterm stock parenteral nutrition and the impact on bespoke compounding." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): e14.2-e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-nppg.26.
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BackgroundIt is widely recommended that stock parenteral nutrition (PN) bags are used where possible to reduce the risks associated with bespoke PN compounding.1 A review was undertaken within a level three neonatal unit which identified that a large proportion of compounded bags were made due to the need to provide full nutrition in a smaller volume. A preterm concentrated aqueous PN bag was developed which, when run with stock lipid syringes, meets the nutritional requirements of preterm babies in a total volume of 100 ml/kg/day.2AimThe aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of the introduction of a preterm concentrated stock bag on the need for bespoke PN in preterm babies.MethodThe new concentrated PN bag was transitioned into use from November 2017. Data regarding the number of preterm patients admitted and the type of PN they received was collected from January to October 2017, (Group A), this was then repeated for all preterm patients admitted from August 2018 to May 19, (Group B), after the preterm concentrated bag was fully introduced. Preterm babies were classified as babies that were born < 34 weeks gestation as the concentrated bag was formulated with these patients in mind.ResultsGroup A, (n=143), had 1045 bags supplied over the collection period. 47% of the PN bags supplied were bespoke PN bags, largely due to the need to provide PN in a smaller volume than the 130 ml/kg/day that the preterm stock bags available at that time. Group B, (n=118), had a total of 965 bags supplied, 16% of these bags were bespoke PN. The reasons behind requiring bespoke bags included the need for manganese free bags, requiring a reduction in glucose and a high electrolyte requirement in patients especially those with stomas. This has resulted in an overall reduction in spend on preterm PN of 34% and a reduction in compounded PN spend of 69%.ConclusionThis work has highlighted several benefits of introducing preterm concentrated PN bags. Firstly having concentrated preterm stock bags available on the ward has meant that a larger proportion of babies are maintained on stock PN without recourse to compounded PN. Secondly this has preserved the compounding capacity of our technical services unit so when a patient requires a bespoke bag that facility is available. Also, capacity for the compounding service has been preserved across the hospital minimising the need to outsource compounding. Finally the neonatal unit has seen a reduction in overall PN costs in this patient group. The introduction of this bag has been instrumental in reducing the need to outsource PN bags to commercial compounding units during periods of high demand, meeting national recommendations on the management of aseptic compounding capacity.3ReferencesA Report from the Paediatric Chief Pharmacists Group: Improving Practice and Reducing Risk in the Provision of Parenteral Nutrition for Neonates and Children. November 2011.British Association of Perinatal Medicine. The Provision of Parenteral Nutrition within Neonatal Services - A Framework for Practice. April 2016.Specialist Pharmacy Service/NHS England. National Pharmaceutical Supply Group (NPSG) Communication: Making best use of restricted aseptic compounding capacity. September 2018.
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Du, Cuiming, Yanxia Xing, Liangpeng Hao, Peng Hu, and Songgang Chai. "Effects of CCL inorganic filler on hole performance in PCB drilling process." Circuit World 44, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-11-2017-0069.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate and document the effects of copper-clad laminate (CCL) inorganic filler on the hole performance in printed circuit boards drilling process. Design/methodology/approach Drilling of brittle laminates can result in hole cracking, layer-to-layer delamination and drill-bit wear and tool breakage. Adding large amount of fillers not only shortens the life of the drilling tool but also affects the drilling properties significantly regarding hole quality. This paper introduces the influence of filler content, type, hardness, particle size and the compounding method in the manufacture of the CCL on the drilling performance. Findings The filler content, filler type, hardness of filler, particle size of filler and the compounding method used for the filler have a great influence on the drilling properties of CCL. The higher the filler content, the larger the particle size and the more the hardness of the filler, the worse the drilling properties. The combination of hard particles like silica with softer particles can improve the drilling performance of CCL. Originality/value The paper describes what affects the drilling performance of CCL and how this knowledge can be used to design CCL with good drilling performance.
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TAHER, Mohamed Mohamed. "COMPOUND WORD FORMATION IN ARABIC LANGUAGE." Rimak International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.17.37.
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The primary aim of this study was to describe compounding structures as they exist in Arabic (CA), something to which traditional Arab grammarians have made only vague reference. The Arabic Compounds (ACs) were selected as one area of study because as far as I know, previous research on this topic has not been sufficient. It was therefore decided to examine the understanding of the scope and the flow of the Arabic language specifically from this angle. The methods employed in the collection and analysis of data were imported from research done in the field of theoretical linguistics mainly in Arabic, English and in few occasions in German. The data on which the research was based required the survey of the most important references in both Arabic and English. This study will therefore examine the variety of ACs and it will suggest, that the phenomenon of (نحت ,(a grammatical process which has its roots in Standard Arabic (SA) is also a type of compounding, (compounding by omission). It will also suggest that the frequency of usage of different compounds in Arabic will continue to increase as a result of the importation and consumption of words from other languages for example technical jargon, product names and media terminology. Examples of the above will be provided. It is hoped that this will help to establish cross-linguistic similarity/diversity rules which may possibly serve the broad influence of the Universal Grammar (UG(. Keywords: Compound Word, Arabic Language, Media Terminology.
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Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco. "Coordinating nominal compounds: Universal vs. areal tendencies." Linguistics 56, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 1197–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0025.
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AbstractCoordinating compounds, i.e. complex word forms in which the constituent lexemes are in a coordination relation, may be divided into two classes: hyperonymic, in which the referent of the whole compound is the “sum” of the meanings of the constituent lexemes (Korowaiyumdefól‘(her) husband-wife, couple’; van Enk, Gerrit J., & Lourens de Vries. 1997.The Korowai of Irian Jaya: Their language in its cultural context. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 66), and hyponymic, where the compound designates a single referent having features of all the constituents (Englishactor-director). It has been proposed that languages choose either type as the one with the “tightest” marking pattern; whereas the crosslinguistic tendency is to have tighter hyperonymic compounds, most languages of Europe rather have tighter hyponymic compounds (Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco, Nicola Grandi, & Bernhard Wälchli 2010. Coordination in compounding. In Sergio Scalise & Irene Vogel (eds.),Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding, 177–198. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins). In this paper, we will test this assumption on noun-noun compounds in a sample of 20 Standard Average European languages and in a balanced sample of 60 non-SAE languages, arguing that the preference for hyperonymic compounds is best explained by the default referential function of nouns; in hyponymic compounds, on the other hand, nouns are used to indicate properties. We will then compare nominal and adjectival coordinating compounds, showing that for the latter the hyponymic compounding pattern is the dominant one, as adjectives are prototypical property-denoting words.
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Alexiadou, Artemis. "On the morphosyntax of synthetic compounds with proper names: A case study on the diachrony of Greek." Word Structure 13, no. 2 (July 2020): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0167.
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This paper discusses the formation of synthetic compounds with proper names. While these are possible in English, Greek disallows such formations. However, earlier stages of the language allowed such compounds, and in the modern language formations of this type are possible as long as they contain heads that are either bound roots or root- derived nominals of Classical Greek origin. The paper builds on the following ingredients: a) proper names are phrases; b) synthetic compounding in Modern Greek involves incorporation, and thus proper names cannot incorporate; c) by contrast, English synthetic compounds involve phrasal movement, and thus proper names can appear within compounds in this language. It is shown that in earlier Greek, proper names had the same status as their English counterparts, hence the possibility of synthetic compounds with proper names. It is further argued that the formations that involve bound/archaic roots are actually cases of either root compounding or root affixation and not synthetic compounds.
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van Helden-Lankhaar, Marja. "Lexicale Innovaties." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 53 (January 1, 1995): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.53.04hel.
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There is considerable evidence that young children often use novel compounds to label salient instances in familiar categories, spontaneously as well as in experimental settings. Although examples appear in the literature of innovative labels for categories which are unfamiliar or completely new to children, little is known about the role of compounding in this case. A picture naming task was designed to elicit names for concepts assumed to be unknown to young children and not easily recognisable as belonging to a particular category. Each target picture was presented together with pictures of two related and well known concepts. 180 Dutch speaking children, aged 3;0-8;l, participated in the study. Results show that from age 3 on, children are prepared to label novel concepts, appropriateness increasing with age. About two thirds of the appropriate labels consist of novel compound nouns. Influence of type of target concept on appropriateness and compounding is discussed.
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Tripsiannis, Gregory A., and Andreas N. Philippou. "Circular Polya distributions of orderk." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2003, no. 25 (2003): 1563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171203210553.
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Two circular Polya distributions of orderkare derived by means of generalized urn models and by compounding, respectively, the type I and type II circular binomial distributions of orderkof Makri and Philippou (1994) with the beta distribution. It is noted that the above two distributions include, as special cases, new circular hypergeometric, negative hypergeometric, and discrete uniform distributions of the same order and type. The means of the new distributions are obtained and two asymptotic results are established relating them to the above-mentioned circular binomial distributions of orderk.
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Buenafuentes, Cristina. "Compounding and variational morphology: the analysis of inflection in Spanish compounds." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 3, no. 1 (May 13, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.3.1.2828.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This paper analyzes the morphological variation related to gender and number in Spanish compounding such as plural noun in [V+N]<sub><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">n</span></sub>compounds (<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">el</em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lavaplatos</em>, not<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> el lavaplato</em>; <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">el cazamariposas</em>, not <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">*el cazamariposa</em>), the gender and number asymmetries between the actual compound and its parts (cabeza<sub>fem<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </em></sub>+ cuadrada<sub>fem<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</em></sub><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </em></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> el</span></em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cabeza cuadrada</em><sub>masc.</sub>, relaciones<sub>fem<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</em> pl. </sub>+ públicas<sub>fem<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</em> pl.</sub><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </em></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> el relaciones públicas</span></em><sub><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">masc. sing.</span></sub><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">), the presence of inflectional markers inside compounds (<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sord-o-muda</em><sub>fem</sub>, not *<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sord-a-muda</em><sub>fem.</sub>), and the variation that takes place in many plural compounds (<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">casas cuartel</em> or <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">casas cuarteles </em>‘house quarter’, <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coches cama </em>or<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> coches camas </em>‘car and bed’). Basing ourselves on the classic model of level ordering with an admixture of Booij's distinction between inherent and contextual inflection, this piece of research proves that these cases of morphological variation can be approached as a morphological component, accessible to syntax. This model also relativizes the importance of the head in compounding and highlights the value of morphology, lexis and syntax interfaces.</span></p>
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Tsinias, Vasilis, and George Mavros. "Efficient In-Plane Tire Mode Identification by Radial-Tangential Eigenvector Compounding." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430101.
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ABSTRACT Tire modal testing is frequently used for validation of numerical tire models and identification of structural tire model parameters. Most studies focus primarily on in-plane dynamic tire behavior and adopt the approach of the fixed boundary condition at the wheel center. Here, an identification method of in-plane tire dynamics was developed for the case of a free tire-rim combination. This particular case is important when the aim is to construct a full tire model, capable of predicting ride and noise, vibration, and harshness involving the whole vehicle, all from modal testing. Key attributes of the proposed approach include ease of implementation and efficient processing of measurements. For each type of excitation, i.e., radial and tangential, both radial and tangential responses were recorded. Compounding of the corresponding radial/tangential eigenvectors, which, in the context of the present work, refers to expressing the motion of the tire belt as a combination of the radial and tangential responses, results in smooth mode shapes that were found to agree with those published in other analytical and experimental studies.
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Multazim, Akhmad, and Ermayni Sari Nurdin. "Word Formation of Photography Terminologies." Journal of Language and Literature 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v19i1.1807.
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Technology and social media affected the use of word as part of language in certain domain as a means of communication. The research objectives were to find out the types of word formation, the dominant type and the reason of dominancy of word formation of photography terminologies in online magazine outdoorphotographer.com. It was a descriptive qualitative research concerning on exploring language particularly on word level. Data were collected from articles published on online magazine from January to August 2018 by reading, note-taking and check-listing. To analyze the types of word formation, a theory by Stockwell and Minkova was used and to analyze the meaning of the terminologies, Cambridge and Oxford dictionaries were used. The result showed that there were 198 photography terminologies found. These terminologies were classified into six types of word formation, namely acronym (12 data), borrowing (3 data), compounding (166 data), clipping (3 data), derivation (3 data) and eponym (1 datum). The most dominant type was compounding. It was very dominant due to its simplicity to form a new word by simply combining two or more words without any change of its elements. This research revealed many photography terminologies that could be used to enrich vocabularyKeywords: Word formation, Photography terminologies, Outdoorphotographer.com
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Hilpert, Martin. "From hand-carved to computer-based: Noun-participle compounding and the upward strengthening hypothesis." Cognitive Linguistics 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0001.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the recent history of noun-participle compounding in English. This word formation process is illustrated by forms such as hand-carved or computer-based. Data from the COHA shows that over the last two-hundred years, such forms have undergone a substantial increase in type and token frequency. These quantitative changes motivate an exploration of the qualitative changes that have accompanied them. A diachronic analysis of the noun and participle types that are recruited into noun-participle compounds reveals that the word formation process has changed substantially with regard to its component parts. While the observable changes in noun-participle compounding match several defining criteria of grammaticalization, it is argued here that these developments are more usefully seen as a process of constructional change. To distinguish between those two, this paper develops an idea that is called the upward strengthening hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, grammaticalization happens when the activation of a node in a constructional network strengthens not only that node itself, but also a node that is situated at a higher, more abstract level of that network.
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Lubis, Nur Halimah, Emeliya Sukma Dara Damanik, Aulia Fatin Pakpahan, Nabilla Fauza Nasution, and Ega Viorenti Nabilla. "WORD FORMATION PROCESS FOUND in LESTY KEJORA’S CAPTION on INSTAGRAM." Jurnal Serunai Bahasa Inggris 14, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37755/jsbi.v14i2.611.
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This study aims to decipher Word formation Process Found in Lesty Kejora'scaption on Instagram". The method in this study utilizes a qualitative descriptive method, with keep tabs as the next conciliation, we got the data source from Lesty Kejora's captions on Instagram during a year(April 2021—April 2022).In this research, the writers utilizes Yule's theory (1996) for analyzes the word forming found in Lesty Kejora's caption on Instagram, for analyzing 10 word formation processes, they are (1) coinage, (2) borrowing, (3) blending, (4) clipping, (5) acronyms, (6) derivation, (7) compounding, (8) backformation, (9) multiplyprocesses, (10) conversion. To analyze the data, the researcher make the results of classifying the word formation made in the form of a table, so that the researcher analyzed the data. The results displayed that there were 96 words with 65 words Borrowing, 11 compounding, 4 derivation words, 10 acronyms, 1 word blending and 5 clipping words. The dominant type in the word formation process in Lesty Kejora's captions on Instagram is borrowing, which is have 65 data found.
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Zhao, Li Hui, He Nan Zhao, and De Ming Han. "Preparation of Nanometer Chitosan - RNA Composite and the Role in Induced Type I Interferon." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.43.
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This paper used double step compounding chitosan nanoparticles as carrier, took the virus's outer membrane NS1 shRNA delivery to cells,and simultaneous detection and characterization of chitosan-RNA Nanocomposites.The experiment results show that properties of chitosan-RNA nanocomposite is stable, using chitosan-RNA Nanocomposites as carrier carry shRNA transfecting B16-Blue INF-alpha/beta cells, shRNA can’t degradation by nuclear enzyme, improve cell absorbing and shRNA intracellular release.Experiments further confirmed that the chitosan - RNA Nanocomposites into the cell, NS1 shRNA is identified by RIG-I gene, induces gene expression of interferon, produces interferonItype, offers a new way for the application of new type of flu vaccine.
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Yang, Jin Wei, Hui Jiao Ling, Ling Xiang, Feng Ying Li, Zheng Yuan Zhang, and Li Xin Li. "Study on the Synthesis and Application of THPS-OMMT-MDFP Nanocomposite Flame Retardant." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1310.
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A new type of amino resin nanocomposite(THPS-OMMT-MDFP) was synthesized from amino resin(MDFP), Tetra-hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate(THPS) and Organ-montmorillonite (OMMT)by intercalation compounding method. It was characterized by FT-IR，XRD and TG/DTG and applied to the preparation of flam-retardant leather. The flame retardant performance was characterized by Oxygen index (OI) test. The results showed that the nanocomposite was obtained as expected and had effective flame retardant performance.
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Petit, Ophélie, Guillaume Saint-Lorant, Michèle Vasseur, Julie Boucher, Justin Courtin, Marine Pinturaud, Delphine Allorge, Bertrand Decaudin, Nicolas Simon, and Pascal Odou. "Fastidious chemical decontamination after cyclophosphamide vial breakage in a compounding unit." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 8 (April 11, 2020): 2038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155220915961.
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An important amount of cytotoxic drug may accumulate in the workplace following the breakage of a vial containing an anticancer drug. Thanks to the monthly monitoring of the surface contamination in our compounding unit, a strong increase of cyclophosphamide contamination was highlighted in the storage area following the breakage of the vial, despite application of the emergency procedure. This study presents an analysis of chemical decontamination in the context of massive contamination. Samples were taken on the floor and on the caster of a storage shelf where the vial broke. The residual contamination was measured with a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method. An admixture of 10−2 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and 70% isopropanol (SDS/IPA 8:2) was selected as the decontamination solution. High amounts of cyclophosphamide were retrieved. The initial contamination on the floor was over 20 ng/cm2. Three decontaminations with SDS/IPA were carried out at Day 61, Day 68, and Day 71. The amount of cyclophosphamide decreased to 0.45 ng/cm2 at D134. However, high values were still measured on the caster despite successive decontaminations, with a maximal value of 19.78 ng/cm2 observed at Day 106. Continuous monitoring in our unit led us to highlight the inefficiency of our emergency procedure to eliminate high cyclophosphamide contamination. The procedure involving the SDS/IPA admixture was more efficient on the floor compared to the caster, which is a different surface type and porosity. This work highlights the importance of improving the procedures of incident management using contamination monitoring and repeated decontamination procedures adapted to different contaminants and surfaces.
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Siahaan, Crisnova Katalonika. "WORD FORMATION IN SHARENA DELON’S INSTAGRAM POSTS: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." KLAUSA (Kajian Linguistik, Pembelajaran Bahasa, dan Sastra) 4, no. 02 (April 15, 2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/klausa.v4i02.310.
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This paper is a qualitative descriptive research which investigates the processes of word formation and their influence to part of speech of the data. The data source in this study is Instagram captions of Sharena Delon. The method of collecting data is by observation. The method of analyzing data is agih and padan method from Sudaryanto. The author uses the theory ofO’Grady which divides word formation process into 10 types, i.e.derivation, compounding, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronym, onomatopoeia, coinage, and inflection. The research uses the theory of Carter & McCarthy to show the change of part of speech of data. The result of this research shows that based on O’Grady’s and Carter & McCarthy’s theory. There are 30 types of word formation process found in Instagram of Sharena Delon. Three types are by derivation process, 2 types by compounding process, 2 types by conversion process, 6 types by clipping process, 6 types by blends process, 2 types by backformation process, 3 types by acronym process, 3 types by onomatopoeia process, 1 type by coinage process, and two types by inflection process. Some data have change of part of speech because of word formation process and some do not.