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Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Alexiadou, Artemis, and T. Alan Hall, eds. Studies on Universal Grammar and Typological Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.13.

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2

Artemis, Alexiadou, and Hall T. Alan, eds. Studies on universal grammar and typological variation. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub., 1997.

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3

Artemis, Alexiadou, and Hall T. Alan, eds. Studies on universal grammar and typological variation. Amsterdam: J.Benjamins,Netherlands, 1997.

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4

Matras, Yaron, Geoffrey Haig, and Ergin Öpengin, eds. Structural and Typological Variation in the Dialects of Kurdish. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78837-7.

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5

Suihkonen, Pirkko. Areal distribution and typological diversity of languages spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia. Muenchen: Lincom GmbH, 2015.

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6

C, Polomé Edgar, Justus Carol F, and Lehmann Winfred Philipp 1916-, eds. Language change and typological variation: In honor of Winfred P. Lehmann on the occasion of his 83rd birthday. Washington, D.C: Institute for the Study of Man, 1999.

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7

Urban, Matthias. Chapter 17 Motivation by formally analyzable terms in a typological perspective: An assessment of the variation and steps towards explanation. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2016.

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8

Typologia odmian językowych współczesnej polszczyzny. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 1987.

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9

Typologia odmian językowych współczesnej polszczyzny. 2nd ed. Katowice: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2000.

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10

Roelcke, Thorsten. Varationstypologie/Variation Typology: A Typological Handbook of European. Walter De Gruyter Inc, 2005.

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11

Klemola, Juhani, Terttu Nevalainen, and Mikko Laitinen. Types of Variation: Diachronic, Dialectal and Typological Interfaces. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2006.

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12

Haig, Geoffrey, Yaron Matras, and Ergin Öpengin. Structural and Typological Variation in the Dialects of Kurdish. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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13

Romance Interrogative Syntax: Formal and Typological Dimensions of Variation. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2021.

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14

Bonan, Caterina. Romance Interrogative Syntax: Formal and Typological Dimensions of Variation. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2021.

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15

Siemund, Peter. Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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16

Siemund, Peter. Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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17

Siemund, Peter. Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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18

Palfreyman, Nick. Variation in Indonesian Sign Language: A Typological and Sociolinguistic Analysis. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2019.

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19

Palfreyman, Nick. Variation in Indonesian Sign Language: A Typological and Sociolinguistic Analysis. De Gruyter, Inc., 2019.

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20

Palfreyman, Nick. Variation in Indonesian Sign Language: A Typological and Sociolinguistic Analysis. De Gruyter, Inc., 2019.

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21

(Editor), Terttu Nevalainen, Juhani Klemola (Editor), and Mikko Laitinen (Editor), eds. Types of Variation: Diachronic, Dialectal And Typological Interfaces (Studies in Languages Companion). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2006.

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22

Haspelmath, Martin. A Typological Perspective on Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the goals and methods of a typological perspective on indefinite pronouns. It begins with an overview of language typology and the reasons why typological research is very important to our understanding of human language. It then considers the four steps involved in a typological study. First, the domain of phenomena to be compared across languages is delimited by formulating a definition that is cross-linguistically applicable. Second, the space of typological variation is mapped out by providing a complete taxonomy of the various means by which the phenomenon under discussion is expressed in different languages. Third, correlations between individual structural options and other parts of the grammar are identified and formulated as implicational universals. Fourth, explanations for these universals are sought. General problems of typological sampling are highlighted and the two samples used in the typological study are described: the 40-language sample and the 100-language sample.
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23

Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Sprachwissenschaft Jahrestagung jahrestagung (Corporate Author), Tom Guldemann (Editor), Manfred Von Roncador (Editor), and Manfred Von Roncador (Editor), eds. Reported Discourse: A Meeting Ground for Different Linguistic Domains (Typological Studies in Language). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2002.

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24

Aranovich, Raul. Split Auxiliary Systems: A cross-linguistic perspective (Typological Studies in Language). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2007.

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25

Culicover, Peter W. Language Change, Variation, and Universals. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865391.001.0001.

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This volume is about how human languages get to be the way they are, why they are different from one another in some ways and not others, and why they change in the ways that they do. Given that language is a universal creation of the human mind, the puzzle is why there are different languages at all, why we don’t all speak the same language. And while there is considerable variation, there are ways in which grammars show consistent patterns. The solution to these puzzles, the author proposes, is a constructional one. Grammars consist of constructions that carry out the function of expressing universal conceptual structure. While there are in principle many different ways of accomplishing this task, the constructions that languages actually use are under pressure to reduce complexity. The result is that there is constructional change in the direction of less complexity, and grammatical patterns emerge that reflect conceptual universals. The volume consists of three parts. Part I establishes the theoretical foundations: situating universals in conceptual structure, formally defining constructions, and characterizing constructional complexity. Part II explores variation in argument structure, grammatical functions, and A′ constructions, drawing on data from a variety of languages, including English and Plains Cree. Part III looks at constructional change, focusing primarily on English and German. The study ends with some observations and speculations on parameter theory, analogy, the origins of typological patterns, and Greenbergian ‘universals’.
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26

Kuhle, Anneliese. Tool Intelligence As an Explanation of Cross-Linguistic Variation and Family Resemblance: An Evolutionary and Typological Investigation. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2018.

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27

Roelcke, Thorsten. Variationstypologie / Variation Typology: Ein Sprachtypologisches Handbuch der Europäischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / a Typological Handbook of European Languages. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2008.

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28

Variationstypologie / Variation Typology, ein Sprachtypologisches Handbuch der Europaischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / a Typological Handbook of European Languages. De Gruyter, Inc., 2003.

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29

Biberauer, Theresa. Pro-drop and emergent parameter hierarchies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0005.

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This chapter considers the extent to which it is still meaningful to conceptualize pro-drop phenomena in parametric terms, introducing a three-factors model in which parameters are emergent, not UG-given. Within this model, it seems possible to distinguish macro, meso, and micro pro-drop systems. The attested systematic variation in even the most familiar instantiations of these putative types, however, raises questions about existing parametric accounts of the acquisition and typological relationship between these systems. Drawing on parallels with a neo-emergentist account of word-order variation, the chapter argues for an approach assuming interdependent parameters (a parameter-hierarchy) where the ‘size’ and precise formal specification of pro-drop in individual grammars is determined by the way the model’s three factors interact, with different formal features playing potentially parallel roles in different systems. The typological picture is thus more variation-rich than previously assumed, but this variation exhibits the kind of cross-linguistic systematicity a parametric approach predicts.
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30

(Editor), Carol F. Justus, and Edgar C. Polome (Editor), eds. Language Change & Typological Variation: In Honor of Winfred P. Lehmann Volume 2: Grammatical Universals & Typology (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 31). Institute for the Study Of Man, 1999.

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31

(Editor), Carol F. Justus, and Edgar C. Polome (Editor), eds. Language Change and Typological Variation. In Honor of Winfred P. Lehmann. Volume 2: Language Change and Phonology (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 30). Institute for the Study Of Man, 1999.

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32

Haspelmath, Martin. Overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0001.

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This book examines the connections between the formal and functional (semantic and syntactic) properties of indefinite pronouns. It considers the main theoretical debates surrounding the semantic and syntactic properties of indefinite pronouns as well as the diachronic sources of the markers of indefinite pronouns. It describes the new generalizations that emerge from the typological and diachronic research and provides explanations. It also outlines the goals and methods of the typological approach, focusing on the important preconditions for typology such as the availability of data from a variety of languages. Other topics covered by the book include the space of formal and functional variation found in indefinite pronouns, implicational universals, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns such as the tradition of structuralist semantics, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, further sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization, and the cross-linguistic patterning of negative indefinite pronouns.
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33

Croft, William. Radical Construction Grammar. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0012.

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This chapter discusses the theory of Radical Construction Grammar (RCG). The typological diversity of languages leads to the hypothesis that all grammatical categories are language specific and construction specific and so constructions are basic units of syntactic representation. It also leads to the hypothesis that there is no formal syntactic structure other than the part/whole structure of constructions and the grammatical roles that occur in constructions, and that constructions are language specific. The chapter offers innovative approaches to grammatical categories, generalizations and universals, and integrates both language-internal and cross linguistic variation into construction grammar.
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34

Franjieh, Michael. North Ambrym possessive classifiers from the perspective of canonical gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0003.

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Linguists draw both typological (Dixon 1986) and morphosyntactic (Grinevald 2000) distinctions between classifiers and gender systems. However, these two systems show many functional similarities (Kilarski 2013). Canonical Gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016) is an attempt to unify the two systems. This chapter investigates the possessive classifier system in North Ambrym (Oceanic) and argues, using psycholinguistic experiments, that it is an instance of non-canonical gender as more than 50% of the nouns tested adhere to the Canonical Gender Principle (Corbett and Fedden 2016: 503). Nouns which are prototypical possessions and are closer to the core of the classifier’s semantic categories are restricted to occur with just one classifier. Nouns which are less prototypical possessions and further away from the semantic core of the classifier categories are able to be assigned different classifiers. These two underlying factors are what drives internal variation in adherence to the Canonical Gender Principle.
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35

Chamoreau, Claudine. Purepecha, a Polysynthetic but Predominantly Dependent-Marking Language. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.38.

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Purepecha (language isolate, Mexico) has one relevant characteristic that leads to identifying it as a polysynthetic language: productive verbal morphology (in particular locative suffixes). Purepecha is a predominantly dependent-marking language, as its pronominal markers are enclitics, generally second position enclitics. But, in some contexts Purepecha shows head-marking characteristics. Today, pronominal enclitics exhibit variation, tending to move to the rightmost position in the clause; they may encliticize to the predicate itself, showing a head-attraction or polypersonalism strategy and making Purepecha more polysynthetic. But this language lacks noun incorporation. Purepecha has three types of non-finite clause: two subordinate clauses (non-finite complement clauses and purpose clauses) and a syntactically independent clause (the chain-medial clause). This seemingly inconsistent situation (characterized by a correlation of different properties, some of which have not been identified as polysynthetic) calls for addressing the typological classification of Purepecha among the polysynthetic languages.
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36

Wolfe, Sam. Syntactic Change in French. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864318.001.0001.

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This volume provides the most comprehensive and detailed formal account to date of the evolution of French syntax. Making use of the latest formal syntactic tools, it combines careful textual analysis with a detailed synthesis of the vast research literature on French to provide an original and wide-ranging analysis of the major syntactic developments to have taken place in the history of French. The empirical scope of the book is exceptionally broad, discussing syntactic variation and change in Latin, Old, Middle, Renaissance, and Classical French, as well as standard and non-standard varieties of Modern French. Following detailed introductory chapters, a wide range of phenomena are discussed including the left periphery, subject positions and null subjects, verb movement, object placement, negation, and the makeup of the nominal expression. The book concludes with a comparative analysis of how French has come to develop the unique typological profile it has within Romance today. The volume will thus be an indispensable tool for researchers and students in French and comparative Romance linguistics as well as readers interested in grammatical theory and historical linguistics.
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37

Jiang, Li Julie. Nominal Arguments and Language Variation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084165.001.0001.

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This book investigates nominal arguments in classifier languages. A long-held claim is that classifier languages do not have overt article determiners (D). This book, however, brings to the forefront the theoretical investigation on the typologically unique Nuosu Yi, a classifier language that will be shown to have an overt article determiner. By comparing nominal arguments in Nuosu Yi to those in Mandarin, the book provides a parametric account of variation among classifier languages and extends the account to argument formation in general. This book begins with a detailed examination of bare numeral classifier phrases in Mandarin by comparing them with bare numeral noun phrases in number marking languages, such as English, French, and Russian. The book argues for a unified structure of bare numeral containing phrases with no reference to D across languages as well as for a D-less structure for various types of nominal arguments in Mandarin. It further studies nominal argument formation in Nuosu Yi. The facts from Nuosu Yi essentially alter the landscape of empirical data and constitute an immediate (prima facie) challenge to the proposed analysis of nominal arguments based on the Mandarin data. This book argues that despite the fact that Nuosu Yi has an overt article determiner, this should not force us to change anything about the proposed analysis of nominal arguments. Lastly, the book puts the analysis of Mandarin and Nuosu Yi nominal arguments in a broader, cross-linguistic perspective and develops a parametric account of variation in nominal argument formation in general.
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38

Baerman, Matthew, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Inflection. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591428.001.0001.

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Inflection is the expression of grammatical information through changes in word forms. This confrontation between general principles of syntactic organization and the often idiosyncratic properties of words has brought about systems whose properties—among them an often high degree of complexity—are an important object of investigation in their own right. Because it is something that many languages happily do without, inflection has a curious and often contentious status within linguistics. But even so, there is a fascinating and well-delimited set of facts out there to be explored, for which this handbook will be a guide. The volume is made up of twenty-four chapters, which together take a theoretically ecumenical approach, with particular attention paid to draw the examples from a wide variety of languages. The first section covers the fundamental building blocks of inflectional form and content: morphemes, features, and means of exponence. The second section focuses on what is probably the most characteristic property of inflectional systems, paradigmatic structure, and the non-trivial nature of the mapping between function and form. The third section covers change and variation over time, and the fourth section covers computational issues from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Section five addresses psycholinguistic questions. The final section is devoted to sketches of individual inflectional systems, illustrating a range of typological possibilities across a genetically diverse set of languages from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Australia, Europe, and South America.
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39

Hill, Virginia, and Alexandru Mardale. The Diachrony of Differential Object Marking in Romanian. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898791.001.0001.

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This book offers a comprehensive overview of the beginnings, development, and stabilization of differential object marking (DOM) in Romanian by combining two approaches: diachronic syntax and comparative syntax. The working hypothesis is that Romanian DOM reflects a typological mix of Balkan and Romance DOM patterns, and that the assessment of the mixed structures must separately quantify three DOM mechanisms in this language (through clitic doubling, DOM particle, and the combination of the above). Tests applied to these DOM mechanisms indicated the nominal domain as the repository for DOM triggers in Romanian, as opposed to the verbal domain in other Romance languages. The cross-linguistic perspective adopted in this book is instrumental for revisiting the DOM typologies in light of the variations shown to occur in the location of the DOM particle and the pronominal clitic (i.e., either on the nominal or on the verb spines).
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