Journal articles on the topic 'Typological range'
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Haspelmath, Martin. "The structural uniqueness of languages and the value of comparison for language description." Asian Languages and Linguistics 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 346–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20032.has.
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Abstract This paper shows why it is not a contradiction to say that each language is structurally unique and must be described with its own categories, but language description profits enormously from typological knowledge. It has sometimes been suggested that the Boasian imperative (“each language should be described in its own terms”) leads to uninsightful analyses, and that language description should instead be “typologically informed”. But the Boasian imperative is not at all incompatible with an intimate connection between description and comparison: Comparative (or typological) knowledge is highly valuable both for making our descriptions transparent and comprehensible, and for helping describers to ask a wide range of questions that would not have occurred to them otherwise. Since we do not know whether any of the building blocks of languages are innate and universal for this reason, we cannot rely on general frameworks (of the generative type) for our descriptions, but we can use typological questionnaires and other kinds of comparative information as a scaffold. Such scaffolds are not theoretical components of the description, but are important methodological tools.
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Bugaeva, Anna. "Ainu applicatives in typological perspective." Studies in Language 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 749–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.34.4.01bug.
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This paper explores the polyfunctionality, grammaticalization, and typological relevance of applicatives in Ainu. Applicatives are derived by the valency-increasing prefixes which are generally defined here as instrumental e-, dative ko-, and locative o-. The referential range of the respective constructions stretches over several semantic roles and the exact role is attributed to the interaction between the semantics of the prefix and verb. The typologically unusual properties of Ainu applicatives include the ability of e- applicatives to add the roles of Theme and Content, the ability of the so-called unaccusative intransitives to host applicative prefixes e- and ko-, the possibility of e-ko- and ko-e- double applicatives, the absence of non-applicative paraphrases for some applicatives, and the possibility of applicative object incorporation.
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Yana, Sukhenko. "THE TYPOLOGICAL RANGE OF TEACHING STAFF’S PERSONAL POTENTIAL: EMPIRICAL DIMENSION." Scientic Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Psychological Sciences, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2312-3206/2019-4-18.
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Szeto, Pui Yiu, Umberto Ansaldo, and Stephen Matthews. "Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach." Linguistic Typology 22, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 233–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0009.
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AbstractThis study explores the range and diversity of the typological features of Mandarin, the largest dialect group within the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Feeding the typological data of 42 Sinitic varieties into the phylogenetic program NeighborNet, we obtained network diagrams suggesting a north-south divide in the Mandarin dialect group, where dialects within the Amdo Sprachbund cluster at one end and those in the Far Southern area cluster at the other end, highlighting the impact of language contact on the typological profiles of various Mandarin dialects.
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Chong, Hye Yin. "Definition and Range of Chinese Serial Verb Constructions from Linguistic Typological Perspective." Korea Journal of Chinese Linguistics 73 (December 31, 2017): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.38068/kjcl.73.5.
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Güngör Alper, Eda. "Terracotta lamps from Metropolıs in Ionia (Turkey): typological assessment." Ancient lamps from Spain to India. Trade, influences, local traditions, no. 28.1 (December 31, 2019): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.1.17.
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The lamps studied in this article come from Metropolıs, a strategically located site between Pergamon and Ephesos, functioning in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Two different techniques of decorating the surfaces of the lamps were distinguished: Red-on-White and Red Slip. The lamps were dated contextually by terracotta oil lamps of the same morphological type found in the same assemblages. The material spanned a chronological range from the 1st to the 6th century AD.
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Berdutin, V. A. "Typological bases of delegation in the healthcare system." Glavvrač (Chief Medical Officer), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-03-2012-01.
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Corporate culture, loyalty and creative activity of medical workers are directly dependent on the management style. Today, the head of a healthcare organization has the opportunity to choose a management model that suits him, for example, such as the Harzburg model based on the delegation of authority and responsibility. The main idea here is that each employee gets a certain range of tasks and powers, within which they have the right to act independently and make decisions. The model pays special attention to soft management, i.e. human resources management skills and the art of interpersonal communication. The article describes a method for potentiating the power of the Harzburg model. Thanks to the typological platform, delegation takes on an acutely personal character and becomes a truly effective management tool that brings the quality and accessibility of medical care to the population to a suprasystem level.
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Хлюстов, Vitaliy Khlyustov, Мусиевский, and Aleksandr Musievskiy. "Forest-typological scales of seed oak forests of Voronezh region." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2014): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3347.
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Calculated statistical indicators of numerical equation coefficients indicate significance of obtained regressions for each TFC (FT). The resulting regression equation allows carrying out calculations for all oak forest TFC (FT) of Voronezh region, in the age range of stands from 10 to 300 years, for completeness – from 0.3 to 1.0, the share of participation of oak in the composition of forest stands from 1 to 10 units. Developed forst typological scales for natural seed oak forests can detect patterns of increase of growth in trophotopes and ecotypes and within ecotypes and trophotopes – by hygrotopes.
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Chernenkova, Tatiana, Ivan Kotlov, Nadezhda Belyaeva, Elena Suslova, Olga Morozova, Olga Pesterova, and Maria Arkhipova. "Role of Silviculture in the Formation of Norway Spruce Forests along the Southern Edge of Their Range in the Central Russian Plain." Forests 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070778.
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East European forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in the broad-leaved–coniferous zone should be considered as secondary communities formed under the influence of centuries-long activities (logging, fires and planting) and extended outside their natural range. The study raises an issue—how stable is the current state of Norway spruce forests in the center of the Russian plain and what is the effect of silviculture on the forest cover of the large urban agglomeration—the Moscow Region? Current study is based on multidisciplinary research and consequently concerns the age dynamics of spruce plantation forests, the species and typological diversity of mature spruce forests and spatial pattern of spruce forests along the south edge of their range. The composition and structure of Norway spruce plantations have been studied for various age classes and compared with mature natural spruce forests and pine plantations on the basis of field data. Remote sensing data and modeling approach were applied to estimate the spatial structure of spruce forests. It is found that mature plantations (over 80 years) become similar to natural forests in terms of structure and composition. The relationship between the distribution of spruce formations and the climatic and geomorphological conditions are confirmed. The proportion of spruce and spruce–aspen/birch communities follows the pattern of zones—the transition from the coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone to the broad-leaved forest zone. Despite the significant anthropogenic impact and the high proportion of plantations in the composition of Norway spruce forests (about 60–80%), their floristic and typological diversities correspond to such properties of zonal broad-leaved–coniferous communities. Over-matured plantations can provide valuable habitats for the re-establishment of native typological diversity. This makes it possible to use silviculture stands as an accelerated alternative to the natural recovery of disturbed habitats.
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Tosco, Mauro. "What to Do when You are Unhappy with Language Areas but You do not Want to Quit." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525390.
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AbstractThe article deals with the concept of "linguistic area" and its problems.Section 1. deals with the history of the concept, as originally formulated by Trubetzkoy in 1923, showing how logical problems were present since the very beginning.In Section 2. a few possible preconditions for a scientifically sound definition of "area" are proposed and discussed, and their application is exemplified in Section 3. with the case of the languages of Northern Eritrea.It is suggested that the concept of "area" is in principle more interesting in linguistics than in social sciences due to the availability in linguistics of two other unrelated and powerful tools: genetic classification and typology. It is in the light of these other tools that language areas will have to be judged – as what lies beyond the range of both genetic and typological linguistics. It is suggested that ideally, in order for a linguistic area to be "proven": its members will have to be as genetically diverse as possible; and it will not be possible to account for the area-defining features on the basis of typological tendencies and regularities. Moreover, language areas described in terms of similar traits should not be overlapping, and attention will have to be paid in keeping language-external facts (such as historical contact and cultural similarities) at bay and not let them guide our search for language areas.It is further argued that, since one cannot expect the members of the area to be maximally different genetically (i.e., totally unrelated), nor the outcome of contact to be maximally irregular typologically (i.e, typologically impossible), real-world areas cannot plausibly meet these strong requirements in toto. The most one can expect is a gradual implementation of these conditions: language areas will have to be defined negatively as a space-based clustering of features which can not be accounted for genetically or typologically, and membership in them will have to be recognized as continuous rather than discrete.
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Vogt, Till. "A Typological Study of Lower Sorbian and Breton Word Order." Studia Celto-Slavica 10 (2019): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/ized5185.
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In the case of Breton, lots of attempts were made to determine its historically grown word order. Proposals in this regard range from VSO (Timm) over V2 (Schafer) to SVO (Varin). This paper shows that traditional Breton has a preference for V2 positioning within a VSO-type framework. Lower Sorbian is a language with a rich morphology and consequently shows a relatively flexible word order. However, in unmarked declarative sentences it is normally the subject which occurs in sentence-initial position whereas the verb does not seem to prefer any specific position. Having determined the word order in the traditional varieties of Breton and Lower Sorbian, an outlook will be given on potential changes of their actual word order under language contact.
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Park, Mihi, and Rebecca Lurie Starr. "The acquisition of L3 variation among early bilinguals." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 5 (January 8, 2019): 657–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17066.par.
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Abstract The present study investigates whether prior experience with formal study of an L2 influences L3 Korean learners’ Type 1 variation (i.e., use of obligatory forms) and Type 2 variation (i.e., variation between alternative acceptable variants). The patterns of variation in Korean argument realization of early bilingual learners (English-Chinese/Malay/Indonesian/Tamil) of L3 Korean were assessed in light of the distribution of variants present in classroom input, learners’ prior L2 learning experience and home language background, argument animacy and number, and familiarity of verb structure type. Our findings demonstrate that prior experience with a typologically-similar L2 facilitates acquisition of grammatical patterns as well as acquisition of native-like patterns of variation between grammatical forms that are constrained by a range of internal linguistic factors. Any L2 experience, regardless of typological proximity, is found to facilitate acquisition of internal linguistic constraints, but not acquisition of grammatical patterns.
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Quercia, A., A. Johnston, A. Bevan, J. Conolly, and A. Tsaravopoulos. "ROMAN POTTERY FROM AN INTENSIVE SURVEY OF ANTIKYTHERA, GREECE." Annual of the British School at Athens 106 (November 2011): 47–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245411000037.
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Recent intensive survey over the entire extent of the small island of Antikythera has recovered an episodic sequence of human activity spanning some 7,000 years, including a Roman pottery assemblage that documents a range of important patterns with respect to land use, demography and on-island consumption. This paper addresses the typological and functional aspects of this assemblage in detail, and also discusses Roman period Antikythera's range of off-island contacts and affiliations.
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Balkovič, J., G. Čemanová, J. Kollár, M. Kromka, and K. Harnová. "Mapping soils using the fuzzy approach and regression-kriging case study from the Považský Inovec Mountains, Slovakia." Soil and Water Research 2, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2112-swr.
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The paper introduces a method of digital mapping of spatial distribution of soil typological units. It implements fuzzy k-means to classify the soil profile data (study area from the Považský Inovec Mountains, Slovakia) and regression-kriging with the selected digital terrain and remote sensing data to draw membership maps of soil typological units. Totally three soil typological units were identified: Haplic Cambisols (Skeletic, Dystric), Albic Stagnic Luvisols, and Haplic Stagnosols (Albic, Dystric). We analysed the membership values to these units with respect to terrain and remote sensing data. The membership values appeared as spatially smoothly dependant on the terrain gradients (linearly or exponentially) whereas the residua showed spatial autocorrelation. Based on regression and kriging analyses, the regression-kriging model was successfully deployed to draw raster membership maps. These maps yield coefficients of determination between R<sup>2</sup> = 56% (Albic Stagnic Luvisols) to R<sup>2</sup>= 79% (Haplic Cambisols (Skeletic, Dystric)) when evaluated by cross validation. The grid-based continuous soil map represents an alternative to the classical polygon soil maps and can offer a wide range of interpretations for landscape studies.
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Bodor, Ákos, Zoltán Grünhut, and Réka Horeczki. "Considering the Linkage Between the Theory of Trust and Classical Rural Sociology’s Concepts." European Countryside 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2018-0027.
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Abstract The paper presents a multi-theoretical argument by linking the mid-range concepts of risk and trust to some core, classical approaches of rural sociology. The main assumption is that risk and trust, two essential features of social interactions in late modernity are influenced by the rural and urban forms of coexistence. Based on the typological grand theories of early rural sociology, countryside-like milieu reduces risks, and by this, supports the individual abilities of showing trust. The paper analyzes this assumption on European countries’ data through a quantitative empirical inquiry. The findings do not strengthen the basic hypothesis which conclusion suggests that the classical typological approach of rural sociology should be seen through a critical lens – just as the new theoretical interpretations from the field recommend it.
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Sedykh, Sergey, and Irina Bilichenko. "Classification of mountain geosystems of the Primorskii range (Priolkhonie) and their mapping." InterCarto. InterGIS 27, no. 3 (2021): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2021-3-27-375-386.
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The western border of the Central Ecological Zone of Baikal runs along the watershed of the Primorskii range in physical and geographical terms, this ridge borders the west of the Baikal mountain-mountain taiga and basin province of the Baikal-Dzhugdzhur physical-geographical region. On the southeastern macroslope of the Primorskii ridge and the Priolkhon plateau, the effects of “rain shadow” and arid-hollow, contrasts of high-mountain and foothill effects are strongly pronounced. Since 2015 to 2016, the influence of the pyrogenic factor has significantly increased. More than 20 fires were recorded in the central part of the ridge alone. On the Priolkhon plateau, this is supplemented by an increasing anthropogenic influence every year. The classification of the geosystems of the Primorskii range and their mapping based on the regional typological approach is the main goal of this study. The main tasks were: analysis of the regional background, identification of the main factors of differentiation, classification of facies and their groups of the study area, mapping of geosystems at the topological level (scales 1:50,000 and 1:100,000). To accomplish the tasks, integrated field research has been carried out since 2012, a database has been formed, including the initial basic cartographic data, remote sensing data, bases of descriptions and observations. The results of the research are: determination of criteria and data source for contours at different levels of cartographic representation, the sizes of areal sections are specified. Also compiled: basic landscape-typological maps and derived estimates. geosystems of the local level. A detailed assessment legend was formed (based on the georelational table of field descriptions and spatial data) with various characteristics of local topogeosystems, including seriality, geochemical type and subtype of facies, deviation from the background norm (factor-dynamic series). A variant of the estimated large-scale mapping is presented on a polygon with an area of 50 km2, where 95 areal contours related to 54 types of facies are identified, with an average area of 3.7 hectares.The complexity and diversity of local situations is analyzed, the affiliation of local geosystems with structures of regional dimension is established.
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Khudyakov, Yuliy S., and Alisa Yu Borisenko. "Characteristic Features of Compound Bows from the Ulug-Choltukh Burial Ground of Airydaş Type in the Altai Mountains." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 19, no. 5 (2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-5-130-137.
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Purpose. The article explores and analyzes several defining design characteristics of horn plates of compound bows, detected in the course of archaeological excavations of several male burial places at the Ulug-Choltukh burial ground. Located in the valley of the Edigan River in the middle course of the Katun River in the Altai Mountains; these were explored for several field seasons in the 2000s. Results. This article outlines the primary events related to the history of archaeological studies of findings of the compound bows of ancient peoples (Xiongnu-Xianbei time) in the Altai Mountains. The findings of the horn plates of compound bows detected in previous years in the course of excavations of Aidyraş type archaeological objects explored on the territory of the middle course of the Katun River are researched and analyzed. As a result of typological analysis, several types of compound bows are singled out among studied findings of horn plates, detected in the course of excavations of male interments at the archaeological funerary burial grounds Aidyraş I and Ulug-Choltukh. The conclusion sums up the several results of carried out explorations. Identification of horn plate findings of compound bows found during excavations of the Aidyraş burial ground, and studied in the Chemalsky District in the Altai Republic, has made it possible to relate them to long-range combat armament objects that were available to the natives who inhabited the valleys of the Katun and Edigan Rivers during the historical period of the 2nd quarter of the 1st millennium AD. The carried out typological research significantly supplements the previously known history of development of long-range combat weapons of the Altai Mountains in the course of the studied Xiongnu-Xianbei chronological period, right before the Early Middle Ages. Conclusion. The resulting typological classification of compound bows as part of a collection of horn plates findings detected in the course of excavations of the Ulug-Choltukh burial ground, clarifies the specificities and quantity of types of this long-range combat weapon kind among the Aidyraş weapons complex.
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Shao, Yan, Christian Hardmeier, and Joakim Nivre. "Universal Word Segmentation: Implementation and Interpretation." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00033.
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Word segmentation is a low-level NLP task that is non-trivial for a considerable number of languages. In this paper, we present a sequence tagging framework and apply it to word segmentation for a wide range of languages with different writing systems and typological characteristics. Additionally, we investigate the correlations between various typological factors and word segmentation accuracy. The experimental results indicate that segmentation accuracy is positively related to word boundary markers and negatively to the number of unique non-segmental terms. Based on the analysis, we design a small set of language-specific settings and extensively evaluate the segmentation system on the Universal Dependencies datasets. Our model obtains state-of-the-art accuracies on all the UD languages. It performs substantially better on languages that are non-trivial to segment, such as Chinese, Japanese, Arabic and Hebrew, when compared to previous work.
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Bussey, Samuel. "Stories of sacrifice from below." STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 6, no. 4 (January 22, 2021): 183–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2020.v6n4.a8.
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In the Global North, the notion of “sacrifice” is highly controversial in contemporary discussion. In recent years, the influential work of René Girard has succeeded in putting sacrifice back on the intellectual agenda, but his story of sacrifice has primarily emphasised the theme of violence. Today, many theologians consider sacrifice inherently problematic and some would like to do away with it altogether. In Africa, however, the notion is highly popular across a wide range of theological traditions. The work of three African theologians – John Ekem, a Ghanaian mother-tongue biblical scholar, Edison Kalengyo, a Ugandan inculturation theologian, and Mercy Oduyoye, a Ghanaian women’s theologian – challenge Girard’s theory in three important ways. First, they challenge his traditional typological approach with a dialogical typological one. Second, they challenge his focus on violence by highlighting multiple themes. Third, they challenge his lack of an ecclesial dimension with fresh ways of appropriating Jesus’ sacrifice today.
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Filippova, Elena Mikhailovna. "LETTERS OF I. A. GONCHAROV IN THE EPISTOLARY AND LITERARY CONTEXT." Russkaya literatura 2 (2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2021-2-78-87.
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The epistolary of I. A. Goncharov has not yet been reliably compared with the letters of his predecessors. Meanwhile, the search for the typological parallels in the epistolary and literary context of the era is instrumental for outlining the connections between the novelist’s letters and a whole range of artistic traditions of salon correspondence, romantic mystifi cation and familiar letter as a literary genre.
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Breteler, Jeroen. "Modeling metrical stress acquisition through alignment constraint induction." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.03bre.
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The paper models the acquisition of quantity insensitive metrical stress through constraint induction. A single constraint format is specified that regulates the alignment of prosodic categories. A binary and ternary foot-based prosodic hierarchy are compared in their conduciveness to learning a range of stress patterns, with clear advantages for the latter. The paper also points out the interaction between grammatical modeling and acquisition modeling with regards to the typological predictions of the grammar formalization.
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Stącel, Wojciech. "Hooked Pins in the Przeworsk Culture – Typology, Chronology, Distribution and Function." Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 16 (2021): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/anarres.2021.16.6.
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Thanks to the analysis of hooked pins in the Przeworsk culture, a new division of this category was introduced. A new typological classification of the hooked pins was made and their two types (1–2) and their subtypes (A–B) were defined. The article takes into account the territorial and chronological range of their occurrence, from the early Pre-Roman Period to Roman Period and the Migration Period. The function of the hooked pins is also presented.
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Perles-Ribes, José Francisco, Josep Antoni Ivars-Baidal, Ana Belén Ramón-Rodríguez, and José Fernando Vera-Rebollo. "The typological classification of tourist destinations: The region of Valencia, a case study." Tourism Economics 26, no. 5 (March 22, 2019): 764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816619838413.
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This study establishes a classification of the tourist destinations of the Region of Valencia in Spain. A cluster analysis has been conducted on a wide range of indicators related to the tourism activity of the destinations, which has then been applied a set of 60 coastal destinations and 482 inland municipalities in the region. Spatial reference frameworks are essential for applying and developing tourism planning and promotion policies. The results obtained reveal their sensitivity to the configurations generated by these data analysis techniques, the variables used in the analysis and the group of destinations taken as a reference for the classification. They also confirm the exceptionality of the case of Benidorm and the existence of tourism dynamics and processes that are manifested unequally across the territory. The latest advances within this technique are applied which will improve the robustness of the results.
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W. Williams, John, and Sara T. Levi. "The Ausonian Pottery of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Sicily) – a Typological and Petrological Assessment." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 74 (2008): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000177.
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A petrographic analysis of 74 Ausonian (Late Bronze Age) sherds from the Acropolis of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Sicily) was undertaken to ascertain whether they represent intrusive mainland Italian Subapenninian and Protovillanovan imports, as their typology might suggest, or were the products of an indigenous island economy. The sample included ‘impasto’ and painted pottery and was extended to include 15 Apenninian sherds from the preceding Milazzese cultural phase. The Acropolis has an almost unbroken stratified ceramic succession from the Middle Neolithic to the early historic period and the site is located in an island with a restricted, but well defined, volcanic geology. The petrographic evidence indicates that the Ausonian pottery is the product of the indigenous insular economy using both local and imported materials. This conclusion suggess that new ceramic forms were quickly transposed by the ‘native’ potters of Lipari to produce an indigenous ‘Subapenninian’ and ‘Protovillanovan’ range of wares.
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Turner, Mike. "Definiteness Systems and Dialect Classification." Languages 6, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030128.
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In this article I explore how typological approaches can be used to construct novel classification schemes for Arabic dialects, taking the example of definiteness as a case study. Definiteness in Arabic has traditionally been envisioned as an essentially binary system, wherein definite substantives are marked with a reflex of the article al- and indefinite ones are not. Recent work has complicated this model, framing definiteness instead as a continuum along which speakers can locate referents using a broader range of morphological and syntactic strategies, including not only the article al-, but also reflexes of the demonstrative series and a diverse set of ‘indefinite-specific’ articles found throughout the spoken dialects. I argue that it is possible to describe these strategies with even more precision by modeling them within cross-linguistic frameworks for semantic typology, among them a model known as the ‘Reference Hierarchy,’ which I adopt here. This modeling process allows for classification of dialects not by the presence of shared forms, but rather by parallel typological configurations, even if the forms within them are disparate.
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Ilyushin, A. M., and M. G. Suleymenov. "Researches on a complex of archeological sites Toropovo-7A." Field studies in the Upper Ob, Irtysh and Altai (archeology, ethnography, oral history and museology) 15 (2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0584-2020-15-40-45.
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The article materials of excavation on a medieval complex of archeological sites Toropovo-7A are considered. In a form and figuration of ceramic ware typological classification of new materials is carried out. Comparative analysis with medieval monuments of Kuznetsk Depression allowed to reveal analogies to finds in the wide chronological range of the developed and late Middle Ages. It allowed to create a hypothesis of use of the cult family platform in two time intervals the developed and late Middle Ages.
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Darvill, Timothy. "The Circulation of Neolithic Stone and Flint Axes: A Case Study from Wales and the Mid-West of England." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, no. 1 (1989): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005338.
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This paper examines the distribution of stone and flint axes in Wales and the mid-west of England based on systematically collected data. Typological variations within the category of implements generally known as axes are discussed, and the distribution of the largest group, true axes, analysed. Three types of distribution are identified: regional distribution, local distribution and waterborne distribution. Proximity of source is shown to play a major role in the frequency and range of axes present in any given area.
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Suzuki, Seiichi. "Metrical Positions and their Linguistic Realisations in Old Germanic Metres: A Typological Overview." Studia Metrica et Poetica 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/smp.2014.1.2.02.
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This paper provides a typological account of Old Germanic metre by investigating its parametric variations that largely determine the metrical identities of the Old English Beowulf, the Old Saxon Heliand, and Old Norse eddic poetry (composed in fornyrðislag, málaháttr, or ljóðaháttr). The primary parameters to be explored here are the principle of four metrical positions per verse and the differing ways in which these constituent positions are aligned to linguistic material. On the one hand, the four-position principle works with a maximal strictness in Beowulf, and to a slightly lesser extent in fornyrðislag, whereas it allows for a wider range of deviations in verse size in the Heliand and ljóðaháttr. In málaháttr, however, the principle in itself gives way to the five-position counterpart. On the other hand, the variation in the metrical– linguistic alignment in the three close cognate metres may be generalised by positing the common scale, Heliand > Beowulf > fornyrðislag, for the decreasing likelihood of resolution, the increasing likelihood of suspending resolution, and the decreasing size of the drop.
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Plugatar', Y. V., V. P. Koba, V. V. Papelbu, and O. L. Muntyan. "Typological structure and age composition of beach stands in the mountainous Crimea." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 158 (May 18, 2021): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2021-1-158-26-37.
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The features of the typological structure, age composition and territorial distribution of beech stands in the Mountainous Crimea were studied. It is shown that nowadays beech forests grow in the range of altitudes from 400-500 to 1300-1400 m above sea level on an area of 34.9 thousand hectares, which is 13.4% of the forested territory of the peninsula. The age structure of beech stands is characterized by the cyclical process of renewal of indigenous stands, which is determined by the implementation of favorable natural factors - the level of seed yield and weather conditions during the formation of seed renewal generation, the frequency of which is 40-50 years. Based on the analysis of the ecological spectrum of the species composition of the grass layer, it is established that the forest growing conditions in the beech stands in the central part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains should be characterized as fresh sudubravas and beech forests. The density of beech young growth in ecotopes in this area varies from 0.5 to 4 thousand pieces per 1 ha. In areas where the light regime improves, the young trees grow in the form of small bunches, often forming groups of young plants around the trunks of adult trees. Using satellite images of the Landsat 8 space sensing system, it was revealed that at present, in the central part of the beech forests of the Mountainous Crimea, significant areas are completely devoid of forest vegetation, or are covered with sparse woodlands, in the phytocenotic structure of which herbaceous plants predominate.
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Plugatar, Yu V., V. P. Koba, T. M. Sakhno, and A. F. Khromov. "Typological structure and productivity of pine forests of the Mountain Crimea." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 152 (February 18, 2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2019-3-152-26-35.
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The study of the features of the territorial distribution, productivity and typological structure of natural pine stands in the Mountain Crimea was conducted. Crimean pine plantations dominate by the area here. The most productive and long-lived stands are C l-Скр under the conditions of dry sudubrava Ci. Taxational characteristics of Crimean pine plantations in different high-altitude zones reflect the peculiarities of high-altitude dynamics of their age composition. The lower belt is dominated by plants of small height and with a small trunk diameter. The stands of the upper belt have the most significant taxation characteristics. According to the level of living state, the stands of Crimean pine of the lower belt are mostly characterized by an unsatisfactory assessment. This is due not only to the negative anthropogenic impact, but also to the more severe action of limiting factors in the regional territory of natural growth of Crimean pine on the southern macroslope of the Main ridge of the Crimean mountains. Natural stands of common pine form forests in the edaphotopes of dry pinewood Bi, dry sudubrava Ci and fresh sudubrava C2. Under the conditions of dry sudubrava Ci there is an increase in the productive capacity of common pine stands. The level of use of the forest typological potential of a pine stand depends on its age. The ratio of age groups characterizes the pine stands as cyclo-multiplc-agcd. The fullness of stands of common pine varies within the range of 0.3-0.9, the average is 0.6. The most common planrings have the fullness of 0.4 and 0.5. The structure of the typological macrocomplex of stands of Stankevich pine is represented in a greater degree by communities of dry sudubrava Ci. Unfavorable abiotic factors have a direct impact on the composition of stands of Stankevich pine, the age structure of which is characterized by a predominance of young and middle-aged trees and a noticeable decrease in the number of ripening and ripe stands and a very small representation of high-aged plantations. The relative increase in the number of trees at the age of 200 240 years is evidence that in the past the conditions for the growth and renewal of stands of Stankevich pine in the Mountain Crimea were more favorable.
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Bulygina, V. G., A. V. Vlasov, A. A. Dubinsky, and M. M. Pronicheva. "Age specificity of individual typological characteristics in persons of different professions." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-2-128-135.
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In modern conditions, individualization and optimization of training and additional professional education of a wide range of specialists are increasing in order to strengthen the “personnel base” and solve complex internal and external tasks. Individualized training involves: 1) selecting people according to the criteria of personal predisposition to this type of professional activity; 2) building an adequate system of external training influence within the framework of specialized training and training of personnel. Occupational health and medicine as disciplines and practical areas are faced with the task of using labor as a factor of health and self-development of a person, increasing his vitality, adaptability and professional longevity. The purpose of the study is to identify individual typological profiles, considering professional activity and age, for improving professional selection, development and support of various professions ‘ specializations.The sample included 389 people (average age–29.5±8.5 years), including 169 participants of the professional community “Institute for development of leaders” and 220 people-extreme specialists. Respondents belonged to the following professional profiles: administrative and managerial; information technology; research and security. The following methodological complex is used: o. SSS; o. TIPI; o. MMPI; o. Grasmika; o. BIS/BAS; o. EPQ; subjective scale for evaluating one’s own entrepreneurial skills.It was revealed that the combination of a high level of activation system aimed at obtaining additional new stimulation, risk propensity and low emotional stability was characteristic for persons of administrative and managerial profile. Individual and typological characteristics of the security profile were similar to the previous group, except for a lower educational level and pronounced egocentrism. Persons with an information and analytical profile of professional activity were characterized by a low level of activation system and emotional instability. They were prone to risk. Individuals of the research profile were characterized by low self-control, emotional instability when focusing on subjective criteria.The greatest information content of psychological variables was revealed for the age group from 16 to 21 years. Checking the predictive value of discriminant models, where the target variables were professional activity profiles, revealed the high quality of the model only when the subjects were assigned to the group of the security profile.The information content of diagnostics of individual typological characteristics for solving problems of predicting behavioral response and professional selection is confirmed. The characteristics of specialists in various professional profiles have predictive value in relation to the risk of disadaptation and decompensation when changing their employment status.
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Bulatova, E. K. "Corporate book publications in the corporate culture system." Bibliosphere, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2018-4-32-37.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of corporate publications in the corporate culture system. A corporate publication is a new type of edition, which started to develop actively in Russia in the 1990s. To date, it is a complex of different types of publications: books, periodicals, small-print products, as well as websites, mobile applications, etc. as a variety form of corporate publications that perform similar functions. The study objective is to identify functions of book corporate publications, their place in the corporate culture system. The research methodology consists of a combination of a functional-typological method, a comparative-typological technique, and content analysis. The author identifies a range of problems facing the corporate publication study: absence of the «corporate publication» notion in the categorical-conceptual apparatus of bibliology; lack of statistical accounting; need to identify the essential characteristics of corporate publications, which include their functional purpose. The book edition performs specific functions, the main of which is forming the image and corporate culture. The corporate edition is a reflection of the visual and verbal brand system, a channel of communication and corporate advertising.
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Kanzaki, Natsumi, Hisashi Kajimura, and Kimiko Okabe. "Rhabditidoides aegus n. sp., an associate of stag beetles and sap flow in Japan." Nematology 18, no. 2 (2016): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002953.
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Rhabditidoides aegus n. sp. from a stag beetle, Aegus subnitidus subnitidus, from Nagoya, Japan, and obtained from the sap flow of an oak tree, Quercus serrata, from Ibaraki, Japan, is described and illustrated. In addition to its distinguishing generic characteristics, e.g., the arrangement of male genital papillae, ⟨v1, v2, v3d, CO, v4, (ph, ad, v5, v6), pd, v7⟩, the new species is characterised by a relatively stout body for both male and female, small stomatal flaps, a secretory pore-like opening, a pair of deirids, three pairs of postdeirids, and a pair of small subventral vulval papillae located just anterior to the female vulva. The new species is morphologically similar to R. humicolus, the species sharing two typological characters: a stomatal flap and vulval papillae. However, the new species is distinguished from R. humicolus by its relatively small vulval papillae, narrower gubernaculum, and the arrangement of genital papillae in which pd and v7 are clearly separate. In addition to the typological characters, the new species is distinguishable from all other species in the genus by its distribution range as it is the first Rhabditidoides species from East Asia.
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McCully, C. B. "Towards a theory of poetic change." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 12, no. 1 (February 2003): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700301200101.
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This article1 provides an overview of the processes of structural change in poetic form(s), and aims to put those processes into a diachronic and conceptual framework. It is argued here, with reference to a wide range of examples drawn mainly (though not exclusively) from English, that poetic change can be seen to fall into four broad categories, adaptive change, assimilative change, typological change, and reactive change. The article concludes with an analysis of the reactive changes involved in the coming of non-metrical verse to the English poetic canon.
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Schwaiger, Thomas. "The relation between prototypical and marginal morphology : the case of reduplicative constructions." Linguistica 51, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.121-134.
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The article investigates a paradigm case of a borderline phenomenon in linguistic analysis: constructions in which linguistic material is meaningfully iterated (or repeated) and their relation to prototypical and marginal areas of morphology. The fuzzy state of affairs prevailing in this research area is described and a survey of relevant and irrelevant iteration phenomena is undertaken. The discussion finally narrowing in on morphological reduplication, the data dealt with (mostly) come from the typologically oriented Graz Database on Reduplication (gdr). In light of certain data encountered there (i.e. reduplicative imperatives and a pragmatically emphatic vowel copying construction), the morphological process of reduplication is further differentiated, the general term reduplicative construction (Moravcsik 1978) thereby being endowed with a special meaning subsuming both prototypical and marginal instances of the process under scrutiny, couching the investigation into a morphological framework along lines similar to those proposed by Zwicky/Pullum (1987) and Dressler (2000). The study concludes with a tentative general picture of repetition phenomena in language in which grammaticalization theory can comprehensively account for such constructions that linguistically range from discourse to morphology. Finally, the potential benefit of the present approach for any typological undertaking in the realm of the reduplication process is highlighted.
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Kovaleva, T. I. "“The transition text” in Russian book tradition A book review: Shunkov A. V. Poetika perekhodnosti. Issledovaniya po literaturnoy kul’ture Rossii vtoroy poloviny 17 – nachala 18 v. [Poetics of the transition period. Studies in Russian literary culture of the second part of the 17th – the beginning of the 18th century]. Moscow, St. Pe-tersburg, 2020, 256 р." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2021): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/75/24.
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The monograph under review analyzes the typological features of a wide range of works cre-ated in the transition period of Russian spiritual culture from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Times. These works take mainly a peripheral place in the genre system and demon-strate the combination of medieval poetics and the emerging new aesthetics. Most of them combine the features of a document and a literary work. The concept of “the transition text” formulated on the material studied allows expanding the observations of previous scholars and opening up new perspectives for further research.
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Snoek, Conor. "From ‘clubs’ to ‘clocks’: lexical semantic extensions in Dene languages." Cognitive Linguistics 33, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2021-0035.
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Abstract This study examines the semantics of a root form underlying a wide range of Dene lexical expressions. The root evolved from a simple nominal denoting “club” to expressions lexicalizing the movement of stick-like objects and the rotation of helicopter blades. These semantic extensions arise through source-in-target and target-in-source metonymies. Drawing on Cognitive Linguistics, especially the theory of metonymy, offers a method of describing the range of meanings expressed by this root in a concise manner. Focusing on the results of metonymic meaning extensions also opens the way to addressing questions in the history of Dene languages. This study contributes to increasing the typological scope of Cognitive Linguistic approaches and argues for the usefulness of the theory in addressing problems in Dene linguistics.
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Zinov’eva, N. V. "DISCUSSION ON ART AND POLITICS ON THE PAGES OF THE “TCHISLA” (“NUMBERS”) MAGAZINE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-3-485-491.
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This article is dedicated to the analysis of the discussion on art and politics that took place on the pages of one of the most popular literary and art magazines of the Russian diaspora. In the course of this discussion, members of diverse literary generations of the first wave of Russian emigration expressed their characteristic opinions. The literary-theoretical, religious and philosophical positions of both the older generation and the “young” authors became clearer after this discussion. The purpose of this article is to analyze the discussion about art and politics in the magazine “Tchisla” (“Numbers”) in the general context of the development of the ideological and aesthetic position of the Russian abroad. Theoretical principles and methods of research are based on historical-typological and system-functional approaches to understanding the literary process. The work used historical, comparative, typological, system-structural methods. The main sources were theoretical texts of the “Tchisla” (“Numbers”) magazine, and also the works of such researchers of the Russian abroad as A. Bem, L. Eremina, O. Korostelev, N. Letaeva, G. Struve and others. The statements and conclusions contained in this article may be of interest not only for students and teachers, but also for a wide range of people interested in the literature and spiritual life of the Russian abroad.
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Bezrodnova, O., I. Tymochko, І. Solomakha, О. Chornobrov, and H. Bondarenko. "Forest typological and phytosozological assessment of forest vegetation of Slobozhansky National Park." Balanced nature using, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.4.2020.226651.
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Forest typological and phytososological biodiversity of forest vegetation of Slobozhansky National Park is shown. The park covers 5244 hectares and includes the main parts of the run off valleys of the left-bank Merla River tributary, which belongs to the Vorskla River basin in the Kharkiv region. The main forest-forming species of the Slobozhansky National Nature Park are Pinus sylvestris L. (2779.3 hectares, 59.84%), Quercus robur L. (1451.8 hectares, 31.26%). Minor areas are occupied by Betula pendula Roth (138.3 hectares, 2.98%), Alnus glutinosa (L.) P. Gaertn. (122.5 hectares, 2.64%), Populus tremula L. (45.0 hectares, 0.97%) and other species. Areas covered with forest vegetation are represented by 16 edatopes: all trophotope and almost all hygrotopes, except very dry. Among the trophotopes subors (2015.2 hectares, 43.39%), oak wood (1504.4 hectares, 32.39%) and sugruds (1042.2 hectares, 22.44%) predominate, and the part of pine forest is insignificant (82.5 hectares, 1.78%). Among hygrotopes, the majority are with fresh conditions (4060.6 hectares, 87.43%), much smaller areas are dry (268.4 hectares, 5.78%), damp (184.3 hectares, 3.97%), moist (124.4 hectares, 2.68%) and wet (6.6 hectares, 0.14%) conditions. There are 17 types of forests in the Slobozhansky National Park areas covered with forest vegetation. Fresh oak-pine forest (1780.6 hectares, 38.35%), fresh maple-linden forest (1453.6 hectares, 31.30%), fresh linden-oak-pine sugrud (756.8 hectares, 16.30%) are dominated. Pinus sylvestris plantations grow in 10 forest types. The most common types of pine forests are fresh oak-pine and fresh linden-oak-pine sugrud. Quercus robur growth in 7 forest types, the most common of which is fresh maple-linden oak wood. The distribution of forest typological differences on the territory of the park of vascular plants rare species populations, which have different sozological status is analyzed. Annex I to Resolution 6 of the Berne Convention includes the following species: Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb., Iris pineticola Klokov. A number of species have the appropriate conservation status in Ukraine (Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub, Lycopodium annotinum L., Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. Sl, Allium ursinum L., Iris furcata M. Bieb., Iris pineticola, Fritillaria meleagris L., F. ruthenica Wikstr., Tulipa quercetorum Klokov & Zoz, Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, Listera ovata (L.) R. Br., Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich., Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich., Stipa borysthenica Klokov ex Prokudin) and 22 species at the regional range.
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Morales-Vives, Fabia, Gisela Ferré-Rey, Pere J. Ferrando, and Misericòrdia Camps. "Balancing typological and dimensional approaches: Assessment of adult attachment styles with Factor Mixture Analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): e0254342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254342.
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Many studies show the importance of adult attachment styles and their impact on social and emotional adaptation in adulthood. However, there is no agreement about whether attachment should be regarded as typological or dimensional, and some authors have proposed reconciling both options, so that adult attachment styles can be assessed more accurately and realistically. In this study we have adopted this comprehensive view and used Factor Mixture Analysis, the most appropriate model for assessing this mixture view. More specifically, we attempted to determine the nature and types (if any) of attachment styles that can be assessed with the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (CAA), using this mixture view. A total of 515 adults from Spain took part, with ages between 18 and 56 years old. In addition to the CAA questionnaire, they completed the Parental Bonding Instrument and the emotional stability subscale of the Overall Personality Assessment Scale. On the basis of the CAA scores, the results show that only two profiles–insecure attachment and normal-range–can be univocally differentiated. Furthermore, the results of a full multiple-group structural model show that each of these profiles has a different pattern of validity relations with the external variables maternal care, maternal overprotection and emotional stability. These differential validity results reinforce the general hypothesis that two differentiated clusters of individuals can be distinguished on the basis of the responses to the CAA items.
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Kwiatkowska, Anna Justyna, and Barbara Solińska-Górnicka. "Changes in typological and spatial boundaries between neighbouring communities of Potentitlo albae-Quercetum and Tilio-Carpinetum." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 62, no. 1-2 (2014): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1993.011.
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The sample area of 2.8 ha, divided into 100 m<sup>2</sup> square quadrats, comprised two, distinguishable by traditional methods, oak forest patches and a fragment of a neighbouring mixed oak-hornbeam forest. The classification of quadrats was conducted by association analysis. Their identification and interpretation were performed on the basis of the systematic value and fraction of species of the characteristic oak forest combination in each distinguished quadrat group, as well as the range of distinguished communities. It appeared that due to the hornbeam invasion into the oak forest habitat, species forming the characteristic oak forest combination receded and the community area decreased. The data enabled reconstruction of the phases of oak forest recession. They corresponded to the successive phases of the encroachment of hornbeam undergrowth in the analysed area.
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Blevins, James. "The information-theoretic turn." Psihologija 46, no. 4 (2013): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1304355b.
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Over the past decade, information theory has been applied to the analysis of a successively broader range of morphological phenomena. Interestingly, this tradition has arisen independently of the linguistic applications of information theory dating from the 1950?s. Instead, the point of origin for current work lies in a series of studies of morphological processing in which Kostic and associates develop a statistical notion of ?morphological information? based on ?uncertainty? and ?uncertainty reduction?. From these initial studies, analyses based on statistical notions of information have been applied to general problems of morphological description and typological classification, leading to a formal rehabilitation of the complex system perspective of traditional WP models.
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Hayashi, Makoto, and Kyung-Eun Yoon. "A cross-linguistic exploration of demonstratives in interaction." Studies in Language 30, no. 3 (July 28, 2006): 485–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.3.02hay.
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This study undertakes a cross-linguistic examination of several distinct usage types of demonstratives as “filler words” in the context where speakers encounter trouble in formulating a word during spontaneous speech production. The study documents the range of forms and functions of these demonstratives across diverse languages, and explores theoretical issues that arise from the empirical observation, including the question of why demonstratives, among all linguistic items, are utilized as a tool to deal with word-formulation trouble. By investigating the hitherto neglected usages of demonstratives in social interaction, our study contributes both to typological studies of demonstratives and to interactional studies of grammatical phenomena.
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Ammar, Waleed, George Mulcaire, Miguel Ballesteros, Chris Dyer, and Noah A. Smith. "Many Languages, One Parser." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00109.
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We train one multilingual model for dependency parsing and use it to parse sentences in several languages. The parsing model uses (i) multilingual word clusters and embeddings; (ii) token-level language information; and (iii) language-specific features (fine-grained POS tags). This input representation enables the parser not only to parse effectively in multiple languages, but also to generalize across languages based on linguistic universals and typological similarities, making it more effective to learn from limited annotations. Our parser’s performance compares favorably to strong baselines in a range of data scenarios, including when the target language has a large treebank, a small treebank, or no treebank for training.
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Thellman, Gregory S. "The Incorporation of Jesus and his Emissaries in a Tripartite Canonical Framework (Luke 11:45-53)." Kairos 11, no. 1 (July 9, 2017): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32862/k.11.1.1.
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This composition critical exegetical study examines Luke’s distinctive presentation of Jesus’ woes against the scribal scholars in Luke 11:45–51. Four elements of Luke’s presentation are identified which contribute to the inclusion of Jesus and his emissaries within a distinctly tripartite canonical framework. Luke’s peculiar use of the Greek term νομικός is shown to be employed as a rhetorical marker to emphasize the scripture interpreting role of the scribal scholars and to provide a broad allusion to scripture overall. The correspondence of the three woes against the νομικοί to the tripartite Hebrew canon is demonstrated as further evidence for this allusion to scripture and a threefold revelatory tradition. Two elements within the second woe, the saying of the “Wisdom of God,” and the range of past martyrs, are then discussed and found to have intertextual links with 2 Chronicles 24 and 36, suggesting the present passage is a typological recapitulation of past persecution and martyrdom, as well as judgment. The article concludes that these distinctive elements show that Luke typologically incorporates Jesus and his emissaries within a tripartite revelatory tradition and canonical framework, and that by further implication, Luke’s written testimony (Luke-Acts) to the persecution and killing of Jesus and his sent ones, contributes to the self presentation of this written testimony as a climactic continuation of the OT scriptures.
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Khudyakov, Yu S., and A. Yu Borisenko. "Collection of Iron Arrowheads of the Kyrgyz Great Power Epochs from the Kyrgyz National Museum in Bishkek City." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 7 (2018): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-7-99-106.
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Purpose. We considered and analyzed the finds of iron arrowheads from a small collection of armament objects for long-range combat related to the epoch of Kyrgyz Great Power. The collection is exhibited at the moment in the National Museum of the Kyrgyz Republic in Bishkek City. Results. Precise location of these objects is not determined. However, it is known that all these objects of armament originate from the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. The arrowheads from the collection have been preserved quite well, which distinguishes these findings from the armament objects of excavations of archaeological monuments of the cultures of ancient and medieval peoples in the Tian Shan. Having carried out a formal and typological classification analysis of the items from the collection, we determined a certain typological identity of the armament for longrange combat that were related to different groups and types of iron petiolate arrowheads according to the section and the form of feather. We found analogues to the arrows from our collection when discovered arrowheads of similar forms as a part of weapon complexes of ancient and medieval ethnicities inhabiting the Central Asian historical and cultural region during the Ancient times, Early and High Middle Ages. We traced the spread of arrowheads of different types, analyzed them as a part of our collection, and analyzed the items discovered in the course of previous research in medieval archaeological sites on the territory of northern Tian Chan Region in the bounds of Kyrgyzstan. The results of our analysis prove that all the arrowheads from the collection studied relate to the historical eras of the Early and High Middle Ages. Conclusion. A part of this collection is likely to have belonged to the complex of means for long-range combat. They used such arrowheads while shooting the enemy in the epoch of the Kyrgyz Khanate. Preponderance of armorpiercing and versatile iron arrowheads can testify the necessity to confront enemies in long-range combats and fight against adversaries who were powerfully armed and fully-equipped with metallic armor.
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Bar-Asher Siegal, Elitzur A. "Notes on the history of reciprocal NP-strategies in Semitic languages in a typological perspective." Diachronica 31, no. 3 (November 14, 2014): 337–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.31.3.02bar.
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Among Semitic reciprocal constructions, a division is seen between two types: 1) two-unit constructions, with two components, each filling a different argument position of the verb, and 2) one-unit constructions, with an anaphora that co-refers with the subject (that must be plural) and occupies only the non-subject position required by the verb. The goal of this paper is to explain how these constructions developed, specifically: 1) how did the various types of two-unit constructions evolve? and 2) could diachronic chains be identified in order to explain the development of the one-unit constructions from the two-unit constructions? Previous work on question (1) focuses on the range of phrases that tend to develop into reciprocal markers. Such accounts, however, do not explain how these constructions developed the specific meanings they have. I argue that consideration of the semantics of these constructions is crucial for understanding their evolution. Instead of ‘reciprocal constructions’ it is better to see them as denoting ‘unspecified relations’. As for (2), various attempts have been made to explain such processes focusing on Indo-European languages, which do not capture the Semitic developments; therefore I propose an alternative hypothesis, according to which the one-unit constructions result from a reanalysis of the two-unit constructions.
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Dembicz, Iwona, Jürgen Dengler, François Gillet, Thomas J. Matthews, Manuel J. Steinbauer, Sándor Bartha, Juan Antonio Campos, et al. "Fine-grain beta diversity in Palaearctic open vegetation: variability within and between biomes and vegetation types." Vegetation Classification and Survey 2 (December 30, 2021): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs.2.e77193.
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Aims: To quantify how fine-grain (within-plot) beta diversity differs among biomes and vegetation types. Study area: Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods: We extracted 4,654 nested-plot series with at least four different grain sizes between 0.0001 m² and 1,024 m² from the GrassPlot database spanning broad geographic and ecological gradients. Next, we calculated the slope parameter (z-value) of the power-law species–area relationship (SAR) to use as a measure of multiplicative beta diversity. We did this separately for vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens and for the three groups combined (complete vegetation). We then tested whether z-values differed between biomes, ecological-physiognomic vegetation types at coarse and fine levels and phytosociological classes. Results: We found that z-values varied significantly among biomes and vegetation types. The explanatory power of area for species richness was highest for vascular plants, followed by complete vegetation, bryophytes and lichens. Within each species group, the explained variance increased with typological resolution. In vascular plants, adjusted R2 was 0.14 for biomes, but reached 0.50 for phytosociological classes. Among the biomes, mean z-values were particularly high in the Subtropics with winter rain (Mediterranean biome) and the Dry tropics and subtropics. Natural grasslands had higher z-values than secondary grasslands. Alpine and Mediterranean vegetation types had particularly high z-values whereas managed grasslands with benign soil and climate conditions and saline communities were characterised by particularly low z-values. Conclusions: In this study relating fine-grain beta diversity to typological units, we found distinct patterns. As we explain in a conceptual figure, these can be related to ultimate drivers, such as productivity, stress and disturbance, which can influence z-values via multiple pathways. The provided means, medians and quantiles of z-values for a wide range of typological entities provide benchmarks for local to continental studies, while calling for additional data from under-represented units. Syntaxonomic references: Mucina et al. (2016) for classes occurring in Europe; Ermakov (2012) for classes restricted to Asia. Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance; EDGG = Eurasian Dry Grassland Group; SAR = species-area relationship.
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Dembicz, Iwona, Jürgen Dengler, François Gillet, Thomas J. Matthews, Manuel J. Steinbauer, Sándor Bartha, Juan Antonio Campos, et al. "Fine-grain beta diversity in Palaearctic open vegetation: variability within and between biomes and vegetation types." Vegetation Classification and Survey 2 (December 30, 2021): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2021/77193.
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Aims: To quantify how fine-grain (within-plot) beta diversity differs among biomes and vegetation types. Study area: Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods: We extracted 4,654 nested-plot series with at least four different grain sizes between 0.0001 m² and 1,024 m² from the GrassPlot database spanning broad geographic and ecological gradients. Next, we calculated the slope parameter (z-value) of the power-law species–area relationship (SAR) to use as a measure of multiplicative beta diversity. We did this separately for vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens and for the three groups combined (complete vegetation). We then tested whether z-values differed between biomes, ecological-physiognomic vegetation types at coarse and fine levels and phytosociological classes. Results: We found that z-values varied significantly among biomes and vegetation types. The explanatory power of area for species richness was highest for vascular plants, followed by complete vegetation, bryophytes and lichens. Within each species group, the explained variance increased with typological resolution. In vascular plants, adjusted R2 was 0.14 for biomes, but reached 0.50 for phytosociological classes. Among the biomes, mean z-values were particularly high in the Subtropics with winter rain (Mediterranean biome) and the Dry tropics and subtropics. Natural grasslands had higher z-values than secondary grasslands. Alpine and Mediterranean vegetation types had particularly high z-values whereas managed grasslands with benign soil and climate conditions and saline communities were characterised by particularly low z-values. Conclusions: In this study relating fine-grain beta diversity to typological units, we found distinct patterns. As we explain in a conceptual figure, these can be related to ultimate drivers, such as productivity, stress and disturbance, which can influence z-values via multiple pathways. The provided means, medians and quantiles of z-values for a wide range of typological entities provide benchmarks for local to continental studies, while calling for additional data from under-represented units. Syntaxonomic references: Mucina et al. (2016) for classes occurring in Europe; Ermakov (2012) for classes restricted to Asia. Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance; EDGG = Eurasian Dry Grassland Group; SAR = species-area relationship.
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Davranov, Egemberdi. "Spatial and typological structure of autumn-summer and autumn populations of birds of the northern macroslope of the Kyrgyz range (Tian Shan)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 44 (December 1, 2018): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/44/5.
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