Journal articles on the topic 'Typhoons South China Sea Region'
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1
Park, Seongjun, and Tae-Kyung Hong. "Typhoon-Induced Microseisms around the South China Sea." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (September 9, 2020): 3454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190310.
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Abstract Microseisms in frequencies of 0.05–0.5 Hz are a presentation of solid earth response to the ocean waves that are developed by atmospheric pressure change. The South China Sea provides a natural laboratory with a closed ocean environment to examine the influence of regional factors on microseism development as well as the nature of microseisms. The microseisms induced by typhoons crossing over the South China Sea are investigated. Typhoons are typical transient sources of varying strengths and locations. Primary microseisms develop nearly stationary in the northeastern South China Sea for most typhoons, suggesting effective environment for excitation of primary microseisms. Typhoon-induced secondary microseisms develop around the typhoon paths with time delays varying up to one day. Typhoon-induced microseism amplitudes are proportional to the ocean-wave amplitudes in the source regions, decaying with distance. Ocean waves develop following the typhoons for days. The dominant frequency of typhoon-induced microseisms increases with time due to the influence of dispersive ocean waves. The microseisms are affected by regional factors including crustal structures, coastal geometry, ocean depth, and ocean-bottom topography.
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Ren, Jia, Nan Xu, and Yani Cui. "Typhoon Track Prediction Based on Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 8028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168028.
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China is located in the northwest Pacific region where typhoons occur frequently, and every year typhoons make landfall and cause large or small economic losses or even casualties. Therefore, how to predict typhoon paths more accurately has undoubtedly become an important research topic nowadays. Therefore, this paper predicts the path of typhoons formed in the South China Sea based on deep learning. This paper combines the CNN network and the LSTM network to build a C-LSTM typhoon path prediction model, using the typhoon paths and related meteorological variables formed in the South China Sea from 1949 to 2021 as the data set, and using the Granger causality test to select multiple features for the data set to achieve data dimensionality reduction. Finally, by comparing the experiments with the LSTM typhoon path prediction model, it is proved that the prediction results of the model have smaller errors.
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Jin, Weifang, Chujin Liang, Junyang Hu, Qicheng Meng, Haibin Lü, Yuntao Wang, Feilong Lin, Xiaoyan Chen, and Xiaohui Liu. "Modulation Effect of Mesoscale Eddies on Sequential Typhoon-Induced Oceanic Responses in the South China Sea." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 3059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183059.
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The impacts of mesoscale eddies on the modulation of typhoon-induced oceanic responses are important for understanding ocean dynamics. Satellite observations identified prominent ocean surface temperature and chlorophyll changes over the regions with mesoscale eddies after two sequential typhoons, e.g., Linfa and Nangka, in the South China Sea. The impacts of typhoons on the ocean surface were more prominent within cyclonic eddies than within anticyclonic eddies. The wind speed (translation speed) of Linfa was much larger (slower) than that of Nangka; thus, the changes induced by Linfa were stronger. However, the second typhoon easily generated mixing through the weak stratification induced by the first typhoon and impacted the upper ocean. The strong chlorophyll enhancement induced by Nangka was identified at a cyclonic eddy. Using a combination of reanalysis data, the depth of water origin (DWO) was applied to quantify the depth to which a typhoon’s impact could be exerted. Prominent changes were identified when the DWO reached the depth at which the temperature and nutrients differed from those within the mixed layer. This method can overcome the impacts of cloud coverage when examining a typhoon’s influence with remotely sensed data and offers a quantitative approach to determine the mechanisms responsible for typhoon-induced ocean surface changes.
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Shang, Xiao-dong, Hai-bin Zhu, Gui-ying Chen, Chi Xu, and Qi Yang. "Research on Cold Core Eddy Change and Phytoplankton Bloom Induced by Typhoons: Case Studies in the South China Sea." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/340432.
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The effects of 8 typhoons which passed by coldcore eddy (CCE) areas in the South China Sea (SCS) from 1997 to 2009 were observed and evaluated. The changes in the preexisting CCE acted upon by typhoons were described by eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and eddy available gravitational potential energy (EAGPE). The mechanical energy of CCE was estimated from a two-layer reduced gravity model. Comparing with the scenario that typhoon passes by the region without CCEs, the preexisting CCE area plays an important role in the increase of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration in the CCEs impacted by the typhoons. The preexisting chl-a in CCE is about 25%~45% (8%~25%) of postexisting chl-a in CCE for higher (slower) transit speed typhoons. If the EAGPE of CCE increases greatly after typhoon passing by with slow transit speed, so does the chl-a in the CCE area. The EKE (EAGPE) changes of the preexisting CCE are in the order of O(1014~1015 J). EKE and EAGPE of CCE are dominantly enhanced by typhoon with slow transit speed (<3 m/s) and the posttyphoon EAGPE is always larger than posttyphoon EKE for 8 cases. The maximum EAGPE change of the preexisting CCE reaches5.11×1015 J, which was induced by typhoon Hagibis.
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Chen, Huei-Fen, Yen-Chu Liu, Chih-Wen Chiang, Xingqi Liu, Yu-Min Chou, and Hui-Juan Pan. "China's historical record when searching for tropical cyclones corresponding to Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts over the past 2 kyr." Climate of the Past 15, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-279-2019.
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Abstract. The northwestern Pacific Ocean and South China Sea are where tropical cyclones occur most frequently. Many climatologists also study the formation of Pacific Ocean warm pools and typhoons in this region. This study collected data of paleotyphoons found in China's official historical records over the past 2000 years that contained known typhoon activity reports. The collected data are then subjected to statistical analyses focusing on typhoon activity in coastal regions of southeastern China to garner a better understanding of the long-term evolution of moving paths and occurrence frequency, especially regarding those typhoons making landfall in mainland China. We analyzed the data with the year and month of each typhoon event, as well as the number of events in a 10-year period. The result shows that (1) north–southward migration of typhoon paths corresponds to the north–southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) and (2) paleotyphoons made landfall in mainland China 1 month earlier during the MWP than during the LIA. This implies a northward shift in ITCZ during the MWP. Typhoons tend to make landfall in Japan during El Niño-like periods and strike the southern coastal regions of China during La Niña-like stages. According to paleotyphoon records over the last 2000 years, typhoons made landfall in southeastern China frequently around 490–510, 700–850, and after 1500 CE The number of typhoons striking Guangdong Province peaked during the coldest period in 1660–1680 CE; however, after 1700 CE, landfall has migrated farther north. The track of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean is affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which shows a nearly 30-year and a 60-year cycle during the LIA.
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Shao, Weizeng, Yexin Sheng, Huan Li, Jian Shi, Qiyan Ji, Wei Tan, and Juncheng Zuo. "Analysis of Wave Distribution Simulated by WAVEWATCH-III Model in Typhoons Passing Beibu Gulf, China." Atmosphere 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2018): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070265.
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The Beibu Gulf is an important offshore region in the South China Sea for the fishing industry and other human activities. In 2017, typhoons Doksuri and Khanun passed the Beibu Gulf in two paths, at maximum wind speeds of up to 50 m/s. Typhoon Doksuri passed the Beibu Gulf through the open waters of the South China Sea and Typhoon Khanun moved towards the Beibu Gulf through the narrow Qiongzhou Strait. The aim of this study is to analyze the typhoon-induced wave distribution in the Beibu Gulf. WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) is a third-generation numeric wave model developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which has been widely used for sea wave research. The latest version of the WW3 (5.16) model provides three packages of nonlinear term for four wave components (quadruplets) wave–wave interactions, including Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA), Full Boltzmann Integral (WRT), and Generalized Multiple DIA (GMD) with two kinds of coefficients, herein called GMD1 and GMD2. These four packages have been conveniently implemented for simulating wave fields in two typhoons after taking winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at 0.125° grids as the forcing fields. It was found that the GMD2 package was the recommended option of the nonlinear term for quadruplets wave–wave interactions due to the minimum error when comparing a number of simulated results from the WW3 model with significant wave height (SWH) from ECMWF and altimeter Jason-2. Then the wave distribution simulated by the WW3 model employing the GMD2 package was analyzed. In the case of Typhoon Doksuri, wind-sea dominated in the early and middle stages while swell dominated at the later stage. However, during Typhoon Khanun, wind-sea dominated throughout and swell distributed outside the bay around the east of Hainan Island, because the typhoon-induced swell at mesoscale was difficult to propagate into the Beibu Gulf through the narrow Qiongzhou Strait.
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Xu, Yao, Hailun He, Jinbao Song, Yijun Hou, and Funing Li. "Observations and Modeling of Typhoon Waves in the South China Sea." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 6 (June 2017): 1307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0174.1.
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AbstractBuoy-based observations of surface waves during three typhoons in the South China Sea were used to obtain the wave characteristics. With the local wind speeds kept below 35 m s−1, the surface waves over an area with a radius 5 times that of the area in which the maximum sustained wind was found were mainly dominated by wind-wave components, and the wave energy distribution was consistent with fetch-limited waves. Swells dominated the surface waves at the front of and outside the central typhoon region. Next, the dynamics of the typhoon waves were studied numerically using a state-of-the-art third-generation wave model. Wind forcing errors made a negligible contribution to the surface wave results obtained using hindcasting. Near-realistic wind fields were constructed by correcting the idealized wind vortex using in situ observational data. If the different sets of source terms were further considered for the forcing stage of the typhoon, which was defined as the half inertial period before and after the typhoon arrival time, the best model performance had mean relative biases and root-mean-square errors of −0.7% and 0.76 m, respectively, for the significant wave height, and −3.4% and 1.115 s, respectively, for the peak wave period. Different sets of source terms for wind inputs and whitecapping breaking dissipation were also used and the results compared. Finally, twin numerical experiments were performed to investigate the importance of nonlinear wave–wave interactions on the spectrum formed. There was evidence that nonlinear wave–wave interactions efficiently transfer wave energy from high frequencies to low frequencies and prevent double-peak structures occurring in the frequency-based spectrum.
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Li, Pingyuan, Mingkun Li, Huayang Gan, and Zhen Xia. "A preliminary study on sediment records of possible typhoon in the northern South China Sea during the past 6500 years." Holocene 31, no. 7 (April 12, 2021): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211003229.
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Typhoon is an important meteorological phenomenon that affects the living and development of human beings on the southern China coast. However, there is still lack of clarity in the paleo-typhoon history and its influence on the evolution of the ancient human settlement environment since the mid-Holocene. Here, we identify six typhoon-like deposits from a core retrieved from the northern South China Sea shelf, close to the Pearl River Estuary, based on accelerated mass spectrometry 14C dating, grain size, and geochemistry. The sand fractions, CaO, Sr, SiO2/TiO2, and SiO2/Al2O3 were used to indicate the typhoon-like deposits. Results show that the ages with high-frequency typhoons are present ~200–300 cal yr BP, ~800–1000 cal yr BP, ~1500–1700 cal yr BP, ~2000–2100 cal yr BP, ~2400–2500 cal yr BP, and ~2700–3000 cal yr BP. Our results are comparable to the records from adjacent regions. Significantly, the vast tides occurred in the duration of ~2700–3000 cal yr BP in southern China, which probably caused the ancestors’ migration to the inland. Further studies are needed to deeply study the paleo-typhoon history in the southern China coast to verify our results.
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Li, R. H., S. M. Liu, Y. W. Li, G. L. Zhang, J. L. Ren, and J. Zhang. "Nutrient dynamics in tropical rivers, lagoons, and coastal ecosystems of eastern Hainan Island, South China Sea." Biogeosciences 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2014): 481–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-481-2014.
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Abstract. Nutrient dynamics based on field observations made along the eastern Hainan Island during the period 2006–2009 were investigated to understand nutrient biogeochemical processes, and to provide an overview of human perturbations of coastal ecosystems in this tropical region. The rivers showed seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations, with enrichment of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved silicate, and depletion of PO43−. High riverine concentrations of nitrate mainly originated from agricultural fertilizer inputs. The DIN : PO43− ratios ranged from 37 to 1063, suggesting preferential depletion of PO43− relative to nitrogen in rivers. Chemical weathering in the drainage area might explain the high levels of dissolved silicate. Aquaculture ponds contained high concentrations of NH4+ and dissolved organic nitrogen. The particulate phosphorus concentrations in the study area were lower than those reported for estuaries worldwide. The particulate silicate levels in rivers and lagoons were lower than the global average level. Nutrient biogeochemistry in coastal areas was affected by human activities (e.g., aquaculture, agriculture), and by natural phenomena including typhoons. The nutrient concentrations in coastal waters were low because of dispersion of land-derived nutrients in the sea. Nutrient budgets were built based on a steady-state box model, which showed that riverine fluxes are magnified by estuarine processes (e.g., regeneration, desorption) in estuaries and Laoyehai Lagoon, but not in Xiaohai Lagoon. Riverine and groundwater inputs were the major sources of nutrients to Xiaohai and Laoyehai lagoons, respectively, and riverine inputs and aquaculture effluents were the major sources for the eastern coast of Hainan Island. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ecosystem increased with typhoon-induced runoff of rainwater, elucidating the important influence of typhoons on small tropical rivers.
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Huong, Chu Thi Thu, Tran Dinh Linh, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, and Nguyen Binh Phong. "Changes of the temperature field during storms and Effects of Cold Air on Structure of Thermal Fields in Typhoons – Case in China and Vietnam Sea." International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research 6, no. 6 (2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.6.6.5.
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This study goal is to explore Changes of the temperature field during storms and Effects of Cold Air on Structure of Thermal Fields in Typhoons. Typhoons are a kind of tropical cyclone that often occur on tropical or subtropical sea surfaces where the sea surface temperature is higher than 26.5 ◦C (HU et al, 2000). The results show that When affected by cold air, the hot core structure in the storm is broken. Temperature tends to increase gradually from west to east and from north to south. Temperatures in the northern and western regions were still lower than in the center of the storm, but in the eastern and southern areas of the center of the storm, the temperature was higher than in the center of the storm. Near the surface, below 800hPa, the temperature of the center of the storm is also lower than the average temperature of the areas around the center of the storm (except for typhoon Kammuri). The decrease in temperature in the lower central region and areas north and west of the center of the storm is due to the intrusion of the CA. This result demonstrates the role of cold air to the structure of the temperature field in the storm. However, further explanations are needed for the distribution of the maximum hot cores in the center of the storm.
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Liu, Lihui, Yi Han, Yuancai Xia, Qiyun Guo, Wenhua Gao, and Jianping Guo. "Investigation of Atmospheric Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structures of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) from High-Resolution Dropsonde and Two-Way Rawinsonde Measurements." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112704.
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Profiling the vertical atmospheric structure for typhoons remains challenging. Here, the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structures were investigated during the passage of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) over Xisha Islands in the South China Sea for the period 28 July to 2 August 2020, mainly based on two-way rawinsonde and dropsonde measurements in combination with surface-based automatic weather station observations, disdrometer measurements, and Himawari-8 geostationary satellite images. The study period was divided to three stages: the formation stage of tropical depression (pre-TD), tropical depression (TD), and tropical storm (TS). The wind speed and local vertical wind shear reached the maximum value at 3 km above mean sea level (AMSL) before the typhoon approached the Xisha islands. Pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (θse) was found to decrease with the altitude below 2 km AMSL; temperature inversions occurred frequently within this altitude range, particularly during the TS stage. This seemed a typical capping inversion that indicated a downward motion above 2 km AMSL. The temperature increased slightly with the development of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) at altitudes of 8–10 km AMSL. This indicated that our observations presumably captured the air mass warmed by the condensation, which was a good signature of an upper air in the tropical cyclone. In addition, wind speed (particularly in the lower stratosphere), specific humidity, and equivalent potential temperature escalated significantly when the tropical depression strengthened into Typhoon Sinlaku (2020), which indicated that the typhoon constantly obtained energy from the sea surface during its passage over the study region. The thermodynamic and dynamic structures of atmosphere advance our understanding of the inner structure of typhoons during the different evolutionary stages.
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Zhang, Han, Xiaohui Liu, Renhao Wu, Fu Liu, Linghui Yu, Xiaodong Shang, Yongfeng Qi, et al. "Ocean Response to Successive Typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) Based on Data Acquired via Multiple Satellites and Moored Array." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202360.
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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are natural disasters for coastal regions. TCs with maximum wind speeds higher than 32.7 m/s in the north-western Pacific are referred to as typhoons. Typhoons Sarika and Haima successively passed our moored observation array in the northern South China Sea in 2016. Based on the satellite data, the winds (clouds and rainfall) biased to the right (left) sides of the typhoon tracks. Sarika and Haima cooled the sea surface ~4 and ~2 °C and increased the salinity ~1.2 and ~0.6 psu, respectively. The maximum sea surface cooling occurred nearly one day after the two typhoons. Station 2 (S2) was on left side of Sarika’s track and right side of Haima’s track, which is studied because its data was complete. Strong near-inertial currents from the ocean surface toward the bottom were generated at S2, with a maximum mixed-layer speed of ~80 cm/s. The current spectrum also shows weak signal at twice the inertial frequency (2f). Sarika deepened the mixed layer, cooled the sea surface, but warmed the subsurface by ~1 °C. Haima subsequently pushed the subsurface warming anomaly into deeper ocean, causing a temperature increase of ~1.8 °C therein. Sarika and Haima successively increased the heat content anomaly upper than 160 m at S2 to ~50 and ~100 m°C, respectively. Model simulation of the two typhoons shows that mixing and horizontal advection caused surface ocean cooling, mixing and downwelling caused subsurface warming, while downwelling warmed the deeper ocean. It indicates that Sarika and Haima sequentially modulated warm water into deeper ocean and influenced internal ocean heat budget. Upper ocean salinity response was similar to temperature, except that rainfall refreshed sea surface and caused a successive salinity decrease of ~0.03 and ~0.1 psu during the two typhoons, changing the positive subsurface salinity anomaly to negative
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Mok, Hing Yim, Wing Hong Lui, Dick Shum Lau, and Wang Chun Woo. "Reconstruction of the track and a simulation of the storm surge associated with the calamitous typhoon affecting the Pearl River Estuary in September 1874." Climate of the Past 16, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-51-2020.
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Abstract. A typhoon struck the Pearl River Estuary in September 1874 (“Typhoon 1874”), causing extensive damage and claiming thousands of lives in the region during its passage. Like many other historical typhoons, the deadliest impact of the typhoon was its associated storm surge. In this paper, a possible track of the typhoon was reconstructed through an analysis of the historical qualitative and quantitative weather observations in the Philippines, the northern part of the South China Sea, Hong Kong, Macao, and Guangdong recorded in various historical documents. The magnitudes of the associated storm surges and storm tides in Hong Kong and Macao were also quantitatively estimated using storm surge model and analogue astronomical tides based on the reconstructed track. The results indicated that the typhoon could have crossed the Luzon Strait from the western North Pacific and moved across the northeastern part of the South China Sea to strike the Pearl River Estuary more or less as a super typhoon in the early morning on 23 September 1874. The typhoon passed about 60 km south–southwest of Hong Kong and made landfall in Macao, bringing maximum storm tides of around 4.9 m above the Hong Kong Chart Datum (http://www.geodetic.gov.hk/smo/gsi/Data/pdf/explanatorynotes.pdf, last access: 3 January 2020) at the Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong and around 5.4 m above the Macao Chart Datum (https://mosref.dscc.gov.mo/Help/ref/Macaucoord_2009_web_EN_v201702.pdf, last access: 3 January 2020) at Porto Interior (inner harbour) in Macao. Both the maximum storm tide (4.88 m above the Hong Kong Chart Datum) and maximum storm surge (2.83 m) brought by Typhoon 1874 at the Victoria Harbour estimated in this study are higher than all the existing records since the establishment of the Hong Kong Observatory in 1883, including the recent records set by super typhoon Mangkhut on 16 September 2018.
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Wang, Tongyu, and Shuwen Zhang. "Effect of Summer Typhoon Linfa on the Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Continental Shelf Region of Northern South China Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080794.
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Based on both physical and biological data collected from multi-source satellite during summer typhoon Linfa, we found that the typhoon triggered two phytoplankton declines and three phytoplankton blooms in the northern South China Sea (SCS), where the waters were influenced by coastal upwelling and the input of terrigenous materials from the Pearl River estuary (PRE). One phytoplankton decline (about a 3-fold reduction) in the continental shelf region can probably be attribute to the limited nutrient supply induced by the decayed coastal northeastern current and onshore Ekman transport (OET) and Kuroshio intrusion water, as well as the uplifted subsurface’s low chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration driven by vertical mixing and upwelling. Another phytoplankton decline (about a 3.5-fold reduction) in the eastern Leizhou Peninsula-coastal upwelling region is probably caused by OET and a decayed coastal northern current. Conversely, the decayed coastal current, OET, and the vertical mixing and upwelling could lead to the transport of nutrient-rich water from the PRE to the nearshore region of the southwestern PRE mouth, and from the subsurface layer to the surface, respectively, thereby stimulating the growth of phytoplankton in the nearshore region (increased by about 4-fold) and the open ocean (increased by about 2.3-fold). In the Shantou (the coastal upwelling region), the phytoplankton responses to nutrient supply were feeble when phytoplankton was already growing in nutrient replete conditions. In addition, the OET and the high turbidity barely resulted in moderate phytoplankton bloom (increased by 38%). In summary, the physical driving forces associated with typhoons that modulates phytoplankton dynamics are the nutrient and phytoplankton transportation in the northern SCS during the wet season.
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Wu, Zhiyuan, Changbo Jiang, Jie Chen, Yuannan Long, Bin Deng, and Xiaojian Liu. "Three-Dimensional Temperature Field Change in the South China Sea during Typhoon Kai-Tak (1213) Based on a Fully Coupled Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean Model." Water 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010140.
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Studying the sea–air interaction between the upper ocean and typhoons is crucial to improve our understanding of heat and momentum exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. There is a strong heat flux exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean during the impact of a typhoon, and the physical fields, such as the wind field, wave field, flow field, and SST field, also interact with each other. A fully coupled Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean model in the South China Sea was established by the mesoscale atmospheric model WRF, wave model SWAN, and the regional ocean model ROMS based on the COAWST model system. Typhoon Kai-tak was simulated using this fully coupled model and some other coupled schemes. In this paper, the variation of sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean subsurface temperature caused by Typhoon Kai-tak is analyzed by the fully coupled model, and the basic characteristics of the response of the upper ocean to the typhoon are given. The simulation results demonstrate that the fully coupled WRF-SWAN-ROMS model shows that the typhoon passes through the sea with obvious cooling. In the cold eddy region, the sea surface temperature cools 4 to 5 °C, and the cooling zone is concentrated on the right side of the track. The change of sea surface temperature lags more than 12 h behind the change of sea surface height. The decrease of SST on the left side of the track was relatively small: ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 °C. The disturbance of typhoon causes the subsurface water to surge to the surface, changes the temperature distribution of the surface, and causes the mixing layer to deepen about 40 m to 60 m. The simulation results reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of sea temperature and mixed layer depth. The sea surface temperature field has an asymmetrical distribution in space and has a lag in time. The heat exchange at the air–sea interface is very strong under the influence of the typhoon. The heat exchange between the air and sea is divided into latent heat and sensible heat, and the latent heat generated by water vapor evaporation plays a dominant role in the heat exchange at the air–sea interface, which shows that the heat carried by the vaporization of the sea surface is one of the important factors for the decrease of sea temperature under the influence of the typhoon.
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Xu, Junli, Yuhong Zhang, Xianqing Lv, and Qiang Liu. "Inversion of Wind-Stress Drag Coefficient in Simulating Storm Surges by Means of Regularization Technique." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193591.
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In this study, water levels observed at tide stations in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea during Typhoons 7203 and 8509 were assimilated into a numerical assimilation storm surge model combined with regularization technique to study the wind-stress drag coefficient. The Tikhonov regularization technique with different regularization parameters was tested during the assimilation. Using the regularization technique, the storm surge elevations were successfully simulated in the whole sea areas during Typhoons 7203 and 8509. The storm surge elevations calculated with the regularization technique and the elevations calculated with independent point method were separately compared with the observed data. Comparison results demonstrated that the former was closer to the observed data. The regularization technique had the best performance when the regularization parameter was 100. The spatial distribution of the inverted drag coefficient, storm surge elevations, and the wind fields during both typhoons were presented. Simulated results indicated that the change of drag coefficient is more significant in the coastal regions of the Bohai Sea and north of the Yellow Sea. Further analysis showed that the rising water elevation in the Bohai Sea is mostly attributed to the influence of onshore winds, and the negative storm surge in the South Yellow Sea is mainly caused by offshore winds.
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Yang, Qiulong, Kunde Yang, and Shunli Duan. "A Method for Noise Source Levels Inversion with Underwater Ambient Noise Generated by Typhoon in Deep Ocean." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 26, no. 02 (June 2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s259172851850007x.
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Sea-surface wind agitation can be considered the dominant noise sources whose intensity relies on local wind speed during typhoon period. Noise source levels in previous researches may be unappreciated for all oceanic regions and should be corrected for modeling typhoon-generated ambient noise fields in deep ocean. This work describes the inversion of wind-driven noise source level based on a noise field model and experimental measurements, and the verification of the inverted noise source levels with experimental results during typhoon period. A method based on ray approach is presented for modeling underwater ambient noise fields generated by typhoons in deep ocean. Besides, acoustic field reciprocity is utilized to decrease the calculation amount in modeling ambient noise field. What is more, the depth dependence and the vertical directionality of noise field based on the modeling method and the Holland typhoon model are evaluated and analyzed in deep ocean. Furthermore, typhoons named “Soulik” in 2013 and “Nida” in 2016 passed by the receivers deployed in the western Pacific (WP) and the South China Sea (SCS). Variations in sound speed profile, bathymetry, and the related oceanic meteorological parameters are analyzed and taken into consideration for modeling noise field. Boundary constraint simulated annealing (SA) method is utilized to invert the three parameters of noise source levels and to minimize the objective function value. The prediction results with the inverted noise source levels exhibit good agreement with the measured experiment data and are compared with predicted results with other noise sources levels derived in previous researches.
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Liu, Haijiang. "Special Issue on the 8th South China Sea Tsunami Workshop (SCSTW-8)." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0947.
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The South China Sea Tsunami Workshop (SCSTW), initiated in 2007 by internationally recognized tsunami expert Prof. Philip L.-F. Liu at Cornell University, has been conducted eight times in the Asia-Pacific region. The SCSTW’s objective is to set up an international academic platform through which strong interactions and collaborations can be established among coastal physical oceanographers, geophysicists and engineers from the South China Sea region can meet and address tsunami generation mechanisms, propagation characteristics and the corresponding coastal effects. This workshop supports approaches to tsunami disaster protection and hazard mitigation. The 8th South China Sea Tsunami Workshop (SCSTW-8), held in Changsha, China, from Nov. 9 to 13, 2015, was hosted by the Changsha University of Science and Technology. Typhoon-induced storm surges and significant waves are predominant coastal disaster features of China’s east coast. One example is the latest Typhoon Meranti in Sept. 2016, which significantly damaged the infrastructure and resulted in the loss of dozens of lives in China’s coastal regions, especially in Fujian province. The study of typhoon-induced storm surges is thus highly important in coastal disaster prevention and mitigation. This special issue consists of 7 papers focusing on the recent research progress in tsunami and storm surge presented in the SCSTW-8. Results are analyzed and discussed using different research approaches, including laboratory experiments, analytical analysis, data assessment and numerical simulation. As the editor of this special issue, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the authors for their invaluable contributions and to the reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. Special thanks go to Dr. Yu Yao of the Changsha University of Science and Technology for his generous assistance in preparing this special issue. I hope readers will find the papers in this special collection both interesting and useful.
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Chen, Dong, Ya Gao, and Huijun Wang. "Why Was the August Rainfall Pattern in the East Asia–Pacific Ocean Region in 2016 Different from That in 1998 under a Similar Preceding El Niño Background?" Journal of Climate 32, no. 18 (August 13, 2019): 5785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0589.1.
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AbstractPrevious studies have noted that a strong El Niño event occurring in the preceding winter will result in westward stretching of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in the following summer, causing anomalously high precipitation in the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin and anomalously low precipitation in southern China. The winters preceding the summers of 1998 and 2016 featured strong El Niño events, which, along with the El Niño event of 1982, represented the strongest El Niño events since 1950. Under these similar El Niño event backgrounds, the July precipitation anomaly in 2016 was similar to that in 1998, but the August precipitation anomalies in the two years featured opposite distributions. According to the atmospheric circulation analysis, we found that an anomalous ascending motion appeared over the Indian Ocean, while an anomalous descending motion appeared over the Pacific Ocean in August 1998. In addition, the WPSH stretched westward over southern China. However, the atmospheric circulation distribution in August 2016 was the opposite of that in 1998, and the WPSH was divided into eastern and western parts by the anomalous western Pacific cyclone. Further analysis showed that the number of tropical cyclones and typhoons over the western Pacific Ocean increased significantly in August 2016, and their activities were concentrated in the South China Sea (SCS)–southern China region and the western Pacific Ocean, resulting in the division of the WPSH. Therefore, the numbers, tracks, and strengths of tropical cyclones and typhoons were responsible for the differences in the anomalous precipitation distributions over the East Asia–Pacific Ocean region between August 2016 and August 1998.
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Woo, Hye-Jin, and Kyung-Ae Park. "Estimation of Extreme Significant Wave Height in the Northwest Pacific Using Satellite Altimeter Data Focused on Typhoons (1992–2016)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061063.
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The estimation of extreme ocean wave heights is important for understanding the ocean’s response to long-term changes in the ocean environment and for the effective coastal management of potential disasters in coastal areas. In order to estimate extreme wave height values in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, a 100-year return period were calculated by applying a Peak over Threshold (PoT) method to satellite altimeter SWH data from 1992 to 2016. Satellite altimeter SWH data were validated using in situ measurements from the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS) south of Korea and the Donghae buoy of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) off the eastern coast of Korea. The spatial distribution and seasonal variations of the estimated 100-year return period SWHs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean were presented. To quantitatively analyze the suitability of the PoT method in the Northwest Pacific, where typhoons frequently occur, the estimated 100-year return period SWHs were compared by classifying the regions as containing negligible or significant typhoon effects. Seasonal variations of extreme SWHs within the upper limit of 0.1% and the PoT-based extreme SWHs indicated the effect of typhoons on the high SWHs in the East China Sea and the southern part of the Northwest Pacific during summer and fall. In addition, this study discusses the limitations of satellite altimeter SWH data in the estimation of 100-year extreme SWHs.
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Yu, Jiaqi, Si Gao, Ling Zhang, Xinyong Shen, and Luyan Guo. "Analysis of A Remote Rainstorm in the Yangtze River Delta Region Caused by Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050345.
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An extraordinary heavy rain event caused by Typhoon Mangkhut occurred in the Yangtze River Delta region on 16 September 2018, with the maximum of 24-h accumulated rainfall at a single station reaching 297 mm. However, numerical models and subjective forecast failed to predict this typhoon remote rainstorm accurately. In this study, multiple observational data, an analysis dataset, and a trajectory model are used to analyze the causes of this severe rainstorm. The results show that the circulation situation provides a favorable large-scale background condition for the generation of the rainstorm. The coupling of the upper-level westerly jet and the low-level southerly jet is beneficial to the development of strong convections. In the rainstorm area there is a positive vorticity center connected to the main body of the typhoon. The cooling and humidifying effect of dry-cold air saturates the formerly unsaturated wet air, leading to the increase of precipitation. Besides, there is a lower-tropospheric moisture transport path connecting the typhoon and the rainstorm area, providing abundant moisture for the development of rainstorms. The backward trajectory simulation shows that the moisture mainly originates from the lower troposphere over the Philippine Sea, the southern South China Sea, and the sea south of the Philippines.
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Cao, Anzhou, Zheng Guo, Yunhe Pan, Jinbao Song, Hailun He, and Peiliang Li. "Near-Inertial Waves Induced by Typhoon Megi (2010) in the South China Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040440.
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Near-inertial waves (NIWs) are a kind of internal wave, which are usually generated by synoptic wind forcing and play an important role in the oceanic energy budget. However, the lack of in situ observations limits our understanding of NIWs to some extent. Through a comparison with in situ observations, in this study, we first showed that the hybrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis results could reasonably reproduce the typhoon-induced NIWs, and we then adopted these data to investigate the NIWs induced by typhoon Megi in 2010 in the South China Sea (SCS). The results indicate that Megi-induced near-inertial kinetic energy was mainly concentrated in the SCS Basin. In the vertical direction, Megi-induced NIWs could propagate to 1000 m depth. The damping and modal content of Megi-induced NIWs were site-dependent: In the region near Megi’s track, NIWs were dominated by the first three baroclinic modes and damped quickly; whereas in two zones to the west of the Luzon Island and Luzon Strait, the e-folding time of Megi-induced NIWs could be longer than 20 days and higher modes (mode-4 to mode-7) were enhanced several days after the passage of Megi. Possible mechanisms of these phenomena were also explored in this study.
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Chang, Ya-Ting, I.-I. Lin, Hsiao-Ching Huang, Yi-Chun Liao, and Chun-Chi Lien. "The Association of Typhoon Intensity Increase with Translation Speed Increase in the South China Sea." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030939.
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Tropical cyclone (TC) translation speed is an important parameter. In the context of TC–ocean interaction, faster translation speed can contribute to less TC-induced ocean cooling and thus enables more air–sea enthalpy flux supply to favor TC intensification. In 2018, Kossin published an interesting paper in Nature, reporting a global slow-down of TC translation speed since the 1950s. However, upon close inspection, in the last two decades, TC translation speed actually increased over the western North Pacific (WNP) and neighboring seas. Thus, we are interested to see which sub-region in the WNP and neighboring seas had the largest increase during the last two decades, and whether such increases contribute to TC intensification. Our results found statistically significant translation speed increases (~0.8 ms−1 per decade) over the South China Sea. Ruling out other possible factors that may influence TC intensity (i.e., changes in atmospheric vertical wind shear, pre-TC sea surface temperature or subsurface thermal condition), we suggest, in this research, the possible contribution of TC translation speed increases to the observed TC intensity increases over the South China Sea in the last two decades (1998–2017).
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Wang, Yizhi, Ting Yang, Yuechu Wu, Dan Liu, Xinfeng Huang, Jun Wang, Weixing Zhong, Haitao Shou, Yong Zhou, and Yongshun Chen. "A new broad-band ocean bottom seismograph and characteristics of the seismic ambient noise on the South China Sea seafloor based on its recordings." Geophysical Journal International 230, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 684–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac092.
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SUMMARY The ocean is the primary source of seismic ambient noise. Therefore, seismic recordings at seafloor stations should reveal noise characteristics more directly than land stations. However, due to a lack of broad-band seismic instrumentation, seafloor noise studies using seafloor stations have been inadequate compared to land-based instrumentation. In this study, we use seismic data collected at the South China Sea (SCS) seafloor by newly developed ocean bottom seismographs (OBSs) to analyze the ambient noise features in this marginal sea. The broad-band OBS, dubbed ‘Pankun’, has unique shielding to isolate its sensor from the influences of bottom currents. A side-by-side land test between the OBS sensor unit and a standalone seismometer showed that the self-noise caused by the gimbal and the pressure case is insignificant. The recordings on the SCS seafloor have distinct noise spectra. The double frequency microseisms (DFMs) have a single instead of double peak like that seen for Pacific stations. The peak appears in a lower period range (1–5 s) than in the global noise model, indicating that the primary source region for the DFM is the SCS itself. The high-frequency content of the DFM is attenuated more as it propagates from its source region (seafloor) to land stations. The single frequency microseism (SFM) peak on the spectrum is weak, reflecting that SFMs, generated in shallow water along the coast, have difficulties propagating back into the deep ocean due to the substantial increase in seafloor depth. A long-period Earth's hum signal is also identifiable on the vertical component at periods greater than 50 s, probably due to the anti-current design of the OBS. Although the seasonal sea state mainly affects the noise level, extreme events such as typhoons can produce short-term abnormally high DFMs in the basin. However, the DFM highs caused by such events exhibit complex patterns, depending on the wind speed, duration, and area covered by the events.
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Tang, Liqun, Jinyu Sheng, and Yuhan Cai. "Storm-induced circulation in the Pearl River Estuary of China during super Typhoon Koryn." Water Quality Research Journal 47, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2012): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2012.111.
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This study presents a numerical investigation of storm-induced circulation and hydrographic distributions over the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in South China's Guangdong Province during super Typhoon Koryn in June 1993. The nested-grid modelling system used in this study has three downscaling subcomponents: an outer-most sub-model with a coarse horizontal resolution of ∼7 km for simulating surface elevations and depth-mean currents forced by wind and tides over China Seas from Bohai Sea to the northern South China Sea; and an inner-most sub-model with a fine resolution of ∼1.2 km for simulating the three-dimensional estuarine circulation and hydrographic distributions in the PRE and adjacent waters. A parametric vortex is inserted into the coarse-resolution (0.5°) numerical weather forecast products to better represent the atmospheric pressure and wind stress associated with Koryn. Model results demonstrate that large surface elevations and intense surface currents are generated over the area of influence of the storm. Lagrange velocities of near-surface particles are also used to examine the effect of the storm on the movements and dispersion of near-surface particles over the study region.
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Kim, Hyeong-Seog, Joo-Hong Kim, Chang-Hoi Ho, and Pao-Shin Chu. "Pattern Classification of Typhoon Tracks Using the Fuzzy c-Means Clustering Method." Journal of Climate 24, no. 2 (January 15, 2011): 488–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3751.1.
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Abstract A fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM) is applied to cluster tropical cyclone (TC) tracks. FCM is suitable for the data where cluster boundaries are ambiguous, such as a group of TC tracks. This study introduces the feasibility of a straightforward metric to incorporate the entire shapes of all tracks into the FCM, that is, the interpolation of all tracks into equal number of segments. Four validity measures (e.g., partition coefficient, partition index, separation index, and Dunn index) are used objectively to determine the optimum number of clusters. This results in seven clusters from 855 TCs over the western North Pacific (WNP) from June through October during 1965–2006. The seven clusters are characterized by 1) TCs striking the Korean Peninsula and Japan with north-oriented tracks, 2) TCs affecting Japan with long trajectories, 3) TCs hitting Taiwan and eastern China with west-oriented tracks, 4) TCs passing the east of Japan with early recurving tracks, 5) TCs traveling the easternmost region over the WNP, 6) TCs over the South China Sea, and 7) TCs moving straight across the Philippines. Each cluster shows distinctive characteristics in its lifetime, traveling distance, intensity, seasonal variation, landfall region, and distribution of TC-induced rainfall. The roles of large-scale environments (e.g., sea surface temperatures, low-level relative vorticity, and steering flows) on cluster-dependent genesis locations and tracks are also discussed.
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Wu, Chun-Chieh, Kevin K. W. Cheung, and Ya-Yin Lo. "Numerical Study of the Rainfall Event due to the Interaction of Typhoon Babs (1998) and the Northeasterly Monsoon." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 7 (July 2009): 2049–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2757.1.
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A heavy rainfall event in the Taiwan area associated with the interaction between Typhoon Babs (1998) and the East Asia winter monsoon is studied. Typhoon Babs is a case in point demonstrating the often-observed phenomenon that heavy rainfall can be induced in the eastern and/or northeastern region of Taiwan. Such heavy rainfall was caused by the joint convergent flow associated with the outer circulation of typhoons and the strengthening northeasterly monsoon in late typhoon season, even though Babs remained distant from Taiwan when it moved through the island of Luzon in the Philippines and stayed over the South China Sea. This heavy rainfall event is simulated in this study using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) with three nested domains and a highest horizontal resolution of 6.67 km. The control experiments with Kain–Fritsch cumulus parameterization perform well in terms of both simulated track and intensity. The 20-km resolution simulation reproduces the correct rainfall distribution during the three days studied, and the fine domain with 6.67-km resolution further improves the maximum simulated rainfall to very close to the observations. A series of sensitivity experiments that include model physics, terrain effect, typhoon vortex structure, and monsoon strength is performed, aiming at investigating the predictability of this typhoon–monsoon–terrain system when some of its components are perturbed. The rainfall event is analyzed based on two rainfall modes of different dominant mechanisms: monsoon mode during 0000 UTC 24–25 October and topographic mode during 0000 UTC 25–26 October. Removal of the Taiwan terrain in one of the sensitivity experiments results in completely different rainfall distribution due to the lack of the convection by orographic lifting, and the terrain is also found to play a key role in changing the low-level convergence pattern between the typhoon circulation and monsoonal northeasterlies. When the radius of the bogus vortex is reduced, the cold front to the north migrates southward in a faster pace than in the control simulation, and rain rate at the front also increases such that total accumulated rainfall at northern Taiwan is comparable with that in the control simulation but with shifted maximum position. In the extreme case in which no bogus vortex is implanted at all, rainfall is mainly associated with evolution of the cold front (pure frontal mode). In addition, a technique is developed to modify the monsoon strength over China. It is found that low-level (1000–700 hPa) reduction in monsoon strength weakens interaction with the typhoon, and rain distribution remains the same as in the control simulation. However, the simulated typhoon track is considerably sensitive to the deep-layer (1000–300 hPa) monsoon strength.
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Uyeda, Hiroshi. "Mesoscale Precipitation Systems Along the Meiyu/Baiu Front and Future Expectation for Research Radar and Weather Radar Network." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0061.
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Field experiments on precipitation systems in East Asia are a key to better understanding global climate change, to uncovering weather phenomena related to meteorological disasters in the region, and to improving quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) and quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF). Observations with Doppler radar and radiosonde have clarified the structure of Meiyu/Baiu frontal precipitation systems and Typhoon rainbands. The Hydroshperic Atmospheric Research Center (HyARC) of Nagoya University has conducted field experiments on precipitation systems over the Yangtze River and East China Sea using dual Doppler radar observation on convective systems around the Meiyu front and aircraft observation with dropsonde on Baiu frontal precipitation systems. These studies are revealing characteristics of precipitation systems over the East China Sea and in East Asia. Precipitation clouds form dramatically rapidly in the moist environment, and precipitation systems developing south of the Baiu front play an important role on the formation of heavy rainfalls along the west coast of Kyushu, Japan. We discuss 1) the results of recent field experiments on precipitation systems over the East China Sea, 2) observation networks and preparation of new observation tools, 3) the development of a cloud resolving model to simulate precipitation systems, and 4) new research collaboration in East Asia.
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Kuok, Sin-Chi, and Ka-Veng Yuen. "Structural Health Monitoring of a Reinforced Concrete Building during the Severe Typhoon Vicente in 2012." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/509350.
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The goal of this study is to investigate the structural performance of reinforced concrete building under the influence of severe typhoon. For this purpose, full-scale monitoring of a 22-story reinforced concrete building was conducted during the entire passage process of a severe typhoon “Vicente.” Vicente was the eighth tropical storm developed in the Western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea in 2012. Moreover, it was the strongest and most devastating typhoon that struck Macao since 1999. The overall duration of the typhoon affected period that lasted more than 70 hours and the typhoon eye region covered Macao for around one hour. The wind and structural response measurements were acquired throughout the entire typhoon affected period. The wind characteristics were analyzed using the measured wind data including the wind speed and wind direction time histories. Besides, the structural response measurements of the monitored building were utilized for modal identification using the Bayesian spectral density approach. Detailed analysis of the field data and the typhoon generated effects on the structural performance are discussed.
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Peng, Xudong, Jianfang Fei, Xiaogang Huang, and Xiaoping Cheng. "Evaluation and Error Analysis of Official Forecasts of Tropical Cyclones during 2005–14 over the Western North Pacific. Part I: Storm Tracks." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0043.1.
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Abstract Official forecasts of tropical cyclone (TC) tracks issued by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA); the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Tokyo, Japan; and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) were used to evaluate the accuracies, biases, and trends of TC track forecasts during 2005–14 over the western North Pacific. Overall, the JTWC demonstrated the best forecasting performance. However, the CMA showed the most significant rate of improvement. Two main zones were discovered in the regional distribution of forecast errors: a low-latitude zone that comprises the South China Sea and the sea region east of the Philippines, and a midlatitude zone comprising the southern Sea of Japan and the sea region east of Japan. When TCs moved into the former zone, there were both translational speed and direction biases in the forecast tracks, whereas slow biases were predominated in the latter zone. Twelve synoptic flow patterns of TCs with the largest error have been identified based on the steering flow theory. Among them, the most two common pattern are the pattern with the combination of cyclonic circulations, subtropical ridges, and midlatitude troughs (CRT, 26 TCs), and the pattern of the TCs’ track that cannot be explained by steering flow (NSF, 6 TCs). In the CRT pattern, TCs move northwestward forced by the cyclonic circulations and the subtropical ridges and then turn poleward and eastward under the influence of the midlatitude troughs. In the NSF pattern, storms embedded in the southwest flow by the cyclonic circulation and the steering flow suggest TCs should turn to the right and move northeastward but instead TCs persisted in moving northwestward.
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Pun, Iam-Fei, Johnny Chan, I. I. Lin, Kelvin Chan, James Price, Dong Ko, Chun-Chi Lien, Yu-Lun Wu, and Hsiao-Ching Huang. "Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 6, 2019): 3709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133709.
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On 23 August, 2017, Typhoon Hato rapidly intensified by 10 kt within 3 h just prior to landfall in the city of Macau along the South China coast. Hato’s surface winds in excess of 50 m s−1 devastated the city, causing unprecedented damage and social impact. This study reveals that anomalously warm ocean conditions in the nearshore shallow water (depth < 30 m) likely played a key role in Hato’s fast intensification. In particular, cooling of the sea surface temperature (SST) generated by Hato at the critical landfall point was estimated to be only 0.1–0.5 °C. The results from both a simple ocean mixing scheme and full dynamical ocean model indicate that SST cooling was minimized in the shallow coastal waters due to a lack of cool water at depth. Given the nearly invariant SST in the coastal waters, we estimate a large amount of heat flux, i.e., 1.9k W m−2, during the landfall period. Experiments indicate that in the absence of shallow bathymetry, and thus, if nominal cool water had been available for vertical mixing, the SST cooling would have been enhanced from 0.1 °C to 1.4 °C, and sea to air heat flux reduced by about a quarter. Numerical simulations with an atmospheric model suggest that the intensity of Hato was very sensitive to air-sea heat flux in the coastal region, indicating the critical importance of coastal ocean hydrography.
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Chang, Chih-Pei, Mong-Ming Lu, and Hock Lim. "Monsoon Convection in the Maritime Continent: Interaction of Large-Scale Motion and Complex Terrain." Meteorological Monographs 56 (April 1, 2016): 6.1–6.29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-15-0011.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Asian monsoon is a planetary-scale circulation system powered by the release of latent heat, but important features of deep convection and rainfall distribution cannot be adequately represented by the large-scale patterns. This is mainly due to the strong influences of terrain that are important across a wide range of horizontal scales, especially over the Maritime Continent where the complex terrain has a dominant effect on the behavior of convective rainfall during the boreal winter monsoon. This chapter is a review and summary of published results on the effects on monsoon convection due to interactions between the Maritime Continent terrain and large-scale transient systems. The Maritime Continent topographic features strongly affect both the demarcation of the boreal summer and winter monsoon regimes and the asymmetric seasonal marches during the transition seasons. In the western part of the region, the complex interactions that lead to variability in deep convection are primarily controlled by the cold surges and the synoptic-scale Borneo vortex. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) reduces the frequency of weaker surges through an interference with their structure. It also influences convection, particularly on the diurnal cycle and when synoptic activities are weak. When both surges and the Borneo vortex are present, interactions between these circulations with the terrain can cause the strongest convection, which has included Typhoon Vamei (2001), which is the only observed tropical cyclone that developed within 1.5° of the equator. The cold surges are driven by midlatitude pressure rises associated with the movement of the Siberian high. Rapid strengthening of surge northeasterly winds can be explained as the tropical response via a geostrophic adjustment process to the pressure forcing in the form of an equatorial Rossby wave group. Dispersion of meridional modes leads to a northeast–southwest orientation that allows the surge to stream downstream through the similarly oriented South China Sea. This evolution leads to a cross-equatorial return flow and a cyclonic circulation at the equator, and thus a mechanism for equatorial cyclogenesis. Although the narrow width of the southern South China Sea facilitates strengthening of the cold surge, it also severely restricts the likelihood of cyclone development so that Vamei remains to be the only typhoon observed in the equatorial South China Sea. Climate variations from El Niño–Southern Oscillation to climate change may impact the interactions between the large-scale motion and Maritime Continent terrain because they lead to changes in the mean flow. The thermodynamic effects on the interaction between MJO and the monsoon surges and Borneo vortex over the complex terrain also need to be addressed. These and other questions such as any possible changes in the likelihood of equatorial tropical cyclogenesis as a result of climate change are all important areas for future research.
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Chen, Xiaomin, Yuqing Wang, Kun Zhao, and Dan Wu. "A Numerical Study on Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Vicente (2012) in the South China Sea. Part I: Verification of Simulation, Storm-Scale Evolution, and Environmental Contribution." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 3 (March 2017): 877–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0147.1.
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Typhoon Vicente (2012) underwent an extreme rapid intensification (RI) over the northern South China Sea just before its landfall in south China. The extreme RI, the sudden track deflection, and the inner- and outer-core structures of Vicente were reasonably reproduced in an Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model simulation. The evolutions of the axisymmetric inner-core radar reflectivity and the primary circulation of the simulated Vicente before its landfall were verified against the Doppler radar observations. Two intensification stages were identified: 1) the asymmetric intensification stage (i.e., RI onset), represented by a relatively slow intensification rate accompanied by a distinct eyewall contraction; and 2) the axisymmetric RI stage with very slow eyewall contraction. Results from a storm-scale tangential wind tendency budget indicated that the primary spinup mechanism during the first stage was the radial eddy momentum transport, which was beneficial to accelerate primary circulation inside the radius of maximum wind (RMW) and thus conducive to eyewall contraction. In contrast, the principal spinup mechanism during the second stage was mainly ascribed to the forced secondary circulation in response to diabatic heating in the eyewall and boundary layer friction, which efficiently transported the absolute angular momentum radially inward and vertically upward to increase the primary circulation in the eyewall region throughout the troposphere. Further analysis revealed that the interaction between the monsoon circulation and storm-scale vorticity anomalies played an important role in erecting the tilted vortex and spinning up the midtropospheric TC circulation during the first stage.
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Yu, Jianmin, Sheng Lin, Yue Jiang, and Yuntao Wang. "Modulation of Typhoon-Induced Sea Surface Cooling by Preexisting Eddies in the South China Sea." Water 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050653.
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The interactions between mesoscale eddies and typhoons are important for understanding the oceanic environment, but large variance is identified in each case because of the complex underlying dynamics. Fifteen-year datasets of typhoon tracks and eddy tracks in the South China Sea (SCS) are employed to comprehensively determine the influence of preexisting eddies on typhoon-induced sea surface cooling (SSC). Typhoons with high wind speeds and slow translation speeds induce large SSC in summer and autumn, when more than 80% of typhoons occur during a year. The relative locations of typhoons and eddies are used to classify their distributions, and four groups are identified, with typhoons traversing to the left or right of cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies. Generally, cyclonic eddies (CEs) located to the right of a typhoon track can result in a large cooling core, but anticyclonic eddies (AEs) can interrupt the cooling band along the right side of typhoon tracks. The recovery from typhoon-induced SSC takes longer than 15 days, though preexisting AEs can induce a rapid rebound after reaching the minimum sea surface temperature (SST). In addition, the dependence of SSCs on a typhoon’s features, such as wind speed and translation speed, are amplified (reduced) by CEs (AEs). The enhancement of typhoon-induced local SSC by CEs is counterbalanced by the suppression of SSC by AEs; thus, the overall impacts of CEs and AEs on typhoon-induced local SSC are relatively weak in the SCS.
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Han, Shuzong, Mingjie Wang, and Bo Peng. "Response of Temperature to Successive Typhoons in the South China Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 21, 2022): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081157.
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Typhoons are serious natural disasters in coastal areas. During the summer of 2011, successive typhoons Nesat and Nalgae appeared in the South China Sea, providing a unique opportunity for us to study the response of the upper ocean to successive typhoons. We comprehensively use satellite data and COAWST model data to explore the effects of successive typhoons on the temperature structure of the South China Sea. Nesat caused the sea surface temperature to decrease by up to 4.4 °C on the right side of the typhoon path, and the ensuing Nalgae caused the temperature to decrease by up to 2.2 °C. Because Nesat had already cooled the ocean, the response to Nalgae was more to the left of the track than one would normally expect. The upwelling dominates the change in subsurface temperature. Based on the increase caused by Nesat, the isotherm was further raised by Nalgae. The isotherm rising amplitude is larger in the upper and deeper layer and is smaller in the middle layer in the depth range of 0–200 m. Heat budget analysis indicates that in the area close to the typhoon path, vertical diffusion is the main reason for the decrease in ocean surface temperature, while total advection suppresses the decrease in temperature. In the area with a larger distance from the typhoon path, vertical diffusion and total advection lead to the decrease in ocean surface temperature, and total advection will gradually contribute more to temperature change and become the dominant factor. On the right side of the typhoon track, the reduction of the contribution rate of vertical diffusion with distance from typhoon track is slower than that on the left side of the typhoon track. Whether Nesat or Nalgae, the intensity and depth of effects of vertical diffusion on the right side of typhoon path are greater than those on the left side of typhoon path, and the near-inertial periodic oscillation of local temperature change rate is more obvious. When the vertical diffusion is weak, the influence of vertical advection and horizontal advection is deeper. Moreover, the near-inertial periodic oscillation of the local temperature change occurs in lower depth after Nalgae passed through than that after Nesat. The typhoon intensity of the two typhoons shows the opposite change: the first typhoon increases, and the second typhoon weakens. Therefore, the special case of successive typhoons should be fully considered in typhoon prediction to improve accuracy.
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Le, Mau Dinh, Galina Vlasova, and Dung Thi Thuy Nguyen. "Distribution features of the typhoons in the South China Sea." Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2205/2020es000746.
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Chen, Shu-Ya, Chian-Yi Liu, Ching-Yuang Huang, Shen-Cha Hsu, Hsiu-Wen Li, Po-Hsiung Lin, Jia-Ping Cheng, and Cheng-Yung Huang. "An Analysis Study of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Radio Occultation Data in the Troposphere." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040717.
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This study investigates the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) data from FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (FS7/C2), which provides considerably more and deeper profiles at lower latitudes than those from the former FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (FS3/C). The statistical analysis of six-month RO data shows that the rate of penetration depth below 1 km height within ±45° latitudes can reach 80% for FS7/C2, significantly higher than 40% for FS3/C. For verification, FS7/C2 RO data are compared with the observations from chartered missions that provided aircraft dropsondes and on-board radiosondes, with closer observation times and distances from the oceanic RO occultation over the South China Sea and near a typhoon circulation region. The collocated comparisons indicate that FS7/C2 RO data are reliable, with small deviations from the ground-truth observations. The RO profiles are compared with collocated radiosondes, RO data from other missions, global analyses of ERA5 and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) final (FNL), and satellite retrievals of NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NCAPS). The comparisons exhibit consistent vertical variations, showing absolute mean differences and standard deviations of temperature profiles less than 0.5 °C and 1.5 °C, respectively, and deviations of water vapor pressure within 2 hPa in the lower troposphere. From the latitudinal distributions of mean difference and standard deviation (STD), the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is evidentially shown in the comparisons, especially for the NUCAPS, which shows a larger deviation in moisture when compared to FS7/C2 RO data. The sensitivity of data collocation in time departure and spatial distance among different datasets are presented in this study as well.
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Wang, Feng-Yu, and Min-Yun Liu. "Microbial Community Diversity of Coral Reef Sediments on Liuqiu Island, Southwestern Taiwan." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010085.
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Microbes in coral reef sediments are thought to play an important role in organic matter remineralization and nutrient recycling. Microbial communities also reflect the environmental conditions, such as nutrient status, of an ecosystem. This study investigates the relationship between microbial community diversity in the reef sediments and environmental conditions at Liuqiu Island. We sampled sediments seasonally from four sites around the island, Beauty Cave, Geban Bay, Houshi Fringing Reef, and Lobster Cave, from 2015–2020. The V5–V6 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform to identify the microbial communities. The results showed that the high abundance of Pseudomonadota, Planctomycetota, and Bacteroidota might reflect the eutrophic environments of the sediments on Liuqiu Island. Second, the identification of putative pathogens and human-related genera suggests that human activities have affected the marine environment of Liuqiu Island. Third, the insignificant spatial differences and the significant temporal differences in the microbial communities of Liuqiu Island indicate that annual or periodical events, such as the Kuroshio Branch Current and South China Sea Surface Current, could shape the microbial communities of Liuqiu Island. Furthermore, the abundance of human-related genera—Cutibacterium, Herbaspirillum, Corynebacterium 1, Escherichia-Shigella, and Kocuria—increased dramatically in the Lobster Cave site in September 2015 and may have been induced by a strong climate event, such as a typhoon or heavy rainfall. Our results revealed that the microbial communities of Liuqiu Island are dynamic and sensitive to adjacent environmental conditions. The sedimented microbial communities could monitor the bacteria and pathogens related to human activities and even reveal the putative events that could affect the ecological environments.
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Ma, Zhaoyue, Yuanzhi Zhang, Renhao Wu, and Rong Na. "Statistical Characteristics of the Response of Sea Surface Temperatures to Westward Typhoons in the South China Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050916.
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The strong interaction between a typhoon and ocean air is one of the most important forms of typhoon and sea air interaction. In this paper, the daily mean sea surface temperature (SST) data of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observation System (EOS) (AMSR-E) are used to analyze the reduction in SST caused by 30 westward typhoons from 1998 to 2018. The findings reveal that 20 typhoons exerted obvious SST cooling areas. Moreover, 97.5% of the cooling locations appeared near and on the right side of the path, while only one appeared on the left side of the path. The decrease in SST generally lasted 6–7 days. Over time, the cooling center continued to diffuse, and the SST gradually rose. The slope of the recovery curve was concentrated between 0.1 and 0.5.
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Huang, Guangqing, and Wyss W.-S. Yin. "An 8000–Year Record of Typhoons in the Northern South China Sea." PAGES news 9, no. 2 (July 2001): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.9.2.7.
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Yu, Jie, Danling Tang, Yongzhen Li, Zirong Huang, and Guobao Chen. "Increase in fish abundance during two typhoons in the South China Sea." Advances in Space Research 51, no. 9 (May 2013): 1734–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.11.019.
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Jin, Weifang, Chujin Liang, Xinliang Tian, Junyang Hu, Tao Ding, Beifeng Zhou, Xiaoyan Chen, and Yuntao Wang. "Identifying Oceanic Responses with Validated Satellite Observations after the Passage of Typhoons in the Northern South China Sea." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 3872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14163872.
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Tropical cyclone-induced upwelling has an important influence on ocean temperature and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, which are modified by the existence of mesoscale eddies. This paper investigates the regional dynamics and associated variability in temperature and Chl-a during the passage of three typhoons (Kammuri, Nuri, and Hagupit) with similar tracks in the northern South China Sea (SCS) during 2008 using remote sensing and in situ observations. The measurements of wind and sea surface temperature obtained by a buoy and satellite were found to be similar, and both showed that typhoons have prominent impacts on the ocean’s upper layer. Sea surface cooling is first identified during the passage of each typhoon, particularly on the right side of typhoon tracks. Increased Chl-a concentrations were observed in the surrounding areas after the passage of typhoons Nuri and Hagupit, with large offshore blooms (Chl-a increases of 0.27–0.33 mg m−3) identified along the tracks of Nuri and Hagupit 3 to 4 days after their passage. Such blooms are highly dependent on the cooling associated with typhoon-induced mixing and upwelling. The pre-existing eddies modified the surface variations, and a perfect match was identified between the polarities of the eddies and the ocean surface changes. An anomalously high offshore Chl-a enhancement entrained by a cyclonic eddy occurred along the track of Nuri 4 days after its passage; in this instance, typhoon-induced upwelling was reinforced by the cyclonic eddy. In comparison, typhoon-induced upwelling is inhibited by anticyclonic eddies, resulting in much less prominent changes. The combination of typhoon winds and eddies can modify the productivity of marine phytoplankton, and a comprehensive understanding of typhoon-induced dynamics will aid in understanding ecosystem responses to typhoons.
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Minh, Pham Thi, Bui Thi Tuyet, Tran Thi Thu Thao, and Le Thi Thu Hang. "Application of ensemble Kalman filter in WRF model to forecast rainfall on monsoon onset period in South Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13134.
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This paper presents some results of rainfall forecast in the monsoon onset period in South Vietnam, with the use of ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate observation data into the initial field of the model. The study of rainfall forecasts are experimented at the time of Southern monsoon outbreaks for 3 years (2005, 2008 and 2009), corresponding to 18 cases. In each case, there are five trials, including satellite wind data assimilation, upper-air sounding data assimilation, mixed data (satellite wind+upper-air sounding data) assimilation and two controlled trials (one single predictive test and one multi-physical ensemble prediction), which is equivalent to 85 forecasts for one trial. Based on the statistical evaluation of 36 samples (18 meteorological stations and 18 trials), the results show that Kalman filter assimilates satellite wind data to forecast well rainfall at 48 hours and 72 hours ranges. With 24 hour forecasting period, upper-air sounding data assimilation and mixed data assimilation experiments predicted better rainfall than non-assimilation tests. The results of the assessment based on the phase prediction indicators also show that the ensemble Kalman filter assimilating satellite wind data and mixed data sets improve the rain forecasting capability of the model at 48 hours and 72 hour ranges, while the upper-air sounding data assimilation test produces satisfactory results at the 72 hour forecast range, and the multi-physical ensemble test predicted good rainfall at 24 hour and 48 hour forecasts. The results of this research initially lead to a new research approach, Kalman Filter Application that assimilates the existing observation data into input data of the model that can improve the quality of rainfall forecast in Southern Vietnam and overall country in general.References Bui Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Truong, 2013. 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Zhong, Hui, and Michael White. "South China Sea." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 2, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00201003.
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The South China Sea is a maritime space where States have overlapping claims and unsettled maritime boundaries. While driven by territorial competition for ownership of some of the islands, the core contradictions are more related to freedom of navigation. This sea is one of the world’s most important shipping, trade and energy routes, a rich potential source of sub-sea oil and gas and a major fisheries area. The Republic of the Philippines v The People’s Republic of China Arbitral Tribunal Decision of 12 July 2016 1 (the arbitral ruling) under the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea 1982 heightened the tensions in the area but they had previously been long standing and it merely escalated the concern that the tensions would impede or even halt regional and global commerce. This article focuses on the importance of the South China Sea and argues that if the South China Sea issue is not handled properly, it would be damaging to the exporting and the importing countries in this region in particular and worldwide trade in general. There has already been a negative impact on economic cooperation and the long term development in Southeast Asia and further tensions could be highly damaging for all of the countries concerned.
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Wu, Liguang, Huijun Zong, and Jia Liang. "Observational Analysis of Sudden Tropical Cyclone Track Changes in the Vicinity of the East China Sea." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 3012–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3559.1.
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Abstract An observational analysis of observed sudden typhoon track changes is conducted with a focus on the underlying mechanism and the possible role of slowly varying low-frequency flows. Four typhoons that took a generally northwestward track prior to sharply turning northeastward in the vicinity of the East China Sea are investigated. It is found that the sudden track changes occurred near the center of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)-scale cyclonic circulation or at the bifurcation point of the steering flows at 700 hPa, and they were all associated with a well-developed quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBW)-scale gyre. Calculation of vorticity advection suggests that the peripheral ridging resulting from the interaction between the typhoons and the flows on the MJO and QBW scales can compress the typhoon circulation, leading to an area of high winds to the east or south of the typhoon center. The enhanced synoptic-scale winds shifted the typhoons northward and placed them in a northeastward orbit under the steering of the flows associated with the Pacific subtropical high. The sudden track change can be likened to the maneuvering of satellite orbit change in that the enhanced synoptic-scale winds act as a booster rocket to shift the typhoons northward to the southwesterly steering flows.
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Yu, Jie, Danling Tang, Guobao Chen, Yongzhen Li, Zirong Huang, and Sufen Wang. "The positive effects of typhoons on the fish CPUE in the South China Sea." Continental Shelf Research 84 (August 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.04.025.
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Marchesiello, Patrick, Elodie Kestenare, Rafael Almar, Julien Boucharel, and Nguyet Minh Nguyen. "Longshore drift produced by climate-modulated monsoons and typhoons in the South China Sea." Journal of Marine Systems 211 (November 2020): 103399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103399.
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Xu, Fumin, Zelin Cheng, and Mingyan Xia. "Surface wave field under binary typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) in South China Sea." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 241 (August 2020): 106802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106802.
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Chen, B., M. C. Shi, X. Y. Chen, Y. Ding, B. X. Zheng, D. X. Dong, and S. F. Qiu. "Water level fluctuations in Guangxi near coast caused by typhoons in South China Sea." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 39 (August 2016): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/39/1/012029.
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Hung, Chih-wen, Ming-Fu Shih, and Te-Yuan Lin. "The Climatological Analysis of Typhoon Tracks, Steering Flow, and the Pacific Subtropical High in the Vicinity of Taiwan and the Western North Pacific." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050543.
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Taiwan frequently suffers from typhoon hits in the boreal summer and fall. The location of Taiwan makes it vulnerable to the pathways of typhoons mainly determined by the position of the Pacific subtropical high. In order to clarify the linkage between typhoon invasion and associated large-scale environments from a climatological perspective, this study counts the historical typhoon invasion days for each month in the typhoon season to establish analyzed cases and then categorizes them with statistical thresholds. Besides, the categorized cases with less typhoon invasion are further sorted to distinguish different movements of tropical cyclones. Therefore, corresponding composites are applied for each category. The results reveal that when the subtropical high retreats eastward, the accompanying steering flow guides typhoons to make an early recurvature toward Japan and South Korea. While the subtropical high further extends its property to the west covering Taiwan, the steering flow on the south transfers typhoons moving westward to the South China Sea. However, when the subtropical high lies in areas between the above two scenarios, the steering flow along the periphery of the subtropical high continuously sends typhoons toward Taiwan and the vicinity, which greatly increases the threat to the island.