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1
HAYAT, ATIF SITWAT, NAILA SHAIKH, and SYED IQBAL AHMED SHAH. "TYPHOID FEVER." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 02 (June 10, 2011): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.02.2065.
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Background: Typhoid fever is widely recognized as a major public health problem in developing countries. A simple, reliable and rapid diagnostic test is needed for clinicians especially in areas where laboratory services are limited. Objective: To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of typhidot (IgM), a serological test to identify IgM antibodies against salmonella typhi. Study Design: This was a prospective study. Setting: Northern Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) and Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. Period: 1st November 2009 to 31st August 2010. Methods: A total of 100 patients with clinically suspected typhoid fever were studied and divided into three main groups as A, B and C, with definite typhoid fever, typhoid suspects plus non-typhoidal illnesses and healthy controls respectively. Blood culture and typhidot (IgM) tests were conducted for all subjects included in the study. The validity of typhidot (IgM) test has been evaluated by determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results: In our study, majority (75%) were males and (25%) females with M to F ratio of 3:1. The mean age of study group was 26.31±11.8 (SD) years. Among 100 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients, 19 had positive blood culture for S.typhi and 71 were typhidot (IgM) positive. Out of 19 culture positive patients, 18 (94.73%) were true typhidot (IgM) positive, which was also falsely positive in 05 (20.83%) among 24 non- typhoidal febrile controls. None of the healthy controls was positive for typhoid (IgM) test. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of typhidot (IgM) test using blood culture as gold standard were 94.73%, 90%, 97.72% and 78.26% respectively for patients having typhoid fever. Conclusions: Typhidot (IgM) test is a simple, reliable, rapid and valid diagnostic tool for typhoid fever especially in areas where laboratory services are limited.
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Hassan, Zulfiqar-Ul, Afrah Shafiq, Gulpash Saghir, Rahat Naseer, Mufakhara Fatimah, Mahwash Malik, and Taha Hassan. "TYPHOID FEVER;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 07 (July 3, 2017): 1067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.07.1018.
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Objectives: The study was planned to see the serum lipid levels and c-reactiveproteins in patients with enteric (Typhoid) fever. Design: Comparative. Setting: Study wasconducted at the department of Pharmacology, University of veterinary and animal sciences,and Lahore. Period: from April 2014 to October 2014. Methodology: A total 100 subjectswere included in the study. Amongst them there were 50 patients with typhoid fever and 50normal individuals. All subjects fulfilled the criteria of inclusion in study and informed consentin written form was taken. Three millimetre venous blood was drawn from each subject, whowas centrifuged and serum was preserved for quantitative analysis of Total cholesterol (TC),Triglycerides (TGs), High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-density lipoproteincholesterol(LDL-C) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: According to this study there waselevation in the levels of TGs and decline was observed in the levels of HDL, LDL, and TC,which is due to lipid peroxidation in typhoid patients. This study highlighted the complexityof lipid variation during Salmonella typhi infection. Elevated level of C-reactive protein reflectsthe immune response to infection by typhoid patients. Conclusion: CRP may play a role inearly diagnosis of perforation in patients with typhoid fever. Typhoid fever causes biochemicalchanges and it should be further investigated to make them helpful for diagnosis.
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K, Sharanya, Vinod K, and Lakshmi K. "COMPARISON OF WIDAL AND TYPHOID IMMUNOGLOBULIN M AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN G IN RAPID AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ENTERIC FEVER." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2016): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.14648.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Typhoid fever is one of the major public health problems in developing countries including India. A simple, reliable, rapid, and earlydiagnostic test has been one of the important needs of the clinicians. The present study was carried out to compare the Widal test and typhoidimmunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) rapid test in diagnosing of Salmonella typhi infection.Methods: A total of 100 cases having clinical suspicion of typhoid fever and 40 controls (20 healthy persons and 20 non-typhoidal febrile patients)were studied. Participants were investigated by blood culture, clot culture, Widal test, and typhoid IgM and IgG rapid test, and the results werecompared.Results: Typhoid IgM and IgG test was positive for IgM in 70 cases and IgG for 6 cases of typhoid fever compared to Widal test which showed only58 positive cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value of typhoid IgM was found as 70%, 90%, 94.59%, and 54.55%,respectively. On the other hand, corresponding values for Widal test were 58%, 85%, 90.63%, and 44.74%, respectively.Conclusion: In the present study, the typhoid IgM and IgG yielded remarkable high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose typhoid fever in the firstweek of illness, so it is recommended to use the test in small and less equipped laboratories as a complementary test to Widal.Keywords: Widal, Typhoid immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G, Typhoid fever, Blood culture.
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Sheikh, Alaullah, M. Saruar Bhuiyan, Farhana Khanam, Fahima Chowdhury, Amit Saha, Dilruba Ahmed, K. M. A. Jamil, et al. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi-Specific Immunoglobulin A Antibody Responses in Plasma and Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant Specimens in Bangladeshi Patients with Suspected Typhoid Fever." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 11 (September 9, 2009): 1587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00311-09.
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ABSTRACTMany currently available diagnostic tests for typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity, especially in areas of the world where the disease is endemic. In order to identify a diagnostic test that better correlates with typhoid fever, we evaluated immune responses toSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (serovar Typhi) in individuals with suspected typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We enrolled 112 individuals with suspected typhoid fever, cultured day 0 blood for serovar Typhi organisms, and performed Widal assays on days 0, 5, and 20. We harvested peripheral blood lymphocytes and analyzed antibody levels in supernatants collected on days 0, 5, and 20 (using an antibody-in-lymphocyte-supernatant [ALS] assay), as well as in plasma on these days. We measured ALS reactivity to a serovar Typhi membrane preparation (MP), a formalin-inactivated whole-cell preparation, and serovar Typhi lipopolysaccharide. We measured responses in healthy Bangladeshi, as well as in Bangladeshi febrile patients with confirmed dengue fever or leptospirosis. We categorized suspected typhoid fever individuals into different groups (groups I to V) based on blood culture results, Widal titer, and clinical features. Responses to MP antigen in the immunoglobulin A isotype were detectable at the time of presentation in the plasma of 81% of patients. The ALS assay, however, tested positive in all patients with documented or highly suspicious typhoid, suggesting that such a response could be the basis of improved diagnostic point-of-care-assay for serovar Typhi infection. It can be important for use in epidemiological studies, as well as in difficult cases involving fevers of unknown origin.
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Levani, Yelvi, and Aldo Dwi Prastya. "DEMAM TIFOID: MANIFESTASI KLINIS, PILIHAN TERAPI DAN PANDANGAN DALAM ISLAM." Al-Iqra Medical Journal : Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran 3, no. 1 (October 3, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/aimj.v3i1.4038.
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Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease of the digestive system caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi. Typhoid fever is a global infectious disease in which an estimated 26.9 million cases of typhoid fever are found worldwide. Typhoid fever is especially common in developing countries because it is associated with poor sanitation. Clinical manifestations of typhoid fever that arise can vary from mild to severe symptoms. Symptoms of typhoid fever that are often found are fever, malaise, abdominal pain and constipation. Culture examination is a gold standard examination in establishing the diagnosis of typhoid fever. But this examination is rarely done. The first-line treatment option for typhoid fever is chloramphenicol. However, as the bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol increases, the main therapeutic choice for typhoid fever is the fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
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Feroz, Bushra, Arshad Khushdil, Imran Ahmad Memon, Sadaf Nawaz, Maryam Shahzadi, and Waqas Akhtar. "Extensively Drug Resistance Enteric Fever in Tertiary Care Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 5 (May 27, 2023): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023175129.
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Background: Salmonella enterica causes typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. Pakistan and other South Asian nations with little resources, including those with poor sanitation and hygiene, are particularly susceptible to enteric fever. Enteric fever is a disease which is extensively resistant to majority of antibiotics and these strains are rapidly spreading in Pakistan, raising concerns about the global failure of antibiotics. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Pediatrics, CMH Quetta from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: A hospital based study in which history of fever for minimum of three days in the previous seven days, and blood test recommendation from a doctor were requirements for enrolment in the study. Individuals who had blood cultures that tested positive for enteric fever were enrolled. Results: Salmonella Typhi made up 52(94%) of the isolates and S. Para typhi made up 6%. 33(60%) of isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), resistant to first-line antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporin’s, and 8(15%) of isolates were extremely drug-resistant (MDR) to first-line antibiotics. Conclusion: In the current region of Pakistan, enteric fever is widespread. Over the course of the monitoring period, the incidence of typhoid fever has risen. With the advent of XDR typhoid, resistance to antimicrobial agents has also increased. Keywords: Enteric fever, Burden, Salmonella typhi, Typhoid fever
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Reza, Ishrat Binte, MA Zahiruddin, Hamn Ahasan, and Quazi Tarikul Islam. "Sepsis, an Unusual Presentation of Typhoid Fever - A Case Report." Bangladesh Journal of Medicine 34, no. 3 (September 3, 2023): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v34i3.68437.
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Typhoid fever is an infection caused by Salmonella typhi. The common complications are intestinal perforation and typhoid encephalopathy. Cases of typhoid fever with sepsis and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are rarely reported. A 20 yr old male presented with grade fever, vomiting, diarrhoea.His Dengue NS1 was negative, procalcitonin was high,coagulation profile was altered and developed subclinical DIC along with septicemia within a short period of time which is very rare. Sepsis and DIC are rare complications of typhoid fever. Typhoid fever can be presented with profound bleeding manifestation other than gastrointestinal bleeding, since it is a common symptom of typhoid fever. Further research should be conducted to postulate association between typhoid fever and DIC. Here we reported an unusual case of sepsis which a caused by case of typhoid fever. Bangladesh J Medicine 2023; 34(3): 252-254
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Almashhadany, Dhary Alewy, Asaad Abdel Jalil Ahmood, Jiyan Ali Omar, Shilan Farhad Mamand, Rzgar Farooq Rashid, Rawaz Rizgar Hassan, and Abdullah Othman Hassan. "Typhoidal Salmonellosis (TS) (Enteric fever)." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2023): 1681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i2.2590.
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The incidence of salmonellosis continues to rise, and it is one of the fastest spreading bacteria in the globe. It's responsible for the vast majority of bacterial infections in animals everywhere. Enteric fever is a worldwide health issue, especially prevalent in places with poor sanitation that allow for the contamination of food and water sources with human feces. This illness is also known as Typhoid fever. The neuropsychiatric effects of untreated typhoid were so severe that the disease was given a name taken from the ancient Greek word for cloud. It's a public health problem, especially in poor areas, because it can affect multiple body systems and kill you. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi are the bacteria responsible for this disease. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are both types of enteric fever. Worldwide, approximately 21 million individuals contract typhoid each year. Every year, it accounts for about 200,000 fatalities around the world. Its tolerance to antibiotics has grown over time. Salmonella is a genus of Enterobacteriaceae that can cause a wide range of illnesses in the digestive tract. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, and even though these diseases have been eliminated in most industrialized countries, they are still a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever can be mitigated through the sanitation of potable water, but they cannot be eradicated without the control of human carriers as well. Nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, which cause only mild cases of gastroenteritis in people, are genetically related to typhoidal Salmonella serovars.
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Naeem, Abid, Subtain-Ul-Hassan Abid, and Muhammad Huzaifa Abid. "TYPHOID FEVER." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 01 (January 10, 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.01.535.
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Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi, is the most common gastrointestinalinfectious disease affecting all over the world particularly in Asia where more than 13 millionspeoples are affected. Six hundred thousand (600.0000) death occur annually all over the world.1Nearly eighty percent (80%) occur in Asia. The main source of infection is contaminated food, waterand poor hygiene. Monotherapy, emerging drug resistance and long duration drug treatmentis further complicating the problem.2 Approach to combination antibiotic therapy and shortestduration of treatment is needed. Period: January 2016 to June 2016. Objectives: To determinethe outcome of combination versus mono anti-biotic therapy in typhoid fever. Study Design:A prospective descriptive study. Place of Study: Mohi-Ud-Din Teaching Hospital Mirpur AJK.Results: Among 138 patients, the relapse rate was high in patients treated with monotherapyas compared combination therapy. Conclusion: Relapse is more common in ciprofloxacin andceftriaxone groups. Among combination therapy, (ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone,) relapse wasless common. When relapsed patients were retreated with combination therapy, the patientswere completely cured.
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Anjum, Muhammad Usman, Hafizullah Khan, and Syed Humayun Shah. "TYPHOID FEVER WITH JAUNDICE." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 04 (April 10, 2015): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.04.1322.
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Typhoid fever is a systemic infection which is caused by Samonella entericaserotype typhi. It is a multi-system disorder involving many organs including liver. Liverinvolvement could be in the form of jaundice, rise in liver enzymes or hepatomegaly. It canpresent as acute hepatitis in rare cases, called typhoid hepatitis. Objectives: This study wascarried out to study the association of typhoid fever in patients with jaundice. To determinethe frequency of typhoid fever among patients presenting with jaundice. Design: Descriptivecross sectional study Setting: at Gastroenterology Unit, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad,Period: March 2011 to December 2011. Methods: Total 115 patients were included in thestudy based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Typhidot IgM test was performed to confirmthe diagnosis of typhoid fever. Results: The mean age of patients was 28.5 ± 10.14 years,with 54.8% male gender predominating the overall sample. The male to female ratio was 1.2:1.Typhoid fever was found in 22 (19.1%) out of 115 patients with jaundice and there were 68.2%were males and 31.8% were females. Conclusions: Typhoid fever is not rare to present asjaundice in our part of the world where typhoid fever is endemic. Therefore, all those patientswho have fever, jaundice, abnormal liver function tests or hepatomegaly must be screened fortyphoid fever especially in areas where typhoid fever is endemic.
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Nampota-Nkomba, Nginache, Megan E. Carey, Leslie P. Jamka, Natalie Fecteau, and Kathleen M. Neuzil. "Using Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines to Prevent Disease, Promote Health Equity, and Counter Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_1 (May 2023): S6—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad022.
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Abstract Typhoid fever is a serious disease that disproportionately impacts children in low-resource settings in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant strains of S. Typhi continue to increase worldwide. Two safe, effective, and cost-effective typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) are World Health Organization-prequalified for the prevention of typhoid fever in children as young as 6 months. Typhoid conjugate vaccines have proven effectiveness in preventing drug-resistant S. Typhi and have been deployed successfully in outbreak response and routine immunization scenarios. Broad and equitable distribution of TCVs is essential to combat the spread and potentially devastating consequences of typhoid fever. It is vital to empower decision-makers in typhoid-endemic countries to introduce TCVs and for leaders to embrace this critical tool to prevent typhoid fever, slow the spread of drug-resistant S. Typhi strains, promote health equity, and save lives.
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GARCÍA, MÓNICA. "Typhoid Fever in Nineteenth-Century Colombia: Between Medical Geography and Bacteriology." Medical History 58, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2013.70.
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AbstractThis paper analyses how the Colombian medical elites made sense of typhoid fever before and during the inception of bacteriological ideas and practices in the second half of the nineteenth century. Assuming that the identity of typhoid fever has to be understood within the broader concerns of the medical community in question, I show how doctors first identified Bogotá’s epidemics as typhoid fever during the 1850s, and how they also attached specificity to the fever amongst other continuous fevers, such as its European and North American counterparts. I also found that, in contrast with the discussions amongst their colleagues from other countries, debates about typhoid fever in 1860–70 among doctors in Colombia were framed within the medico-geographical scheme and strongly shaped by the fear of typhoid fever appearing alongside ‘paludic’ fevers in the highlands. By arguing in medico-geographical and clinical terms that typhoid fever had specificity in Colombia, and by denying the medico-geographical law of antagonism between typhoid and paludic fevers proposed by the Frenchman Charles Boudin, Colombian doctors managed to question European knowledge and claimed that typhoid fever had distinct features in Colombia. The focus on paludic and typhoid fevers in the highlands might explain why the bacteriological aetiology of typhoid fever was ignored and even contested during the 1880s. Anti-Pasteurian arguments were raised against its germ identity and some physicians even supported the idea of spontaneous origin of the disease. By the 1890s, Pasteurian knowledge had come to shape clinical and hygienic practices.
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Schneider, Keith R., Renée Goodrich Schneider, and Rachael Silverberg. "Preventing Foodborne Illness: Typhoid Fever—Salmonella Typhi." EDIS 2016, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fs125-2016.
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Typhoid fever is a blood infection caused by the consumption of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Salmonella enterica. Typhoid fever is easily controlled and relatively uncommon in the United States, but an estimated 21.5 million people per year are affected by typhoid fever in developing nations including regions in Asia, Africa, and South America. Many of the cases of typhoid fever in the United States are acquired through international travel to these regions. This revised 4-page fact sheet explains the causes and symptoms of typhoid fever, as well as describing who is at risk, what foods have commonly been associated with typhoid fever, and how to implement certain sanitation methods to prevent the spread of typhoid fever. Written by Keith R. Schneider, Renée Goodrich Schneider, and Rachael Silverberg, and published by the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, January 2016. FSHN0514/FS125: Preventing Foodborne Illness: Typhoid Fever—Salmonella Typhi (ufl.edu)
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Nurhidayanti, Denny Juraijin, and Rafli Wilendra. "COMPARISON OF WIDAL AND SALMONELLA IgG/IgM EXAMINATION IN PATIENTS SUSPECTED OF TYFOID FEVER." Journal Health Applied Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52523/jhast.v1i1.3.
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Introduction: Typhoid fever is still a very important health problem. This disease is still often found in developing countries located in tropical areas such as Indonesia and subtropical areas. Acute typhoid fever is an acute systemic infectious disease caused by the microorganism Salmonella enteric serotype typhi known as Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). Laboratory examinations to establish the diagnosis of typhoid fever in general can be checked with the Widal test and Salmonella IgG/IgM, tubex test and culture test. Several diagnostic methods are faster, easier to perform and affordable for developing countries with fairly good sensitivity and specificity, such as Widal and salmonella IgG/IgM tests, starting to be used in Indonesia. Purpose: This study was to determine the examination of Widal and salmonella IgG/IgM in patients with suspected typhoid fever.. Research Method: The type of research used was cross sectional, this research was conducted in the Laboratory of Bunda Palembang Hospital. Samples were serum/plasma of patients with suspected typhoid fever. Results: The results showed that there were 11 patients with suspected typhoid fever who were Widal positive and then confirmed using salmonella IgG/IgM and 6 samples were diagnosed positive with typhoid fever. Data analysis using chi-square test obtained p value = 0.014. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there are significant differences in the examination of Widal and salmonella IgG/IgM in patients with suspected typhoid fever
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Yang, Yi-An, Alexander Chong, and Jeongmin Song. "Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design." Vaccines 6, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030045.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi, namely typhoidal Salmonellae, are the cause of (para) typhoid fever, which is a devastating systemic infectious disease in humans. In addition, the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi in many low and middle-income countries poses a significant risk to human health. While currently available typhoid vaccines and therapeutics are efficacious, they have some limitations. One important limitation is the lack of controlling individuals who chronically carry S. Typhi. However, due to the strict host specificity of S. Typhi to humans, S. Typhi research is hampered. As a result, our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis is incomplete, thereby delaying the development and improvement of prevention and treatment strategies. Nonetheless, to better combat and contain S. Typhi, it is vital to develop a vaccine and therapy for controlling both acutely and chronically infected individuals. This review discusses how scientists are trying to combat typhoid fever, why it is so challenging to do so, which approaches show promise, and what we know about the pathogenesis of S. Typhi chronic infection.
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R Gomes, Richmond. "Enteric Encephalopathy: An Old Archenemy." General Medicine and Clinical Practice 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/055.
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Typhoid fever is the name given to the illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, a member of the Salmonella family. Typhoid fever is spread through food and water contaminated by animal and human feces. Typhoid fever is very rare in the United States and other developed nations, and it is more common in underdeveloped nations, particularly Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Typhoid fever has a wide variety of presentations that range from an overwhelming multisystemic illness to relatively minor cases of diarrhea with low-grade fever. The classic presentation is fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated typhoid fever may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications. Here, we present a 30 years old nurse who presented with fever, constipation and diagnosed as typhoid fever. While on treatment, she developed abnormal behavior. CSF was sterile. Neuro imaging was normal. Considering typhoid encephalopathy she was treated with high dose pulse steroid. She showed significant improvement. Thus, all clinicians should keep in mind the possibility of typhoid encephalopathy as a rare complication of typhoid fever.
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Paul, Uttam Kumar, and Arup Bandyopadhyay. "Typhoid fever: a review." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20171035.
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Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein flagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven effective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for five days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Cefixime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are effective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.
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Sari, Tyagita Widya, and Sri Wahyuni. "Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Dengan Perilaku Pencegahan Demam Tifoid Pada Penjamah Makanan." Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jp.v12i1.3166.
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Typhoid fever is a disease that attacks the digestive tract, caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. This disease can occur due to low personal hygiene, slum environmental sanitation, and habit of snacking carelessly. Typhoid fever prevention behavior in food handlers is needed to reduce the incidence of typhoid fever, where this behavior is influenced by the knowledge and attitudes of the food handlers about the prevention of typhoid fever. The purpose of this research was to determine the correlation between knowledge and attitudes about typhoid fever prevention with typhoid fever prevention behavior in food handlers in Air Hitam Sub District Payung Sekaki District Pekanbaru City. The research method used an analytic survey with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used accidental sampling with a sample size of 30 respondents. The data analysis used the Spearman correlation test, because the data were not normally distributed. There was a relationship between knowledge about typhoid fever prevention and typhoid fever prevention behaviors among food handlers with moderate correlation strength and positive correlation direction (p-value = 0.000; r = 0.555). There was also a relationship between attitudes about typhoid fever prevention and typhoid fever prevention behaviors among food handlers with strong correlation strength and positive correlation direction (p-value = 0.000; r = 0.674). The conclusion of this research was knowledge and attitude about typhoid fever prevention correlate with typhoid fever prevention behaviors among food handlers in Air Hitam Sub District Payung Sekaki District Pekanbaru City.
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Inda Chely Sagita, Norsita Agustina, M. Febriza Aquarista, Norfai, Meilya Farika Indah, Asrinawaty, and Noorhidayah. "Hubungan Personal Hygiene dan Riwayat Kontak dengan Kejadian Typhoid Fever pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit TK. IV Guntung Payung." Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI) 6, no. 7 (July 3, 2023): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v6i9.3366.
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Latar belakang: Demam tifoid merupakan penyakit infeksi akut bersifat sistemik yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme Salmonella enterica serotipe typhi yang dikenal dengan Salmonella typhi. Data laporan 10 penyakit terbanyak rawat inap Rumah Sakit TK. IV Guntung Payung bulan Juli, Agustus dan September, penyakit typhoid fever adalah kasus terbanyak tiga bulan terakhir tahun 2022.
Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui Hubungan Personal Hygiene dan Riwayat Kontak dengan Kejadian Typhoid Fever Pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit Tk. IV Guntung Payung.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan peneltian analitik dengan menggunakan metode survey analitik yang menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Tempat penelitian ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Tk. IV Guntung Payung di Kota Banjarbaru Kalimantan Selatan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 943 pasien, dengan sampel 100 pasien.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian responden yang menderita Typhoid Fever sebanyak 70 responden (70,0%), responden yang memiliki Personal Hygiene yang baik sebanyak 94 responden (94,0%), responden yang memiliki riwayat kontak dengan penderita Typhoid Fever sebanyak 77 responden (77,0%), analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel Personal Hygiene dengan kejadian Typhoid Fever diperoleh nilai p = 0,462 > 0,05 yang dapat diartikan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara Personal Hygiene dengan kejadian Typhoid Fever di Rumah Sakit Tk. IV Guntung Payung tahun 2022, analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel kejadian Typhoid Fever dengan Riwayat Kontak diperoleh nilai nilai p = 0,008 < 0,05 yang dapat diartikan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara Riwayat Kontak dengan Kejadian Typhoid Fever di Rumah Sakit Tk. IV Guntung Payung tahun 2022.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kejadian Typhoid Fever dengan Riwayat Kontak Langsung dengan Penderita namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara kejadian Typhoid Fever dengan Personal Hygiene.
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AHMAD, MAQSOOD, Badar Bashir, MUHAMMAD SAEED AKHTAR, Muhammad Irfan, MUHAMMAD AMER ADIL, and Zahid Yasin Hashmi. "TYPHOID FEVER." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 04 (October 12, 2007): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.04.4826.
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Objectives: To find out the efficacy and safety of Levofloxacinin patients suffering from typhoid fever. Design: Non-comparative and prospective study. Setting: Medical Units ofAllied & DHQ Hospital (PMC) Faisalabad. Period: From May 2002 to July 2004. Material & Methods: All suspectedfebrile patients were examined and provisionally diagnosed to have typhoid fever were admitted for the purpose ofstudy till they were satisfactorily discharged. Results: This clinical study was conducted on 70 patients of Enteric Fever.Fifty-two patients were male and 18 were female. The mean age for male patients in the study sample was 37.58± 8.13while the mean age of females was 21.92± 4.73 years. Fever as a symptom was present in all 70(100%) of thepatients. Anorexia was there in 61(85.5%)patients and abdominal pain in 49(70%) patients. Twenty-seven (38.5%)patients had constipation along with other features. Diarrhea was present in 6 (8.5%) patients. Relative bradycardiawas present in 20(28.5%) patients. Hepatomegaly was there in 31(44.3%) and Splenomegaly in 24(34.3%). Elevatedliver enzymes were found in 29 (41.4%) of the patients and blood cultures positive for Salmonella typhi was seen in19(27.1%) patients. Widal test was positive at dilution of 1:160 in almost all of the cases and at 1:320 dilution in 18%of cases in current study. The success rate of Levofloxacin in our study was 100% in the form of settlement of feverand other symptoms and signs. The side effects were seen in 17(24.2%) patients. Conclusions: In conclusionlevofloxacin is effective in treatment of typhoid fever and its use in this indication is safe.
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Andrews, Jason R., Alexander T. Yu, Senjuti Saha, Jivan Shakya, Kristen Aiemjoy, Lily Horng, Farah Qamar, et al. "Environmental Surveillance as a Tool for Identifying High-risk Settings for Typhoid Transmission." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_2 (July 29, 2020): S71—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa513.
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Abstract Enteric fever remains a major cause of morbidity in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions that enable fecal contamination of water distribution systems. Historical evidence has shown that contamination of water systems used for household consumption or agriculture are key transmission routes for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. The World Health Organization now recommends that typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) be used in settings with high typhoid incidence; consequently, governments face a challenge regarding how to prioritize typhoid against other emerging diseases. A key issue is the lack of typhoid burden data in many low- and middle-income countries where TCV could be deployed. Here we present an argument for utilizing environmental sampling for the surveillance of enteric fever organisms to provide data on community-level typhoid risk. Such an approach could complement traditional blood culture-based surveillance or even replace it in settings where population-based clinical surveillance is not feasible. We review historical studies characterizing the transmission of enteric fever organisms through sewage and water, discuss recent advances in the molecular detection of typhoidal Salmonella in the environment, and outline challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to establish environmental sampling as a tool for generating actionable data that can inform public health responses to enteric fever.
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Ujan, Javed Ahmed, Zeeshan Khokhar, Shazia Solangi, Paras Soomro, Kaneez Ul Hussain, Shaista Ghumro, Kainat Mahar, Mir Muhammad Ali Talpur, G. Ali Mallah, and Shahnawz Ujan. "Screening of Enteric Fever in the Human Population of District Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162851.
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Typhoid fever, commonly known as enteric fever, is a bacterial infection that can affect many organs and spread throughout the body. Bacteria known as Salmonella typhi are the most common cause of Typhoid/ Enteric fever; the same bacteria are also most commonly involved in food poisoning. Typhoid fever is more common in areas with contaminated water and food and poor sanitation. In crowded and unsanitary places, typhoid fever is one of the most common causes of death and morbidity. Headaches and stomach pain are frequently associated with this fever. A course of antibiotics, vaccine prophylaxis, various care, surgery, and sanitation prevention are usually effective treatments for typhoid fever. Antibiotics are exclusively effective against typhoid fever, and the most prescribed antibiotics are Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. The primary goal of the present study was to diagnose typhoid fever using a Widal test, estimate the percentage prevalence of typhoid-affected patients according to their age and gender, and compare the percentage of typhoid-affected patients in different parts of Khairpur Mir's district. During data collection, 143 tests of typhoid fever were performed with the human population of different areas of District Khairpur Mirs. Results of this study showed a total of 83 (58.04%) of positive cases in males, and 60 (41.95%) were positive in females; among them, 73 (51.04%) patients were above the age of 25, and 70 (48.95%) were below the age of 25, 70 (48.04%) patients were diagnosed with typhoid fever while others were not affected. According to the area, Lukman contains 27 (18.88%) of the positive cases; mall road contains 28 (19.58%) cases, Punjhuti contains 29(20.27%) cases, Bhens colony contain 30 (20.97%) cases and Milk colony 29 (20.27%) patient of typhoid fever. Present work will be helpful for the spread of awareness of typhoid fever at District Khairpur Mirs. Keywords: Human population. Prevalence. Typhoid fever, Widal test. Khairpur mirs.
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Saha, Sanjoy, Mir Moyeedul Islam, and Md Kutub Uddin Mollick. "Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline against Salmonella typhi." Journal of Ad-din Women's Medical College 11, no. 2 (July 10, 2023): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jawmc.v11i2.70479.
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Introduction: Typhoid fever, caused by S. Typhi, is prevalent in developing countries, particularly the Indian subcontinent. Salmonella infections can cause enteric fever, gastroenteritis, septicemia, and non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Objective: To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline against Salmonella Typhi. Methodology: This interventional study conducted at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics in collaboration with Department of Microbiology at Ad-din Sakina Women’s Medical College, Jashore during March 2023 to April 2023.MIC of Tigecycline was determined by Broth Dilution Technique against standard strain of Salmonella typhi ATCC 24683. Result: The MIC of Tigecycline against Salmonella typhi was 2.0 μg/ml. Conclusion: Tigecycline is a potential therapeutic agent for Salmonella typhi infection, and should be restricted on the basis of blood culture and in MDR and XDR cases of typhoid fever only. The Journal of Ad-din Women's Medical College; Vol. 11 (2), July 2023; p 15-19
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Kanwal, Muqadas, Fadia Waheed, Hafsa Shahzadi, Muhammad Shahbaz, and Ahsan Noor. "A Review on Recent Developments for the Cure of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi, the Causative Agent for Typhoid Fever." JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v1i2.13.
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Salmonella enterica typhi is typhoid or enteric fever agent which is a serious water-borne disease and is a human host restricted organism. So, an important cause of death in underdeveloped countries, typhoid fever is a public health concern. Worldwide, 15-30 million people suffer from this disease every year, causing more than 200,000 deaths. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the advent of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal strains of Salmonella has an important impact on the effectiveness of current strategies, including reductions in the effectiveness of early empirical treatment for controlling and managing foodborne diseases. Recent studies show more than 2000 strains of salmonella bacteria with around 100 strains connected to human infection - with myriad common strains from Salmonella Heidelberg to Typhimurium to Salmonella infantis. The multi-medicinal strain S. Typhi H58 has developed into the main circulating strain in many parts of the world, and an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) subclade has been recently found. Most of the people agree that the most effective way to control infection is to vaccinate susceptible populations. The commercially available live attenuated (Ty21a) vaccine, on the other hand, is not recommendable for children under the age of six, whereas the poor long-term efficacy of Vi-polysaccharide-based vaccine against typhoid fever. Furthermore, there are no vaccines available to protect against S. para typhi infection. Subsequently, a new formulation is urgently needed that can provide long-term protection against both pathogens while healthy for all age groups. Pakistan is the first country in the world to incorporate the WHO-recommended conjugate vaccine into its routine typhoid immunization program (2019). As a result, the purpose of this review is to describe the various diagnostic procedures for typhoid fever diagnosis and cure development. This article addressed some of the elements and components required for the implementation of typhoid vaccine.
With an analysis of past and current enteric fever vaccines in progress as well as the ethical issues relevant to CHIM in typhoid vaccine efficacy research, we have combined the new methods to predict typhoid burden and vaccines impact.
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Charles, Richelle C., Li Liang, Farhana Khanam, M. Abu Sayeed, Chris Hung, Daniel T. Leung, Stephen Baker, et al. "Immunoproteomic Analysis of Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant in Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 3 (December 26, 2013): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00661-13.
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ABSTRACTWe have previously shown that an assay based on detection of anti-Salmonella entericaserotype Typhi antibodies in supernatant of lymphocytes harvested from patients presenting with typhoid fever (antibody in lymphocyte supernatant [ALS] assay) can identify 100% of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Bangladesh. In order to define immunodominant proteins within theS. Typhi membrane preparation used as antigen in these prior studies and to identify potential biomarkers unique toS. Typhi bacteremic patients, we probed microarrays containing 2,724S. Typhi proteins with ALS collected at the time of clinical presentation from 10 Bangladeshis with acute typhoid fever. We identified 62 immunoreactive antigens when evaluating both the IgG and IgA responses. Immune responses to 10 of these antigens discriminated between individuals with acute typhoid infection and healthy control individuals from areas where typhoid infection is endemic, as well as Bangladeshi patients presenting with fever who were subsequently confirmed to have a nontyphoid illness. Using an ALS enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format and purified antigen, we then confirmed that immune responses against the antigen with the highest immunoreactivity (hemolysin E [HlyE]) correctly identified individuals with acute typhoid or paratyphoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These observations suggest that purified antigens could be used with ALS and corresponding acute-phase activated B lymphocytes in diagnostic platforms to identify acutely infected patients, even in areas where enteric fever is endemic.
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Galán, Jorge E. "Typhoid toxin provides a window into typhoid fever and the biology of Salmonella Typhi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (May 24, 2016): 6338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606335113.
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Salmonella Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever, a disease that has challenged humans throughout history and continues to be a major public health concern. Unlike infections with most other Salmonellae, which result in self-limiting gastroenteritis, typhoid fever is a life-threatening systemic disease. Furthermore, in contrast to most Salmonellae, which can infect a broad range of hosts, S. Typhi is a strict human pathogen. The unique features of S. Typhi pathogenesis and its stringent host specificity have been a long-standing puzzle. The discovery of typhoid toxin not only has provided major insight into these questions but also has offered unique opportunities to develop novel therapeutic and prevention strategies to combat typhoid fever.
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Thu, Huỳnh Thanh. "Relationship between Fever Level and Leukocyte Levels in Children with Typhoid Fever." Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Medical and Health Science Study 3, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrmhss.v3i4.349.
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Salmonella typhi spreads typhoid fever, a multisystem illness. The bacteria that cause typhoid fever may promote the generation of endotoxins that alter haematological assays, particularly those involving leukocytes. Exogenous pyrogens, such as bacteria or an immune reaction, produce fever. Pyogen may be an interleukin-1-like protein. This chemical may stimulate the hypothalamus to create more prostaglandin E2, causing fever. We also found lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia. Endotoxin and endogenous mediators may reduce bone marrow, causing leucopenia. Recent research shows that the average leukocyte count is normal or slightly elevated, despite the idea that 25% of the population has leucopenia. This research examines whether fever and leukocyte counts are linked in hospitalized typhoid patients. This cross-sectional study was undertaken in the hospital's pediatrics and medical records departments. The sample included typhoid-hospitalized children. Forty persons were randomly recruited for this study. Chi-Square was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. (p = 0.816; OR = 1.181; 95% CI = 0.292-4.778). In typhoid-hospitalized youngsters, fever and leukocyte counts are unrelated.
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Ullah, Irfan, Kiran Shafiq Khan, Qasim Mehmood, Muhammad Junaid Tahir, Muhammad Irfan Malik, Ali Ahmed, and Muhammad Usman Munir. "Irrational use of azithromycin in typhoid endemic areas: A challenge on multidrug-resistant typhoid treatment." Trends in Infection and Global Health 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2021): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/tigh.v1i2.23580.
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Typhoid is a food-borne fatal disease caused by Salmonella typhi. It causes inflammation of the intestine, resulting in diarrhoea, fever, headache, cough, and muscle pain. Improved hygiene has resulted in a marked decline in typhoid fever cases in many developed countries. However, significant typhoid cases emerge in low and middle-income countries annually, including Pakistan. Typhoid fever accounts for a larger percentage of acute febrile illnesses in Pakistan. Azithromycin is the only effective drug used in multidrug-resistant typhoid. The emergence of drug resistance typhoid has been of more significant concern in recent years due to its irrational use of azithromycin. It is considered the last antibiotic to eradicate multidrug-resistant typhoid fever from Pakistan. In this article, we express our concern of the irrational use of azithromycin in Pakistan and its effect on typhoid in the country.
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Abramtseva, M. V., E. O. Nemanova, N. S. Alekhina, and T. I. Nemirovskaya. "Typhoid vaccines. Historical aspects of typhoid vaccine development, and currently available products." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2021-21-2-85-96.
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Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), which is still extremely common in endemic low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Industrialised countries may also be affected by typhoid fever outbreaks due to booming international tourism, and natural disasters. Given S. Typhi progressive resistance to antibiotics, high epidemiological burden, and lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene in a number of regions, the introduction of new treatment protocols and the improvement of preventive vaccination are critical tasks in global healthcare. The aim of the study was to highlight the main historical aspects of the typhoid vaccine development, to summarise data on the licensed vaccines and promising approaches to the development of new typhoid vaccines. The paper describes the current epidemiological situation of typhoid fever globally and in the Russian Federation. It dwells upon the global experience in typhoid vaccine development from the production of an inactivated vaccine to the development of conjugated vaccines. The paper summarises data on Russian and foreign-made typhoid fever vaccines currently available in the global pharmaceutical market. It outlines the main trends in the development of vaccines against the disease caused by S. Typhi. The paper demonstrates the need for improving the efficacy of existing vaccines and development of new typhoid combination vaccines.
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Yuanita, Dina, Muhammad Sjahid Akbar, and Sri Harini. "Pendekatan Cart untuk Mendapatkan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Terjangkitnya Penyakit Demam Tifoid di Aceh Utara." CAUCHY 1, no. 2 (May 15, 2010): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v1i2.1708.
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Typhoid fever is a disease caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is attack the digestive tract. Typhoid fever caused by poor sanitation and personal hygiene is not good. According to the Basic Health Research in 2007 showed that the prevalence of typhoid fever in Indonesia of 1.6%. NAD Province is hight typhoid fever prevalence(2,96 %). Because Having traced the biggest contributor was derived from NAD. Therefore, the<br />research conducted to find factors that influence the outbreak of typhoid fever in NAD. research using the CART Method. The results of the analysis indicate that the main factor causing typhoid fever was drinking water reservoirs. The other factors are waste water reservoirs, the physical quality of drinking water, a habit washing hands with soap before eating, the bowel, the dump, gender, socioeconomic status, habits of washing hands with soap after defecation and health education.
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Naeem, Abid, Subtain-Ul-Hassan Abid, and Muhammad Huzaifa Abid. "TYPHOID FEVER." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 01 (January 8, 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4103.
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Wangdi, Tamding, Sebastian E. Winter, and Andreas J. Bäumler. "Typhoid fever." Gut Microbes 3, no. 2 (March 2012): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.18602.
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Parry, Christopher M., Tran Tinh Hien, Gordon Dougan, Nicholas J. White, and Jeremy J. Farrar. "Typhoid Fever." New England Journal of Medicine 347, no. 22 (November 28, 2002): 1770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra020201.
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Lumarai, Moses, Daniella Gichuru, Eunice Siria, Lazarus Mutinda, Gabriel Lee, and Simon Maina. "Typhoid Fever." American Journal of Gastroenterology 106 (October 2011): S258. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201110002-00676.
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Kumar, Ajay, Ravi Kapoor, Kamlesh Chopra, G. R. Sethi, and M. M. Saha. "Typhoid Fever." Clinical Pediatrics 28, no. 2 (February 1989): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992288902800209.
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Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. "Typhoid Fever." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 14, no. 5 (September 2006): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idc.0000222625.11629.f4.
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Wain, John, Rene S. Hendriksen, Matthew L. Mikoleit, Karen H. Keddy, and R. Leon Ochiai. "Typhoid fever." Lancet 385, no. 9973 (March 2015): 1136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7.
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Barnett, Richard. "Typhoid fever." Lancet 388, no. 10059 (November 2016): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32178-x.
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Rigato, Otelo. "Typhoid Fever." Problems in General Surgery 18, no. 4 (December 2001): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013452-200112000-00011.
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Chang, Huan J. "Typhoid Fever." JAMA 302, no. 8 (August 26, 2009): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.302.8.914.
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Zenilman, Jonathan M. "Typhoid Fever." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 10 (September 10, 1997): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550100073042.
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Zenilman, J. M. "Typhoid fever." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 10 (September 10, 1997): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.10.847.
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Shumu, Samshad Jahan, and Abu A. Saleh. "IgM flow assay for detection of Typhoid Fever." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v6i1.19362.
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A case-control study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology & Immunology at BSMMU, Dhaka from July 2007 to June 2008 to validate IgM flow assay commercial diagnostic kits to assess the usefulness for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. A total of 437 febrile patients clinically suspected of having typhoid fever were studied. Sixty cases were taken as controls, in which 30 were febrile controls (non-typhoidal febrile illness) and 30 were healthy controls. Among these 437 patients, Salmonella typhi was isolated from 58 (13.27%) cases .The isolation rate of S.typhi from blood was higher 21 (22.34%) in pediatric age group than that of the adult 37(10.78%); which is statistically significant (P<0.003).The detection of specific LPS antibody (IgM flow assay) were evaluated in 58 culture proven cases,42 high Widal titre patients and 60 controls. The sensitivity of LPS antibody and Widal test was 91% and 54% respectively and specificity was 100% and 91.66% respectively. The serological assays based on the detection of IgM antibodies against serotype Typhi LPS had a significantly higher sensitivity and specificity than Widal test when used with a single acute phase serum sample(P<0.007). So, these test involving detection of anti-LPS antibodies could be of use for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in patients who have clinical typhoid fever but are negative in culture or in regions where bacterial culturing facilities are not readily available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v6i1.19362 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2012; 06(01): 18-21
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Akram, Javed, Arsalan Shamim Khan, Hassan Ahmed Khan, Syed Amir Gilani, Shehla Javed Akram, Fridoon Jawad Ahmad, and Riffat Mehboob. "Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Typhoid: Evolution, Prevention, and Its Management." BioMed Research International 2020 (May 2, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6432580.
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Typhoid fever is the result of a human host-restricted Salmonella enteric serotype typhi infection that causes enteric fever. Around 21 million people contract typhoid annually, with Pakistan’s inhabitants at most risk amongst Asian countries where typhoid remains prevalent. Decades of indiscriminate antibiotic usage has driven the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains and more recently, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Salmonella enteric serotype typhi. Current reports of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever outbreak in Pakistan are not only a major concern for Pakistan but also for health authorities worldwide: intercontinental transmission, spread, and replacement of native strains in neighboring countries and a major impediment to Pakistani health care management. The WHO records that there are 5274 cases of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever out of a total of 8188 total cases of typhoid fever reported in Pakistan. The last remaining feasible oral antibiotic that XDR typhoid remains susceptible to is azithromycin; this is a cause of major concern. Additionally, several cases of XDR typhoid fever have also been reported in patients travelling from Pakistan to the USA, UK, and Canada. This review article attempts to raise the issue of XDR typhoid with respect to its epidemiology, prevention, management, and future outlook and stresses a better understanding of antimicrobial stewardship and general surveillance of the disease. Although progress is being made to combat XDR typhoid locally, efficient, unified efforts on a national and international scale are required to contain the XDR outbreak before it is no longer manageable and leads us back to the preantibiotic era.
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Zige, D. V., and F. I. Omeje. "Detection and diagnosis of Salmonella typhi from stool and blood samples using Widal, Tubex<sup>-tf</sup> and polymerase chain reaction." Scientia Africana 22, no. 2 (October 5, 2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i2.8.
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There are currently no effective, quick, and sensitive techniques for identification of Salmonella serovar Typhi. Typhoid fever is difficult to diagnose clinically in highly endemic areas, since the symptoms are vague and similar with other febrile disorders such as malaria, and dengue fever. Considering the challenges involved with typhoid diagnosis by blood culture and serology, the PCR approach has lately been used, however it is not the gold standard for typhoid diagnosis. The aim of this study is to determine the best diagnostic method used for detection of typhoid fever using Widal test, Tubex-tf and fecal culture for the detection of typhoid. Blood and stool samples were collected from febrile patient and were screened by Widal and Tubex-tf tests, while stool samples were screened for Salmonella Typhi by culture and PCR for confirmation. The results of stool samples obtained after screening by culture, biochemical tests and confirmation by PCR did not confirm Salmonella Typhi bacteria. The 28 blood samples have a corresponding rate of 0% Tubex-tf and Widal was 93.3%. Therefore, this study suggests that Tubex-tf should be offered in typhoid-endemic areas and also recommends its use in the diagnosis of typhoid fever because the results obtained correlate with stool culture leading to PCR Confirmation. Accurate diagnosis before establishing a case of febrile typhoid fever is very important, similarly, sensitivity should dictate the best of antibiotics to be used for treatment.
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Olgemoeller, Franziska, Jonathan J. Waluza, Dalitso Zeka, Jillian S. Gauld, Peter J. Diggle, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas Edwards, et al. "Intestinal Perforations Associated With a High Mortality and Frequent Complications During an Epidemic of Multidrug-resistant Typhoid Fever in Blantyre, Malawi." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_2 (July 29, 2020): S96—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa405.
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Abstract Background Typhoid fever remains a major source of morbidity and mortality in low-income settings. Its most feared complication is intestinal perforation. However, due to the paucity of diagnostic facilities in typhoid-endemic settings, including microbiology, histopathology, and radiology, the etiology of intestinal perforation is frequently assumed but rarely confirmed. This poses a challenge for accurately estimating burden of disease. Methods We recruited a prospective cohort of patients with confirmed intestinal perforation in 2016 and performed enhanced microbiological investigations (blood and tissue culture, plus tissue polymerase chain reaction [PCR] for Salmonella Typhi). In addition, we used a Poisson generalized linear model to estimate excess perforations attributed to the typhoid epidemic, using temporal trends in S. Typhi bloodstream infection and perforated abdominal viscus at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital from 2008–2017. Results We recruited 23 patients with intraoperative findings consistent with intestinal perforation. 50% (11/22) of patients recruited were culture or PCR positive for S. Typhi. Case fatality rate from typhoid-associated intestinal perforation was substantial at 18% (2/11). Our statistical model estimates that culture-confirmed cases of typhoid fever lead to an excess of 0.046 perforations per clinical typhoid fever case (95% CI, .03–.06). We therefore estimate that typhoid fever accounts for 43% of all bowel perforation during the period of enhanced surveillance. Conclusions The morbidity and mortality associated with typhoid abdominal perforations are high. By placing clinical outcome data from a cohort in the context of longitudinal surgical registers and bacteremia data, we describe a valuable approach to adjusting estimates of the burden of typhoid fever.
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Fahmi, Norma Farizah, Lelly Aprilia Vidayati, Hamimmatus Zainiyah, and Nailufar Firdaus. "Comparison of Sensitivity of Salmonella Typhi Bacteria Isolate Tifoid Fever Patients And Pure Culture To Some Antibiotics In Laboratory." Journal of Midwifery 4, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jom.4.1.92-99.2019.
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Typhoid fever is one of the infectious diseases which can cause many problems in Indonesia and other developing countries. This fever occurs as a result of infections triggered by Salmonella typhi bacteria. The growth of Salmonella typhi can be inhibited using antibiotics. This study aims at investigating whether there is a difference in the sensitivity test of Salmonella typhi bacteria in an isolate of patients with typhoid fever and pure culture in a laboratory on some antibiotics.Salmonella typhi bacteria were isolated typhoid fever suspects at one of the hospitals in Surakarta. Pure cultures of Salmonella typhi bacteria were obtained from Microbiological Laboratory of Setia Budi University. Sensitivity test of antibiotics on Salmonella typhi bacteria used diffusion method. Data on antibiotics of inhibition zone diameter (mm) of antibiotics were analyzed statistically using the Two-Way Anova test.The research results demonstrate that the sensitivity test on Salmonella typhi bacteria in an isolate of patients with typhoid fever shows resistance (R) towards amoxicillin and sensitivity (S) towards trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin. Meanwhile, pure culture shows sensitivity (S) towards trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin. The diameter of the inhibition zone of the patient isolate is smaller than that of pure culture.
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Uzzell, Christopher B., Catherine M. Troman, Jonathan Rigby, Venkata Raghava Mohan, Jacob John, Dilip Abraham, Rajan Srinivasan, et al. "Environmental surveillance for Salmonella Typhi as a tool to estimate the incidence of typhoid fever in low-income populations." Wellcome Open Research 8 (January 6, 2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17687.1.
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Background: The World Health Organisation recommends prioritised use of recently prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines in countries with the highest incidence of typhoid fever. However, representative typhoid surveillance data are lacking in many low-income countries because of the costs and challenges of diagnostic clinical microbiology. Environmental surveillance (ES) of Salmonella Typhi in sewage and wastewater using molecular methods may offer a low-cost alternative, but its performance in comparison with clinical surveillance has not been assessed. Methods: We developed a harmonised protocol for typhoid ES and its implementation in communities in India and Malawi where it will be compared with findings from hospital-based surveillance for typhoid fever. The protocol includes methods for ES site selection based on geospatial analysis, grab and trap sample collection at sewage and wastewater sites, and laboratory methods for sample processing, concentration and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Salmonella Typhi. The optimal locations for ES sites based on digital elevation models and mapping of sewage and river networks are described for each community and their suitability confirmed through field investigation. We will compare the prevalence and abundance of Salmonella Typhi in ES samples collected each month over a 12-month period to the incidence of blood culture confirmed typhoid cases recorded at referral hospitals serving the study areas. Conclusions: If environmental detection of Salmonella Typhi correlates with the incidence of typhoid fever estimated through clinical surveillance, typhoid ES may be a powerful and low-cost tool to estimate the local burden of typhoid fever and support the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines. Typhoid ES could also allow the impact of vaccination to be assessed and rapidly identify circulation of drug resistant strains.
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Safdar, Nida, Nasrullah Malik, Summiya Nizamuddin, and Attya Rasool. "Pan drug-resistant Salmonella ser. Typhi septicaemia in a child- a case report." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 73, no. 9 (August 15, 2023): 1909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.8154.
Full textAbstract:
Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is a common cause of febrile illness, especially in lower-middle-income countries. The only known reservoirs of this infection are humans, and it is prevalent in areas with limited availability of clean drinking water and sanitary conditions. Lately, extensively drug-resistant Salmonella ser. Typhi (XDR S. Typhi) has emerged as one of Pakistan's most challenging public health concerns. Here, we report a case of relapsed typhoid fever in a child, in whom the isolate was found to be resistant to meropenem and azithromycin. Keywords: Salmonella, Antibiotics, typhoid fever, Septicaemia.
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Maes, Mailis, Michael J. Sikorski, Megan E. Carey, Ellen E. Higginson, Zoe A. Dyson, Alda Fernandez, Pamela Araya, et al. "Whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella Typhi provides evidence of phylogenetic linkage between cases of typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile in the 1980s and 2010–2016." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 6 (June 29, 2022): e0010178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010178.
Full textAbstract:
Typhoid fever epidemiology was investigated rigorously in Santiago, Chile during the 1980s, when Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) caused seasonal, hyperendemic disease. Targeted interventions reduced the annual typhoid incidence rates from 128–220 cases/105 population occurring between 1977–1984 to <8 cases/105 from 1992 onwards. As such, Santiago represents a contemporary example of the epidemiologic transition of an industrialized city from amplified hyperendemic typhoid fever to a period when typhoid is no longer endemic. We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phylogenetic analysis to compare the genotypes of S. Typhi cultured from acute cases of typhoid fever occurring in Santiago during the hyperendemic period of the 1980s (n = 74) versus the nonendemic 2010s (n = 80) when typhoid fever was rare. The genotype distribution between “historical” (1980s) isolates and “modern” (2011–2016) isolates was similar, with genotypes 3.5 and 2 comprising the majority of isolations, and 73/80 (91.3%) of modern isolates matching a genotype detected in the 1980s. Additionally, phylogenomically ‘ancient’ genotypes 1.1 and 1.2.1, uncommon in the global collections, were also detected in both eras, with a notable rise amongst the modern isolates. Thus, genotypes of S. Typhi causing acute illness in the modern nonendemic era match the genotypes circulating during the hyperendemic 1980s. The persistence of historical genotypes may be explained by chronic typhoid carriers originally infected during or before the 1980s.