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Gajurel, Damodar, Rabi Prakash Sharma, Krishna Dhungana, Niranjan Acharya, Prasant Karki, and Sudikshya Acharya. "Age Distribution of Patients Presenting With Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Kathmandu, Nepal." Journal of Nobel Medical College 6, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v6i2.19566.
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Background: Enteric fever is a significant cause of morbidity in Nepal. In the past, Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) was the major causative organism of enteric fever. However, more recently, Salmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi (S.Paratyphi) A has been isolated from most patients presenting with enteric fever in various regions of Nepal. This study aimed to evaluate age differences in patients presenting with typhoid and paratyphoid fever.Materials & Methods: Between December 2014 and October 2015, 186 patients presented with enteric fever to the Civil Service Hospital in Kathmandu. S. Typhi and S.Paratyphi A were isolated from blood cultures in 48.4% and 51.6% of the cases, respectively. Age groups of the patients infected with either serovar were compared.Results: The mean age of patients from whom S. Typhi was isolated was 19.3 years, while the mean age of patients from whom S. Paratyphi A was isolated was 25.2 years; p=0.025.Conclusion: Our study shows that age is an important factor in having either typhoid or paratyphoid fever. This will help in the prevention of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in various age groups.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 6, Number 2, Issue 11 (July-December, 2017) Page:25-28
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Ahmad Hatib, Nur Adila, Chia Yin Chong, Koh Cheng Thoon, Nancy WS Tee, Subramania S. Krishnamoorthy, and Natalie WH Tan. "Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Retrospective Six-Year Review." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 45, no. 7 (July 15, 2016): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v45n7p297.
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Introduction: Enteric fever is a multisystemic infection which largely affects children. This study aimed to analyse the epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of paediatric enteric fever in Singapore. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of children diagnosed with enteric fever in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore was conducted from January 2006 to January 2012. Patients with positive blood cultures for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi were identified from the microbiology laboratory information system. Data was extracted from their case records. Results: Of 50 enteric fever cases, 86% were due to Salmonella typhi, with 16.3% being multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. Sixty-two percent of S. typhi isolates were of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (DCS). Five cases were both MDR and DCS. The remaining 14% were Salmonella paratyphi A. There were only 3 indigenous cases. Ninety-four percent had travelled to typhoid-endemic countries, 70.2% to the Indian subcontinent and the rest to Indonesia and Malaysia. All patients infected with MDR strains had travelled to the Indian subcontinent. Anaemia was a significant finding in children with typhoid, as compared to paratyphoid fever (P = 0.04). Although all children were previously well, 14% suffered severe complications including shock, pericardial effusion and enterocolitis. None had typhoid vaccination prior to their travel to developing countries. Conclusion: Enteric fever is largely an imported disease in Singapore and has contributed to significant morbidity in children. The use of typhoid vaccine, as well as education on food and water hygiene to children travelling to developing countries, needs to be emphasised. Key words: Children, Fever, Paratyphoid, Typhoid
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Gao, Qi, Zhidong Liu, Jianjun Xiang, Ying Zhang, Michael Xiaoliang Tong, Shuzi Wang, Yiwen Zhang, Qiyong Liu, Baofa Jiang, and Peng Bi. "Impact of Temperature and Rainfall on Typhoid/Paratyphoid Fever in Taizhou, China: Effect Estimation and Vulnerable Group Identification." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1457.
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ABSTRACT. The impact of temperature and rainfall on the occurrence of typhoid/paratyphoid fever are not fully understood. This study aimed to characterize the effect of daily ambient temperature and total rainfall on the incidence of typhoid/paratyphoid in a sub-tropical climate city of China and to identify the vulnerable groups for disease prevention. Daily notified typhoid/paratyphoid fever cases and meteorological data for Taizhou from 2005 to 2013 were extracted from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and the Meteorological Data Sharing Service System, respectively. Distributed lag nonlinear model was used to quantify the association between daily mean temperature, total rainfall, and typhoid/paratyphoid fever. Subgroup analyses by gender, age, and occupation were conducted to identify the vulnerable groups. A total of 625 typhoid fever cases and 1,353 paratyphoid fever cases were reported during the study period. An increased risk of typhoid fever was detected with the increase of temperature (Each 2°C rise resulted in 6%, 95% [confidence interval] CI: 2–10% increase in typhoid cases), while the increased risk was associated with the higher temperature for paratyphoid (the highest cumulative risk of temperature was 33.40 [95% CI: 12.23–91.19] at 33°C). After the onset of mild precipitation, the relative risk of typhoid fever increased in a short-lasting and with a 13–26 days delay, and the risk was no significant after the continuous increase of precipitation (the highest cumulative risk of rainfall was 24.96 [95% CI: 4.54–87.21] at 100 mm). Whereas the risk of paratyphoid fever was immediate and long lasting, and increase rapidly with the increase of rainfall (each 100 mm increase was associated with 26% increase in paratyphoid fever cases). Significant temperature-typhoid/paratyphoid fever and rainfall-typhoid/paratyphoid fever associations were found in both genders and those aged 0–4 years old, 15–60 years old, farmers, and children. Characterized with a lagged, nonlinear, and cumulative effect, high temperature and rainfall could increase the risk of typhoid/paratyphoid fever in regions with a subtropical climate. Public health interventions such as early warning and community health education should be taken to prevent the increased risk of typhoid/paratyphoid fever, especially for the vulnerable groups.
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Bhan, MK, Rajiv Bahl, and Shinjini Bhatnagar. "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever." Lancet 366, no. 9487 (August 2005): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67181-4.
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Basnyat, Buddha. "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever." Lancet 366, no. 9497 (November 2005): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67652-0.
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Pandit, Anil, and Amit Arjyal. "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever." Lancet 366, no. 9497 (November 2005): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67653-2.
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Hasan, Rumina, Fiona J. Cooke, Satheesh Nair, Belgode N. Harish, and John Wain. "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever." Lancet 366, no. 9497 (November 2005): 1603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67654-4.
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Gibani, Malick M., Carl Britto, and Andrew J. Pollard. "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 31, no. 5 (October 2018): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000479.
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Alhaj-Qasem, Dina M., Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh, Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola, Muhammad Fazli Khalid, Rohimah Mohamud, Aziah Ismail, and Fatin Hamimi Mustafa. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Paratyphoid Fever: Opportunity of Surface Plasmon Resonance." Diagnostics 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10070438.
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Paratyphoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi (A, B and C), and contributes significantly to global disease burden. One of the major challenges in the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever is the lack of a proper gold standard. Given the absence of a licensed vaccine against S. Paratyphi, this diagnostic gap leads to inappropriate antibiotics use, thus, enhancing antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the symptoms of paratyphoid overlap with other infections, including the closely related typhoid fever. Since the development and utilization of a standard, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic method is essential in controlling any disease, this review discusses a new promising approach to aid the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. This advocated approach is based on the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and DNA probes to detect specific nucleic acid sequences of S. Paratyphi. We believe that this SPR-based genoassay can be a potent alternative to the current conventional diagnostic methods, and could become a rapid diagnostic tool for paratyphoid fever.
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Suhada, Adriyan, Musparlin Halid, Wulan Ratia Ratulangi, Wulandari Dewi Susilawati, Uswatun Hasanah, Rizal Pratam Adi Putra, Pauzan, and Hardani M.Si. "Efektivitas Ekstrak Binahong (Andredera cordifolia steenis) Terhadap Salmonella typhi secara in Vitro." Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah Kesehatan Politeknik Medica Farma Husada Mataram 8, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33651/jpkik.v8i2.454.
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Binahong (Anredera cordifolia steenis) is one of the plants that has the potential to be developed as a raw material for antibiotic drugs. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C can also cause an infection called paratyphoid fever. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are included in enteric fever. In endemic areas, about 90% of enteric fever is typhoid fever. This study is a true experimental in the Biology lab of Politeknik Medica Farma Husada Mataram using the well method with 5 treatments, the treatment was repeated 6x with various concentrations of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%, and cipropolacin antibiotics were used as positive controls and ethyl acetate as a negative control, the material used is thick extract of binahong leaves, after the thick extract of binahong leaves is produced, then the antibacterial inhibition test is carried out against the growth of salmonella thypi bacteria in vitro, the parameter observed is the diameter of the antibacterial inhibition zone of salmonella thypi, ANOVA test data analysis. The results showed that binahong leaves have the ability to inhibit the growth of salmonella thypi bacteria with the inhibition zone formed. The average inhibition zone of binahong leaf extract (Anredera Cardifolia Steenis) is 20% concentration of 18mm, 40% concentration of 12 mm, 60% concentration of 15mm, 80% concentration of 19 mm, and 100% concentration of 24mm.
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Rajagukguk, Tiara. "ANALYSIS OF WIDAL SLIDE TEST ON TIFOID FEVER PATIENTS IN SUNDARI MEDAN GENERAL HOSPITAL." JURNAL ANALIS LABORATORIUM MEDIK 7, no. 1 (July 20, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/jalm.v7i1.2903.
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Typhoid fever is an acute systemic disease caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C are characterized by prolonged fever, bacteremia without changes in the endothelial system. Salmonella is a genus of gram-negative enterobacteria bacteria in the form of rods, flagellated, without spores, capsules, and anaerobes that cause typhoid and paratyphoid. Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illness. In general, Salmonella causes diseases of the digestive organs. Salmonella antigen structure consists of flagellar antigen (H antigen), somatic antigen (O antigen). Widal test is a serological test procedure to detect Salmonella typhi bacteria infection that causes typhoid fever. This test will show the Salmonella antibody reaction to O- somatic, H-flagellar and Vi (bacterial hoops) antigens in the blood. Culture is the gold standard in examining typhoid fever cases to date because in culture we can determine the morphology of Salmonella. This type of research is a descriptive study that aims to analyze the results of the Widal Slide Test with the agglutination method in the Sundari General Hospital Laboratory, Medan. Of the 15 samples analyzed, the results of the Widal Slide Test were obtained for 33% of typhoid fever patients with agglutination and 67% of those without agglutination. The results were Salmonella typhi O = 4 samples, Salmonella typhi H = 1 sample, Salmonella paratyphi AO = 1 sample, Salmonella paratyphi BO = 2 samples, and Salmonella paratyphi CO = 3 samples. This type of research is a descriptive study that aims to analyze the results of the Widal Slide Test with the agglutination method in the Sundari General Hospital Laboratory, Medan. Of the 15 samples analyzed, the results of the Widal Slide Test were obtained for 33% of typhoid fever patients with agglutination and 67% of those without agglutination. The results were Salmonella typhi O = 4 samples, Salmonella typhi H = 1 sample, Salmonella paratyphi AO = 1 sample, Salmonella paratyphi BO = 2 samples, and Salmonella paratyphi CO = 3 samples. This type of research is a descriptive study that aims to analyze the results of the Widal Slide Test with the agglutination method in the Sundari General Hospital Laboratory, Medan. Of the 15 samples analyzed, the results of the Widal Slide Test were obtained for 33% of typhoid fever patients with agglutination and 67% of those without agglutination. The results were Salmonella typhi O = 4 samples, Salmonella typhi H = 1 sample, Salmonella paratyphi AO = 1 sample, Salmonella paratyphi BO = 2 samples, and Salmonella paratyphi CO = 3 samples.
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Cordovana, Miriam, Norman Mauder, Markus Kostrzewa, Andreas Wille, Sandra Rojak, Ralf Matthias Hagen, Simone Ambretti, et al. "Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040853.
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Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.
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Mehta, Varshil. "ENTERIC FEVER IN TRAVELERS: AN UPDATED INSIGHT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.14543.
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ABSTRACTEnteric fever is a broad term used to represent typhoid and paratyphoid fever which is caused by S. typhi and S. paratyphi respectively. The mostcommon cause being S. typhi, overall. However, S. paratyphi is known to infect the travelers at a higher rate. Indian subcontinent being one of the mostendemic region, it is always beneficial for the travelers to get immunized while traveling to these areas. However, Vaccination to S. paratyphi is not yetavailable, hence travelers often fall prey to the disease. The morbidity is often high but mortality is very rare, especially due to first line treatment drugslike ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid and floroquinolones (if patients are sensitive to it). Recently, it was observed that Multi-drug resistance (Resistance to atleast ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]) was limited to Typhi isolates and was increased at an exponential rate. Hence,with increasing resistance to these drugs, developing vaccines or new drugs against these bacteria, remains an area of prime interest.Keywords: Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Enteric fever, Traveler.
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Haque, Md Azizul, Laila Shamima Sharmin, KM Faisal Alam, Md Mohimanul Hoque, M. Morsed Zaman Miah, and Md Shah Alam. "Antibiotic Sensitivity and Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Typhi in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 33, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v33i2.51307.
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Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as enteric fever, is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. Despite this declining global trend, enteric fever is still considered to be a major public health hazard in Bangladesh and other developing countries due to poor sanitation, inadequate food safety measures and poor personal hygiene. In Bangladesh, the incidence of typhoid fever was reported to be 200 episodes per 100,000 person-years during 2003–2004. Multidrug-resistant (resistance to the first-line antimicrobials ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol) strains of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are on the rise globally and even cases of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid cases resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are being reported from many corners of the world. This descriptive, observational study was carried out in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2019. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of total 76 cases of enteric fever due to Salmonella Typhi were studied. Blood culture was carried out by BACT ALERT-3D, Automated blood culture analyzer from BioMeriuex SA, France Patented FAN Plus method. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the organism was categorized as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant against the respective antibiotics as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. We are reporting antibiotic sensitivity and resistant patterns of S. Typhi documented in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, a large tertiary care hospital in Northern Bangladesh.
TAJ 2020; 33(2): 10-14
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Punjabi, Narain H., Magdarina D. Agtini, R. Leon Ochiai, Cyrus H. Simanjuntak, Murad Lesmana, Decy Subekti, Buhari A. Oyofo, et al. "Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective, community-based study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2629.
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Introduction: We undertook a prospective community-based study in North Jakarta, Indonesia, to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, seasonality, etiologic agent, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of enteric fever. Methodology: Following a census, treatment centre-based surveillance for febrile illness was conducted for two-years. Clinical data and a blood culture were obtained from each patient. Results: In a population of 160,261, we detected 296 laboratory-confirmed enteric fever cases during the surveillance period, of which 221 (75%) were typhoid fever and 75 (25%) were paratyphoid fever. The overall incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid cases was 1.4, and 0.5 per thousand populations per year, respectively. Although the incidence of febrile episodes evaluated was highest among children under 5 years of age at 92.6 per thousand persons per year, we found that the burden of typhoid fever was greatest among children between 5 and 20 years of age. Paratyphoid fever occurred most commonly in children and was infrequent in adults. Conclusion: Enteric fever is a public health problem in North Jakarta with a substantial proportion due to paratyphoid fever. The results highlight the need for control strategies against enteric fever.
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Connor, Bradley A., and Eli Schwartz. "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers." Lancet Infectious Diseases 5, no. 10 (October 2005): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70239-5.
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Omotola, Justina. "Antibiotic Resistance of Typhoidal Salmonella Isolated from Humans in Kaduna and its Associated Factors." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000181.
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Background: Pathogenic Salmonella species cause various types of infections ranging from mild gastroenteritis to life- threatening typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi , or paratyphoid fever caused by S. paratyphi A, B or C; of which S . paratyphi A is prevalent. Currently, treatment of typhoid infection is being hampered by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, while vaccines provide only temporal or partial protection. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine antibiotic resistance of typhoid causing Salmonella isolated from human stool. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the capital city of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 300 consenting individuals; comprising 250 patients and 50 volunteering healthy individuals, to obtain relevant socio demographic and clinical information. Stool specimens were equally collected in sampling containers for isolation of typhoidal Salmonella on Salmonella Shigella Agar. Suspected typhoidal Salmonella colonies were confirmed by biochemical tests as S. typhi or S. paratyphi A, before antimicrobial susceptibility test was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Diameters of zone of inhibitions were recorded and interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The data and results obtained were represented on tables and charts. Chi-square analysis was also used to determine statistical association among parameters and p-values ≤ 0.050 were considered significant. Results: Thirty-two (32) typhoidal Salmonella were isolated; 25 were S. typhi and seven S. paratyphi A. Thirty isolates came from patients while two were isolated among healthy individuals. High antibiotic resistance was observed with Augmentin (100%), Ceftazidime (87.5%), Cefuroxime (84.4%), Cefixime (84.4%) and Gentamicin (40.6%), while Ciprofloxacin (12.5%), Nitrofurantoin (12.5%) and Oflaxacin (18.8%) showed a lower resistance. Age, marital status and state of origin were socio demographic factors found to be associated with the antibiotic resistance. Also, frequency of infection, presenting symptoms and sampling duration were statistically associated with the antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: Multi-drug resistance, high antibiotic resistance of typhoidal Salmonella and factors associated with it in this study, should awaken public health concerns in curbing the excesses of typhoidal Salmonella.
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Islam, Md Atiqul, Md Reaz Mobarak, Ahmed Rashidul Hasan, and Mohammed Hanif. "Clinical Efficacy of Azithromycin in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Children." Journal of Enam Medical College 5, no. 1 (January 8, 2015): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21495.
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Background: Azithromycin sensitivity cannot precisely identify the strains of typhoid and paratyphoid fever for successful treatment. Most of the studies show that azithromycin is highly effective in uncomplicated typhoid fever. Very few studies have been carried out in Bangladesh to see the effectiveness and sensitivity of azithromycin in children with uncomplicated typhoid fever. Objective: To assess the clinical response of azithromycin in uncomplicated typhoid fever. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Dhaka Shishu (children) Hospital from January to December 2009. Children between 212 years of age with characteristic clinical presentation of uncomplicated typhoid fever with positive blood culture for S. typhi or S. paratyphi were included in this study. Patients were treated with oral azithromycin 20 mg/kg/day for 7 days in one group and intravenous ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day in another group. Effectiveness and sensitivity pattern were documented and compared. Results: Fifty patients were allocated randomly with azithromycin and 48 with ceftriaxone. Twenty two percent of the subjects were below 5 years and 78% above 5 years. Average time of defervescence was 4.44 ± 1.25 days in azithromycin group and 4.38 ± 1.21 days in ceftriaxone group. Response to treatment in both groups was excellent: 94% in azithromycin and 97.9% in ceftriaxone groups. The occurrence of complication was very low in both groups. Eighteen percent showed resistance to azithromycin and 2.1% to ceftriaxone. In azithromycin sensitive group 97.6% showed improvement and in resistant group 77.8% showed improvement. A good percentage of patients who were resistant to azithromycin showed clinical improvement following treatment with this drug. Conclusion: Current study recommends that azithromycin is effective in the treatment of enteric fever in children. The study also shows that some patients resistant to azithromycin showed clinical improvement following treatment with azithromycin. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21495 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 34-38
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Feroz, Bushra, Arshad Khushdil, Imran Ahmad Memon, Sadaf Nawaz, Maryam Shahzadi, and Waqas Akhtar. "Extensively Drug Resistance Enteric Fever in Tertiary Care Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 5 (May 27, 2023): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023175129.
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Background: Salmonella enterica causes typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. Pakistan and other South Asian nations with little resources, including those with poor sanitation and hygiene, are particularly susceptible to enteric fever. Enteric fever is a disease which is extensively resistant to majority of antibiotics and these strains are rapidly spreading in Pakistan, raising concerns about the global failure of antibiotics. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Pediatrics, CMH Quetta from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: A hospital based study in which history of fever for minimum of three days in the previous seven days, and blood test recommendation from a doctor were requirements for enrolment in the study. Individuals who had blood cultures that tested positive for enteric fever were enrolled. Results: Salmonella Typhi made up 52(94%) of the isolates and S. Para typhi made up 6%. 33(60%) of isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), resistant to first-line antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporin’s, and 8(15%) of isolates were extremely drug-resistant (MDR) to first-line antibiotics. Conclusion: In the current region of Pakistan, enteric fever is widespread. Over the course of the monitoring period, the incidence of typhoid fever has risen. With the advent of XDR typhoid, resistance to antimicrobial agents has also increased. Keywords: Enteric fever, Burden, Salmonella typhi, Typhoid fever
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Anisimova, Tatyana A., Lyudmila V. Andreeva, Venera P. Akimova, and Tatiana N. Kochemirova. "AN IMPORTED CASE OF TYPHOID FEVER IN CHUVASHIA." Acta medica Eurasica, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2413-4864-2020-4-19-24.
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Typhoid fever and paratyphoids are still a widespread topical problem, especially in connection with the possibility of imported cases from regions that are epidemically disadvantaged by the disease. The current relevance of typhoid fever problem in the Russian Federation is determined by its persistent sporadic morbidity. Reduced control over the sanitary and hygienic state of the environment, deterioration of the quality of water treatment in water supply and sewerage systems, and a number of other reasons can still result in an increase in the number of patients with typhoid-paratyphoid diseases. At the same time, a mild and subtle course of typhoid fever is a common cause of late disease diagnosis and late start of the patient's treatment. Methods of modern diagnosis and treatment of typhoid-paratyphoid disease are considered. The article describes a case of typhoid fever that was diagnosed in the Chuvash Republic in 2017 after a long period of epidemiological welfare. The aim of the study is to analyze an imported case of typhoid fever and characterize the current course of the disease in the period of sporadic morbidity. A retrospective analysis of the patient's history of typhoid fever was performed. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data. To confirm the diagnosis of typhoid fever, bacteriological methods to study blood, urine and feces were used. The study of this female patient's medical history showed that there were no typical symptoms characteristic of typhoid fever: subcutaneous fat was moderately expressed, on palpation submandibular lymph nodes were painless, mobile, of soft-elastic consistency up to 0.6 cm. Nasal breathing was not disturbed, breathing was vesicular, the RR was 16 movements per 1 min., heart tones were muted, rhythmic, the heart rate was 100 beats / min, BP – 120/75 mm Hg, temperature – 39°C. The tongue was dry, coated with a grayish-brown plaque with tooth marks on the edges. The pharynx was moderately hyperemic. The stomach was soft, painless, the liver and the spleen were not enlarged, Padalka’s symptom was negative. The patient reported fecal excretion with a tendency to constipation. There was no CVA tenderness on both sides. Thus, it is difficult to make a diagnosis of typhoid fever with sporadic morbidity. Modern clinical presentation of typhoid fever in moderate severity differs from the classic one. The patient had an atypical course of typhoid fever. Typhoid status was absent. The cutaneous coverings were normal, there was no rash. There was no congestive splenomegaly or Padalka's symptoms. No complications or relapses developed. The diagnosis was made only when the pathogen was seeded from the blood (hemoculture) and basing on clear epidemiological data.
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Schellack, N., E. Bronkhorst, C. Maluleka, L. Hunt, P. Srinivas, W. Grootboom, D. Goff, P. Naicker, T. Modau, and O. Babarinde. "Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi infection: a report of two cases in South Africa." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 33, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v33i2.20.
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Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are acute, life-threatening febrile illnesses caused by systemic infection with the bacterium Salmonella enterica. Nineteen cases were reported in South Africa in 2016. We report on two cases of bacteraemic invasive S. typhi with fluoroquinolone resistance.
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Crump, John A., and Eric D. Mintz. "Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever." Clinical Infectious Diseases 50, no. 2 (January 15, 2010): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649541.
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Reuter, Tatjana, Felix Scharte, Rico Franzkoch, Viktoria Liss, and Michael Hensel. "Single cell analyses reveal distinct adaptation of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars to intracellular lifestyle." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): e1009319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009319.
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Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne, facultative intracellular enteropathogen. Human-restricted typhoidal S. enterica serovars Typhi (STY) or Paratyphi A (SPA) cause severe typhoid or paratyphoid fever, while many S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) strains have a broad host range and in human hosts usually lead to a self-limiting gastroenteritis. Due to restriction of STY and SPA to primate hosts, experimental systems for studying the pathogenesis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever are limited. Therefore, STM infection of susceptible mice is commonly considered as model system for studying these diseases. The type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2-T3SS) is a key factor for intracellular survival of Salmonella. Inside host cells, the pathogen resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and induces tubular structures extending from the SCV, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF). This study applies single cell analyses approaches, which are flow cytometry of Salmonella harboring dual fluorescent protein reporters, effector translocation, and correlative light and electron microscopy to investigate the fate and activities of intracellular STY and SPA. The SPI2-T3SS of STY and SPA is functional in translocation of effector proteins, SCV and SIF formation. However, only a low proportion of intracellular STY and SPA are actively deploying SPI2-T3SS and STY and SPA exhibited a rapid decline of protein biosynthesis upon experimental induction. A role of SPI2-T3SS for proliferation of STY and SPA in epithelial cells was observed, but not for survival or proliferation in phagocytic host cells. Our results indicate that reduced intracellular activities are factors of the stealth strategy of STY and SPA and facilitate systemic spread and persistence of the typhoidal Salmonella.
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Charles, Richelle C., Li Liang, Farhana Khanam, M. Abu Sayeed, Chris Hung, Daniel T. Leung, Stephen Baker, et al. "Immunoproteomic Analysis of Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant in Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 3 (December 26, 2013): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00661-13.
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ABSTRACTWe have previously shown that an assay based on detection of anti-Salmonella entericaserotype Typhi antibodies in supernatant of lymphocytes harvested from patients presenting with typhoid fever (antibody in lymphocyte supernatant [ALS] assay) can identify 100% of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Bangladesh. In order to define immunodominant proteins within theS. Typhi membrane preparation used as antigen in these prior studies and to identify potential biomarkers unique toS. Typhi bacteremic patients, we probed microarrays containing 2,724S. Typhi proteins with ALS collected at the time of clinical presentation from 10 Bangladeshis with acute typhoid fever. We identified 62 immunoreactive antigens when evaluating both the IgG and IgA responses. Immune responses to 10 of these antigens discriminated between individuals with acute typhoid infection and healthy control individuals from areas where typhoid infection is endemic, as well as Bangladeshi patients presenting with fever who were subsequently confirmed to have a nontyphoid illness. Using an ALS enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format and purified antigen, we then confirmed that immune responses against the antigen with the highest immunoreactivity (hemolysin E [HlyE]) correctly identified individuals with acute typhoid or paratyphoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These observations suggest that purified antigens could be used with ALS and corresponding acute-phase activated B lymphocytes in diagnostic platforms to identify acutely infected patients, even in areas where enteric fever is endemic.
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Basak, Deepankar Kumar, Richmond Ronald Gomes, Md Ashraf Uddin Ahmed, and ABM Sarwar E. Alam. "Mysterious Looks of Typhoid Fever: A New Experience." Bangladesh Critical Care Journal 3, no. 1 (July 10, 2015): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bccj.v3i1.24104.
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Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid) is a common infectious disease worldwide, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Typhoid fever caused by the gram negative bacterium Salmonella typhi that may have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. We report a case of a 17 year old previously healthy college boy who presented with fever, abdominal pain and shortness of breath later on who was eventually diagnosed as having typhoid fever complicated by acute pancreatitis, hepatitis and severe pulmonary hypertension. Enteric fever presenting as acute pancreatitis and pulmonary hypertension is a rare entity and must be considered in endemic areas like Bangladesh, in patients presenting with fever and concomitant severe abdominal pain and shortness of breath, as any delay in timely institution of treatment can prove fatal. There are very few case reports in the world which have depicted this unusual association.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2015; 3 (1): 36-38
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Alam, ABM Shahidul, Fahim Ahmed Rupam, and Farhana Chaiti. "Utility of A Single Widal Test in The Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 35, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v35i2.10377.
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Background & objectives: The clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever is difficult, as the presenting symptoms are often diverse and similar to those observed with other febrile illnesses. The definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever requires the isolation of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi from the patient concerned. Since patients often receive antibiotics prior to a confirmatory diagnosis, there is uncertainty that bacteria can be isolated from the blood cultures. Besides this, the facilities for blood culture are not always available or feasible. All these limitations have made Widal test the most utilized diagnostic test for typhoid fever. Many studies have produced data which had cast serious doubts on the value of the Widal Test and thus reappraisal of the role of a single Widal test is needed.Methods & materials: This study was carried out to determine the changes in clinical pattern of enteric fever. A total of 153 children, aged 0 to 14 years, diagnosed as typhoid fever (either positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi) were induced in the study. Of them, 86 children were with a definitive diagnosis of typhoid or paratyphoid fever as indicated by the isolation of S. typhi or S. paratyphi from the blood and 17 had negative blood culture but were clinically suspected of having typhoid fever. The control group was comprised of 50 children with non-typhoidal fevers The Widal test was carried out using rapid slide agglutination method and its accuracy was assessed by comparing the findings with that obtained through blood culture.Result: The mean age of the patients was 5.2 ± 2.8 years and the youngest and oldest patients were 0.7 and 14 years respectively and male to female ratio was roughly 1:1. Nearly one-quarter (24.6%) of the patients had been suffering from the disease for >10 days and the mean duration of illness was 8.2 ± 3.3 days. Widal Test result showed that an O agglutinin titer of cut-off value e1:40 gave a sensitivity of 87.2%, a specificity of 47.1%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.2% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 42.1%. The sensitivity and NPV decreased with the increase in titer levels and were 56.9% and 31.5% at cut-off value of e 1:320, while the specificity and PPV increased with the increase in titer levels from 47.1% and 89.2% respectively at a titer of e1:40 to 100% at a titer of e 1:320. The titer behaved in the same way as did the O agglutinin titer. Similarly when H agglutinin was used the sensitivity and NPV decreased from 65% and 31.7% at a titer of e1:40 to only 25% and 20% respectively at a titer of > 1:320, while specificity and PPV increased from 76.4% and 81.1% at >1:40 to 94.1% and 95.6% respectively at e 1:320. When either O or H antibody titer of e1:160 was used, a good sensitivity (71%), specificity (70.6%) and PPV (92.4%) resulted, though NPV decreased to 32.4%.Conclusion: The Widal test can be of diagnostic value when blood cultures are not available nor practically feasible.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v35i2.10377 Bangladesh J Child Health 2011; Vol 35 (2): 53-58
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Kamal, A. H. M., K. H. Mollah, A. Akhier, K. Khuda, A. Islam, and K. A. Jahan. "Changing Trends of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella typhi 11 and paratyphi in Recent Isolates." Journal of Medical Science & Research 28, Number 1 (January 1, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jmsr.2018.v2801.02.
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Due to lack of proper sanitation measures and clean water typhoid and paratyphoid fever is prevalent in developing counties like Bangladesh. Increasing number of cases of antibiotic resistance as well as multi-drug resistance have been reported in Indian sub-continent. A total of 120 patients selected for this study on the basis of clinical diagnosis. Among them salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated in 54 cases by blood culture. Among the isolates 100% sensitivity was present to third generation cephalosporines, gentamycine and carbapenems. Resistance to conventional antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cotrimoxazole were decreasing which was encouraging. Multi-drug resistant salmonella strains were found in 11.11% cases. S. typhi and paratyphi isolates were highly sensitive to not commonly used antibiotics like gentamycine, ceftazidim and carbapenems. So a careful consideration should be taken before deciding the antibiotic for treatment of enteric fever patients in order to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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MACHII, Akira, Yoshiro NITTA, Hiroko SAGARA, Takehisa SEO, and Yoshio MATSUBARA. "Hepatic Injury due to Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 60, no. 2 (1986): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.60.145.
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John, Jacob, Ashish Bavdekar, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, Shanta Dutta, Madhu Gupta, Suman Kanungo, Bireshwar Sinha, et al. "Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India." New England Journal of Medicine 388, no. 16 (April 20, 2023): 1491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2209449.
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Kim, Samuel, Kang Sung Lee, Gi Deok Pak, Jean-Louis Excler, Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Florian Marks, Jerome H. Kim, and Vittal Mogasale. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Outbreaks: A Worldwide Review, 1990–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_6 (October 30, 2019): S499—S509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz705.
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Abstract Background Analyses of the global spatial and temporal distribution of enteric fever outbreaks worldwide are important factors to consider in estimating the disease burden of enteric fever disease burden. Methods We conducted a global literature review of enteric fever outbreak data by systematically using multiple databases from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 and classified them by time, place, diagnostic methods, and drug susceptibility, to illustrate outbreak characteristics including spatial and temporal patterns. Results There were 180 940 cases in 303 identified outbreaks caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A or B (S. Paratyphi). The size of outbreak ranged from 1 to 42 564. Fifty-one percent of outbreaks occurred in Asia, 15% in Africa, 14% in Oceania, and the rest in other regions. Forty-six percent of outbreaks specified confirmation by blood culture, and 82 outbreaks reported drug susceptibility, of which 54% had multidrug-resistant pathogens. Paratyphoid outbreaks were less common compared to typhoid (22 vs 281) and more prevalent in Asia than Africa. Risk factors were multifactorial, with contaminated water being the main factor. Conclusions Enteric fever outbreak burden remains high in endemic low- and middle-income countries and, despite its limitations, outbreak data provide valuable contemporary evidence in prioritizing resources, public health policies, and actions. This review highlights geographical locations where urgent attention is needed for enteric fever control and calls for global action to prevent and contain outbreaks.
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Lee, Glenn KM, Kian Wee Tan, Kee Tai Goh, and Annelies Wilder-Smith. "Trends in Importation of Communicable Diseases into Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 10 (October 15, 2010): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n10p764.
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Introduction: Singapore is a transition country in Southeast Asia that is both vulnerable and receptive to the introduction and re-introduction of imported communicable diseases. Materials and Methods: For a 10-year period between 1998 and 2007 we studied the trend, epidemiological characteristics, proportion of imported versus local transmission of malaria, viral hepatitis (hepatitis A and E), enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), cholera, chikungunya and SARS. Results: Of a total of 4617 cases of the above selected diseases notified in Singapore, 3599 (78.0%) were imported. The majority of the imported cases originated from Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Malaria constituted the largest bulk (of which 95.9% of the 2126 reported cases were imported), followed by hepatitis A (57.1% of 1053 cases imported), typhoid (87.6% of 596 cases imported), paratyphoid (87.6% of 241 cases imported), and hepatitis E (68.8% of 231 cases imported). Furthermore, there were 14 cases of imported cholera, 6 cases of imported severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 13 cases of imported chikungunya. Conclusion: This study underlines that diseases such as malaria, viral hepatitis and enteric fever occur in Singapore mainly because of importation. The main origin of importation was South and Southeast Asia. The proportion of imported diseases in relation to overall passenger traffic has decreased over the past 10 years. Key words: Chikungunya, Cholera, Hepatitis A and E, Imported diseases, Malaria, Paratyphoid, SARS, Singapore, Typhoid fever
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Nayak, Niranjan, Rajani Shrestha, Dharm Raj Bhatta, Deependra Hamal, Supram Hosuru Subramanya, and Shishir Gokhale. "Reemergence of Chloramphenicol Sensitivity among Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi : a six year experience in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal." International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2018v01i04.002.
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Emerging drug resistance among Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi has become challenging in the treatment of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from patients with enteric fever admitted to Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara,Nepal. A total of 30 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B isolated from cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever admitted to Manipal Teaching Hospital over a period from January 2012 to March 2018 were investigated. All strains were identified by standard microbiological methods and tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing,using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method following the criteria designed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). S Typhi was the most predominant amongst all the isolates (18 of 30 i.e. 60%), followed by S Paratyphi A (33.3%, 10 out of 30) and S Paratyphi B (6.6%; 2 out of 30). Overall, 91.3% of the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. The percentage sensitivities towards ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin were 82.6%, 75.8%, 63% and 37% respectively. All the isolates were sensitive to imipenem and amikacin. These findings suggested that there were changing patterns of antibiotic resistance in enteric fever with reemergence of chloramphenicol sensitive Salmonellae. This necessitates continuous surveillance of cases and re-evaluation of chloramphenicol therapy in Salmonella infections in Nepal.
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Hooda, Yogesh, Arif Mohammad Tanmoy, Samir K. Saha, and Senjuti Saha. "Genomic Surveillance of Salmonella Paratyphi A: Neglected No More?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_1 (May 2023): S53—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad077.
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Abstract Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, is a neglected tropical disease with a high burden and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Limited information is available regarding its genomic diversity, especially from South Asian countries that are collectively responsible for >80% of all paratyphoid cases. At the 2021 International Conference on Typhoid and Other Salmonelloses, researchers from the around the globe presented their work on Salmonella Paratyphi A genomics. Presentations described recent genomic data from South Asia and the development of Paratype, an open-access single-nucleotide polymorphism–based genotyping scheme, to segregate Salmonella Paratyphi A genomes in a systematic and sustainable manner. In this review, we attempt to summarize the progress made thus far on Salmonella Paratyphi A genomics and discuss the questions that remain to better understand the pathogen and develop interventions to fight it.
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Ty, Albert U., Gary Y. Ang, Li Wei Ang, Lyn James, and Kee Tai Goh. "Changing Epidemiology of Enteric Fevers in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n12p889.
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Introduction: We studied the epidemiological trends of enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) in Singapore from 1990 to 2009 and carried out a review of the current prevention and control measures. Materials and Methods: Epidemiological records of all reported enteric fevers maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health from 1990 to 2009 were analysed. Results: A total of 2464 laboratory confirmed cases of enteric fevers (1699 cases of typhoid and 765 cases of paratyphoid) were reported. Of these, 75% were imported, mainly from India and Indonesia. There had been a significant fall in the mean annual incidence rate of indigenous enteric fevers from 4.3 per 100,000 population in 1990 to 0.26 per 100,000 population in 2009 (P <0.005) with a corresponding increase in the proportion of imported cases from 71% between 1990 and 1993 to 92% between 2006 and 2009 (P <0.0005). Imported cases involving foreign contract workers increased significantly from 12.8% between 1990 and 1993 to 40.4% between 2006 and 2009 (P <0.0005). Conclusion: Singapore has experienced a marked decline in the incidence of enteric fevers that is now comparable to that of other developed countries. Continued vigilance and proactive measures that address the changing epidemiology of enteric fevers in Singapore are necessary to sustain the milestone achieved in the past 2 decades. Keywords: Imported Cases, Outbreaks, Paratyphoid, Typhoid
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Faryad, Neelam, Lubna Riaz, Hafiz Haseeb Hanif, Asfand Tariq, Mehwish Asghar, and Syed Muhammad Ahmed Raza. "Efficacy of Oral Azithromycin in Treatment of Uncomplicated Enteric Fever in Children." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167301.
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Background: Enteric fever also known as (typhoid or paratyphoid fever) is a common systemic infection with increased incidence of morbidity and mortality with salmonella typhi and paratyphi. Azithromycin has shown better outcomes in children with uncomplicated disease. Objective: To determine the efficacy of Azithromycin in treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever in children. Study Design: Descriptive case series study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, Pakistan from 21st August 2015 to 20th February 2016. Methodology: One hundred and sixty five cases were included. Patients received capsule/suspension of Azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) OD for 7 days. Treatment was labelled as effective if both clinical and microbiological cure were observed. Results: Patients ranged between 2-12 years of age. Mean age of the patients was 6.45±2.39 year. There were 85 males (51.5%) and 80 females (48.5%) in this study. Mean duration of fever was 6.97±1.37 days. Clinical cure, microbiological cure and efficacy was 93.9%. Conclusion: Azithromycin to be effective and safe in treatment of enteric fever. We observed high cure rate of 93.9% without any serious side effects leading to the conclusion that azithromycin is an effective oral agent for treatment for enteric fever. Keywords: Enteric Fever, Azithromycin, Salmonella Typhi/Paratyphi
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Boatemaa, Mercy Adusei, Ramachandra Ragunathan, and Jishnu Naskar. "Nanogold for In Vitro Inhibition of Salmonella Strains." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (June 19, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9268128.
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The pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhi, paratyphi, and typhimurium are the major cause of typhoid and food poisoning in children and adults in developing countries. According to WHO estimation, 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,000 related deaths occur worldwide each year with an additional 6 million cases of paratyphoid fever estimated to occur annually with the highest incidence in children, resulting in a high death rate. The high use of antibiotics has also given rise to drug-resistant strains. Hence, it was of importance to assess the inhibition and quick detection of pathogenic strains of Salmonella. This study aims to investigate the chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for its antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of S. typhi and S. paratyphi including food sample isolates. The GNPs were characterized using visible color change, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, DLS, FESEM, TEM, and zeta potential. The plasmon peak at 525 nm and 535 nm confirmed the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The size of the chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were in the range of 40-60 nm, while FESEM and TEM images revealed that the GNPs were spherical in shape. For antimicrobial activities, five of the Salmonella strains were isolated from fish and egg samples, while the other seven were S. typhi and S. paratyphi from clinical samples. The inhibition factor for GNPs showed higher inhibition against S. paratyphi, while the inhibition factor for S. typhi were found to be higher than Ciprofloxacin-30. This is the first study of the antibacterial efficacy of GNPs against pathogenic strains of Salmonella. The obtained results suggest that nanobioconjugated gold may be of interest in the detection of typhoid and high potential use in areas in biomedicine as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Nugraheni, Enny, Agus Syahrurachman, Beti Dewi, Leonard Nainggolan, Evy Suryani Arodes, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Hematology Parameter Based on Tubex TF® Color Scale Result in Typhoid Fever Patients." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (May 19, 2022): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9690.
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BACKGROUND: Infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A, B, and C causes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. This is a major source of mortality and morbidity, especially in youngsters. Typhoid fever frequently causes non-specific symptoms. Symptoms that appear obstructively are comparable to those seen in other infectious illnesses and have similar clinical manifestations. Complications can be avoided with early detection and treatment. AIM: This study will look at the hematology parameter profile to determine whether there are any hematological differences between patients with high and low antibodies. METHODS: The research was conducted in Bengkulu, Indonesia, in June 2020 until July 2021. Subject collection was done according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects have given informed consent. The research included a total of 39 subject patients. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire and 3 mL of blood was taken. Blood was examined for Tubex TF® and hematological examination. Statistical analysis used independent t-test and performed with SPSS. RESULTS: The research included a total of 39 subject patients. Most were male and most were aged 21–25 years. The most common symptom felt by the subject was gastrointestinal complaints. The analysis was carried out based on the color scale value of the Tubex TF® which was divided into two groups, 4 color scale groups and 6 color scale groups. Hematological parameters of hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC, platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils showed no significant difference. However, color scale group 6 showed lower value than 4 color scale group. CONCLUSION: Hematological indicators in typhoid fever were not substantially changed in Tubex TF®-positive typhoid fever patients. Clinicians can offer the same therapy in instances with typhoid fever, despite having differing positive Tubex TF® scores.
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Yousafzai, Mohammad T., Seema Irfan, Rozina S. Thobani, Abdul M. Kazi, Aneeta Hotwani, Ashraf M. Memon, Khalid Iqbal, et al. "Burden of Culture Confirmed Enteric Fever Cases in Karachi, Pakistan: Surveillance For Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), 2016–2019." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_3 (November 1, 2020): S214—S221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1308.
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Abstract Background The Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) is a multicenter, multicountry study conducted in Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The objectives of the study were to characterize disease incidence among patients with enteric fever. We report the burden of enteric fever at selected sites of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods During September 2016 to September 2019, prospective surveillance was conducted at inpatient, outpatient, surgical departments, and laboratory networks of Aga Khan University Hospital, Kharadar General Hospital, and surgery units of National Institute of Child Health and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre. Socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained from all suspected or confirmed enteric fever cases. Results Overall, 22% (2230/10 094) of patients enrolled were culture-positive for enteric fever. 94% (2093/2230) of isolates were Salmonella Typhi and 6% (137/2230) were S. Paratyphi. 15% of isolates multi-drug resistant (MDR) to first-line antibiotics and 60% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), resistant to first-line antibiotics, fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin. Conclusion Enteric fever cases have increased during the last 3 years with large proportion of drug resistant S. Typhi cases. However, the burden of paratyphoid is still relatively low. Strengthening the existing surveillance system for enteric fever and antimicrobial resistance at the national level is recommended in Pakistan to inform prevention measures. While typhoid vaccination can significantly decrease the burden of typhoid and may also impact antimicrobial resistance, water, sanitation, and hygiene improvement is highly recommended to prevent the spread of enteric fever.
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Faik, Ashna J., Ali Hussain Al-wardy, and Raghad Abdul Elah Mohammad. "Multiplex PCR for Identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A by Selective Amplification of tyv, prt, viaB, fliC-d and fliC-a Genes." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.2.333.
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Salmonellosis is responsible for large number of infections in both human and animals. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a causative agent of typhoid fever and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A is a causative agent of paratyphoid fever. Conventional methods of isolation of Salmonella strains take 4-6 days to complete and are therefore laborious and require substiantial manpower. Therefore development of a PCR assay that can target multiple genes for rapid detection of S. Typhi and S.Paratyphi A. Methods: Synthetic primers for O, H, and Vi antigen genes, tyv , prt , fliC-d, fliC-a, and viaB, were used for the rapid identification of S. Typhi and Paratyphi A with Multiplex PCR. Results: All the clinical isolates examined were accurately identified by this PCR technique, that differentiated S. Typhi and Paratyphi A, based on size and number of amplified fragments. S. enterica serovar Typhi, yielded four bands of tyv(tyvelose epimerase gene, 615bp),prt (paratose gene, 258bp),flic-d(phage-1 flagellin gene for d- antigen 750bp) and viaB ( vi antigen gene, 439bp); S.enterica serovar Paratyphi A yielded only two bands prt (paratose gene, 258bp) and flic-a (phage-1 flagellin gene for a- antigen 329bp). Conclusion: These data indicate that multiplex PCR is a potentially valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A from clinical isolates.
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Bilibin, A. F. "On the diagnostic value of blood culture on distilled water in typhoid fever." Kazan medical journal 25, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80262.
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There is no need to prove the importance of recognizing typhoid diseases as early as possible. The most important method for meeting this need is blood culture. While it is almost impossible to make a diagnosis in the first days of the disease by other methods (Widals reaction and sowing stool), sowing blood with typhoid fever in the first 7 days, and with paratyphoid fever for the first time 3-4 days, gives almost 100% positive results.
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Raju, Vannala, Narayana Lunavath, Laxmi Makam, and G. Manisha Varma. "A Case of Paratyphoid with Diarrhea as the Only Symptom in a 5 Year Old Boy from Southern Part of India." Asian Journal of Pediatric Research 12, no. 4 (May 8, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpr/2023/v12i4244.
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Paratyphoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by bacteria Salmonella paratyphi serovars A, B, or C. It is most associated with travel to endemic areas but can occur sporadically in non-endemic areas. While the disease is more commonly seen in adults, it can occur in children, and the presentation can be variable. It is clinically difficult to differentiate Typhoid from Paratyphoid without isolation of organism. We present a case of a 5-year-old boy, from Telangana state of South India, who presented with watery diarrhea of 8 to 10 episodes per day and abdominal discomfort for 5 days. At presentation child had some dehydration and very poor oral intake. Child did not respond to standard acute gastroenteritis with some dehydration management and continued to have persistent loose watery stools. Routine blood investigations, urine and stool microscopy revealed normal study. Further evaluation in the second week of illness revealed paratyphi on stool culture, and the child started to respondwithsensitive antibiotic cefotaximeinjections after 3 days of starting. However the child did not have other classical symptoms caused by paratyphi, such as fever, vomiting, or rose spots. Other classical investigations like blood culture and urine culture were negative. This case highlights the importance of considering paratyphoid as a potential cause for persistent diarrhea, even in young children, and the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics, especially in the absence of classical clinical or laboratory findings.
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Ali, Soegianto, Albert M. Vollaard, Dennis Kremer, Adriëtte W. de Visser, Cerithsa A. E. Martina, Suwandhi Widjaja, Charles Surjadi, Eline Slagboom, Esther van de Vosse, and Jaap T. van Dissel. "Polymorphisms in Proinflammatory Genes and Susceptibility to Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever." Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 27, no. 4 (April 2007): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2006.0129.
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Levani, Yelvi, and Aldo Dwi Prastya. "DEMAM TIFOID: MANIFESTASI KLINIS, PILIHAN TERAPI DAN PANDANGAN DALAM ISLAM." Al-Iqra Medical Journal : Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran 3, no. 1 (October 3, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/aimj.v3i1.4038.
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Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease of the digestive system caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi. Typhoid fever is a global infectious disease in which an estimated 26.9 million cases of typhoid fever are found worldwide. Typhoid fever is especially common in developing countries because it is associated with poor sanitation. Clinical manifestations of typhoid fever that arise can vary from mild to severe symptoms. Symptoms of typhoid fever that are often found are fever, malaise, abdominal pain and constipation. Culture examination is a gold standard examination in establishing the diagnosis of typhoid fever. But this examination is rarely done. The first-line treatment option for typhoid fever is chloramphenicol. However, as the bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol increases, the main therapeutic choice for typhoid fever is the fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
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Ali, S., A. M. Vollaard, S. Widjaja, C. Surjadi, E. van de Vosse, and J. T. van Dissel. "PARK2/PACRG polymorphisms and susceptibility to typhoid and paratyphoid fever." Clinical and Experimental Immunology 144, no. 3 (June 2006): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03087.x.
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Vollaard, Albert M. "Risk Factors for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Jakarta, Indonesia." JAMA 291, no. 21 (June 2, 2004): 2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.21.2607.
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Thisyakorn, Usa. "Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in 192 Hospitalized Children in Thailand." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 141, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460080048025.
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Siregar, Putra Apriandi, Andini, Firda Vinanda, Yuskaini Hadijah Rambe, and M. Iqbal Firdaus Matondang. "Understanding the Causes of Typhoid Fever or Typhus." Formosa Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 7 (July 20, 2023): 1723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v2i7.4968.
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Typhoid fever is an acute febrile illness caused by an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, especially the Salmonella typhi variant. However, other types can also cause this disease, such as Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella typhi B, and Salmonella paratyphi C. Typhus is an acute infectious disease of the small intestine accompanied by fever for at least a week without bladder disturbances, indigestion and loss of consciousness. The spread of this disease is almost always through food and drink contaminated by sick people. Beating typhoid requires a deeper understanding of health. Beating typhoid requires a deeper understanding of health.
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Parry, Christopher M., Farah N. Qamar, Samita Rijal, Naina McCann, Stephen Baker, and Buddha Basnyat. "What Should We Be Recommending for the Treatment of Enteric Fever?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_1 (May 2023): S26—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad179.
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Abstract Patients with suspected enteric (typhoid and paratyphoid) fever are predominantly managed as outpatients in endemic regions. Nonspecific clinical presentation, lack of accurate diagnostic tools, and widespread antimicrobial resistance makes management challenging. Resistance has been described for all antimicrobials including chloramphenicol, amoxycillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. No significant differences have been demonstrated between these antimicrobials in their ability to treat enteric fever in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Antimicrobial choice should be guided by local resistance patterns and national guidance. Extensively drug-resistant typhoid isolates require treatment with azithromycin and/or meropenem. Combining antimicrobials that target intracellular and extracellular typhoid bacteria is a strategy being explored in the Azithromycin and Cefixime in Typhoid Fever (ACT-SA) RCT, in progress in South Asia. Alternative antimicrobials, such as the oral carbapenem, tebipenem, need clinical evaluation. There is a paucity of evidence to guide the antimicrobial management of chronic fecal carriers.
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Abdulsalami, Halimat, Yusuf Oladipupo A. Daudu, Nasiru Usman Adabara, and Rabiat Unekwu Hamzah. "Antisalmonellal Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Piliostigma thonningii leaf extract." AROC in Natural Products Research 02, no. 02 (June 5, 2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocnpr02020109.
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Background: Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection which causes bacteremia and inflammatory destruction of the intestine and some internal organs in the body. The widespread emergence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi has necessitated the search for other therapeutic options. The study was conducted to screen the antisalmonellal activity of Piliostigma thonningii leaf crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds. Methods: The plant leaves were extracted with 70% methanol, the crude extract was partitioned into fractions and was tested for antibacterial activity against S. typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B and Salmonella paratyphi C using agar well diffusion technique. Column and thin layer chromatographic methods were used for phyto-constituent separation of plant extract. The most effective antisalmonellal column chromatography isolated compound was subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The crude extract and the fractions except n-hexane fraction possess antibacterial activity on at least one of the Salmonella strains tested, however, the ethyl acetate fraction (PT1-03) exhibited the widest zone of inhibition on the test bacteria (14-16 mm) at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. The zones of growth inhibition increased with the increasing concentration of the fractions. The corresponding increase in concentration and growth inhibition zone was significant (p<0.05). The isolated compound obtained from the column chromatography also showed significant inhibition on the Salmonella strains (12-15 mm) at the concentration of 50 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis of the column chromatography isolates revealed Levomenthol and hexadecanoic acids as the major compounds. Conclusion: The study clearly indicates that P. thonningii possesses bioactive compounds that are active against some Salmonella species. Therefore, these phytochemicals can be formulated into drugs for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
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Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_5 (October 15, 2019): S385—S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz672.
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Abstract Background In the decades following the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly known as enteric fever was transformed, offering new possibilities for prevention. Gradually, measures that aimed to prevent infection from human carriers were developed, as were inoculations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. These were initially introduced in European armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies. This article reviews the research undertaken in the armed forces and the measures that they implemented in the years up to and during the First World War. Methods The article is based on an analytical review of scientific literature from the early 19th century, focusing on the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Results The armies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and France undertook important work on the transmission of typhoid in the years between 1890 and 1918. Many preventive measures were introduced to deal with the spread of typhoid but these varied between the 3 countries, depending largely on their political traditions. Inoculation was particularly successful in preventing typhoid and greatly reduced the number of casualties from this disease during the First World War. Despite this, it proved difficult to prevent paratyphoid infection, and debates continued over which vaccines to use and whether or not immunization should be voluntary. Conclusions By the end of the First World War, the value of inoculation in preventing the spread of typhoid had been proven. Its successful implementation demonstrates the importance of vaccination as a public health intervention during times of conflict and social upheaval.