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Academic literature on the topic 'Types of tea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Types of tea"

Dimiņš, Fredijs, Velga Miķelsone, and Miķelis Kaņeps. "Antioxidant Characteristics of Latvian Herbal Tea Types." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 4-5 (November 1, 2013): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0067.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to characterise antioxidative properties and antiradical activity of the herbal tea collection in Latvia. High-pressure liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry methods were used to characterise antioxidant properties of herbal tea. Antiradical activity was determined spectrophotometrically. The antiradical scavenging activity was measured by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reaction. The herbal tea antiradical scavenging activity was estimated as the broken down quantity of DPPH on 100 grams of the herbal tea. Individual polyphenols in the herbal tea were identified and determined by liquid chromatography. Antiradical scavenging activity of the herbal tea was found to be 104 mol 100 g-1 tea. The following polyphenols were identified chromatographically in herbal tea: gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic acids, rutin, catechin, vanillin, and epicatechin. Altogether 12 different varieties of herbal tea samples were analyzed. The results showed that different types of herbal tea substantially differed in composition. Polyphenol content of herbal teas was in the range of 1 mg in 100 g of tea up to 8 g per 100 g of tea. In the case of virus-related disease, infections and weakness of the organism, it is recommended to use tea with high content of rutin, as in Verbascum thapsiforme Schr., Alchemilla vulgaris L., Comarum palustre L. herbal tea.

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Yoo, Yang-Seok, and Hochul Jung. "Tea Concept and Tea Types Reflected in World Zen Tea Products." Korean Tea Society 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2019.25.4.32.

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Erzsébet, Fogarasi, Fülöp Ibolya, Berecz Zsuzsa, Márton Kincső, and Croitoru Mircea Dumitru. "Aluminium contamination of several types of tea." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 92, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2019-0003.

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Abstract Introduction: Camellia sinensis, a widely used plant, optimally grows in a low pH soil that in most cases contains high amounts of aluminum. Objectives: The aluminum content of the tea obtained from Camellia sinensis and other plants was compared. The influence of pH on the aluminum content of the tea was also measured. Materials and methods: The aluminum content of 48 samples was measured using a colorimetric method. The method is based on the ability of aluminum to form a stable complex with xylenol orange at low pH; this complex has an absorption maximum of 555 nm. Results: The method was validated for tea obtained with water and for tea obtained with water containing citric acid. The method proved linear over the rage of 0.7 – 7 ug/ml, coefficient of variation ranged between 2.6 – 7.68% (was dependent on the pH of the solution used to obtain the tea), accuracy was suitable for quantitative measurement (92.39-102.92%) and the complex proved to be stable for at least 1 hour. The following concentrations were measured: green tea (1.59 - 7.70 µg/ml), black tea (1.39 - 5.60 µg/ml), fruit tea (1.01 - 5.63 µg/ml) and herbal tea (1.03 - 5.24 µg/ml). Conclusion: The method proved useful and easily applicable for screening aluminum content of plants used for tea brewing. Camellia sinensis both green and black types had significantly higher aluminum contents than other type of teas. Adding citric acid, as would result from use of lemon juice, significantly increased the aluminum extraction from the plants used for tea brewing.

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Matita, Intan Cidarbulan, Titri Siratantri Mastuti, and Smita Maitri. "Antioxidant Properties of Different Types of Torbangun Herbal Tea." Reaktor 20, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.1.18-25.

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In this study, Torbangun leaves are processed into three different types varying in their oxidation degree, namely unoxidized, semioxidized and oxidized Torbangun leaves. Each type is then brewed into herbal tea and analyzed in terms of its total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. Unoxidized Torbangun herbal tea shows higher content of total phenolic (44.22 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (17.02 mg QE/g) compared to oxidized (24.66 mg GAE/g total phenolic content and 8.61 mg QE/g total flavonoid content) and semioxidized (33.83 mg GAE/g total phenolic content and 10.68 mg QE/g total flavonoid content) Torbangun herbal tea. In terms of the antioxidant activity, processing the Torbangun leaves into herbal tea tremendously decreased the antioxidant activity based on the IC50 value of 1400.89 ɥg/mL for unoxidized Torbangun herbal tea, 3211.71 ɥg/mL for semioxidized Torbangun herbal tea and 4504.78 ɥg/mL for oxidized Torbangun herbal tea. However, steam blanching used in the preparation of unoxidized Torbangun leaves is proven to increase the total phenolic and flavonoid content of raw or unprocessed Torbangun leaves from 39.02 to 44.22 mg GAE/g and an increase of total flavonoid from 10.32 to 17.02 mg QE/g.Keywords: antioxidant; flavonoid; herbal tea; phenolic; torbangun

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Fyda, Janusz, and Patrycja Żelazo. "Decomposition rate of two tea types in two different forestry niches." Science, Technology and Innovation 15, no. 1-2 (March 31, 2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55225/sti.399.

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Organic matter decomposition is one of the most important processes associated with flow of energy and recirculation of organic matter in natural environments. Using commercially sold tea bags of Lipton Sencha green tea (SGT) and Lipton Ceylon black tea (CBT) their decomposition was studied in mixed and coniferous forest. At both stations 25 bags of each tea were buried for a period of 3 months. After elapsed time, the bags were dug up, dried, and the mean weight loss of organic material for each tea type and ecosystem was calculated. In the mixed forest the average weight loss of tea bags was 46.8% for Sencha and 32.1% for Ceylon tea and respectively 44.6% and 30.6%, in the coniferous forest. Statistical analysis test (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in rate of decomposition between tea types, however the differences between the decomposition of the same type of tea on both type of forest were insignificant.

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Sari, Putri Ardila, and Irdawati Irdawati. "Kombucha Tea Production Using Different Tea Raw Materials." Bioscience 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/0201932105584-0-00.

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Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an agricultural product that is widely issued by people around the world. Some types of tea in the world are green tea, black tea, oolong tea and white tea. Kombucha tea is brewed water for tea and sugar then given bacteria and fungi and fermented for 7-10 days. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of kombucha of several different types and determine the organoleptic value of fermented kombucha tea using different types. This research was conducted in April-July 2019 in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Biology FMIPA Padang State University. This research is an experimental study with 5 treatments and 1 repetition (K: kombucha starter, P1: kombucha starter + green tea, P2: kombucha starter + black tea, P3: kombucha starter + oolong tea, P4: kombucha starter + white tea. Parameters Calculated are the number of microbes, nata thickness, pH of kombucha tea, total acetic acid, and organoleptic tests of kombucha tea.The results of this study indicate differences in the types of tea used in kombucha fermentation, the quality of kombucha tea produced, kombucha tea using black tea. The organoleptic test requested by the panelists was kombucha tea from white tea.

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Nuryana, Isa, Shanti Ratnakomala, Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi, Ario Betha Juanssilfero, Ade Andriani, Filemon Jalu Nusantara Putra, Erdiansyah Rezamela, Restu Wulansari, M. Iqbal Prawira Atmaja, and Puspita Lisdiyanti. "Catechin Contents, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Different Types of Indonesian Tea (Camellia sinensis)." ANNALES BOGORIENSES 24, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/ann.bogor.2020.v24.n2.106-113.

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Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Produced from Camellia sinensis leaves, tea has been studied to provide health benefits due to the content of important metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the catechin contents, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Indonesian tea varieties, namely green tea, black tea, and white tea. Tea infusion was prepared by extracting 1 g of each sample into 10 mL of distilled water and incubated at 80 °C for 60 min. The catechin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) contents of tea extracts were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was measured using the free radical method with 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhidrazyl (DPPH), while antimicrobial activity was assesed using paper disc diffusion assay. The results indicated that green tea had the highest contents of catechin (646 ± 17.14 mg/L) and EGCG (997.8 ± 36.72 mg/L), and antioxidant activity with IC50 of 5.65 µg/mL. Furthermore, green tea and white tea extracts showed inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus whereas black tea had no activity against all bacterial strains tested. Generally, we concluded that white tea and green tea contributed to the higher content of catechins and exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

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Li, Zhangwei, and Juhong Wang. "Identification and similarity analysis of aroma substances in main types of Fenghuang Dancong tea." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0244224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244224.

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Fenghuang Dancong tea covers the oolong tea category and is widely acknowledged for its unique floral and honey flavor. In order to characterize the volatile components in nine different aroma types of Fenghuang Dancong tea, the Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) were employed. In addition, the similarity analysis and cluster analysis (CA) were performed to compare the aroma characteristics and establish the correlation between the nine types of teas. The principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) method were employed to determine the volatile components with a high contribution to the overall aroma of each type of tea. The results presented a total of 122 volatile aroma components including 24 kinds of alcohol, 23 kinds of esters, 15 kinds of olefins, 12 kinds of aldehydes, 12 kinds of ketones, 13 kinds of alkanes and 23 kinds of other components from the nine types of Fenghuang Dancong tea. Of these volatile aroma components, 22 types were common with linalool, dehydrolinalool, linalool oxide I, linalool oxide II, etc. The similarity of the nine types of Fenghuang Dancong tea was found between 46.79% and 95.94%. The CA indicated that the nine types of Fenghuang Dancong tea could be clustered into four categories when the ordinate distance reached to 10. The PCA demonstrated that decane, octadecane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, dehydrolinalool, geraniol and nerol were the important aroma components to Fenghuang Dancong Tea. OPLS-DA proved that 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, dehydrolinalool, phenylacetaldehyde, nerolidol, linalool oxide I and hexanal were the key differential compounds between the various types of tea samples. This study provides a theoretical basis for characterizing the volatile aroma components in the main types of Fenghuang Dancong tea as well as the similarity and correlation between various types of Fenghuang Dancong tea.

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Antarini, Anak Agung Nanak, Ni Putu Agustini, and I. Komang Agusjaya Mataram. "effect of using various tea types on the characteristics of wong tea balinese tradisional beverage." International research journal of engineering, IT & scientific research 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v8n2.2060.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of various types of tea solutions on the characteristics of Wong Tea. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) of 4 treatments with various types of tea solutions with 4 replications. The results showed that there were significant differences in the organoleptic quality including the taste, aroma, and color of Wong tea. The results of the research on pH, total acid, alcohol content, and total soluble solid showed no significant difference. The pH of Wong tea ranged from pH 3.28 - pH 3.35, total soluble solid ranged from 13.90°Brix - 13.95°Brix, total acidity of Wong tea ranged from 1.58% - 1.72%. The alcohol content of Wong tea ranges from 0.33% - 0.41%. The results of this study also showed that there was a significant difference in antioxidant activity and phenol levels of Wong tea, i.e., the antioxidant capacity of Wong tea ranged from 6.50% - 7.30%. The components that act as antioxidants in Wong tea ingredients come from phenolic compounds. Phenol levels in Wong tea ranged from 125.80 mg% - 141.10 mg%.

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Ismail, F. S., K. Yusoh, A. S. Zainal Abidin, A. H. Abdullah, and Z. Ismail. "Three different types of tea as surfactant in liquid exfoliation of graphite: green tea, black tea and oolong tea." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 702 (December 7, 2019): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/702/1/012036.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of tea"

Henry, Grégoire. "Typer la désérialisation sans sérialiser les types." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624156.

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Le typage statique des langages de programmation garantit des propriétés de sûreté d'exécution des programmes et permet l'usage de représentations de données dénuées d'informations de types. En présence de primitives de (dé)sérialisation, ces données brutes peuvent invalider les propriétés apportées par le typage statique. Il est alors utile de pouvoir tester dynamiquement la compatibilité des données lues avec le type statique attendu. Cette thèse définit, dans le cadre des langages de programmation basés sur un système de types avec polymorphisme paramétrique et utilisant une représentation uniforme des données, une notion de compatibilité d'un graphe mémoire (désérialisé) avec un type ; cette notion s'exprime sous la forme de contraintes de types sur les nœuds du graphe mémoire. Cette formalisation permet de construire un mécanisme de résolution de contraintes par réécriture, puis un algorithme de vérification de compatibilité d'un graphe mémoire avec un type. Les propriétés de correction et de complétude de l'algorithme obtenu sont étudiées en présence de types algébriques, de données modifiables, de cycles et de valeurs fonctionnelles. Cette thèse propose également un prototype pour le compilateur OCaml.

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Azzoune, Hamid. "Les types en Prolog : un système d'inférence de type et ses applications." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332314.

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Contribution à l'approche inferentielle pour l'introduction de la notion de type en Prolog. Cette approche consiste à déduire automatiquement d'un programme les types des prédicats. Le programmeur peut ainsi s'assurer de la conformité du programme à ses intentions. Une méthode d'inférence de type pour Prolog est présentée. Elle se base sur une simulation de l'unification et une simulation de la résolution, avec un traitement particulier sur les appels récursifs

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Azzoune, Hamid Mossière Jacques Trilling Laurent Briat Jacques. "Les @types en Prolog un système d'inférence de type et ses applications /." S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332314.

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Svensson, Malin. "Personality types and teat order in piglets." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Molekylär genetik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69509.

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To investigate whether piglets show different personality types due to teat position, a number ofexperiments were performed on 21 different litters, 9 to 31 days old. The tests included threefocal piglets in each litter with different teat position, anterior, middle and posterior, inobservations on suckling behaviour, undisturbed behaviours, a novel object test and a straw-testwhere thirteen behaviours were observed. The tests found an effect on teat position on frequencyof disputes between piglets during suckling and their teat position (P=0.018) and a tendency ofdifference in undisturbed playing behaviour between piglets at different teat position (P=0.057).All tests found differences between litters concerning behaviours. With a Principal componentanalysis, the four personality types curiosity, playful, food interest and straw interest wasestablished. No effect between different teat positions and personality type were found, but atendency of difference between personality trait playful and different teat positions (P=0.062). Inconclusion: no significant differences between teat position and personality type in piglets couldbe established.

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Ruyer, Frédéric. "Preuves, types et sous-types." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00414653.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude théorique et pratique d'un système de typage appliqué à la preuve de programmes de style fonctionnels. Le système de base est le système ST créé par C.Raffalli; il comporte, outre le polymorphisme, du sous-typage et de l'omission de contenu non-algorithmique. Nous étudions tout d'abord les modèles de la théorie définie par le système de types, en construisant une axiomatique basée sur les treillis permettant de modéliser le calcul et la logique. Nous étudions sur cette base le système de types, montrons la réduction du sujet, et la possibilité de définir en interne la normalisabilité et la réductibilité des programmes. Dans la suite de la thèse, plus appliquée, nous étudions des codages de types de données riches inspirés des langages fonctionnels - y incluant notamment un système de modules du premier ordre- dans le Lambda-Calcul, et montrons qu'ils s'intègrent harmonieusement dans le système; la méthodologie développée dans cette partie permet d'étendre le langage de types et le langage de programmation en conservant un critère de consistance assurant la sûreté du code typé.

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Sozeau, Matthieu. "Un environnement pour la programmation avec types dépendants." Paris 11, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00640052.

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Les systèmes basés sur la Théorie des Types prennent une importance considérable tant pour la vérification de programmes qu'en tant qu'outils permettant la preuve formelle de théorèmes mettant en jeu des calculs complexes. Ces systèmes nécessitent aujourd'hui une grande expertise pour être utilisés efficacement. Nous développons des constructions de haut niveau permettant d'utiliser les langages basés sur les théories des types dépendants aussi simplement que les langages de programmation fonctionnels usuels, sans sacrifier pour autant la richesse des constructions disponibles dans les premiers. Nous étudions un nouveau langage permettant l'écriture de programmes certifiés en ne donnant que leur squelette algorithmique et leur spécification. Le typage dans ce système donne lieu à la génération automatique d'obligations de preuve pouvant être résolues a posteriori. Nous démontrons les propriétés métathéoriques essentielles du système, dont les preuves sont partiellement mécanisées, et détaillons son implémentation dans l'assistant de preuve Coq. D'autre part, nous décrivons l'intégration et l'extension d'un système de "Type Classes" venu d'Haskell à Coq via une simple interprétation des constructions liées aux classes dans la théorie des types sous-jacente. Nous démontrons l'utilité des classes de types dépendantes pour la spécification et la preuve et présentons une implémentation économique et puissante d'une tactique de réécriture généralisée basée sur les classes. Nous concluons par la mise en œuvre de l'ensemble de ces contributions lors du développement d'une bibliothèque certifiée de manipulation d'une structure de données complexe, les "Finger Trees"
Systems based on dependent type theory are getting considerable attention for the verification of computer programs as well as a practical tool for developing formal mathematical proofs involving complex and expensive computations. These systems still require considerable expertise from the users to be used efficiently. We design high-level constructs permitting to use languages based on dependent type theory as easily as modern functional programming languages, without sacrificing the powerful constructs of the former. We study a new language allowing to build certified programs while writing only their algorithmical squeleton and their specification. Typing in this system gives rise to proof obligations that can be handled interactively a posteriori. We demonstrate the main metatheoretical results on this system, whose proofs are partially mechanized, and present its implementation in the Coq proof assistant. Then we describe an integration and extension of the type classes concept à la Haskell into Coq, providing a simple interpretation of the constructs linked with type classes into the underlying dependent type theory. We demonstrate the usefulness of these dependent type classes for specifications and proofs and present an economical yet powerful implementation of a generalized rewriting tactic based on them. We conclude by employing these contributions in the development of a certified library of a complex data structure called Finger Trees

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Tomás, Gonçalo David Cabral. "Male fertility and type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect of white tea." Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/1348.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major public health problems and its increase incidence is closely related with a decrease in birth rates. Male infertility related with type 2 DM (T2DM) has been linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and increased testicular oxidative stress (OS). Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages and its antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential has been reported. Herein, we hypothesized that White Tea (WTEA) consumption by T2DM rats could prevent testicular OS preserving sperm quality. For that purpose, we used a neonatal STZ-induced diabetic rat model. At one month of age, water was substituted by WTEA during two months and testicular antioxidant potential and OS were evaluated, as well as sperm parameters in normal and T2DM rats drinking water or WTEA. WTEA consumption improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in T2DM rats. WTEA consumption restored protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation to normal levels. Testicular antioxidant potential was increased by WTEA consumption in T2DM, while testicular OS was decreased. Nevertheless, glutathione content and redox state was not altered. After WTEA consumption by T2DM rats, sperm concentration was improved while sperm motility, viability and the abnormal spermatozoa reached normal values evidencing that epididymal sperm quality was restored. Overall, our results show that WTEA consumption causes an important improvement in sperm parameters and thus in male T2DM reproductive function, due to a significant decrease in testes ROS production. WTEA consumption can be a natural, economical and good strategy to counteract the deleterious effects of T2DM in male reproductive function.
A diabetes mellitus é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública e seu aumento de incidência está intimamente relacionado com a diminuição das taxas de natalidade. A infertilidade masculina relacionada com a diabetes tipo 2 tem sido associada ao aumento de produção de espécies reactivas de oxigénio e ao aumento do stress oxidativo testicular. O chá é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo e o seu potencial anti hiperglicémico e antioxidante tem sido descrito em diversos estudos. Com este trabalho pretende-se investigar se o consumo de chá branco por ratos diabéticos tipo 2 pode prevenir o stress oxidativo testicular e assim preservar a qualidade espermática. Para essa finalidade, utilizou-se um modelo de rato diabético tipo 2 induzido por streptozotocina. Em animais com um mês de idade, a água foi substituída por chá branco durante dois meses e após esse período o potencial antioxidante e o stress oxidativo nos testículos foi avaliado, bem como os parâmetros espermáticos em ratos normais e em ratos diabéticos tipo 2 que consumiram água ou chá branco. O consumo de chá branco melhorou a tolerância à glucose e a sensibilidade à insulina em ratos diabéticos tipo 2. Restaurou ainda os níveis de oxidação proteica e de peroxidação lipídica para níveis presentes em ratos controlo. O potencial antioxidante testicular foi aumentado pelo consumo de chá branco em ratos diabéticos tipo 2, enquanto o stress oxidativo testicular foi diminuído. No entanto, o teor de glutationa e o seu estado redox não foram alterados. Após o consumo de chá branco por ratos diabéticos tipo 2, a concentração espermática foi aumentada, enquanto a motilidade, a viabilidade e o número de espermatozóides anormais atingiram valores normais, evidenciando que a qualidade dos espermatozóides epididimais foi restaurada. No geral, estes resultados mostram que o consumo de chá branco provoca uma melhoria acentuada nos parâmetros espermáticos e, portanto, na função reprodutora masculina em diabetes tipo 2, devido a uma diminuição significativa na produção de espécies reactivas de oxigénio nos testículos. O consumo de chá branco pode ser uma estratégia natural e económica para neutralizar os efeitos deletérios da diabetes tipo 2 na função reprodutiva masculina.

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Lasson, Marc. "Réalisabilité et paramétricité dans les systèmes de types purs." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770669.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'adaptation de la réalisabilité et la paramétricité au cas des types dépendants dans le cadre des Systèmes de Types Purs. Nous décrivons une méthode systématique pour construire une logique à partir d'un langage de programmation, tous deux décrits comme des systèmes de types purs. Cette logique fournit des formules pour exprimer des propriétés des programmes et elle offre un cadre formel adéquat pour développer une théorie de la réalisabilité au sein de laquelle les réalisateurs des formules sont exactement les programmes du langage de départ. Notre cadre permet alors de considérer les théorèmes de représentation pour le système T de Gödel et le système F de Girard comme deux instances d'un théorème plus général.Puis, nous expliquons comment les relations logiques de la théorie de la paramétricité peuvent s'exprimer en terme de réalisabilité, ce qui montre que la logique engendrée fournit un cadre adéquat pour développer une théorie de la paramétricité du langage de départ. Pour finir, nous montrons comment cette théorie de la paramétricité peut-être adaptée au système sous-jacent à l'assistant de preuve Coq et nous donnons un exemple d'application original de la paramétricité à la formalisation des mathématiques.

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Qiang, Xu. "Contribution à l'étude de nouveaux types de systèmes magnétiques quasi monodimensionnels dans les fluorures de type usovite." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00628080.

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Des relations entre propriétés structurales et magnétiques ont été mises en évidence dans des fluorures dérivés de la structure usovite (Ba₂CaMgAl₂F₁₄). Le réseau est constitué de couches [CaMgAl₂F₁₄] dans lesquelles les cations occupent trois sites cristallographiques différents M²⁺, M'²⁺ et M''³⁺ . Si les éléments M²⁺ et M'²⁺ sont des ions magnétiques et M''³⁺ un ion diamagnétiques, il y a formation de chaînes magnétiques...

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Teixeira, Nelson Augusto Ferreira. "Effect of white tea consumption on the heart of type 2 diabetic rats." Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/1624.

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus (DM) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide, and 80% of those deaths are due to cardiovascular disease. The heart functions as a pump with a continuous need for energy and therefore is very susceptible to metabolic and/or oxidative alterations. It is well known that DM induces important metabolic alterations that result in increased oxidative stress (OS). Many medicinal plants are used worldwide to counteract the deleterious effects of DM. Although it is a fact that some harmful characteristics of DM are indeed ameliorated, the mechanisms by which medicinal plants improve the body response to this disease remain unknown. In the last few years, scientific studies concerning the effect of tea consumption, one of the most consumed beverages in the world, significantly increased. There are several works reporting that tea consumption may improve heart function in diabetic individuals. However, much of these studies are focused in green tea (GT) and most of the mechanisms of tea action remain unknown. Herein, we hypothesized that the consumption of the less studied tea, the white tea (WTEA), improves the heart functioning of diabetic individuals. To test our hypothesis, we used a STZ-induced Type 2 diabetes (T2D) rat model. The animals were divided in 3 groups: control, STZ-induced T2D (STZ) and WTEA drinking STZ-induced T2D rats (STZ+WTEA). Before sacrifice, the animals were subjected to a glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests. Heart lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were determined. Glucose, lactate, alanine and acetate contents in the hearts were quantified. mRNA expression levels of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) were also determined, as well as LDH activity, in the heart. Our results show that WTEA consumption restored insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in STZ-induced T2D rats. Besides, WTEA consumption restored lipid peroxidation to control values and decreased protein oxidation in hearts from STZ-induced T2D rats. Finally, STZ-induced T2D rats presented an impaired glycolysis that appears to be ameliorated by WTEA consumption. In these processes, regulation of GLUT1 and LDH activity proved to be essential in the protective effect shown by WTEA consumption. More studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of WTEA consumption but our results provide clear evidence that WTEA ingestion can be a good, safe and inexpensive strategy to decrease the deleterious effects of T2D to the heart.
De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO), a diabetes mellitus (DM) é a nona causa de morte a nível mundial e cerca de 80% destas mortes são devido a doenças cardiovasculares. O coração funciona como uma bomba e tem uma necessidade contínua de energia, sendo muito susceptível a alterações metabólicas e/ou oxidativas. É bem conhecido que a DM é responsável por alterações metabólicas importantes que resultam num aumento de stress oxidativo (OS). Muitas plantas medicinais são usadas por todo o mundo para contrariar os efeitos deletérios da DM. De facto, alguns efeitos prejudiciais da DM são prevenidos pelo uso dessas plantas, mas os mecanismos pelos quais essa prevenção ocorre, permanecem desconhecidos. Nos últimos anos tem-se assistido a um aumento significativo de estudos científicos baseados no consumo de chá, uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo. Existem vários estudos que demonstram que o consumo de chá pode melhorar a função cardíaca de indivíduos diabéticos. No entanto, a maioria destes estudos está focada no chá verde (GT) e os mecanismos de acção do chá permanecem desconhecidos. Neste trabalho colocámos a hipótese de que o consumo de chá branco (WTEA), que é o chá menos estudado, poderia melhorar o funcionamento do coração de ratos diabéticos. Para testar a nossa hipótese usámos um modelo de rato para a diabetes tipo 2 (T2D). Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo controlo, grupo T2D induzido por estreptozotocina (STZ) e grupo T2D induzido por STZ ao qual foi administrado chá branco (STZ+WTEA). Antes do sacrifício, os animais foram sujeitos aos testes de tolerância à glucose e resistência à insulina. Após recolha do tecido cardíaco, os níveis de peroxidação lipídica e de oxidação proteica foram determinados. O conteúdo de glicose, lactato, alanina e acetato nos corações foi quantificado. Os níveis de mRNA do transportador de glicose 1 (GLUT1), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e transportador de monocarboxilatos 4 (MCT4) foram igualmente determinados, assim como a actividade da LDH. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o consumo regular de WTEA permitiu a recuperação da sensitividade à insulina e da tolerância à glicose nos ratos T2D. Além disso, preveniu a peroxidação lipídica e diminuiu a oxidação proteica nos corações de ratos T2D. Esses ratos apresentaram distúrbios severos no processo glicolítico que foram normalizados pelo consumo de WTEA. Para isso contribuiu um efeito importante na regulação da expressão do GLUT1 e na actividade da LDH. Mais estudos são necessários para confirmar os efeitos benéficos do consumo regular de WTEA mas os nossos resultados demonstram que a ingestão de chá branco pode ser uma boa estratégia para diminuir os efeitos nefastos da T2D na função cardíaca.

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Books on the topic "Types of tea"

Brownley, Margaret. Gunpowder tea. Waterville, Maine: Thorndike Press, 2014.

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Robertson, R. Paul, ed. Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Type 2 Diabetes Update. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225824.

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Cadell, Elizabeth. Honey for tea. Thorndike, Me: Thorndike Press, 1985.

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Ming tea murder: A tea shop mystery. Waterville, Maine: Wheeler Publishing, A part Gale, Cengage Learning, 2015.

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Perry, Trish. Tea for two. Thorndike, Me: Center Point Pub., 2011.

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Tea for two. Thorndike, Me: Center Point Pub., 2011.

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Tea & Tiramisu. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2002.

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Secrets over sweet tea. Detroit: Thorndike Press, A part of Gale, Cengage Learning, 2013.

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Jones, Denise Hildreth. Secrets over sweet tea. Carol Stream, Ill: Tyndale House, 2013.

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1955-, Smith Deborah, ed. More sweet tea. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Types of tea"

Engelhardt, Ulrich H. "Different Types of Tea: Chemical Composition, Analytical Methods and Authenticity." In Reference Series in Phytochemistry, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04195-2_27-1.

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Leahy, Jack L., and Richard E. Pratley. "1. What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Crucial Role of Maladaptive Changes in Beta Cell and Adipocyte Biology." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Type 2 Diabetes Update, 9–42. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225824.ch1.

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Balasubramanyam, Ashok, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, and Nikhil Tandon. "2. Non-Traditional Forms of Diabetes Worldwide: Implications for Translational Investigation." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Type 2 Diabetes Update, 43–67. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225824.ch2.

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D'Alessio, David A., and Irl B. Hirsch. "3. Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Type 2 Diabetes Update, 69–94. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225824.ch3.

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Powers, Alvin C., and Roland W. Stein. "4. New Insights of Islet Biology and the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Type 2 Diabetes Update, 95–116. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225824.ch4.

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Thakker, Rajesh V. "1. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Neoplasia Update, 13–44. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225855.ch1.

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Hu, Mimi I., and Robert F. Gagel. "2. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Neoplasia Update, 45–76. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781879225855.ch2.

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Schauer, Philip R., Shai M. Eldar, Helen M. Heneghan, and Stacy A. Brethauer. "3. Metabolic Surgery and Control of Type 2 Diabetes." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Metabolic Surgery Update, 49–61. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781936704071.ch3.

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Del Prato, Stefano, and Harold E. Lebovitz. "2. Pharmacological Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Advantages and Dilemmas." In Translational Endocrinology & Metabolism: Metabolic Surgery Update, 27–48. 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 900, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815: The Endocrine Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/team.9781936704071.ch2.

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Drury, L. O’C. "Shell Type Supernova Remnants." In TeV Gamma-Ray Astrophysics, 269–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0171-1_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Types of tea"

Lin, Hung-Yu, Dinar S. Saputri, Sahri Yanti, and Wei-Jyun Chien. "Investigation of eight types of sugars in bubble milk tea by HPLC-ELSD technique." In COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NETWORK SECURITY. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122655.

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"Caffeine Level from Coffee, Tea Leaves, Carbonated Drinks and Energy Drinks." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.539.

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Caffeine is natural substance found in more than 60 plants, the most common plants are coffee beans, tea leaves, there are also synthetic source of caffein like carbonated drink, energy drinks, and cacao pods caffeine can also be synthetic caffeine is added to foods, drinks, medicines. In this research, the concentration of caffeine in tea leaves, coffee beans, carbonated drink and energy drinks were assayed and also to see the benefit and the bad effect of caffeine on health. Five tea brands, five coffee types, carbonated drink and energy drinks were collected from the market, then each sample were tested for caffein level concentration of caffeine. Results show that the energy drinks have highest concentration of caffein among other sample in general, sequent with Beta tea brand and the Black frying seed coffee for tea brands Beta brand has highest concentration of caffeine among other tea brand and Black frying seed coffee has highest concentration of caffeine among other coffee types.

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Lin, Yu-Hung, Xiu-Rui Lin, and Shih-Fang Chen. "Application of Hyperspectral Imaging for Identification of Types and Levels of Pest Damage on Tea Leaves." In 2023 Omaha, Nebraska July 9-12, 2023. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202300398.

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STARKOVSKIY, Boris, and Gennadiy Simonov. "Productivity of fireweed angustifolia with two-cutting use." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 29 (77). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-29-77-148-152.

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The authors studied the ability of narrow-leaved fireweed (ivan-tea) plants to form a second slope in the conditions of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation. It has been established that the intensive use of willow-tea herbage leads to the appearance of other types of herbs in it, mainly cereals, which blacken and compact the soil. As a result of this process, the shoot-producing capacity of the roots of the narrow-leaved fireweed and, as a result, the yield of the plantation decreases.

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Orysiak, Joanna, Magdalena Młynarczyk, and Piotr Prus. "Types of consumed drinks at work during summer and winter seasons among foresters: A pilot study." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002680.

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Dehydration is very common among workers both at the beginning and end of work. Persistent or even worsening dehydration after work indicates insufficient fluid intake at work. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the type of consumed drinks during work between summer and winter periods in foresters. The study was carried out in summer (n = 10) and in winter (n = 10) among male foresters. Subjects completed a questionnaire regarding the amount of drinks consumed during 1 working day. It was observed that in summer the most consumed drink was water. Similarly, in the winter period, the volunteers drank water the most, but its consumption was almost twice lower than in the summer (p>0.05). On the other hand, tea consumption was 2/3 higher in winter compared to summer (p>0.05). There were also observed large, but nonsignificant, variations in volume of fluid intake between workers.In conclusion, the season of the year may affect workers’ choice of drink type. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:This paper is published and based on the results of a research task no. IV-38 carried out within the scope of the statutory activity, financed in the years 2021-2022 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

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Ignat, Madalina, Lucretia Miu, Emanuel Hadimbu, Claudiu Sendrea, Maria-Cristina Micu, Simona Maria Paunescu, Iulia Maria Caniola, and Elena Badea. "The influence of TiO2 and N-TiO2 nanopowders in natural leather finishing for heritage or modern binding." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.v.3.

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The methods for processing raw hides over time, have been numerous: smoke, fat, fermented milk, egg, volcanic soils, plants (shells, fruits, leaves) and so on. The books binding with leather has its origins in the Orient and are known various types of goatskin and calfskin, tanned with sumac finished marbled (sapphire), in black (Moroccan), by floating and dyeing in various colors (Cordoba leathers). Preoccupations regarding the assurance of optimal characteristics for the binding leathers, respectively the durability of the leathers for the restoration of the patrimony objects or of the modern binding were of the most topicality in the last decades, abroad and also in our country. The paper describes the finishing of vegetable and alum tanned leather samples that have been functionalized with titanium dioxide (TiO2) or nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) nanopowders, in different concentrations. To simulate soiling in real conditions, four types of soiling agents were applied: tea, coffee, beetroot extract and pen paste. The samples were exposed to irradiation in a photoreactor with various light sources for up to 192 hours. The evaluation of the photocatalytic degradation was performed by the CIELab technique.

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Khatti, Shakir Shakoor, Sheldon Jeter, and Hany Al-Ansary. "Preliminary Techno-Economic Optimization Of 1.3 MWe Particle Heating Receiver Based CSP Power Tower Plant for the MENA Region." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63926.

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Abstract Due to increasing energy demand around the globe and potential environmental impacts of fossil fuels, it has become a crucial task for researchers to find alternatives to generate electricity from low-carbon resources at lower costs. Three types of advanced CSP are under consideration: systems heating salt, gas, or particulate. Particle heating receiver (PHR) based central receiver power tower CSP is an emerging technology that promises higher operating temperatures and more cost-effective thermal energy storage (TES) than feasible with existing or alternative CSP systems. For reasons stated above and others, we propose that the particle heating receiver (PHR) based CSP in the classic central receiver power tower (CRPT) configuration will be the most suitable especially in the promising Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Specifically, Duba, Al Wajih, and Wa’ad Al-Shamaal regions in Saudi Arabia have high direct normal irradiation (DNI) and represent potential locations. PHR based CSP power tower plant consists of a central receiver power tower with TES and cavity receiver, heliost at field, a high-temperature solar gas turbine with built-in fuel backup to operate in hybrid mode (using both fuel and solar-thermal resources). This study focuses on the optimization of a solar heat supply system (SHSS), consisting of a tower, cavity receiver, and heliostat field. SolarPILOT – Solar Power tower Integrated Layout and Optimization Tool is a field layout optimization tool developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). SolarPILOT is used in this study to generate the field layout of a 1.3 MWe power plant with a solar multiple (SM) of 2, 3, and 4. Cost models for the tower, receiver, and heliostats are developed using the data from research programs, contractors, manufacturing companies, and general cost engineering data and tools. System Advisor Model (SAM) is further used to simulate the annual performance of CSP tower plant including power block (high-temperature gas turbine) and TES using optical efficiency data from SolarPILOT to optimize PHR-based CSP tower plant. The results of this research are fundamental to the techno-economic analysis (TEA) of this and similar smaller-scale systems and will support the TEA of larger grid-connected and smaller off-grid systems operating independently or in conjunction with PV systems.

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Robinson, Paul. "Demystifying IEC 62368-1: Types of Persons." In 2018 IEEE Region Ten Symposium (Tensymp). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tenconspring.2018.8691970.

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Feldmann, Birgit. "Group Types in E-Learning Environments ? Study Team, Working Team and Learning Team." In 2006 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ithet.2006.339789.

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Buchanan, Gary, Caroline Burden, Michael Absolom, and Armpit Gole. "Amachine learning approach to geological modelling of an Irish-type Zn-Pb deposit." In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/uymp7702.

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The geological domains of the carbonate hosted zinc-lead deposit forming the Lisheen Mine in County Tipperary was, for many years, 3-dimensionally modelled via explicit methods in the best available computer software technology available at the time. The process required the geologists to load their drilling data onto a 3D CAD system where they made sectional interpretations of the domains, which were then stitched together to form a 3D volumetric model. The wide availability of detailed geological data following the closure of the mine provides a unique opportunity for technology developers to compare the performance of next-generation software systems against those models meticulously generated by the expert team during the operation of the mine. Previous studies have investigated the efficacy of a machine learning approach to modelling ore domains in comparison to the manually derived approach employed by the mining operation during its operating life. That study demonstrated a close relationship between the algorithmic and human derived models. In this paper we will investigate the application of the machine learning approach to changing data, as is the case when new data such as new drilling logs become available. In addition, we investigate the role that the machine learning approach has within the resource modelling team, the impacts on job roles and how it can affect decision making processes.

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Reports on the topic "Types of tea"

Romary, L., and S. Lundberg. The 'application/tei+xml' Media Type. RFC Editor, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6129.

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Saini, Ravinder, ALTAFUDDIN SYED, Masroor Kanji, Rayan Binduhayyim, Vishwanath Gurumurthy, and Sunil Vaddamanu. Comparative analysis of tear strength across different types of maxillofacial silicone materials: SRMA. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.1.0126.

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McMonagle, Morgan P. Type IV Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm (TAA) with External Axillo-Unifemoral Bypass. Touch Surgery Publications, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18556/touchsurgery/2016.s0172.

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McMonagle, Morgan P. Type IV Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm (TAA) with External Axillo-Unifemoral Bypass. Touch Surgery Simulations, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18556/touchsurgery/2019.s0172.

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Munakata, M., S. Schubert, and T. Ohba. The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Subaddress Encoding Type for tel URI. RFC Editor, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4715.

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Batisse, Remi, and Mures Zarea. PR-306-083509-R01 Realistic Mechanical Defects for Evaluation of Inspection Tools and Repair Techniques. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011526.

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This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies and qualification of repair techniques. Ten mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. Each defect of a given type is repeated twice, one for performance evaluation of inspection technologies, one for qualification of repair techniques. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report does not contain results of any measurements performed on the defects, in order to facilitate blind testing of inspection technologies using the samples produced in this project.

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Crowe, Jeff. PR-261-15609-R02 Machine Learning Algorithms for Smart Meter Diagnostics � Part III (TR2777). Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011029.

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Our objective of this work was to investigate exclusively Daniel USMs. Sixty five thousand individual data points were used in MLA development which totaled over 18 hours of USM data from seven experimental data sets generated at three flow facilities. Six disturbance types were investigated (baseline, single elbow, double elbow out of plane, liquid, elbow header, and tee header). All experimental data was labeled with the disturbance type, if any, and deviation from baseline error. The MLA feature set was improved from the 2015 work by using gas flow conditions to compare measured and predicted flow velocities (flow profiles) and adding features that quantify the stability of the USM flow measurement. Supervised clustering and regression algorithms were fit to the labeled USM data and the accuracy of the MLAs was calculated using a cross-validation technique.

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Wang, Yong-Yi. PR-350-174509-R01 Enhancing Strain Capacity of Pipelines Subjected to Geohazards. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012104.

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The focus of this project is on the use of Type-B sleeves to enhance the strain capacity of girth welds. This enhancement option was selected by the project team at the start of the project. In addition, the project team chose to examine this enhancement option on the girth welds of vintage pipelines. The objectives of this project are to: (1) examine Type-B sleeves for enhancing pipeline strain capacity and (2) develop recommendations to properly apply Type-B sleeves.

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Kim, Joseph J., and Jose Alejandro Arroyo Turcios. Economic Evaluation of Route Choice Characteristics for Company Truck Drivers and Owner-Operator Truck Drivers in Southern California Freeways. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2242.

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To contribute to the understanding of freeway capacity and financing options, this study evaluates the demand for truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways. The study implemented surveys to both company truck drivers and owner-operator truck drivers to estimate the value they place on time, reliability, and safety measures. The research team met face-to-face with both types of truck drivers near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to understand the drivers’ perspectives regarding truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways. A data set containing 45 surveys out of 62 survey responses were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that the tolerated toll fees that both types of truck drivers combined were willing to pay ranged from $3.27 an hour to $41.45 an hour with an average of $20.50 an hour during weekdays, while those fees ranged from $3.04 an hour to $36.12 an hour with an average of $18.12 an hour during weekends. Both types of truck drivers are unwilling to pay toll fees for the routes used in six comparisons out of nine, despite sharing a common origin and destination. Data shows that, regardless of ownership type, both types of truck drivers similarly value a route with truck only lanes. The highest toll fee per mile on any day that drivers are willing to pay when the main factor being compared is value of travel time (VOT) is $0.54 per mile or $32.38 an hour. The figures for the value of reliability (VOR) and safety measures are $0.47 per mile or $15.76 an hour and $0.17 per mile or $9.80 an hour, respectively. The VOR is important because it helps shippers and freight carriers make predictable travel times to remain competitive. These results are meaningful for legislators and transportation agencies because the behaviors and route choice characteristics of both types of drivers help them better reduce scheduling costs, understand the utility and demand for truck-only toll lanes, and resolve traffic congestion in the study area.

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Maxey and Barnes. L51622 The Chevron Notched Drop-Weight-Tear-Test Specimen. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010366.

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This research is aimed at finding a new type of notch that would produce propagation data similar to that produced by the PC DWTT. High-toughness materials and materials that had previously been studied were used assuming that if the new notch worked on these materials it would be satisfactory for lower toughness materials. Several notch modifications were tried and most were no better than the standard pressed notch used in the API specimen. A search for a new type of notch for the standard drop-weight-tear-test (DWTT) specimen has been completed. This new notch specimen is to replace the precracked DWTT specimen which has been shown to predict full-scale behavior but has received-little support from pipe manufacturers. The new notch is a chevron notch causing fracture initiation to occur at a machined point located at mid-wall thicknessand about 0.2 inch below the specimen edge (i.e., at the same depth as the pressed-in notch of the standard DWTT). No precracking or other severe prestraining, which may create strain aging problems, is required to produce the specimen. A good correlation was obtained between the chevron-notched DWTT and the Charpy V-notch specimens for conventionally rolled steels; this correlation effectively ties the chevron notched data to past fracture research data and to published correlations thatdescribe fracture in terms of Charpy upper-shelf energy. A procedure is included for preparing and conducting the Chevron notched DWTT.

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