Journal articles on the topic 'Types of paradox'
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1
Lehner, David. "Literary Self-Reference: Five Types of Liar's Paradox." Philosophy and Literature 44, no. 2 (2020): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phl.2020.0035.
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Fine, Gail. "Signification, Essence, and Meno’s Paradox: A Reply to David Charles’s ‘Types of Definition in the Meno’." Phronesis 55, no. 2 (2010): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852810791129195.
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AbstractAccording to David Charles, in the Meno Socrates fleetingly distinguishes the signification from the essence question, but, in the end, he conflates them. Doing so, Charles thinks, both leads to Meno’s paradox and prevents Socrates from answering it satisfactorily. I argue that Socrates doesn’t conflate the two questions, and that his reply to Meno’s paradox is more satisfactory than Charles allows.
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Hung, Humphry. "The Privatisation Cube Paradox: Focusing on Processes or Generic Types?" Asian Journal of Public Administration 24, no. 1 (June 2002): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02598272.2002.10800397.
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Noble, Robert, Oliver Kaltz, and Michael E. Hochberg. "Peto's paradox and human cancers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1673 (July 19, 2015): 20150104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0104.
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Peto's paradox is the lack of the expected trend in cancer incidence as a function of body size and lifespan across species. The leading hypothesis to explain this pattern is natural selection for differential cancer prevention in larger, longer lived species. We evaluate whether a similar effect exists within species, specifically humans. We begin by reanalysing a recently published dataset to separate the effects of stem cell number and replication rate, and show that each has an independent effect on cancer risk. When considering the lifetime number of stem cell divisions in an extended dataset, and removing cases associated with other diseases or carcinogens, we find that lifetime cancer risk per tissue saturates at approximately 0.3–1.3% for the types considered. We further demonstrate that grouping by anatomical site explains most of the remaining variation. Our results indicate that cancer risk depends not only on the number of stem cell divisions but varies enormously (approx. 10 000 times) depending on anatomical site. We conclude that variation in risk of human cancer types is analogous to the paradoxical lack of variation in cancer incidence among animal species and may likewise be understood as a result of evolution by natural selection.
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Wrangham, Richard W. "Two types of aggression in human evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713611115.
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Two major types of aggression, proactive and reactive, are associated with contrasting expression, eliciting factors, neural pathways, development, and function. The distinction is useful for understanding the nature and evolution of human aggression. Compared with many primates, humans have a high propensity for proactive aggression, a trait shared with chimpanzees but not bonobos. By contrast, humans have a low propensity for reactive aggression compared with chimpanzees, and in this respect humans are more bonobo-like. The bimodal classification of human aggression helps solve two important puzzles. First, a long-standing debate about the significance of aggression in human nature is misconceived, because both positions are partly correct. The Hobbes–Huxley position rightly recognizes the high potential for proactive violence, while the Rousseau–Kropotkin position correctly notes the low frequency of reactive aggression. Second, the occurrence of two major types of human aggression solves the execution paradox, concerned with the hypothesized effects of capital punishment on self-domestication in the Pleistocene. The puzzle is that the propensity for aggressive behavior was supposedly reduced as a result of being selected against by capital punishment, but capital punishment is itself an aggressive behavior. Since the aggression used by executioners is proactive, the execution paradox is solved to the extent that the aggressive behavior of which victims were accused was frequently reactive, as has been reported. Both types of killing are important in humans, although proactive killing appears to be typically more frequent in war. The biology of proactive aggression is less well known and merits increased attention.
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Dahlgren, Anna, and Karin Hansson. "The Diversity Paradox." Digital Culture & Society 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0212.
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Abstract At the core of museum practice is the notion of diversity. However, as this analysis of different types of metadata production shows, contradictory ideas and ideals pervade both metadata production among information specialists (i.e. archivists, metadata managers, curators working in the heritage institutions), and the systems for, and practices of, participatory metadata production. While the discourse on metadata standards is permeated by ideas of objectivity and interoperability the field is, in practice, far from coherent, being marked by a great variety as regards templates, formats and vocabularies. Conversely, the discourse on digital participation in the cultural heritage is permeated with notions of diversity, as means to increase democracy and support variety. In practice, however, the available crowdsourcing platforms are often formulaic offering few possibilities for the crowd to add individual interpretations and their own agenda. This analysis of the practice of producing descriptive metadata reveals the complex, multifaceted implications of notions of diversity for the cultural heritage. Diversity, meaning great variety, is then not solely a positive end in itself but can in fact hinder the distribution and linkability of information and thereby the creation and building of new knowledge. Likewise, participatory activities where heritage institutions reach out to the crowd do not automatically generate diversity as there is no direct correlation between the magnitude of the group and variability. To understand this complexity and acknowledge the, sometimes, contradictory demands and effects related to the notion and norms of diversity is at the core of the making and preservation of our cultural heritage.
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Diefenbach, Thomas, and John A. A. Sillince. "Formal and Informal Hierarchy in Different Types of Organization." Organization Studies 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 1515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840611421254.
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This paper addresses the paradox that despite all organizational change towards flatter and postmodern organizations, hierarchical order is quite persistent. We develop a differentiated understanding of hierarchy as either formal or informal and apply this analytical framework to several types of organization. The analysis reveals that hierarchy is much more widespread than thought; in particular, postmodern, representative democratic and network organizations are much less ‘alternative’ and ‘hierarchy-free’ than their labels and common understanding may suggest. The main argument is that the persistence of hierarchy in different types of organization can be explained by different dynamic relationships between formal and informal hierarchy.
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Ansseau, M. "The paradox of tianeptine." European Psychiatry 8, S2 (1993): 89s—93s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800005447.
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SummaryThe classical biochemical hypothesis of depression posits a functional deficit in central neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin (5-HT) and/or noradrenaline. The major support for this theory was that antidepressants increase the amount of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, by inhibiting reuptake mechanisms (tricyclics) or inhibiting enzymatic catabolism (MAOIs). The major role suggested for 5-HT in this theory led to the development of a large number of compounds which selectively inhibit 5-HT reuptake, such as fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline, paroxetine, etc. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the antidepressant activity of such types of agents, supporting 5-HT deficit as the main origin of depression. Tianeptine is active in classical animal models of antidepressants. Its antidepressant efficacy has been established in controlled trials involving a large number of patients. Several biochemical studies however demonstrated that tianeptine induces in acute as well as in chronic conditions, a presynaptic increase of 5-HT reuptake, both in animal and human platelets and animal CNS. Therefore, as a 5-HT reuptake enhancer, tianeptine exhibits a mechanism of action totally opposite to 5-HT reuptake blockers such as fluoxetine but, paradoxically, both mechanisms of action are associated with a therapeutic activity in depressive disorders. Several hypotheses to explain these paradoxical findings and different methodologies to test them clinically are proposed.
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Kamareddine, Fairouz, Twan Laan, and Rob Nederpelt. "Types in Logic and Mathematics Before 1940." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 8, no. 2 (June 2002): 185–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1182353871.
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AbstractIn this article, we study the prehistory of type theory up to 1910 and its development between Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica ([71], 1910–1912) and Church's simply typed λ-calculus of 1940. We first argue that the concept of types has always been present in mathematics, though nobody was incorporating them explicitly as such, before the end of the 19th century. Then we proceed by describing how the logical paradoxes entered the formal systems of Frege, Cantor and Peano concentrating on Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik for which Russell applied his famous paradox and this led him to introduce the first theory of types, the Ramified Type Theory (RTT). We present RTT formally using the modern notation for type theory and we discuss how Ramsey, Hilbert and Ackermann removed the orders from RTT leading to the simple theory of types STT. We present STT and Church's own simply typed λ-calculus (λ→C) and we finish by comparing RTT, STT and λ→C.
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Cukljevic, Filip. "Williams’ contextualist solution to the skeptical paradox." Theoria, Beograd 57, no. 3 (2014): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1403061c.
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At the beginning of this paper a formulation of skeptical paradox is offered. Subsequently, possible types of anti-skeptical answers to this paradox are shown. Special attention is paid to the determination of the contextualistic versus other anti-skeptical answers. Two versions of contextualism are then presented, in order to more accurately determine Williams' contextualist view by their comparative analysis. Presentation of this view is supplemented by the display of Williams' understanding of knowledge in nonepistemological contexts. In the end, two objections to the Williams' contextualist view are exposed, and the answers to them are offered.
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Polenova, N. V., T. V. Strokova, and A. V. Starodubova. "Characteristics of lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system in glycogenosis types I and III." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, no. 8 (August 15, 2017): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh201789888-94.
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Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by early childhood lipid metabolic disturbances with potentially proatherogenic effects. The review outlines the characteristics of impaired lipid composition and other changes in the cardiovascular system in GSD types I and III. It analyzes the factors enabling and inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis in patients with GSD. The review describes the paradox of vascular resistance to the development of early atherosclerosis despite the proatherogenic composition of lipids in the patients of this group.
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Ashruf, Colin. "Planning the “Unplannable” – the Innovation Management Paradox." Journal of Innovation Management 10, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): XI—XVI. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_010.001_l002.
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The value of a systematic project-based approach to achieving specific objectives is generally accepted in most fields, but somehow when it comes to innovation there still is a widespread, persistent belief that those contributing to the effort are somehow best left to their own devices and not be “bothered too much” with “processes” or “rules”. Innovation, then, is viewed as a creative, organic, and therefore inherently chaotic process. I would argue the opposite, though: precisely because innovation tends to venture into the unknown, the risk of getting lost is ever present, even more so than with other, more predictable types of undertakings, and therefore planning and control are even more critical to success.
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Hürsoy, Siret. "The Paradox of Modernity in Turkey." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 68, no. 1 (March 2012): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492841106800104.
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The central argument of this article is that the strong state-centred tradition of Turkey has recently gone out of fashion. The breakdown of authoritarianism and state-centred approach and moving into a successful democratic consolidation and society-centred approach in Turkey requires choices to be made and alliances to be formed among intellectual-bureaucratic elite, the military, political parties, trade unions, other interest groups and various types of societal organisations. One of the most important difficulties for consolidating democracy in Turkey has been the complexity of creating stable, viable, accountable, responsive, predictable, representative, transparent, efficient and problem-solving oriented legitimate institutions where all citizens, regardless of ethnic origin or religious orientation, have a voice and enabling representation in such bureaucratic organs that altogether make-up the institution of state. This article will assert that the forces of democratic transition from a state-centred approach to a society-centred approach in Turkey are based on resolving the two main potentially difficult problems that are related with constant questioning of the legitimacy and democratic consolidation of the state apparatus: ethnic and religious paradoxes.
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BADARÓ, Tatiana. "Chantagem empresarial: hard bargaining ou crime de extorsão?" Revista do Instituto de Ciências Penais 7, no. 2 (2022): 318–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46274/1809-192xricp2022v7n2p318-352.
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Criminalizing blackmail puts the liberal legislator in the face of a paradox: How to rationally justify the decision to make it unlawful for someone to demand others to practice a lawful act by threatening them with an equally lawful act? This paradox becomes even more evident when it comes to cases of commercial blackmail, in which both the threatened act and the demanded act are connected with the legal economic activities carried out by the blackmailer and the blackmailed. The present article analyzes three possible positions in the face of this paradox: 1) to affirm that blackmail is not and should not be a crime; 2) to argue that blackmail already constitutes a crime of extortion or criminal coercion and 3) to argue that legislators have good reasons to criminalize blackmail. This article then discusses the different theories that intend to provide the basis that legitimate the criminalization of blackmail. The conclusion is that, on the one hand, not every type of blackmail is already foreseen as a crime and, on the other hand, only some types of blackmail should initially be criminalized. However, the reasons that justify the criminalization of different types of blackmail might be of different sorts, what should lead to distinctions in the structure of criminal offenses.
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Kadek Bagus Rusmana, I Nyoman Kardana, and I Gusti Ngurah Adi Rajistha. "FIGURATIVE MEANING FOUND IN QUEEN’S ALBUM." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 5, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.5.2.3647.
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The phenomenon of miss interpretation and the mismatch of the desired meaning in a song's lyrics results in the wrong use of the song in an event. This study discusses the types of figurative meaning and their meaning related to each type. The data of this study were taken from the song lyrics of Queen’s album. Data were collected by analyzing base on the theoretical concepts and the data were analyzed using the observation method. Data were obtained from listening and reading the song lyrics repeatedly. Based on the result of the analysis, it was found that there are nine types of figurative meaning that are used in twelve songs from Queen’s Album. The figurative meaning that are used are metaphor, metonymy, overstatement/hyperbole, paradox, simile, symbol, synecdoche, euphemism, and idiom. Metaphor, metonymy, overstatement/hyperbole, simile, symbol, and idiom are the dominant type appeared the most with each 5 data, following by euphemism with 4 data, and the last are paradox and synecdoche with each 1 data. Thus, the total of all the data are 36 of the figurative meaning found in Queen’s album. Metaphor, metonymy, overstatement/hyperbole, simile, symbol, and idiom are the dominant typed found in the song lyric because Queen’s mostly uses substitutes and imagery in their songs.
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Litvinova, Larisa, Atsamaz Kaloyev, Lyubov' Gubareva, and Emma Abakarova. "The coronavirus pandemic's socio-psychological paradox." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 16014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021016014.
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The multifaceted nature of the new socio-psychological stressors encountered during the period of isolation make this investigation necessary. The aim of this research is to discover the expression of the social factor and its effect on the level of children’s communication within the family. The coronavirus pandemic has forced much of the planet's population to go into self-isolation, which for the overwhelming majority means staying with their families, who are experiencing the same state of fear. In the coronavirus pandemic the modern, globalised world has gathered all three (biological, social, existential) in one. This results in a paradoxical psychosocial situation in which a person needs space in order to formulate new defensive mechanisms, yet has to share that space with family members. The external threat, the coronavirus pandemic, is complemented by the psychological threat posed by the family – a double threat which places at risk not only physical health, but also psychological state, which requires “ecology of communication”. The levels of social and psychological fear depend on freedom of movement, territorial limits, the ability to choose to communicate or not (“contact hygiene”), levels of trust within the family, types of interaction between all family members regardless of age, and the definition of personal space.
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Filipovic, Nenad. "How (not) to be a fallibilist: Lottery paradox and two types of epistemic contextualism." Theoria, Beograd 57, no. 3 (2014): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1403093f.
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There is one common thing among lotteries from all over the world: there is small number of winning tickets and considerably bigger number of losing tickets. Therefore, the probability that a ticket wins a lottery is quite low, usually so low that we think that it is almost sure the ticket loses. But, we would never say that we know that a ticket will lose, until we see results of the lottery in, for example, some newspapers. And the probability of newspapers making a mistake does not seem to affect our knowledge claims. But why is that, since newspapers could make a mistake more often than a ticket wins? This question presents trouble for fallibilism, which claim that S could know that p, even when the probability that p is less than 1. Contextualist theories give their typical brand of solution: we have a change of context between the two cases, and in one case standard for knowledge claims are higher than the standard in the other case. Because of that, one can know that S lost the lottery when she reads it in newspapers. In this paper, I will present analysis of the lottery paradox, and two types of epistemic contexutalism: simple conversational contextualism and inferential contextualism. I will also present two of the most popular solution based on simple conversational contextualism, made by Lewis and Cohen. Finally, I will introduce some problems for such solutions, and show that the problems could solved if we apply strategy and explanation of inferential contextualism, type of contextualism proposed by Michael Williams.
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Zhu, Yu-Qian, Kritsapas Kanjanamekanant, and Yi-Te Chiu. "Reconciling the Personalization-Privacy Paradox: Exploring Privacy Boundaries in Online Personalized Advertising." Journal of the Association for Information Systems 24, no. 1 (2023): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00775.
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To reconcile the personalization-privacy paradox, we adopt the privacy as a state view and define privacy as a state of information boundary rule-following. We further identify five types of boundaries underlying some of the important implicit rules of maintaining privacy: communication channel, platform, device, temporal, and purpose boundaries. Using an online vignette survey, we investigated how each of these boundary types affected users’ privacy perceptions when they were subjected to personalized advertisements. Using fixed- and random-effects models, we investigated how violating different boundary rules leads to changes in perceived privacy. Our results show that all five boundary types are significant predictors of perceived privacy within individuals. The communication channel, device, and business versus private purpose are significant predictors of perceived privacy across the whole sample. Temporal boundaries and platform boundaries failed to achieve statistical significance when evaluated simultaneously with the other factors across the whole sample. This means that for each individual, observing the rules of these five boundary types leads to higher perceived privacy than not observing these conditions. Taken as a whole, observing communication channel, device, and business versus private purpose boundaries also leads to higher averages of perceived privacy across the whole sample. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the results
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Ariska, Kiki, Syamsurrijal Syamsurrijal, and Wahyu Kamil Syarifaturrahman. "An Anylisis of Figurative Language in Harmony’s Song Lyrics." Humanitatis : Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/humanitatis.v8i1.1562.
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The purposes of this research are: (1) to identify the types of figurative language found in Harmony’s song lyrics. And (2) what are the function of figurative language used in Harmony’s song lyrics? This research applied descriptive qualitative approach. In collecting the data, the researcher searched the songs and noting technique to the scripts. Read and understood the song lyrics in Harmony’s song lyrics. While in analyzing the data, the researcher translate the data into English, identified the data based on the types of figurative languages, classified the data based on the types of figurative languages, analyzed the selected data based on the figurative languages. The results of data analysis, there are seven data found in Harmony’s song lyrics, namely: simile, symbol, irony, personification, paradox, hyperbole, and metaphor. The function of figurative language simile and symbol in Thun Nathe’s song lyrics is to afford imagination pleasure, while in irony is to add emotional intensity. In Sauadagar Percek’s song lyrics simile is used to afford imaginative pleasure, personification and paradox is used to say much in a brief compas, while in hyperbole is to add emotional intensity. In Selaq Bonga’s song lyrics, metaphor is used to add emotional intensity.
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Hahn, Barbara. "Paradox of Precision: Bright Tobacco as Technology Transfer, 1880–1937." Agricultural History 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.2.220.
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Abstract This article compares two episodes of technology transfer in the 1890s: the movement of bright tobacco production technology to south-central Africa with the spread of the crop to eastern North Carolina and South Carolina. It finds similarities in the people who introduced the crop, but significant differences in the methods used to produce it. This is troubling because the type is defined by the cultivation and especially the curing techniques used to produce it; it is also often described in the historical literature as "Virginia tobacco," even when grown elsewhere. The technological differences are the product of different environments, which include not only the climate but also many elements of the technological system beyond immediate human control: the availability and organization of labor, differences in market structures and marketing institutions, and the government incentives provided to buyers. Therefore, this essay takes as its subject the paradox inherent in the official classification of tobacco types regulated by the USDA and argues that varietal types represent a form of market regulation disguised as botanical taxonomy.
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Nunes, José Pedro L. "Statins and the cholesterol mortality paradox." Scottish Medical Journal 62, no. 1 (November 26, 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036933016681913.
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Large-scale randomised controlled trials, carried out in the context of secondary cardiovascular prevention, have shown that statins are superior to placebo: these drugs were shown to decrease cardiovascular events and total mortality. A further set of clinical trials compared high intensity to low/standard intensity LDL cholesterol lowering in the same setting (using either statins or a statin/ezetimibe association). In this case, a decrease in LDL cholesterol and a concomitant significant reduction in cardiovascular events were seen with intensive therapy, however with no change in total mortality. This phenomenon we may term the LDL cholesterol mortality paradox. It could be due either to the prevention (by high-intensity therapy) of episodes not severe enough to lead to the death of patients, or to high-intensity therapy leading to the death of some patients at the same time as preventing the death of others, with a null aggregate effect. Several types of adverse effects have been seen with statin therapy, such as a possible increased incidence of Diabetes mellitus and of myopathy. The decision to start high-intensity LDL cholesterol lowering (rather than low- or moderate-intensity statin treatment) should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the overall aspects of each patient, including the patient’s preferences. High-intensity LDL cholesterol lowering, up to the present moment, has failed to produce a change in overall prognosis (total mortality), and should not therefore be mandatory in secondary cardiovascular prevention. It remains to be seen if a similar LDL cholesterol mortality paradox occurs with new drugs targeting plasma lipids.
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Kalashnikova, Larisa V. "The linguistic ecmhanism for the creation and realization of paradoxes in fiction texts. Sense-making potential of paradox (as exemplified in Carroll L. «Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There»)." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2(2021) (June 25, 2021): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2021-2-212-227.
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Paradox is one of the most mysterious and interesting phenomena, which is found in all languages and is studied in logical-philosophical, general linguistic, stylistic, rhetorical and aesthetic aspects. The reflection of nonsense on the real, logical relations of things inevitably leads to the linguistic norms violation. When the inconsistency of the linguistic norm brakes the conventional sense making schemes, resulting in an unusual and unexpected interpretation, paradox arises. Linguistic processes under the influence of the paradox in a fiction text acquire a special logic and meaning. The aim of the article is to identify and investigate the linguistic mechanism by which paradoxes are created and realized in the text of a fiction work; to consider the paradox as a means of meanings formation in the fiction text. The study was conducted at different linguistic levels: syntactic, lexico-grammatical, semantic, graphic, stylistic. The article focuses on the actualization of the contradiction in the fiction work, carried out at all linguistic levels in the form of compositional-syntactic or stylistic-morphological opposition. Linguistic means in together with the identified types of paradoxes create a unique storyline of the work under study. The paradox is considered as an artistic device to reveal the nature of the characters, situations, to achieve against the background of the contradiction in the fiction work a comic effect, implementing the subtle irony of the author. A special method of creating ambiguity is word play, leading to the game with the meaning, which can be both true and false. Playing with meaning generates imagery. This is proved by the presence of a variety of stylistic figures in the text of the fiction work, bright unusual metaphors, phraseological units. It was revealed that the moment of paradox realization in the fiction text coincides with the appearance of metaphors. Metaphorical thinking combines the absurd and logical, associating cognitive structures of past experience and new information, creating additional meanings. It is proved that paradox, like metaphor, possesses a unique potential for sense-making, and is a powerful stimulus for cognitive and creative activity.
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Herman, Herman, Dewi Sri Lumbantobing, and Bloner Sinurat. "AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN MICHAEL JACKSON SONG LYRICS." Edu-Ling: Journal of English Education and Linguistics 4, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/edu-ling.v4i2.1728.
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This research aims to find out the figurative language in Michael Jackson song lyrics. Therefore, the researchers formulated a question as the problem. As follows: (1) what are the kinds of figurative language in Michael Jackson�s song lyrics? (2) What is the dominant type of figurative language in Michael Jackson�s song lyrics? This research used Perrine theories to analysis kinds of figurative language in Michael Jackson song lyrics. There are 12 types of figurative language according to Perrine they are: simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole/overstatement, understatement, and irony. The researchers used qualitative design because data are collected by using document in form of word and a procedure of systematic analysis of context text (words, phrase, sentences, document, etc), analysis content by qualitative enable researchers to understand the text by grouping words that have same meaning into categories. The researchers used ten song from the website Genius.com as an instrument to find the data to be analyzed based types of figurative language. The researchers finding showed that are 6 types of figurative language that found in Michael Jackson�s Songs namely: personification, apostrophe, metaphor, hyperbole, simile and symbol. While, there are 6 types of figurative language weren�t found in Michael Jackson�s Songs namely: synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox, understatement, and irony. After analyzing all the data the researchers found the types of figurative language are dominantly used in Michael Jackson�s songs are hyperbole consists of 11 sentences (30%).
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Golubkov, S. A. "ON THE PARADOXICAL NATURE OF LAUGHTER IN THE LITERATURE OF THE XXTH CENTURY." Culture and Text, no. 46 (2021): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2305-4077-2021-3-215-225.
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The article deals with the attraction of the art of the 20th century to the paradox as a tool for understanding the absurdity of life. Paradox and laughter share their inherent structural ambiguity, pulsating ambivalence. Paradox and laughter are often a platform for the conflict of different logics - ordinary logic and “paralogy” (alogism). Consideration of the typology of objects of ridicule helps to reveal the paradoxical nature of laughter. At the same time, attention is drawn to two types of object: an integral system (institution, professional team, power institutions) and an individual person (in particular, an adventurous hero). It is interesting to study the paradoxical in the very fabric of a comic work. In particular, pleonasm is described as a component of the funny technique. It denotes a paradoxical contradiction between the necessary and the redundant in the description. Paradoxically, the two-dimensional texts associated with the laugh attitude, which are built on the model of the anti-genre, have a conflict-like nature: false panegyrics, anti-idylls, dystopias.
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Nitsche, Lindsay Joyce, Sarbajit Mukherjee, Kareena Cheruvu, Cathleen Krabak, Rohit Rachala, Kalyan Ratnakaram, Priyanka Sharma, Maddy Singh, and Sai Yendamuri. "Exploring the Impact of the Obesity Paradox on Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies." Cancers 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061440.
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There is a paradoxical relationship between obesity, as measured by BMI, and many types of cancer, including non-small-cell lung cancer. Obese non-small-cell lung cancer patients have been shown to fare better than their non-obese counterparts. To analyze the multifaceted effects of obesity on oncologic outcomes, we reviewed the literature on the obesity paradox, methods to measure adiposity, the obesity-related derangements in immunology and metabolism, and the oncologic impact of confounding variables such as gender, smoking, and concomitant medications such as statins and metformin. We analyzed how these aspects may contribute to the obesity paradox and cancer outcomes with a focus on lung cancer. We concluded that the use of BMI to measure adiposity is limited and should be replaced by a method that can differentiate abdominal obesity. We also concluded that the concomitant metabolic and immunologic derangements caused by obesity contribute to the obesity paradox. Medications, gender, and smoking are additional variables that impact oncologic outcomes, and further research needs to be performed to solidify the mechanisms.
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Bisikalo, Elena, and Yulia Kolesnik. "Paradox of Plenty in Terms of Irkutsk Oblast." Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(3).453-460.
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The article considers a problem of a possible negative impact of the accelerated growth of oil and gas extraction on the socio-economic situation of the resource-producing region. The negative effects are based on the well-known concepts of the resource curse, the Dutch disease and the rentier state which are combined by the term «paradox of plenty». It offers to use models of rent-oriented behavior and patronage in order to analyze the incentives of economic agents. In terms of the shifts in the structure of gross regional product and employment by types at the regional level. It substantiates the significance of monitoring the arising spatial and sectoral distortions when forming the regional strategy of a long-term economic growth. The possibilities of overcoming negative effects are associated with the need of performing a structural industrial policy within the frames of smart specialization and providing incentives for businesses in the traded sector of the regional economy.
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Bachmann, Miriam, Anne Kurzmann, Barbara Castrellon Gutierrez, and Anne-Katrin Neyer. "The Paradox of Agility: Reduce Formalization? Introduce Formalization!" Die Unternehmung 74, no. 2 (2020): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0042-059x-2020-2-122.
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Agile concepts become increasingly popular, given their ability to adapt to a turbulent environment. Hence, they are implemented in various organizations and industries. In this context, complete flexibility and the abolition of formalization in terms of rules, procedures, and instructions are often seen as the Holy Grail for success. Having said this, the following article identifies a paradoxical aspect of agility: The decrease of formalization of some aspects goes along with an increase of formalization of other aspects. Furthermore, we differentiate between two forms of formalization: a coercive, agility hindering and an enabling, agility supporting formalization. We state that in the case of agile adoption, the reduction of coercive formalization leads to an increase in enabling formalization. Building on insights from four case studies, we derive five propositions regarding formalized aspects in the context of agility. Then, we develop a model that links the type and level of formalization to four different types of organizations.
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Bratnicka-Myśliwiec, Katarzyna, and Tomasz Ingram. "Demystifying the Role of Slack Resources and Paradox Mindset for Organizational Creativity in Family and Non-Family Firms." Problemy Zarządzania - Management Issues 2022, no. 2(96) (July 15, 2022): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.96.9.
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Purpose: The objective of the article is to explain mutual relationships between paradox mindset, slack resources, and organizational creativity in family and non-family businesses. The paper focuses on identifying similarities and differences between these two types of organizations. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate the relationships of our paper, we conducted empirical quantitative research on the sample of 343 Polish family and non-family businesses. The data were gathered in the fall of 2019. To assess the differences between family and non-family companies, we followed the recommendations of SEM multigroup analyses; thus, two estimations were made for every model – one where relationships between variables were restricted, and one where variables were unrestricted. Findings: We conclude that slack resources, financial and material, in particular, explain the variability of organizational creativity (operationalized in two dimensions: as creative novelty and as creative usefulness) to a great extent in both types of organization. At the same time, the paradox mindset leads to increased creative novelty in family businesses while it is unimportant in their non-family counterparts. Overall, the differences between the models of determinants of organizational creativity in family and non-family firms are not statistically significant in the present study. Research limitations/implications: The research results prove that slack resources are a necessary condition of organizational creativity in both family and non-family businesses. We believe that future research on the determinants of organizational creativity dimensions in family and non-family firms should consider more determinants, including organizational culture, strategy, mission, resource availability, organizational learning, and change management. Originality/value: The contribution of our study lies in developing the paradox mindset theory by conducting an analysis at the level of the entire organization, which has not attracted the attention of researchers so far. This study also provides arguments for the validity of the conceptualization and measurement of the paradox mindset in a one-dimensional approach.
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Valverde, Clodoaldo, and Basílio Baseia. "On the paradoxical evolution of the number of photons in a new model of interpolating Hamiltonians." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 03 (January 29, 2018): 1850026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918500264.
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We introduce a new Hamiltonian model which interpolates between the Jaynes–Cummings model (JCM) and other types of such Hamiltonians. It works with two interpolating parameters, rather than one as traditional. Taking advantage of this greater degree of freedom, we can perform continuous interpolation between the various types of these Hamiltonians. As applications, we discuss a paradox raised in literature and compare the time evolution of the photon statistics obtained in the various interpolating models. The role played by the average excitation in these comparisons is also highlighted.
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Lembu, Eufronius Sarino, Desak Putu Eka Pratiwi, and Komang Dian Puspita Candra. "Types of figurative language found in bon jovi song lyrics." Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/traverse.v3i1.65.
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This study aim to analysis types Figurative language and their meaning found in Bon Jovi song lyrics. In every song we can find many languages that contain figurative language because that’s the important element in the song to deliver the meaning to the listener. `The data source of this study were taken from https://w.azlyrics.com/ which consists of several lyrics that taken by the researcher. The data were collected used the observation method. Whereas the descriptive qualitative method was used to analyse the data in this study. The data were analysed base on theory of figurative language by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) and the meaning used the theory by Barthes (1964). The finding of the study analysis 10 types of figurative language base on the song from 2 albums of Bon jovi song lyrics such as 4 types of similes ,1 types of metaphors ,2 types of , 1 type of metonymy ,9 types of hyperboles ,2 types of irony,1 type of allusion 1 type of paradox with the percentage unfortunately, the writer didn’t dead metaphor and Synecdoche in the song lyrics. The types of figurative language contain with the denotative and connotative meaning.
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HA, YUAN K. "ARE BLACK HOLES ELEMENTARY PARTICLES?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2009): 3577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047223.
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Quantum black holes are the smallest and heaviest conceivable elementary particles. They have a microscopic size but a macroscopic mass. Several fundamental types have been constructed with some remarkable properties. Quantum black holes in the neighborhood of the Galaxy could resolve the paradox of ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected in Earth's atmosphere. They may also play a role as dark matter in cosmology.
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Nekhaev, Andrei V. "Yablo’s Paradox: Is the Infinite Liar Lying to Us?" Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56, no. 3 (2019): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201956351.
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In 1993, the American logic S. Yablo was proposed an original infinitive formulation of the classical ≪Liar≫ paradox. It questioned the traditional notion of self-reference as the basic structure for semantic paradoxes. The article considers the arguments underlying two different approaches to analysis of proposals of the ≪Infinite Liar≫ and understanding of the genuine sources for semantic paradoxes. The first approach (V. Valpola, G.-H. von Wright, T. Bolander, etc.) imposes responsibility for the emergence of semantic paradoxes on the negation of the truth predicate. It deprives the ≪Infinite Liar≫ sentences of consistent truth values. The second approach is based on a modified version of anaphoric prosententialism (D. Grover, R. Brandom, etc.). The concepts of truth and falsehood are treated as special anaphoric operators. Logical constructs similar to the ≪Infinite Liar≫ do not attribute any definite truth values to sentences from which they are composed, but only state certain types of relations between the semantic content of such sentences.
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Niizato, Takayuki, Kotaro Sakamoto, Yoh-ichi Mototake, Hisashi Murakami, Takenori Tomaru, Tomotaro Hoshika, and Toshiki Fukushima. "Four-Types of IIT-Induced Group Integrity of Plecoglossus altivelis." Entropy 22, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070726.
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Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. Particularly, IIT 3.0 targets the system’s cause–effect structure from spatio-temporal grain and reveals the system’s irreducibility. In a previous study, we tried to apply IIT 3.0 to an actual collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of Φ value distributions. Other measures did not show similar characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and introduced two new factors. First, we defined the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from Δ t = 5 / 120 to Δ t = 120 / 120 s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish schools according to their group sizes and the degree of group integrity around the reaction time scale of the fish, despite the small group sizes. Compared with the short time scale, the interaction heterogeneity observed in the long time scale seems to diminish. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT 3.0 analysis.
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Nghiem, Trang-Anh E., Núria Tort-Colet, Tomasz Górski, Ulisse Ferrari, Shayan Moghimyfiroozabad, Jennifer S. Goldman, Bartosz Teleńczuk, et al. "Cholinergic Switch between Two Types of Slow Waves in Cerebral Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 6 (January 27, 2020): 3451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz320.
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Abstract Sleep slow waves are known to participate in memory consolidation, yet slow waves occurring under anesthesia present no positive effects on memory. Here, we shed light onto this paradox, based on a combination of extracellular recordings in vivo, in vitro, and computational models. We find two types of slow waves, based on analyzing the temporal patterns of successive slow-wave events. The first type is consistently observed in natural slow-wave sleep, while the second is shown to be ubiquitous under anesthesia. Network models of spiking neurons predict that the two slow wave types emerge due to a different gain on inhibitory versus excitatory cells and that different levels of spike-frequency adaptation in excitatory cells can account for dynamical distinctions between the two types. This prediction was tested in vitro by varying adaptation strength using an agonist of acetylcholine receptors, which demonstrated a neuromodulatory switch between the two types of slow waves. Finally, we show that the first type of slow-wave dynamics is more sensitive to external stimuli, which can explain how slow waves in sleep and anesthesia differentially affect memory consolidation, as well as provide a link between slow-wave dynamics and memory diseases.
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Vasi, Ion. "Brokerage, Miscibility, and the Spread of Contention." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.16.1.6123547q75363616.
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Social movement researchers recognize the importance of brokerage for the spread of contentious politics. This study proposes a new classification of brokerage and identifies the main types of brokers depending on the subgroups to which actors belong and on the subgroups' miscibility. It also introduces the "diffusion and scale-shift paradox": contention spreads more quickly when brokers connect few groups and when they connect groups that are highly miscible; yet, contention cannot spread widely if brokers do not connect diverse groups and groups with low miscibility. The empirical analysis compares the spread of contention on the issues of peace and civil liberties. Results support the scale-shift paradox—they show that contention on civil liberties diffused to more municipalities and shifted upwards to more states mainly because civil liberty activists built bridges between groups that were at opposite ends of the ideological spectrum and outside the progressive community.
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Jamieson-Lane, Alastair D., and Bernd Blasius. "The gossip paradox: Why do bacteria share genes?" Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 6 (2022): 5482–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022257.
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<abstract><p>Bacteria, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, contain two types of genes: chromosomal genes that are fixed to the cell, and plasmids, smaller loops of DNA capable of being passed from one cell to another. The sharing of plasmid genes between individual bacteria and between bacterial lineages has contributed vastly to bacterial evolution, allowing specialized traits to 'jump ship' between one lineage or species and the next. The benefits of this generosity from the point of view of both recipient cell and plasmid are generally understood: plasmids receive new hosts and ride out selective sweeps across the population, recipient cells gain new traits (such as antibiotic resistance). Explaining this behavior from the point of view of donor cells is substantially more difficult. Donor cells pay a fitness cost in order to share plasmids, and run the risk of sharing advantageous genes with their competition and rendering their own lineage redundant, while seemingly receiving no benefit in return. Using both compartment based models and agent based simulations we demonstrate that 'secretive' genes which restrict horizontal gene transfer are favored over a wide range of models and parameter values, even when sharing carries no direct cost. 'Generous' chromosomal genes which are more permissive of plasmid transfer are found to have neutral fitness at best, and are generally disfavored by selection. Our findings lead to a peculiar paradox: given the obvious benefits of keeping secrets, why do bacteria share information so freely?</p></abstract>
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Rubinstein, Ariel. "COMMENTS ON NEUROECONOMICS." Economics and Philosophy 24, no. 3 (November 2008): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267108002101.
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Neuroeconomics is examined critically using data on the response times of subjects who were asked to express their preferences in the context of the Allais Paradox. Different patterns of choice are found among the fast and slow responders. This suggests that we try to identify types of economic agents by the time they take to make their choices. Nevertheless, it is argued that it is far from clear if and how neuroeconomics will change economics.
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Silva, Sergio Da, Barbara Espirito Santo, Felipe Sigrist, and Raul Matsushita. "Reciprocity vs. Commitment in Bank Marketing Strategies." International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 9, no. 3 (June 22, 2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/62.v9i3.3030.
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how bank marketing should respond to the banker’s paradox. Customers who need money the most are at risk for credit and thus unable to obtain a loan, according to the banker’s paradox. This relates to the fact that the client-bank relationship is based on reciprocity rather than commitment. We hypothesize that a bank marketing strategy that masquerades as a commitment will be more successful because clients have evolved to understand the superiority of commitment and be receptive to its cues. We put this marketing strategy to the test by sending 413 participants advertising slogans based on two types of cooperation: reciprocity and commitment. Our findings indicate that people do prefer bank slogans that imply a commitment-based relationship. The work’s novelty comes from its contribution to the literature of an evolutionary psychology perspective, which shows that commitment is a critical component of a successful bank marketing strategy.
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PISTONE, PAOLO. "POLYMORPHISM AND THE OBSTINATE CIRCULARITY OF SECOND ORDER LOGIC: A VICTIMS’ TALE." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 24, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2017.43.
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AbstractThe investigations on higher-order type theories and on the related notion of parametric polymorphism constitute the technical counterpart of the old foundational problem of the circularity (or impredicativity) of second and higher-order logic. However, the epistemological significance of such investigations has not received much attention in the contemporary foundational debate.We discuss Girard’s normalization proof for second order type theory or System F and compare it with two faulty consistency arguments: the one given by Frege for the logical system of the Grundgesetze (shown inconsistent by Russell’s paradox) and the one given by Martin-Löf for the intuitionistic type theory with a type of all types (shown inconsistent by Girard’s paradox).The comparison suggests that the question of the circularity of second order logic cannot be reduced to Russell’s and Poincaré’s 1906 “vicious circle” diagnosis. Rather, it reveals a bunch of mathematical and logical ideas hidden behind the hazardous idea of impredicative quantification, constituting a vast (and largely unexplored) domain for foundational research.
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Daher, Wajeeh, Nimer Baya’a, and Otman Jaber. "Understanding Prospective Teachers’ Task Design Considerations through the Lens of the Theory of Didactical Situations." Mathematics 10, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030417.
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Task design, in general, and task design in a technological environment, is attracting the attention of educational researchers. The present research investigates task design of prospective teachers in the Scratch programming environment. A total of twenty-three female prospective teachers participated in a professional development program. They were in their third academic year majoring in teaching mathematics and computer science in the middle school. The prospective teachers attempted to design mathematics-based programming problems. The present research utilizes the theory of didactical situations in mathematics, specifically the situation types, the paradoxes of the didactical contract and the situation components, to study the task design of the prospective teachers. It does that by focusing on one group of prospective teachers. The research results indicated that the prospective teachers were concerned mainly with the situation of information, situation of reference and situation of action. Doing so, they were concerned with the paradox of the said and the unsaid, the paradox of uncertainty, and the paradox of devolution. In addition, they took care of both algorithmic and creative reasoning. They also took care of students’ devolution, where this devolution was conditioned with following an institutionalization. They were also concerned with giving students autonomy and encouraging decision making regarding the solution of the problem. Furthermore, they planned to enable students’ control over their learning.
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Górniak, Agata Maria. "Empirical Verification of the Occurrence of Lucas Paradox in the Region of Central – Eastern Europe." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 1, no. 29 (March 31, 2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.1.29.01.
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The purpose of this article is to study the occurrence of the Lucas paradox in the region of Central-Eastern Europe. According to the research conducted by Robert Lucas (1990), the direction of the international capital flows is different than the neoclassical theory suggests. The capital does not flow from the richer, high-income economies to the poorer, but rather stays in those with the higher capital resources or flows to the other ones with similar level of GDP. The paper verifies whether the paradox appears in the region, in the way that it examines the impact of the GDP on the FDI inflows. Additionally, the study implements few basic models with factors that may potentially resolve the puzzle of the capital flows. The study method is based on panel data estimations, initially using pooled OLS, and subsequently using fixed or random effects models as appropriate. The examined economies are the member states of the European Union, from the region of Central-Eastern Europe, and the examined years are 2000-2018. Based on the literature, and the widely emphasized need for differentiating between the types of international capital flows, the article focus is on the foreign direct investment only, as they constitute large part of the whole global capital flows. Results of the research confirm the presence of the paradox in the region in the examined period. Even though the estimation of the additional models helps to remove the effects of the paradox for the region, it does not fully explain under which circumstances the neoclassical theory would be applicable. None of the applied models reverses the sign of the GDP variable to negative, keeping it statistically significant at the same time.
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Balatsky, Evgeny V., and Natalia A. Ekimova. "Factors of Technological Modernization in Russia and Typical Mistakes of Institutional Reforms." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (2020): 006–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.006-021.
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The paradox of innovative insensitivity (insensitivity) of the Russian manufacturing sector is considered in the article. It consists in the implementation by the authorities of various and large-scale initiatives to accelerate the technological modernization of the Russian economy with extremely low returns from them. To illustrate this paradox, we consider a retrospective of institutional reforms in science, higher education, and the manufacturing sector. For a deeper understanding of failures in the field of acceleration of technological progress, the reform theory and the general theory of social development are combined, which allows us to obtain an adequate analytical apparatus. A typology of mistakes made during the reform of the Russian economy modernization has been developed. This typology includes six types of mistakes: the direction of the reforms (wrong priorities of reform); the instruments of reform (inadequate methods of control); the scale of the reform (too large or too small a program of changes); speed of reform (excessively fast or extremely delayed reform); inconsistency of the reform (radical change of the reform vector); inconsistency of reforms (lack of consistency of reforms in complementary areas: technology, institutions, culture and welfare). All these types of mistakes are illustrated by two real examples, mainly from the field of science and higher education. The possibility of applying typology in the practice of designing and implementing reforms is considered.
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Donaldson, Ken, and Anthony Seaton. "The Janus Faces of Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 4607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18113.
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There is an paradox apparent in the fact that nanoparticles have potential use in nanomedicine for imaging and therapy, whereas combustion-derived NP are thought to be responsible for adverse health effects of air pollution. The nanotechnology industry is in the process of producing a number of new nanoparticles which are as-yet unquantified with regard to both hazard and potential for human exposure. The toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles is developing and there is now considerable understanding of how they might drive both adverse lung and cardiovascular effects, including the importance of small size, large relative surface area and oxidative stress. Medicinal nanoparticles are being developed and tested on a case-by-case basis using testing protocols from biomaterials and drug safety and with regard to risk-benefit. There are considerable differences in physical and chemical properties and biodegradability between medicinal nanoparticles and the industrial and combustion-derived nanoparticles studied by particle toxicologists and we would anticipate that the bulk of medicinal NP types will be of low toxicity. However, to resolve the nanoparticle paradox there is a need to advance understanding of the characteristics that control acute and chronic toxicity, translocation, biodegradation and elimination of all of the types of particles likely to gain access to the human body. Much would be gained in this area by collaboration between particle toxicologists and nanopharmacologists.
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Balatsky, Evgeny V., and Natalia A. Ekimova. "Factors of Technological Modernization in Russia and Typical Mistakes of Institutional Reforms." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (2020): 006–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.006-021.
Full textAbstract:
The paradox of innovative insensitivity (insensitivity) of the Russian manufacturing sector is considered in the article. It consists in the implementation by the authorities of various and large-scale initiatives to accelerate the technological modernization of the Russian economy with extremely low returns from them. To illustrate this paradox, we consider a retrospective of institutional reforms in science, higher education, and the manufacturing sector. For a deeper understanding of failures in the field of acceleration of technological progress, the reform theory and the general theory of social development are combined, which allows us to obtain an adequate analytical apparatus. A typology of mistakes made during the reform of the Russian economy modernization has been developed. This typology includes six types of mistakes: the direction of the reforms (wrong priorities of reform); the instruments of reform (inadequate methods of control); the scale of the reform (too large or too small a program of changes); speed of reform (excessively fast or extremely delayed reform); inconsistency of the reform (radical change of the reform vector); inconsistency of reforms (lack of consistency of reforms in complementary areas: technology, institutions, culture and welfare). All these types of mistakes are illustrated by two real examples, mainly from the field of science and higher education. The possibility of applying typology in the practice of designing and implementing reforms is considered.
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Mölg, Thomas, and Carolyne Pickler. "A mid-troposphere perspective on the East African climate paradox." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 084041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8565.
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Abstract The East African climate paradox—a term framing the observed precipitation decline in the March–May (MAM) wet season of East Africa from roughly 1980–2010, yet an increase in future climates simulated by global climate models (GCMs)—mostly relies on data representing sea level. Here we add a mid-troposphere perspective by combining in-situ meteorological measurements at ∼6000 m a.s.l. from Africa’s highest mountain summit and a carefully selected subset of GCMs through a machine-learning link. Temporal trends of the resultant six weather types do support a drier mountain climate in the recent past and a moister one in the course of the 21st century, and a key to understanding these contrasting trends materializes from the new dominance of changes in weather type frequency in the future climate. Importantly, however, the results also suggest that the trend reversal requires a strong external climate forcing. Hence, the forcing strength should be considered more systematically in forthcoming studies, to challenge the question whether equatorial East Africa’s MAM climate will indeed become wetter in all plausible future scenarios.
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Niday, Zachary, and Anastasios V. Tzingounis. "Potassium Channel Gain of Function in Epilepsy: An Unresolved Paradox." Neuroscientist 24, no. 4 (March 15, 2018): 368–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858418763752.
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Exome and targeted sequencing have revolutionized clinical diagnosis. This has been particularly striking in epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, for which new genes or new variants of preexisting candidate genes are being continuously identified at increasing rates every year. A surprising finding of these efforts is the recognition that gain of function potassium channel variants are actually associated with certain types of epilepsy, such as malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy or early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. This development has been difficult to understand as traditionally potassium channel loss-of-function, not gain-of-function, has been associated with hyperexcitability disorders. In this article, we describe the current state of the field regarding the gain-of-function potassium channel variants associated with epilepsy (KCNA2, KCNB1, KCND2, KCNH1, KCNH5, KCNJ10, KCNMA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, and KCNT1) and speculate on the possible cellular mechanisms behind the development of seizures and epilepsy in these patients. Understanding how potassium channel gain-of-function leads to epilepsy will provide new insights into the inner working of neural circuits and aid in developing new therapies.
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Hu, Ivan. "Defeasible Tolerance and the Sorites." Journal of Philosophy 117, no. 4 (2020): 181–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil2020117413.
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I propose a novel solution to the Sorites Paradox. The account vindicates the tolerance of vague predicates in a way that properly addresses the normativity of vagueness while avoiding sorites contradiction, by treating sorites reasoning as a type of defeasible reasoning. I show how this can be done within the setting of a nonmonotonic deontic logic. Central to the proposal is its deontic interpretation of tolerance. I draw a key distinction between two types of tolerance, based on different deontic notions, and show how the account captures key differences between these types of sorites reasoning. I compare the resulting theory to various existing contextualist proposals and argue that it better accounts for the normative aspects of sorites reasoning.
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Michon, Bruno. "French and German teenagers in multicultural cities: Religious indifference as a paradox of secular societies." Social Compass 66, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768618815779.
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This article discusses important issues concerning the place of non-engagement and indifference in the studies done on secularism, and answers the following questions: how is it possible to be indifferent to religion in multicultural cities? Can non-engagement in religious conflicts be a solution to the life in such contexts? This article is based on a study carried out with 200 French and German teenagers that is grounded on a mixed method, i.e. research cross group interviews and quantitative questionnaire. The data analysis was realized within the frame of sociological phenomenology. The author distinguished three types of indifference: cognitive indifference, existential indifference and protective indifference. Those three types of indifference form a paradox in the secularization process because they are spreading out in multicultural societies among which religious plurality and its inherent conflicts are omnipresent.
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Boers, Börje. "Overcoming the Paternalistic Firm – Codetermined Family Businesses: A Paradox? Comparing Cases from Sweden and Germany." management revue 31, no. 4 (2020): 420–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2020-4-420.
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The purpose of this comparative case study is to understand codetermination in two family firms. Thereby, this study aims at exploring the role of employee-representatives in two non-listed family businesses. Empirically, this study draws on an interpretive case study of two family businesses. Its findings extend earlier research, by exploring and introducing the phenomenon of codetermination in the family business literature. Codetermination is explored with the perspective of paternalism as analytical lens. Theoretically, the study draws on the control-collaboration paradox which helps understanding the phenomenon of codetermination. The study reveals different types of codetermination, i.e., the works council and the board of directors. The implications of these types are highlighted and discussed. Findings highlight the need for professional governance structures in order to facilitate cooperation between family owners, the management, and employee representatives. Professional governance allows handling the paternalistic ideological underpinnings which can otherwise prevent continued firm success, leading to unsolved conflicts.
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Fine, Gail. "Signification, Essence, and Meno’s Paradox: A Reply to David Charles’s ‘Types of Definition in the Meno’." Phronesis: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852810x489030.
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