Academic literature on the topic 'Types of paradox'
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Journal articles on the topic "Types of paradox"
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Lehner, David. "Literary Self-Reference: Five Types of Liar's Paradox." Philosophy and Literature 44, no. 2 (2020): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phl.2020.0035.
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Fine, Gail. "Signification, Essence, and Meno’s Paradox: A Reply to David Charles’s ‘Types of Definition in the Meno’." Phronesis 55, no. 2 (2010): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852810791129195.
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AbstractAccording to David Charles, in the Meno Socrates fleetingly distinguishes the signification from the essence question, but, in the end, he conflates them. Doing so, Charles thinks, both leads to Meno’s paradox and prevents Socrates from answering it satisfactorily. I argue that Socrates doesn’t conflate the two questions, and that his reply to Meno’s paradox is more satisfactory than Charles allows.
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Hung, Humphry. "The Privatisation Cube Paradox: Focusing on Processes or Generic Types?" Asian Journal of Public Administration 24, no. 1 (June 2002): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02598272.2002.10800397.
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Noble, Robert, Oliver Kaltz, and Michael E. Hochberg. "Peto's paradox and human cancers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1673 (July 19, 2015): 20150104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0104.
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Peto's paradox is the lack of the expected trend in cancer incidence as a function of body size and lifespan across species. The leading hypothesis to explain this pattern is natural selection for differential cancer prevention in larger, longer lived species. We evaluate whether a similar effect exists within species, specifically humans. We begin by reanalysing a recently published dataset to separate the effects of stem cell number and replication rate, and show that each has an independent effect on cancer risk. When considering the lifetime number of stem cell divisions in an extended dataset, and removing cases associated with other diseases or carcinogens, we find that lifetime cancer risk per tissue saturates at approximately 0.3–1.3% for the types considered. We further demonstrate that grouping by anatomical site explains most of the remaining variation. Our results indicate that cancer risk depends not only on the number of stem cell divisions but varies enormously (approx. 10 000 times) depending on anatomical site. We conclude that variation in risk of human cancer types is analogous to the paradoxical lack of variation in cancer incidence among animal species and may likewise be understood as a result of evolution by natural selection.
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Wrangham, Richard W. "Two types of aggression in human evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713611115.
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Two major types of aggression, proactive and reactive, are associated with contrasting expression, eliciting factors, neural pathways, development, and function. The distinction is useful for understanding the nature and evolution of human aggression. Compared with many primates, humans have a high propensity for proactive aggression, a trait shared with chimpanzees but not bonobos. By contrast, humans have a low propensity for reactive aggression compared with chimpanzees, and in this respect humans are more bonobo-like. The bimodal classification of human aggression helps solve two important puzzles. First, a long-standing debate about the significance of aggression in human nature is misconceived, because both positions are partly correct. The Hobbes–Huxley position rightly recognizes the high potential for proactive violence, while the Rousseau–Kropotkin position correctly notes the low frequency of reactive aggression. Second, the occurrence of two major types of human aggression solves the execution paradox, concerned with the hypothesized effects of capital punishment on self-domestication in the Pleistocene. The puzzle is that the propensity for aggressive behavior was supposedly reduced as a result of being selected against by capital punishment, but capital punishment is itself an aggressive behavior. Since the aggression used by executioners is proactive, the execution paradox is solved to the extent that the aggressive behavior of which victims were accused was frequently reactive, as has been reported. Both types of killing are important in humans, although proactive killing appears to be typically more frequent in war. The biology of proactive aggression is less well known and merits increased attention.
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Dahlgren, Anna, and Karin Hansson. "The Diversity Paradox." Digital Culture & Society 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0212.
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Abstract At the core of museum practice is the notion of diversity. However, as this analysis of different types of metadata production shows, contradictory ideas and ideals pervade both metadata production among information specialists (i.e. archivists, metadata managers, curators working in the heritage institutions), and the systems for, and practices of, participatory metadata production. While the discourse on metadata standards is permeated by ideas of objectivity and interoperability the field is, in practice, far from coherent, being marked by a great variety as regards templates, formats and vocabularies. Conversely, the discourse on digital participation in the cultural heritage is permeated with notions of diversity, as means to increase democracy and support variety. In practice, however, the available crowdsourcing platforms are often formulaic offering few possibilities for the crowd to add individual interpretations and their own agenda. This analysis of the practice of producing descriptive metadata reveals the complex, multifaceted implications of notions of diversity for the cultural heritage. Diversity, meaning great variety, is then not solely a positive end in itself but can in fact hinder the distribution and linkability of information and thereby the creation and building of new knowledge. Likewise, participatory activities where heritage institutions reach out to the crowd do not automatically generate diversity as there is no direct correlation between the magnitude of the group and variability. To understand this complexity and acknowledge the, sometimes, contradictory demands and effects related to the notion and norms of diversity is at the core of the making and preservation of our cultural heritage.
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Diefenbach, Thomas, and John A. A. Sillince. "Formal and Informal Hierarchy in Different Types of Organization." Organization Studies 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 1515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840611421254.
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This paper addresses the paradox that despite all organizational change towards flatter and postmodern organizations, hierarchical order is quite persistent. We develop a differentiated understanding of hierarchy as either formal or informal and apply this analytical framework to several types of organization. The analysis reveals that hierarchy is much more widespread than thought; in particular, postmodern, representative democratic and network organizations are much less ‘alternative’ and ‘hierarchy-free’ than their labels and common understanding may suggest. The main argument is that the persistence of hierarchy in different types of organization can be explained by different dynamic relationships between formal and informal hierarchy.
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Ansseau, M. "The paradox of tianeptine." European Psychiatry 8, S2 (1993): 89s—93s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800005447.
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SummaryThe classical biochemical hypothesis of depression posits a functional deficit in central neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin (5-HT) and/or noradrenaline. The major support for this theory was that antidepressants increase the amount of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, by inhibiting reuptake mechanisms (tricyclics) or inhibiting enzymatic catabolism (MAOIs). The major role suggested for 5-HT in this theory led to the development of a large number of compounds which selectively inhibit 5-HT reuptake, such as fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline, paroxetine, etc. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the antidepressant activity of such types of agents, supporting 5-HT deficit as the main origin of depression. Tianeptine is active in classical animal models of antidepressants. Its antidepressant efficacy has been established in controlled trials involving a large number of patients. Several biochemical studies however demonstrated that tianeptine induces in acute as well as in chronic conditions, a presynaptic increase of 5-HT reuptake, both in animal and human platelets and animal CNS. Therefore, as a 5-HT reuptake enhancer, tianeptine exhibits a mechanism of action totally opposite to 5-HT reuptake blockers such as fluoxetine but, paradoxically, both mechanisms of action are associated with a therapeutic activity in depressive disorders. Several hypotheses to explain these paradoxical findings and different methodologies to test them clinically are proposed.
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Kamareddine, Fairouz, Twan Laan, and Rob Nederpelt. "Types in Logic and Mathematics Before 1940." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 8, no. 2 (June 2002): 185–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1182353871.
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AbstractIn this article, we study the prehistory of type theory up to 1910 and its development between Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica ([71], 1910–1912) and Church's simply typed λ-calculus of 1940. We first argue that the concept of types has always been present in mathematics, though nobody was incorporating them explicitly as such, before the end of the 19th century. Then we proceed by describing how the logical paradoxes entered the formal systems of Frege, Cantor and Peano concentrating on Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik for which Russell applied his famous paradox and this led him to introduce the first theory of types, the Ramified Type Theory (RTT). We present RTT formally using the modern notation for type theory and we discuss how Ramsey, Hilbert and Ackermann removed the orders from RTT leading to the simple theory of types STT. We present STT and Church's own simply typed λ-calculus (λ→C) and we finish by comparing RTT, STT and λ→C.
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Cukljevic, Filip. "Williams’ contextualist solution to the skeptical paradox." Theoria, Beograd 57, no. 3 (2014): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1403061c.
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At the beginning of this paper a formulation of skeptical paradox is offered. Subsequently, possible types of anti-skeptical answers to this paradox are shown. Special attention is paid to the determination of the contextualistic versus other anti-skeptical answers. Two versions of contextualism are then presented, in order to more accurately determine Williams' contextualist view by their comparative analysis. Presentation of this view is supplemented by the display of Williams' understanding of knowledge in nonepistemological contexts. In the end, two objections to the Williams' contextualist view are exposed, and the answers to them are offered.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of paradox"
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Eldridge-Smith, Peter, and peter eldridge-smith@anu edu au. "The Liar Paradox and its Relatives." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20081016.173200.
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My thesis aims at contributing to classifying the Liar-like paradoxes (and related Truth-teller-like expressions) by clarifying distinctions and relationships between these expressions and arguments. Such a classification is worthwhile, firstly, because it makes some progress towards reducing a potential infinity of versions into a finite classification; secondly, because it identifies a number of new paradoxes, and thirdly and most significantly, because it corrects the historically misplaced distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I emphasize the third result because the distinction made by Peano [1906] and supported by Ramsey [1925] has been used to warrant different responses to the semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I find two types among the paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and membership, but the division is shifted from where it has historically been drawn. This new distinction is, I believe, more fundamental than the Peano-Ramsey distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. The distinction I investigate is ultimately exemplified in a difference between the logical principles necessary to prove the Liar and those necessary to prove Grellings and Russells paradoxes. The difference relates to proofs of the inconsistency of naive truth and satisfaction; in the end, we will have two associated ways of proving each result. ¶
Another principled division is intuitively anticipated. I coin the term 'hypodox' (adj.: 'hypodoxical') for a generalization of Truth-tellers across paradoxes of truth, satisfaction, membership, reference, and where else it may find applicability. I make and investigate a conjecture about paradox and hypodox duality: that each paradox (at least those in the scope of the classification) has a dual hypodox.¶
In my investigation, I focus on paradoxes that might intuitively be thought to be relatives of the Liar paradox, including Grellings (which I present as a paradox of satisfaction) and, by analogy with Grellings paradox, Russells paradox. I extend these into truth-functional and some non-truth-functional variations, beginning with the Epimenides, Currys paradox, and similar variations. There are circular and infinite variations, which I relate via lists. In short, I focus on paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and some paradoxes of membership. ¶
Among the new paradoxes, three are notable in advance. The first is a non-truth functional variation on the Epimenides. This helps put the Epimenides on a par with Currys as a paradox in its own right and not just a lesser version of the Liar. I find the second paradox by working through truth-functional variants of the paradoxes. This new paradox, call it the ESP, can be either true or false, but can still be used to prove some other arbitrary statement. The third new paradox is another paradox of satisfaction, distinctly different from Grellings paradox. On this basis, I make and investigate the new distinction between two different types of paradox of satisfaction, and map one type back by direct analogy to the Liar, and the other by direct analogy to Russell's paradox.
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Roman, Alexis. "La narcolepsie de type 1 : une pathologie du sommeil paradoxal ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1329/document.
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La narcolepsie de type 1 (NT1) est une maladie neurologique rare caractérisée par une hypersomnolence diurne et des cataplexies - pertes de tonus musculaire pendant l'éveil provoqué par une émotion forte. Chez l'homme, la NT1 est due à la mort spécifique et postnatale des neurones à orexine (Orex) promoteurs de l'éveil, et est considérée comme une pathologie de l'éveil. Toutefois, les observations cliniques suggèrent une dérégulation du sommeil paradoxal (SP) dans cette pathologie. Les patients NT1 ont une latence d'apparition du SP très courte et de fréquents endormissements en SP. De plus, la similitude entre l'atonie musculaire de la cataplexie et celle caractéristique du SP nous mène à penser que la narcolepsie serait également une pathologie du SP. Cette hypothèse a été testée à travers deux études menées sur un modèle murin de narcolepsie : la souris Orex-KO. Dans une 1ère étude nous avons objectivé que malgré une régulation homéostasique du SP intacte, la souris Orex-KO a une propension élevée à faire du SP pendant la phase active. Nous avons alors suggéré un nouveau rôle pour le neuropeptide Orex, celui d'inhibition du SP. Puis, nous avons cherché à déterminer si le réseau neuronal de l'atonie musculaire du SP était recruté pendant les cataplexies. Nos données suggèrent que contrairement à l'hypothèse généralement admise, les neurones glutamatergiques du noyau sublatérodorsal (SLD) ne sont pas suffisants à la mise place des cataplexies et ne seraient que partiellement impliqués dans ce symptôme. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle des Orex dans la NT1, et d'approfondir nos connaissances sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques de la cataplexieNarcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological disease characterized by an excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of cataplexy – a sudden loss of muscular tone triggered by strong emotions during wakefulness. In humans, NT1 is due to the specific and postnatal loss of orexin (Orex) neurons involved in wake promotion. It led to describe NT1 as a wake disease. However, clinical observations have suggested a disrupted regulation of paradoxical (or REM) sleep in narcolepsy. Indeed, NT1 patients have shorter latency to enter REM sleep and frequent sleep onset in REM sleep. More, muscular atonia observed in cataplexy is one of the main feature of REM sleep. Together, those data led to the hypothesis that narcolepsy would be also a REM sleep disease. We’ve investigated this hypothesis in two different studies performed on a recognize model of murine narcolepsy: the Orex-KO mouse. In a 1st study, we found that despite an intact REM sleep homeostasic regulation, Orex-KO mice had an increased REM sleep propensity during active phase. We’ve suggested a new role of REM sleep inhibition for the neuropeptide Orex. Then, we aimed to determine whether REM sleep atonia and cataplexy shared the same neuronal network. In contrast to the currently admitted hypothesis, we demonstrate that glutamatergic neurons of the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) are not sufficient to generate cataplexy, and are only partially involved in this symptom. Taken together, data harvested during this thesis help us to better understand the role of Orex in NT1 and to improve our knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of cataplexy
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Mislan, Hilary. "Sugary beverage consumption and risk for Type 2 Diabetes among people of Mexican origin an exception to the "Epidemiologic Paradox" /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3664.
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Marcellon, Roselande. "Profiling patients with type 2 diabetes on the paradox idea: the underappreciated role of toll-like receptors in B lymphocyte activity." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12504.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing concern in most developed countries and in the US. The disease is associated with increased risk for certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathies, dementia and most types of cancers. Many studies have established an association between chronic inflammation and diabetes pathology. Part of the pathology of T2D involves a chronic state of inflammation in which the immune response is altered. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), play critical roles in mediating inflammation. Past studies have looked at the role TLRs play, but have not characterized their combined effects or the influences of other covariates such as various clinical and immunological parameters. This study aimed to investigate the role of TLRs, specifically TLR2 and TLR4, in B lymphocytes and how this expression can be used to profile and characterize disease severity in patients with T2D. This study used a subset of patients (n=SO) enrolled in an IRB approved and industry sponsored study in the Ganley-Leal lab in the Section of Infectious Disease Laboratory at Boston University Department of Medicine. Patient data was obtained from medical records, a short questionnaire, and heparinized blood samples. Serum concentrations of High Mobility Group Protein 1 (Hmgbl) and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (endotoxin) were measured along with B lymphocyte TLR expression and cellular responses to TLR ligands. Bivariate tests, tests for linear associations and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed on clinical, immunologic and disease severity index parameters. The study found that TLR2 expression on B cells was both significantly associated and correlated positively with triglyceride levels. High basal IL-8 production was important in characterizing level of response for clinical parameters. The data suggests that IL-8 production and DSI score, in conjunction with TLR2 expression by B cells, can help profile patients with T2D and characterize additional risks that may be overlooked when using parameters like glycated hemoglobin. Further research is needed to explore the role of B cells and TLR activity in chronic inflammatory processes and in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as T2D.
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Boudousq, Vincent. "Estimation du débit sanguin cérébral en sommeil paradoxal dans les démences de type Alzheimer par tomographie d'émission monophotonique (TEMP) : approche méthodologique." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON11032.
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Scholz, Kai. "Immunmodulation durch Parapocken-Viren: Identifikation und Analyse funktionaler Viruskomponenten." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1061969873968-07930.
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Fusionspeptid-, Redox-, Viruscore- und sonstige Proteine. Alle analysierten Single ORF (SO)-VVOV Rekombinanten vermittelten einen signifikanten Schutz vor einer tödlichen Belastung mit Aujeszky-Virus. Zwei der Rekombinanten (SO 93-, SO 94-VVOV) enthalten ORFs, die für ATI/Fusionspeptid-Proteine kodieren. In SO 19- und SO 70-VVOV sind dagegen für Redoxproteine kodierende ORFs integriert. Weiterführende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass SO 94- und SO 19-VVOV in zwei weiteren Modellsystemen immunstimulatorisch aktiv sind. Im Baculo-Virussystem exprimierte Proteine waren nur in Kombination mit Vaccinia Lister-Virus (VV) wirksam. Dabei zeigten jeweils Virus-Protein-Gemische mit dem geringsten Proteinanteil den stärksten immunstimulatorischen Effekt. Proben in denen VV durch bovines Herpes-Virus-1 ersetzt wurde, sind dagegen nicht wirksam. Dies lässt auf eine Beteiligung VV-spezifischer Faktoren schließen. Übereinstimmend mit diesen Ergebnissen führte eine Frameshift-Mutation in ORF 94r von SO 94mut-VVOV nur zur Abschwächung und nicht zum vollständigen Verlust der immunstimulatorischen Wirkung. Beide in Schizosaccharomyces pombe exprimierten Proteine, sp-ORF19 und sp-ORF94r, induzierten keinen signifikanten Schutz im Aujeszky Maus Modell. Mit der Identifikation einzelner immunstimulatorisch aktiver PPVO-Komponenten ist es erstmals gelungen, den paramunisierenden Effekt von Parapox-Viren einzelnen viralen Genen zu zuordnen. Insbesondere stellen SO 94- und SO 19-VVOV viel versprechende Kandidaten für die prophylaktische bzw. therapeutische Anwendung in verschiedenen Indikationen als auch für weitere Untersuchungen des Wirkmechanismus dar.
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Corbel, Marianne. "Diabète : entre déréalité physique et paradoxes : approche anthropologique du vécu des diabètes de type 1 et 2 et des relations soignants-soignés à travers l'acte d'éducation dans un service hospitalier." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX20652.
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Marot-Mercier, Guillemette. "«Paradoxes d'un type fixe » : Colombine à Paris de 1716 à 1729 à la comédie-italienne et sur les théâtres de la foire : avec répertoire des pièces représentées et édition de manucrits inédits incluant le personnage." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT3016.
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En 1716, les Comédiens italiens réapparaissent à Paris : comment se fait-il que Colombine, « type fixe » devenu célèbre avant 1697 grâce à Catherine Biancolleli, ne figure plus dans les emplois de la troupe dirigée par Luigi Riccoboni ? A-t'il disparu ? L'inventaire de cinq cent soixante six pièces, avec leurs personnages, révèle cependant qu'au moins quatre-vingts d'entre elles incluant Colombine ont été représentées à la Comédie-italienne et sur les théâtres de la Foire entre mai 1716 et mars 1729. En réalité, l'évolution amorcée par l'actrice à la fin du XVIIe siècle s'accentue de manière significative. Personnage de théâtre, donc être fictif et être vivant, Colombine et être vivant, Colombine est tributaire de tous ceux qui participent à sa création et à sa représentation : au moins vingt neuf auteurs et sept comédiennes mêlent leurs imaginations et leurs personnalités pour jouer cette figure devant le spectateur du XVIIIe siècle. Quoique «type fixe, donc type censé immuable, le personnage de Colombine subit l'influence d'une telle diversité. L'étude du contexte théâtral et l'analyse des oeuvres permettent de découvrir les paradoxes auxquels il est soumis.
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Cornec, Clément. "Communication chez un oiseau à système socio-sexuel de type lek : étude des signaux acoustiques et visuels pendant la parade des mâles d'outarde houbara Chlamydotis undulata undulata." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T026/document.
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Dans un contexte de sélection sexuelle, les systèmes de communication permettant l’attraction et la stimulation du partenaire sexuel et la compétition entre individus du même sexe sont indispensables. Ceci est particulièrement vrai chez les espèces à système d’appariement polygyne de type lek, où les mâles rassemblés dans l’espace sont en compétition pour l’accès aux femelles. Chez notre sujet d’étude, l’outarde houbara nord-africaine les males réalisent des parades incluant des démonstrations visuelles et des vocalisations appelées booms, sur des sites espacés les uns des autres par des distances importantes dans un système qualifié de lek explosé. Notre objectif était d’étudier les systèmes de codage-décodage des informations exprimées durant la parade des mâles chez cette espèce. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’un codage de l’identité individuelle porté par des paramètres visuels et des paramètres acoustiques des vocalisations. Des associations significatives entre des paramètres des booms et des caractéristiques physiques et comportementales des mâles susceptibles de refléter leur qualité, ont également été mises en évidence. Ainsi, les mâles qui produisent les booms les plus graves avaient les masses les plus importantes et paradaient le plus intensément. Lorsque des interactions agonistiques étaient simulées expérimentalement en diffusant des leurres acoustiques, les mâles avaient des réponses comportementales différentes en fonction de la fréquence des booms diffusés. Ainsi le niveau fréquentiel des booms des autres mâles est effectivement perçu et décodé par les individus en compétition. Par ailleurs, plusieurs paramètres des booms sont génétiquement déterminés et héritables, et pourraient porter une information sur l’apparentement entre individus.Certains paramètres sont également liés à la consanguinité des individus. Nous avons montré également que les booms sont particulièrement bien adaptés à la communication à grande distance. En effet, les booms sont de très basse fréquence, se propagent à des distances supérieures à 640 m, et les paramètres supportant le codage-décodage de l’information sont résistants à la propagation et produits de manière redondante. Enfin, les signaux acoustiques et des signaux visuels et semblent agir en synergie (multimodalité) ce qui pourraient améliorer l’efficacité de la communication à grande distance. Ainsi notre étude a démontré que des informations complexes sont transmises durant la parade des mâles au travers de signaux acoustiques et visuels au sein d’un réseau de communication à grande distanceRésumé en anglais ;In a context of sexual selection, the communication between individuals is essential to optimize both intra-sexual (competition between male) and inter-sexual (mate choice) processes. This is particularly true in species with lek mating systems, where both processes reach their full expression. The North African Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata undulata, is a lekking bird where courting males aggregate in a so called ‘exploded-lek’, i.e. where aggregation is detectable only when mapped over a large area. During the breeding season, males perform a conspicuous and spectacular courtship including visual and acoustic (booms) signals. Our aim was to decipher the coding-decoding systems of the courtship in this species. We found that males can be individually discriminated on the basis of visual and acoustic parameters. The booms produced during the courtship are also related to males’ characteristics susceptible to reflect their quality. Individuals who produced the lowest frequency booms were those with the greatest weights and performed the highest intensity courtships. Playback experiment shows that the frequency content of the booms was perceived and decoded by males during agonistic interaction, leading to significantly different behavioural responses according to the frequency of the signals played back. Furthermore, several acoustic parameters of the booms are significantly heritable through genetic transmission and these parameters are also related to the level of inbreeding. Finally, we showed that the booms and the acoustic parameters supporting information are particularly well adapted to the transmission of information at long range as required in a long distance communication network constituted by an exploded lek. First, booms are of very low-frequency and propagate up to 640 m. Second, coding-decoding of information relies on sequentially redundant and propagation-resistant features. Third, acoustic signals are combined with visual signalling (multimodality) which may improve the long distance transmission of the information. This study brought evidence that complex information is conveyed by visual and acoustic signals during the courtship of males within a long distance network
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Eldridge-Smith, Peter. "The Liar Paradox and its Relatives." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49284.
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My thesis aims at contributing to classifying the Liar-like paradoxes (and related Truth-teller-like expressions) by clarifying distinctions and relationships between these expressions and arguments. Such a classification is worthwhile, firstly, because it makes some progress towards reducing a potential infinity of versions into a finite classification; secondly, because it identifies a number of new paradoxes, and thirdly and most significantly, because it corrects the historically misplaced distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I emphasize the third result because the distinction made by Peano [1906] and supported by Ramsey [1925] has been used to warrant different responses to the semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I find two types among the paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and membership, but the division is shifted from where it has historically been drawn. This new distinction is, I believe, more fundamental than the Peano-Ramsey distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. The distinction I investigate is ultimately exemplified in a difference between the logical principles necessary to prove the Liar and those necessary to prove Grelling’s and Russell’s paradoxes. The difference relates to proofs of the inconsistency of naive truth and satisfaction; in the end, we will have two associated ways of proving each result. ¶ ...
Books on the topic "Types of paradox"
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Bayou paradox. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2009.
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Sherman, Mark Steven. Paragon: A language using type hierarchies for the specification, implementation, and selection of abstract data types. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
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Colfer, Eoin. The Time Paradox. Edited by Udafu Nak and William Israf. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 2008.
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Colfer, Eoin. The Time Paradox. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2009.
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Colfer, Eoin. The Time paradox. New York, USA: Hyperion Book CH, 2009.
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Ford, Ford Madox. No more parades. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.
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Colfer, Eoin. Artemis Fowl and the time paradox. [Bath?]: Galaxy Plus, 2009.
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Rheinwald, Rosemarie. Semantische Paradoxien, Typentheorie und ideale Sprache: Studien zur Sprachphilosophie Bertrand Russells. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1988.
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Morrison, Toni. Paradis. Paris: 10/18, 1998.
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Morrison, Toni. Paradis. [Paris]: C. Bourgois, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Types of paradox"
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Asher, Nicholas, and Hans Kamp. "Self-Reference, Attitudes And Paradox." In Properties, Types and Meaning, 85–158. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2721-6_5.
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Heiberg Johansen, Jan. "The Paradox Types: Tensions in Organizing, Performance, Belonging, and Learning." In Paradox Management, 93–127. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94815-7_5.
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Kowalski, Robert. "Paradox and Logical Types in Social Enterprises." In Selbstbeobachtung der modernen Gesellschaft und die neuen Grenzen des Sozialen, 185–201. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-19691-6_10.
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Crul, Maurice, Jens Schneider, and Andreas Pott. "New Social Mobility: Pioneers and Their Potentials for Change." In IMISCOE Research Series, 153–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05566-9_7.
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AbstractThis chapter discusses the wider societal and theoretical implications of the empirical outcomes presented in the previous chapters. It highlights the importance of what has been described as the ‘multiplier effect’ whereby social climbers accumulate relevant social and cultural capital step-by-step to compensate for the lack of directly useful resources in their families. It revisits some of the other central theoretical frameworks referred to in this book, such as Bourdieu’s capital theory and the integration context theory. The empirical chapters emphasize the importance of social and cultural capital, but not as it is set out in Bourdieu’s reproduction theory. In this book, these forms of capital, mostly acquired along the way, help to explain the extraordinary social mobility of this pioneering group. The integration context theory, originally developed to aid understanding of educational careers, also proved to be of use when trying to understand labour market careers in specific professional sectors. It underlines the importance of gatekeepers and national or context specific arrangements in certain professional fields which together produce the particular types of pathways in this study. We further describe some of the paradoxes that especially characterize the situation of social mobility pioneers from immigrant families. In addition to the well-known ‘integration paradox’, the authors identify a ‘meritocratic paradox’, a ‘discrimination paradox’, a ‘social and cultural capital paradox’ and an ‘ethnic capital paradox’ that all originate in a social setup in which (a) the population of ‘migrant background’ continues to be widely seen as ‘different’ and ‘Other’ to the imagined National Self, and (b) socially upwardly mobile individuals still represent a small minority in many leading professional fields. The chapter ends by underlining the potential that societies miss out on by not taking more active steps to incorporate the native-born ‘second generation’. It summarizes what we believe is new about New Social Mobility as compared to similar processes among young working-class people without a migration background.
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Sait, M. Siraj, and M. Adil Sait. "The paradox of Islamic land governance and gender equality." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 153–66. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0013.
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Abstract The curious case of Islamic land perspectives in the context of African countries highlights the prospects and tensions in acknowledging distinctive Islamic land occurrences as part of the Islamic land governance or more broadly hybrid land governance regimes. Muslim customary land norms recall its history and context to produce land systems that appear more effective on the ground. These sociohistorical patterns mapping faithbased tenure contribute to additional types of land and property rights regimes that potentially increase access to land for women and marginalized groups. Examples from Kenya and Tanzania to Nigeria, Senegal and Somalia highlight that Islamic land perspectives cannot be seen as either homogeneous or existing in a vacuum. Shaped in various forms by customary practices, classical Islamic law, as well as colonial-era policies, Islamic land perspectives highlight the need for appropriate land governance. The paradox of 'Islamic' land governance is that while Islamic law has often been invisible and sometimes dismissed, it is an additional useful lens in rethinking the role of faith in land governance. The compelling and volatile relationship between Islamic land practices and governance query whether Islamic tenures need religious informed land governance to be effective.
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Getoš Kalac, Anna-Maria. "Introduction to the Balkan Homicide Study." In Violence in the Balkans, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74494-6_1.
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AbstractThe Balkan Homicide Study (BHS) fills a considerable gap in current European homicide research. Its findings shed first light on the phenomenology of violence in this region of Europe. The BHS provides original empirical data from 2073 prosecution and court case files in six countries: Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Romania, and Slovenia. By analyzing data on 2416 offenders and 2379 victims, the book at hand takes a close look at situational, criminogenic, victimogenic, and procedural characteristics of (lethal) violence in the Balkans. It thus investigates the highly heterogeneous types of different (potentially) deadly situations, thereby focusing on what might make them become deadly and what could be possible protective traits on the side of victims. Such an investigation of pathways into lethal violence becomes possible only if lethal violence (completed homicides) is studied together with non-lethal violence (attempted homicides). This approach however considerably broadens the subject and scope of homicide research, which commonly deals primarily with lethal violence. This chapter provides a brief overview of the pros and cons of such an approach and briefly sketches the study’s background. It also discusses the relevance of the criminal justice’s power to define violence, introduces the Balkan-violence-paradox, and presents the study’s conceptual, as well as terminological framework.
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Marina, Ninoslav. "Braess-Type Paradox in Self-optimizing Wireless Networks." In Multiple Access Communcations, 156–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03871-1_14.
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Flender, Christian, and Günter Müller. "Type Indeterminacy in Privacy Decisions: The Privacy Paradox Revisited." In Quantum Interaction, 148–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35659-9_14.
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Martino, Enrico. "Russellian Type Theory and Semantical Paradoxes." In Logic, Meaning and Computation, 491–505. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0526-5_24.
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Garai, Laszlo. "The Paradoxes of the Bolshevik-Type Psycho-social Structure in Economics." In Reconsidering Identity Economics, 123–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52561-1_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Types of paradox"
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Goreeva, Nadezhda, Larisa Demidova, and Olga Savchina. "Assessment of the Paradox of the Formation of Economic Systems in Different Types of Countries." In International Scientific and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development of Regional Infrastructure. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010587401430150.
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Hornung, Severin, and Thomas Höge. "THE DARKSIDE OF IDIOSYNCRATIC DEALS: HUMANISTIC VERSUS NEOLIBERAL TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact097.
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"Theory-building on workplace flexibility is extended, based on a critical Human Resource (HR) systems framework and paradox (conflict) perspective on employee-oriented vs. capacity-oriented flexibility. Differentiated are variabilities in HR practices by: a) content (functional, temporal, spatial, numerical, financial); b) control (employer, employee); and c) creation (top-down, bottom-up). Hybrid types of bottom-up initiated and top-down authorized flexibility, idiosyncratic deals (i-deals), describe mutually beneficial, negotiated agreements on non-standard working conditions between employees and employer. If their real-world manifestations reflect idealized assumptions, however, remains obscure. Integrating institutional logics, HR systems embody values of humanistic ideals vs. neoliberal ideology: (1) individuation vs. individualism; (2) solidarity vs. competition; (3) emancipation vs. instrumentality. Reflecting these antipodes, construed ideal-type and anti-type i-deals facilitate: (a) self-actualization vs. self-reliance (needs vs. interests); (b) common good vs. tournament situations (triple-win vs. winner-take-all); (c) social transformation vs. economic rationalization (development vs. performance). In humanistic management theory, i-deals increase employee-oriented flexibility, but, in reality, risk being co-opted for economic rationalization and divisive labor-political power strategies. Antagonistic applications involve: humanization vs. rationalization goals; egalitarian vs. elitist distribution; relational vs. transactional resources; need-based vs. contribution-based authorization; procedural vs. distributive justice; supplementing vs. substituting collective HR practices. Instrumental adoption in high-performance work environments likely facilitates harmful internalizations as subjectification and self-exploitation."
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"Place Determinants for the Personalization-Privacy Tradeoff among Students." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4069.
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Aim/Purpose: [This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 15] In this exploratory study we investigate the influential factors of users' decisions in the dilemma whether to agree to online personalization or to protect their online privacy. Background: Various factors related to online privacy and anonymity were considered, such as user's privacy concern on the Web in general and particularly on social networks, user online privacy literacy and field of study. Methodology: To this end, 155 students from different fields of study in the Israeli academia were administered closed-ended questionnaires. Contribution: The main conceptual contribution of this study was the creation of a new direct scale for assessing user decisions regarding the personalization-privacy tradeoff. Another contribution was the investigation of the predictive factors of the personalization-privacy tradeoff. While previous studies found that users seldom allow their privacy concerns to affect their online behavior, our results revealed the opposite, as the participants with a higher level of concern for online privacy tended to prefer privacy protection, at the expense online personalization. Findings: The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that as the participants' privacy concern increases, they tend to prefer privacy protection over online personalization. In addition, we found significant differences between men and women, as men tended to favor privacy protection more than women did. Recommendations for Practitioners: The new direct scale that was developed may be used by other practitioners to measure other issues relating to the privacy paradox behavior. Recommendation for Researchers: The questionnaire may be used by other researchers to examine online information behavior. Impact on Society: This research has social implications for the academia and general public as they show that by raising the concern for the protection of personal information on the Web, it is possible to influence the personalization-privacy tradeoff and encourage users to prefer privacy protection. Furthermore, the enhancement of users' preference for privacy protection over Web-surfing convenience may be used as a mean to mitigate the online privacy paradox behavior. Future Research: Since our results were based on students' self-perceptions, which might be biased, future work should apply qualitative analysis to explore additional types and influencing factors of online privacy behavior.
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Ho, Amic. "Paradoxes in Typeface Design for creating new Digital Design Experience." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001437.
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Generally speaking, the paradox of design elements brought about by visual conflict can attract people's attention. Many designers apply similar ideas to their work. However, seldom do designers investigate the reasons behind the paradox of typography, as well as the approaches to creating this contradiction. The research question of this study refers to how the paradox of typography work for communication. The function of typography is not only to deliver messages but also to serve as the foundation for compositional communication. Letterforms were regarded as one of the most valuable graphic elements as they worked as the representations of language and organising type to serve multiple roles within a composition. This paper focuses on the experience of emotions created by typographic design, in particular, it also suggested an example to demonstrate how the experience of typographic designing related to the paradox of typography, built a hypothesis of why these may impact one another. Thus, the finding of this study provide a richer understanding of the design and the development of design projects.
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Altman, Eitan, Vijay Kamble, and Hisao Kameda. "A Braess Type Paradox in Power Control Over Interference Channels." In 6th International ICST Symposium on Modeling and Optimization. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.wiopt2008.3223.
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Altman, Eitan, Vijay Kambley, and Hisao Kamedaz. "A Braess type paradox in power control over interference channels." In 2008 6th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks and Workshops (WiOPT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiopt.2008.4586132.
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Siwe, Alain Tcheukam, and Hamidou Tembine. "Mean-field-type games on airline networks and airport queues: Braess paradox, its negation, and crowd effect." In 2016 13th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd.2016.7473658.
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Taylor, Carrie-Anne, and Dale B. McDonald. "A Classroom Experience in Control Systems Following an Intensive Nonlinear Control Design Research Project: Two Perspectives." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12610.
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It has been well documented in the engineering education literature that introductory linear control systems courses present unique pedagogical challenges. Similarly, it has been reported that engaging undergraduate students in control systems research is challenging. The control of nonlinear systems is the focus of much research; Therefore, a paradox exists; research programs involving undergraduate students are often conducted in a “nonlinear before linear” fashion. Prior research by the authors approached this paradox by investigating whether a meaningful research project in nonlinear control systems could be conducted. While the author and co-author were willing to execute this research (despite the intense time commitment), this type of project is not sustainable long-term unless the significant time invested results in Item 1) illumination of new pedagogical techniques that generalize to each student in the linear control systems course (not just participants in the research project). This manuscript will describe in detail Item 1). Given the student and faculty mentors experience in the nonlinear controls research project and the student’s experience in the linear control systems course, pedagogical insights gained through this endeavor will be detailed by the faculty member. These are meant to close the loop of instructor assessment of the course during preparation for future offerings. Therefore, the undergraduate student directly provides an accounting of the experiences throughout the research program and introductory control systems course. The result is a proposed pedagogical approach to be implemented by three distinct methodologies. Methodology (1) Traditional lecture format, Methodology (2) Targeted physical or hands-on experiences where students are exposed to a controlled system/process commonly seen in industry, and Methodology (3) Direct student participation in the design of certain aspects of course materials.
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Lantz, Eric, Paul-Antoine Moreau, Joé Mougin-Sisini, and Fabrice Devaux. "2-D measurement of the spatial Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox in images of type II spontaneous parametric down conversion." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2012.fm3c.2.
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Moreau, Paul-Antoine, Fabrice Devaux, and Eric Lantz. "2-D measurement of the spatial Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox in pairs of images of type II spontaneous parametric down conversion." In Quantum Information and Measurement. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qim.2014.qtu2a.3.
Full textReports on the topic "Types of paradox"
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Orning, Tanja. Professional identities in progress – developing personal artistic trajectories. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.544616.
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We have seen drastic changes in the music profession during the last 20 years, and consequently an increase of new professional opportunities, roles and identities. We can see elements of a collective identity in classically trained musicians who from childhood have been introduced to centuries old, institutionalized traditions around the performers’ role and the work-concept. Respect for the composer and his work can lead to a fear of failure and a perfectionist value system that permeates the classical music. We have to question whether music education has become a ready-made prototype of certain trajectories, with a predictable outcome represented by more or less generic types of musicians who interchangeably are able play the same, limited canonized repertoire, in more or less the same way. Where is the resistance and obstacles, the detours and the unique and fearless individual choices? It is a paradox that within the traditional master-student model, the student is told how to think, play and relate to established truths, while a sustainable musical career is based upon questioning the very same things. A fundamental principle of an independent musical career is to develop a capacity for critical reflection and a healthy opposition towards uncontested truths. However, the unison demands for modernization of institutions and their role cannot be solved with a quick fix, we must look at who we are and who we have been to look at who we can become. Central here is the question of how the music students perceive their own identity and role. To make the leap from a traditional instrumentalist role to an artist /curator role requires commitment in an entirely different way. In this article, I will examine question of identity - how identity may be constituted through musical and educational experiences. The article will discuss why identity work is a key area in the development of a sustainable music career and it will investigate how we can approach this and suggest some possible ways in this work. We shall see how identity work can be about unfolding possible future selves (Marcus & Nurius, 1986), develop and evolve one’s own personal journey and narrative. Central is how identity develops linguistically by seeing other possibilities: "identity is formed out of the discourses - in the broadest sense - that are available to us ..." (Ruud, 2013). The question is: How can higher music education (HME) facilitate students in their identity work in the process of constructing their professional identities? I draw on my own experience as a classically educated musician in the discussion.
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Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.
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Several grape varieties and red wines were found to contain large concentration of phenolic compounds which work as antioxidant in-vitro and in-vivo. Wastes from wine production contain antioxidants in large amounts, between 2-6% on dry material basis. Red wines but also white wines were found to prevent lipid peroxidation of turkey muscle tissues stored at 5oC. The antioxidant reaction of flavonoids found in red wines against lipid peroxidation were found to depend on the structure of the molecule. Red wine flavonoids containing an orthodihydroxy structure around the B ring were found highly active against LDL and membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of red wine polyphenols were also found to be dependent on the catalyzer used. In the presence of H2O2-activated myoglobin, the inhibition efficiency was malvidin 3-glucoside>catechin>malvidin>resveratol. However, in the presence of an iron redox cycle catalyzer, the order of effectiveness was resveratol>malvidin 3-glucoside = malvidin>catechin. Differences in protein binding were found to affect antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation. A model protein such as BSA, was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin-liposome model system. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting both lipid and protein oxidation. Catechin, a flavonal found in red-wines in relatively high concentration was found to inhibit myoglobin catalyzed linoleate membrane lipid peroxidation at a relatively very low concentration. This effect was studied by the determination of the by-products generated from linoleate during oxidation. The study showed that hydroperoxides are catalytically broken down, not to an alcohol but most probably to a non-radical adduct. The ability of wine-phenolics to reduce iron and from complexes with metals were also demonstrated. Low concentration of wine phenolics were found to inhibit lipoxygenase type II activity. An attempt to understand the bioavailability in humans of antocyanins from red wine showed that two antocyanins from red wine were found unchanged in human urine. Other antocyanins seems to undergo molecular modification. In hypercholesterolemic hamsters, aortic lipid deposition was significantly less in animals fed diets supplemented with either catechin or vitamin E. The rate of LDL accumulation in the carotid arteries was also significantly lower in the catechin and vitamin E animal groups. These results suggested a novel mechanism by which wine phenolics are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart diseases. This study proves in part our hypothesis that the "French Paradox" could be explained by the action of the antioxidant effects of phenolic compounds found at high concentration in red wines. The results of this study argue that it is in the interest of public health to increase the consumption of dietary plant falvonoids. Our results and these from others, show that the consumption of red wine or plant derived polyphenolics can change the antioxidant tone of animal and human plasma and its isolated components towards oxidative reactions. However, we need more research to better understand bioavailability and the mechanism of how polyphenolics affect health and disease.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Molecular characterization and deployment of the high-temperature adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 from wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699860.bard.
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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Virulent races that appeared within the last decade caused drastic cuts in yields. The incorporation of genetic resistance against this pathogen is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, race specific seedling resistance genes provide only a temporary solution because fungal populations rapidly evolve to overcome this type of resistance. In contrast, high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance genes provide a broad spectrum resistance that is partial and more durable. The cloning of the first wheat HTAP stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 (Science 2009, 323:1357), funded by our previous (2007-2010) BARD grant, provided us for the first time with an entry point for understanding the mechanism of broad spectrum resistance. Two paralogous copies of this gene are tightly linked at the Yr36 locus (WKS1 and WKS2). The main objectives of the current study were to characterize the Yr36 (WKS) resistance mechanism and to identify and characterize alternative WKSgenes in wheat and wild relatives. We report here that the protein coded by Yr36, designated WKS1, that has a novel architecture with a functional kinase and a lipid binding START domain, is localized to chloroplast. Our results suggest that the presence of the START domain may affect the kinase activity. We have found that the WKS1 was over-expressed on leaf necrosis in wheat transgenic plants. When the isolated WKS1.1 splice variant transcript was transformed into susceptible wheat it conferred resistance to stripe rust, but the truncated variant WKS1.2 did not confer resistance. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 showed different lipid binding profiling. WKS1.1 enters the chloroplast membrane, while WKS1.2 is only attached outside of the chloroplast membrane. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of the recombinant protein of TmtAPXwas found to be reduced by WKS1.1 protein in vitro. The WKS1.1 mature protein in the chloroplast is able to phosphorylate TmtAPXprotein in vivo. WKS1.1 induced cell death by suppressing APX activity and reducing the ability of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen. The decrease of APX activity reduces the ability of the plant to detoxify the reactive H2O2 and is the possible mechanism underlying the accelerated cell death observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing WKS1.1 and in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural WKS1.1 gene. WKS2 is a nonfunctional paralog of WKS1 in wild emmer wheat, probably due to a retrotransposon insertion close to the alternative splicing site. In some other wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops comosa, there is only one copy of this gene, highly similar to WKS2, which is lucking the retrotransposon insertion. WKS2 gene present in wheat and WKS2-Ae from A. showed a different pattern of alternative splice variants, regardless of the presence of the retrotransposon insertion. Susceptible Bobwhite transformed with WKS2-Ae (without retrotansposon insertion in intron10), which derived from Aegilops comosaconferred resistance to stripe rust in wheat. The expression of WKS2-Ae in transgenic plants is up-regulated by temperature and pathogen infection. Combination of WKS1 and WKS2-Ae shows improved stripe rust resistance in WKS1×WKS2-Ae F1 hybrid plants. The obtained results show that WKS1 protein is accelerating programmed cell death observed in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural or transgenic WKS1 gene. Furthermore, characterization of the epistatic interactions of Yr36 and Yr18 demonstrated that these two genes have additive effects and can therefore be combined to increase partial resistance to this devastating pathogen of wheat. These achievements may have a broad impact on wheat breeding efforts attempting to protect wheat yields against one of the most devastating wheat pathogen.