Journal articles: 'Types of corruption'

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Anderson, Beverlee B. "Corrupting activities and economic development." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 11, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-07-2014-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships of different types of corruption and selected economic measures that appear to contribute to a country’s sustainable economic development. Design/methodology/approach – The research used selected data from the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey on corruption activities (Irregular Payments and Bribes, the Diversion of Public Funds, Organised Crime, and Favouritism in Decisions of Government Officials) and Ethical Behaviour of Firms. The economic data (FDI, GDP, GDP Growth and Capital Formation among others) is from the World Bank database. A series of statistical models were developed to examine the relationships among different types of corruption and a country’s economic development. Findings – The findings are mixed, showing that some types of corruption have greater negative impact on specific aspects of economic development. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited by the availability of data from reliable sources and the availability of data on a limited number of corruption activities. Only four aspects of corruption are examined in this paper. Only selected aspects of a country’s economy were examined. The variables analysed in the study were not available for each of the 179 countries. Practical implications – A country may learn the types of corrupting activities that must be controlled to aid in the targeted growth of specific economic development, such as Direct Foreign Investment. Originality/value – This study builds on previous work by Anderson (2012, 2013) that used Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) as a global measure of corruption. This study, in contrast, uses the results of the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey, to indicate the perceived level of different types (components) of corruption. By using more specific measure of corruption, there is a better understanding of the relationships between corruption and economic development.

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Gromov, Vladimir G. "Corruption in Russia: concept, types, determinants." Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 7, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00282.

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Khamraev, Iskandar Tursunovich, Alisher Temirovich Toshev, and Alim Khaidarovich Itolmazov. "CHARACTERISTIC FEA TERISTIC FEATURES AND T TURES AND TYPES OF CORRUPTION IN YPES OF CORRUPTION IN EDUCATION." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/3/8.

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Based on an analysis of the scientific literature and anti-corruption legislation, the article reveals the characteristic features of corruption in education: the sphere of existence, the specifics of subjects of corruption in education, features of corruption goals, types of corruption are classified for various reasons (depending on the type of educational organizations that implement the main educational programs). At the end of the article, the author's definition of corruption in education is proposed, which is understood as a negative social and legal phenomenon existing in public relations in the field of education and consisting in the unlawful use of official position, status of participants in relations in the field of education in order to derive benefits of a tangible or intangible nature.

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Hoke, Tara. "Engineers Must Avoid All Types of Corruption." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 88, no. 1 (January 2018): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001257.

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Mikhailov, D. V. "Distribution of corruption crimes by types of economic activity." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 34, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018-34-1-58-69.

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This work is an analysis of the distribution of committed crimes of corruption by economic activities in Russia on the basis of the data of internal affairs bodies. The author makes a grouping and determines the types of economic activity most susceptible to committing crimes of corruption in them.

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McMann, Kelly M., Brigitte Seim, Jan Teorell, and Staffan Lindberg. "Why Low Levels of Democracy Promote Corruption and High Levels Diminish It." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 4 (July 17, 2019): 893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919862054.

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Theory predicts democracy should reduce corruption. Yet, scholars have found that while corruption is low at high levels of democracy, it is high at modest levels, as well as low when democracy is absent. A weakness of studies that aim to explain this inverted curvilinear relationship is that they do not disaggregate the complex concepts of democracy and corruption. By contrast, this paper disaggregates both. We demonstrate that the curvilinear relationship results from the collective impact of different components of democracy on different types of corruption. Using Varieties of Democracy data, we examine 173 countries from 1900 to 2015, and we find freedom of expression and freedom of association each exhibit an inverted curvilinear relationship with corruption—both overall corruption and four different types. The introduction of elections and the quality of elections each act in a linear fashion—positively and negatively with corruption, respectively—but jointly form a curvilinear relationship with both overall corruption and many of its types. Judicial and legislative constraints exhibit a negative linear relationship with executive corruption. We offer a framework that suggests how these components affect costs and benefits of engaging in different types of corruption and, therefore, the level of corruption overall.

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Goel, Rajeev K., and James W. Saunoris. "International corruption and its impacts across entrepreneurship types." Managerial and Decision Economics 40, no. 5 (April 9, 2019): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.3017.

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Marysyuk, Kostyantyn. "Concepts, types and general characteristics of corruption offenses." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 8, no. 32 (December 24, 2021): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2021.32.138.

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Van Vu, Huong, Tuyen Quang Tran, Tuan Van Nguyen, and Steven Lim. "Corruption, Types of Corruption and Firm Financial Performance: New Evidence from a Transitional Economy." Journal of Business Ethics 148, no. 4 (January 18, 2016): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3016-y.

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Mulyana, Agus, Aulia Iskandarsyah, Ahmad Gimmy Prathama Siswadi, and Wilis Srisayekti. "Social Value Orientation On Corruption Prisoners." MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 35, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v35i1.4479.

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Social value orientation is a psychological factor that can influence cooperative behavior. In social values orientation, the prosocial type promotes cooperation while proself type is not. A social dilemma is a situation where to be cooperative or not. Corruption behavior is one of the contexts of social dilemmas. Someone who commits corruption means he/she shows non-cooperative behavior. It is hypothesized that someone who commits corruption is a self-type social values orientation because he/she prioritizes personal interests and is not cooperative. This study aims to explore how social value orientation types on corruption prisoners. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire distributed to participants and interview. The study found that not all corruptors are proself types and focused on personal interest. Individuals of prosocial types who focus on common interests can also commit corruption. Corruption perpetrators believe that anyone who is in their position will commit corruption. There is another psychological aspect that can encourage someone to commit corruption.

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DRAGU, TIBERIU, and ADAM PRZEWORSKI. "Preventive Repression: Two Types of Moral Hazard." American Political Science Review 113, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000552.

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Authoritarian leaders maintain their grip on power primarily through preventive repression, routinely exercised by specialized security agencies with the aim of preventing any opponents from organizing and threatening their power. We develop a formal model to analyze the moral hazard problems inherent in the principal-agent relationship between rulers and their security agents in charge of preventive repression. The model distinguishes two types of moral hazard: “politics,” through which the security agents can exert political influence to increase their payoff by decreasing the ruler’s rents from power, and “corruption,” through which the agents can increase their payoff by engaging in rent-seeking activities that do not decrease the ruler’s rents from power. The surprising conclusion is that both the ruler and the security agent are better off when the only moral hazard problem available is politics rather than when the agent can choose between politics and corruption. We also show that the equilibrium probability of ruler’s survival in power is higher when politics is the only moral hazard available to the agent. These findings lead to our central conclusion that opportunities for corruption undermine authoritarian rule by distorting the incentives of the security agencies tasked with preventing potential threats to an authoritarian ruler’s grip on power.

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Osifo, O. C. "A Network Perspective and Hidden Corruption." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i1.12697.

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This study examines the hidden aspects of corruption from a network perspective. Through networking, we understand the nature and functioning of hidden corruption, because hidden corruption relates to various acts of corruption that are difficult to observe and prosecute legally. The dimensions to understand hidden corruption are structural and institutional corruption, distorted network, and grey corruption. Different types of illegal, criminal, or unethical networks are understood through two dimensions (structural and institutional corruption and distorted network) of hidden corruption. Grey corruption is another dimension of hidden corruption, but has no defined network existence. The main types of hidden, unethical and criminal networks that exist around the world are greed-oriented institutional network, old-boy network, and clandestine network. Emphases on digital expertise and reforms targeting attitudinal, cultural, legal, and institutional changes have been identified as ways of addressing the phenomenon of hidden corruption from a contemporary standpoint, because of emerging events/realities.

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Belsky, A. I., and E. N. Lykov. "Modern Legislation in the Field of Combating Corruption." Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, no. 3(16) (2021): 092–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.03.pp.092-101.

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The history of the origin of corruption relationships and corruption phenomena that exist at the moment in the Russian Federation are considered. It is noted that the fight against corruption has been one of the main tasks of the state from the time of Ancient Rome to the present day, and in a number of developed countries the anti-corruption system is functioning quite successfully and an atmosphere of public rejection of this negative phenomenon has been created. The reasons for the occurrence of corruption in the Russian Federation are analyzed, and the need to tighten measures to combat corruption, as well as to legislatively consolidate and introduce administrative and criminal measures to prevent and suppress corruption, is indicated. It was emphasized that a quarter of the citizens of the Russian Federation almost daily encounter obvious signs of corruption, and that at the present stage of the development of the Russian Federation, corruption takes the form of a systemic nature. Several types of corruption are designated: administrative, political, economic, domestic and elite, while it is proposed to distinguish the following types into a separate group: national and international. Analytical data on the distribution of corruption services among various branches of government is provided. The descriptions of the most popular types of corruption fraud aimed at misappropriation of funds are given. The main ways of preventing corruption crimes and ways of its implementation are presented.

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Graycar, Adam. "Mapping corruption in procurement." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-06-2018-0063.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on understanding and preventing corruption in procurement in public sector settings. Just as not all corruption is the same, not all procurement is the same. One purpose is to analyze different types of procurements: standard, customized, intangible and complex. Corruption in procurement undermines public administration, and the purpose of this paper is to identify different types of procurements and provide readers with a framework for analysis and subsequent intervention. Design/methodology/approach In all, 42 actual cases of public sector corruption in procurement are examined, and from these, an analytical matrix is developed. These cases are derived from the reports of the New South Wales (Australia) Independent Commission against Corruption. These cases represent all of the procurement cases that the ICAC has taken to a formal hearing in its 30 years of existence. Findings While fraud is a major feature of corruption in procurement, there are significant organizational facilitators, and a number of slippage points in organizations are identified. These include peer culture, lack of due process, temptation and managerial incompetence/willful disregard, and these are built into a matrix which can be used in different countries or settings by readers wishing to understand and prevent different types of corruption in procurement in their agencies. Originality/value This paper uses cases that have not previously been aggregated or analyzed and provides analytical tools for practitioners and academics.

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15

Imami, Drini. "Corruption, Licensing and Elections - A New Analysis Framework." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-012-0009-3.

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Corruption, Licensing and Elections - A New Analysis FrameworkThis paper analyses corruption and licensing in conjunction with elections in Albania. The paper develops an analysis framework utilizing datasets of two types of national licenses, namely licenses for media and notaries about which there have been concerns of transparency in Albania. In the months preceding elections, a higher number of both types of licenses are issued. One possible explanation for the "intensification of licensing" during pre-election months may be corruption, given that licensing is widely perceived as related to corruption in countries with high levels of corruption such as Albania.

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Kubai, L., G. Khamidullina, and T. Nakonechnaya. "Anti-corruption Strategy Developed in Companies Facing the Threat of Corruption." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/55/25.

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Corruption has become one of the main threats to the national security of Russia, a leading factor in the stagnation of the economy, the preservation and development of pronounced social inequality, contrary to the efforts of the state. The article provides an analytical review of anti-corruption strategies developed in companies facing the threat of corruption based on periodicals (scientific journals) for 2015–2018. The article discusses the main types of anti-corruption strategies implemented by modern companies, identifies both positive and negative consequences of their implementation.

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Smith, Gerald H. "The Dichotomy of Politics and Corruption in a Neopatrimonial State: Evidence from Sierra Leone, 1968-1993." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 25, no. 1 (1997): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050256x.

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The scholarly studies on political corruption in Africa are not conclusive, given the lack of knowledge of how neopatrimonialism contributes to state corruption. This is an important omission. There are obvious relationships between regime types and the likelihood, nature, and extent of political corruption. The analysis of political corruption in Sierra Leone has important implications for our understanding of the relationship between neopatrimonialism and state corruption.

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Onyeonoru, Ifeanyi P., Samuel A. Omolawal, and Rasheed A. Okunola. "Types of Corruption in Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) in Ibadan, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 17, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/njsa/9102/71(0290).

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Corruption is a phenomenon that manifests in various types and forms especially among operators of Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs). Many actions of the operators which constitute corrupt practices often tend to be overlooked in spite of their grave consequences for the success SMEs in Nigeria. The fight against corruption in Nigeria is more concentrated in the formal sector. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate various forms in which corrupt practices are carried out among Small and Micro Enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. Business owners, their employees, apprentices and consumers constituted the study population. Primary data were collected using questionnaire administered on 200 business owners, 150 employees and 150 apprentices randomly chosen in five business districts in Ibadan; and the conduct of 10 in-depth interviews with purposively selected participants. Quantitative data were analysed at uni-variate level using simple percentages and frequencies while qualitative data were content analysed. Findings from the study revealed that corrupt practices were rampant among actors in SMEs and the common types of corrupt practices included stealing (60%), deception of customers (78.4%), tax evasion (62%), sale of fake products (76%), sale of expired products (65.2%), tampering with measurement scales (69.6%), bribery (82.4%), and poor service delivery (73%). The study concludes that the level of corruption in SMEs calls for concern and government should extend the fight against corruption to the informal sector in Nigeria.

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Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "Corruption & Purity." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (July 2018): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00505.

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Corruption is a complex and contested concept that raises difficult ethical and legal issues at the borderline between individuals’ public and private roles. What is appropriate or required in one role may be inappropriate or even illegal in another. Based on these concepts of role and responsibility, I begin this essay by analyzing three cases that fit comfortably into the “illegal corruption” category: so-called grand and petty corruption and electoral fraud. These categories express widely accepted boundaries at the interface between public power and private wealth. I then discuss more ambiguous cases, such as lobbying and campaign finance, that demand nuanced legal and policy solutions. Responses to both types of behavior must go beyond law enforcement to include the reorganization of government institutions and their relationship to the private sector.

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Ozina, Albina, and Irina Karishina. "Corruption in public authorities: problems, consequences, counteraction measures." KANT 36, no. 3 (September 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-36.15.

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Anti-corruption is one of the most important activities of state bodies. In this article, the authors consider in detail the causes, types and forms of corruption in public authorities, investigate the structure and consequences of corruption offenses. Attention is paid to the substantiation of directions and measures to combat corruption in government bodies.

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Ellis, Stephen. "The Roots of African Corruption." Current History 105, no. 691 (May 1, 2006): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.691.203.

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Romina Ifeoma, Asiyai,. "School Administrators Strategies for Combating Corruption in Universities in Nigeria." Journal of Education and Learning 4, no. 4 (November 11, 2015): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v4n4p160.

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<p>The purpose of this study was to examine corruption in universities with the aim of finding out the types/forms, causes, effects and measures for combating the menace. Four research questions guided the investigation. The study is a survey research, ex-post facto in nature. A sample of 780 comprising of students, academic staff and administrative staff was selected through random sampling technique from six public universities in Nigeria. Data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that the types of corruption prevalent in universities are examination related, admission related, finance related, accreditation related and sexual related. Each of these types of corruption has different forms of manifestations. The causes of corruption in universities included greed, lack of fear of God, and the desire to get rich quick. The effects of corruption and measures for combating it were identified. The study concluded by recommending among others that all stake holders in university education should have a moral reorientation and begin to reverence God by fearing him to help sanitize the universities and create a corruption free learning environment in the university system.</p>

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Assakaf, Ebrahim Ahmed, Rose Shamsiah Samsudin, and Zaleha Othman. "Public Sector Auditing and Corruption: A Literature Review." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 10, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v10i1.13029.

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The notion that auditing could reduce corruption has received considerable attention in both business and academia. The purpose of the current study is to explore the latest trends and gaps in the literature that investigate the link between corruption and public sector auditing. It is based on reviews of the academic literature and draws general conclusions on the status of the latest findings. The previous literature on corruption focused on economic and political perspectives. Although evidence suggests that public sector auditing helps to combat corruption, there is still a huge gap in the knowledge of this area, especially concerning the functional role of public sector auditing in corruption detection and deterrence in developing countries. Moreover, there is a scarcity of literature that explains in depth how audit types conducted by the Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) may contribute to a reduction in corruption, and which types of audit are more effective. There is also minimal in-depth sharing on the challenges that public sector auditing faces in detecting and preventing corruption.

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Lim, Suk-Jun, HyunJung Kim, and HyunJung Nam. "Institutionalization of Markets and Politics, and Four Types of Corruption." Journal of Industrial Economics and Business 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 581–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.22558/jieb.2019.04.32.2.581.

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Shramko, Oleksandr. "Types of special knowledge used under investigation of corruption crimes." Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2019.02.175.

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Brouthers, Lance Eliot, Yan Gao, and Jason Patrick McNicol. "Corruption and market attractiveness influences on different types of FDI." Strategic Management Journal 29, no. 6 (2008): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.669.

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Manchanda, Rimple. "A study of corruption perception in different types of economies." JIMS8M: The Journal of Indian Management & Strategy 24, no. 1 (2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9343.2019.00004.8.

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Kleiner, V. "Anti-corruption Strategy for Business in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2011): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-4-32-46.

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The article provides a new definition of corruption; it also classifies its types that both domestic and foreign businesses are facing in Russia. The main elements of anti-corruption strategy are presented, which are based on the analysis of sources of corruption and the ways of its penetration into businesses. Practical recommendations are provided on building anti-corruption strategy for Russian and foreign companies.

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Coufalová, Bronislava, and Jan Pinkava. "Corruption In Sports Environment." International and Comparative Law Review 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0073.

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Abstract In sports environment there is a whole range of different types of wrongful conduct sanctioned not only by disciplinary bodies using specific rules accepted by the executive authorities of sports organizations but also more serious cases that have to be judged in accordance with criminal law. There has been a long debate whether criminal law should intervene into the area of sport, i.e. whether sport and its environment is in itself such an autonomous system that it could deal with all the matters of criminal nature on its own. The area of sport environment involves a whole range of illegal acts, ranging from criminal liability of sportsmen responsible for injuries inflicted upon others in the area of sport, the issues of hooliganism in sporting events, breach of the public peace as far as the issue of match-fixing including the crimes of bribery and illegal betting. Generally speaking, we are of the opinion that there is no good reason why the criminal law should not be allowed to intervene into the area of sport in certain cases. The basic argument to be used is the fact that every social activity must be carried out in accordance with the legal order of the country, the area of sport being no exception. The area of sport or to be more precise the specific types of sports activities are regulated by special internal and statutory rules introducing certain sanctioning mechanisms in the form of disciplinary rules which can be enforced by different disciplinary bodies.

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Лук’янова, Г. Ю. "MODERN APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS ANTI-CORRUPTION IN UKRAINE." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.27.

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The relevance of the article is that an important task facing the state is to protect the rights and interests of citizens, including those who have been violated as a result of corruption. Research on the types of anti-corruption actors will provide an opportunity to find out which of them interact most with citizens to improve their service component. That is, clarifying the content of the administrative and legal status of each of the subjects will increase their quality of cooperation with the public, and thus the level of public confidence in the subjects of anti-corruption and increase the number of appeals for protection. It is worth noting that the fight against corruption suffers significantly from its influence outside of legal factors, such as economic or political. This situation can affect the quality of work and motivation of anti-corruption officials. The article classifies the subjects of anti-corruption depending on their role in combating corruption. Groups of entities specifically authorized to combat corruption, entities that promote anti-corruption activities, and entities that voluntarily participate in the fight against corruption have been studied. The legal status of anti-corruption entities that belong to each group is analyzed. It is concluded that a comprehensive analysis of the types of anti-corruption actors has led to the conclusion that anti-corruption activities are carried out at the general, regional and local levels. This helps to shape the general anti-corruption policy and to combat corruption on the ground, given the specific reasons for its spread. At the same time, the study shows a low level of interaction between anti-corruption actors, which reduces its effectiveness and at the same time increases the duration of achieving the goal of overcoming or reducing the level of corruption. This situation is caused by the fact of actual duplication of powers of anti-corruption actors, especially in the formation of anti-corruption policy and investigations, as well as the lack of incentives from the state to act together.

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Kleinig, John. "Rethinking Noble Cause Corruption." International Journal of Police Science & Management 4, no. 4 (October 2002): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.4.4.287.10877.

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The historical background to and use of the expression ‘noble cause corruption’ to characterise certain types of police behaviour is explored. One account, in which it is understood to provide a mantle of respectability for certain kinds of police corruption is contrasted with another in which it describes a kind of corruption that is not ameliorated by its motivation. This divergence, however, points to some deeper problems and complexities in police decision-making that have not been fully acknowledged or explored in police work. These are most acute when general rules do not adequately accommodate the complexities of real-life situations.

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Stachowicz-Stanusch, Agata, and Aditya Simha. "AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ETHICAL CLIMATES ON ORGANIZATIONAL CORRUPTION." Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, Supplement_1 (December 24, 2013): S433—S446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.744345.

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This study investigates the effects of ethical climates on organizational corruption. Data from 200 employees from seven hospitals in Poland was used to test the specific relationships between the five empirically occurring ethical climate types (i.e. caring, instrumental, independence, law and code, and rules) and organizational corruption. Law and code climates were negatively associated with organizational corruption, while instrumental and caring climates were positively associated with organizational corruption.

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de Sardan, J. P. Olivier. "A moral economy of corruption in Africa?" Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 1 (March 1999): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x99002992.

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As far as corruption in Africa is both conspicuous and generalised, it has to be studied from the viewpoint of the participants. This article starts with six general theses on corruption in Africa, which place it within a broader ‘corruption complex’, and emphasise its routine nature, the stigmatisation of corruption despite the absence of effective sanctions, its apparent irreversibility, the absence of correlation with regime types and its legitimacy to its perpetrators. Corruption is then shown to be socially embedded in ‘logics’ of negotiation, gift-giving, solidarity, predatory authority and redistributive accumulation. Any anti-corruption policy must face up to these realities.

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Kavitskaya, I. L., and I. N. Safonov. "Heterogeneous corruption and inflation." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-2-81-96.

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The article analyzes the simultaneous influence of different types of corruption on inflation in the absence of seignorage. Basing on the model of fiscal and monetary policymakers behavior, we analyze the joint impact of “grand” and “petty cash” corruption on economy in short and long term in discretionary policy and rational expectation assumptions. Research findings demonstrate that even in the absence of seignorage heterogeneous corruption relates to inflation differently in short and long term: in the first case, relationship is positive and straightforward, in the second, some indirect effects take place what reduces equilibrium inflation in the long run compared to the short run.

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Vera, Sofia B. "Accepting or Resisting? Citizen Responses to Corruption Across Varying Levels of Competence and Corruption Prevalence." Political Studies 68, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321719868210.

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The literature studying citizen responses to exposed political corruption is rapidly growing. While some studies explore how information credibility and group identities can reduce the electoral impact of the exposure of corruption, this article addresses different mechanisms for weak electoral accountability for corruption: candidate competence in public works provision and corruption prevalence. It uses a vignette experiment embedded in a national survey in Peru to isolate the causal effect of political corruption on electoral support. The results suggest that even types of corruption with side benefits would be harshly punished when attributed to incompetent politicians. They also indicate that while voters punish corruption more leniently when a candidate is competent, they respond negatively to corruption regardless of the prevalence of corruption, which casts doubt on the idea that voters in highly corrupt environments are acceptant of corruption.

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Fedorov, Aleksandr V. "CORRUPTION COMBATING: A COMPARATIVE LAW ASPECT." Russian investigator 1 (January 23, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2019-1-74-80.

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The article is dedicated to the review of legal issues of corruption combating using a comparative method. The author notes the importance of such research for discharge of international obligations in the said sphere arising out of agreements entered into by the Russian Federation; the development of international cooperation in corruption combating; study of the most efficient anti-corruption solutions in place in other countries as to their possible use in the national laws. The publication reviews the issues of definition of such concepts as corruption, fight against corruption, corruption combating, criminal liability of legal entities for corruption-related offenses in various countries. Attention is focused on a comparison of the Russian and Chinese anti-corruption laws. The criminal, administrative, civil, disciplinary, economic and party types of the liability for corruption are singled out.

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Šečkutė, Vaiva, Vincentas R. Giedraitis, and Aušra Rastenienė. "CAPITALISM: ITS VARIETIES AND RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX." Ekonomika 93, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2014.0.3885.

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Given the current economic crisis and increasing competition both for foreign investment and in international markets, we think that this economic analysis is timely and useful as the corruption level is a significant factor in the investment decision-making process. In this article, we investigate whether different types of economic regulation (different types of capitalism) might be fostering corruption. We think that countries with the liberal market economics system might have a lower corruption. We use the theoretical approach of Hall, Soskice (2001) to the varieties of capitalism to analyse countries’ competitiveness according to the competitiveness indices of the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the International Institute for Development Management (IMD). We use the Knell and Srholec (2005) methodology to calculate the index of coordination that determines a country’s type of capitalism. The index consists of 9 variables which are later divided into 3 groups according to the factor analysis results. For the corruption estimate, we use the Transparency International corruption perceptions index. Regression analysis revealed that coordinated market economies (CME) are more conducive for corruption.

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Mashali, Behzad. "Analyzing the relationship between perceived grand corruption and petty corruption in developing countries: case study of Iran." International Review of Administrative Sciences 78, no. 4 (December 2012): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852312455991.

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Corruption often spreads because of ignorance and lack of adequate knowledge about the subject as well as how to correct and contain it. On the other side, corrupt legal, political, bureaucratic, and other social system(s) help corruption swell further. The current article sets out to discuss the question: Is there is a relation between perceived grand corruption and petty corruption? In Iran, too, these two types of corruption have recently become debatable issues. And as in Iran, corruption has become the most challenging issue in many developing countries. With respect to the above relationship, while the theoretical literature makes ambiguous predictions, empiricists, too, have focused little on this subject. The present article tries to examine this issue systematically and, hence, suggests that the perceived grand corruption is significantly associated with the petty corruption. Similar results persist even when grand corruption originates in a country’s legal system. In a nutshell, the article identifies a positive correlation between perceived grand corruption and petty corruption.

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Nagirikandalage, Padmi, Arnaz Binsardi, and Kaouther Kooli. "Audit sampling strategies and frauds: an evidence from Africa." Managerial Auditing Journal 37, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-06-2020-2695.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate how professionals such as accountants, auditors, senior civil servants and academics perceive the use of audit sampling strategies adopted by professionals to increase detection rates of frauds and corruption within the public sector in Africa. It also examines the respondents’ perceived values regarding the reasons for committing frauds, types of fraud and corruption, as well as the aspects of audit sampling strategies to tackle frauds. Design/methodology/approach This research uses non-parametric statistics and logistic regression to analyse the respondents’ opinions regarding the state of frauds and corruption in Africa (particularly in Tunisia and non-Tunisia countries), the common factors behind people committing frauds, including the types of frauds and corruption and the respondents’ opinions on the use of audit sampling strategies (non-random and random) to examine the instances of frauds and corruption. Findings The findings indicate that most respondents prefer to use non-probabilistic audit sampling rather than more robust sampling strategies such as random sampling and systematic random sampling to detect frauds and corruption. In addition, although there are some minor statistical differences between the countries in terms of the respondents’ perceived values on skimming fraud and on the use of audit random sampling to tackle rampant corruption in Africa, the overall findings indicate that opinions do not significantly differ between the respondents from Tunisia and other countries in terms of the types of fraud, the reasons for committing fraud and the auditing sampling strategies used to investigate the frauds. Research limitations/implications This research serves as an analytical exploratory study to instigate further audit sampling research to combat rampant fraud and corruption in the public sector in Africa. Originality/value There are few or non-existent studies investigating the application of audit sampling strategies in Africa countries, particularly to examine the application of audit random sampling and audit non-random sampling strategies to detect fraudulent activities and corruption. Correspondingly, this research carries strategic implications for accountants and auditors to successfully detect fraudulent activities and corruption in Africa.

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Sommer, Jamie M. "Corrupt Actions and Forest Loss: A Cross-National Analysis." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i10.3534.

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Extant literature documents the negative environmental impacts of corruption on forest loss. More recently, research has shown that both grand and petty corruption are associated with higher levels of forest loss in low- and middle-income nations. However, the extant research neglects to assess how different types of grand and petty corruption impact forest loss. To address the gap in the literature, this article differentiates the effect of various types of corrupt actions on forest loss. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression for a sample of 87 low- and middle-income nations from 2000 is used to test if grand corrupt actions, namely embezzlement and bribes, and petty corrupt actions including theft and corrupt exchanges are related to increased forest loss. The dependent variable uses satellite forest data from 2001 to 2014. Results show that embezzlement, bribes, theft, and corrupt exchanges all impact forest loss, which suggests that policy measures to curb corruption should take a holistic approach to corruption, rather than rely on individual interventions.

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Danilova, E. V., and O. N. Gorodnova. "CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF CORRUPTION CRIMES." Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation, no. 3(45) (October 10, 2021): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-3-45-19.

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The article presents an analysis of international and national legislation that defines the concept of «corruption» in a differentiated way by listing the signs and types of corruption manifestations, or by clearly differentiating corruption. The authors draw attention to the fact that the Federal Law «On Combating Corruption» specifies the list of criminal offenses rather truncated, which actualizes the problem of the lack of theoretical and legal tools to combat corruption. Neither intersectoral nor sectoral criminal laws describe the complex of all illegal acts that fall under the signs of corruption. The correct classification of corruption crimes has great socio-legal, criminological and moral significance. It will eliminate possible judicial errors, and the introduction of the academic discipline «Legal foundations of anti-corruption» will contribute to the formation of a solid foundation of knowledge in combating and intolerance of corruption. At the end of the article, the authors define the term «corruption».

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Ahkudinova, Y. S. "ON THE PRACTICE OF IMPLEMENTING ANTI-CORRUPTION EDUCATION (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA)." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 2 (2022): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-2-249-253.

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The work examines some issues of anti-corruption education, which is one of the main means of preventing corruption used in modern Russian society. It also examines the regulatory framework for the organization and implementation of anti-corruption education, subjects authorized by law to implement this function. The basic forms, types and methods of this activity are determined. The results of the work of the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation in the implementation of anti-corruption education are noted

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Karhunen, Päivi, Riitta Kosonen, Daniel J. McCarthy, and Sheila M. Puffer. "The Darker Side of Social Networks in Transforming Economies: Corrupt Exchange in Chinese Guanxi and Russian Blat/Svyazi." Management and Organization Review 14, no. 2 (June 2018): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2018.13.

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ABSTRACTThis article addresses corruption as a negative practice displaying the ‘darker side’ of social capital in Chinese guanxi and Russian blat/svyazi networks. It presents a conceptual framework integrating several research streams to establish a conceptual linkage between social network characteristics and three forms of corruption between business persons and public officials: cronyism, bribery, and extortion. We argue that the forms of corruption in a society are determined by the nature of social network ties and their underlying morality, with particularistic and general trust being key factors. Our framework depicts networks as three concentric circles representing three types of corruption resulting from their corresponding types of reciprocity: open, closed, and negative. We then apply the framework to the practice of guanxi in China and blat/svyazi in Russia. We propose that different network characteristics and different forms of corruption may help explain what we label the ‘China-Russia paradox’ of why corruption and high economic growth have co-existed in China, at least in the short term, but less so in Russia. We conclude with ethical and legal implications for doing business in those two transforming economies and offer suggestions for future research.

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Mark, L., and S. Georgyi. "Corruption in Russia: Classification and Dynamics." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2012): 4–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-10-4-29.

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The paper analyses Russian corruption as a specific “industry” of the Russian economy that is in many important respects influenced by the political system. The latter, in turn, is also being transformed due to corruption. The authors introduce and discuss the basic concepts used in the corruption analysis: everyday corruption, business corruption, corruption markets, strategies of bribetakers etc. The authors propose a comprehensive cultural classification of the types of corruption taking into account its everyday and business aspects, property rights enforcement, vertical and horizontal relations within the power and between power, citizens, and businessmen. In view of the proposed typology corruption dynamics is analyzed, as well as the dynamics of its socioeconomic and political conditions in Russia beginning from the prerevolutionary times and up to the present day. Basing upon the data taken from the mass surveys characteristics of the markets for everyday and business corruption are estimated in dynamics and the causes for the changes in their structure are indicated.

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Heaston, William R., Matthew C. Mitchell, and Jeffrey A. Kappen. "Institutional Reflections on Organizational Corruption Control." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 26, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02603007.

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Abstract This article applies and expands on a typology of organizational corruption control to analyze the various mechanisms used to address corruption within the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). It uses case study evidence in tandem with insights from neo-institutional theory to construct a conceptual framework in which corruption control types are more completely examined within their broader institutional context. Using this framework, the article shows how the persistence of corruption in FIFA and its checkered reform process are attributable to an organizational filtering phenomenon that has limited the operation of internal and external corruption controls. Finally, it discusses some implications of this framework for transnational organizational governance reform.

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Gavrilov, Boris, and Evgeniya Rogova. "Criminal Law Sanctions and the Practice of Their Implementation in Counteracting Some Crimes of Corruption." Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 5 (November 25, 2021): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(5).543-554.

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When analyzing the problem of counteracting crimes with a corruption component, specialists single out different areas: criminological, victimological, criminal prevention, organizational-management, etc. The authors of the article focus on such criminal law area as the application of criminal law sanctions and their effectiveness in counteracting some most common types of crimes of corruption. This topic is of much interest because the introduction of amendments into criminal legislation in 2003–2011 and later years that eliminated the minimum punishment of incarceration or fine for a considerable number of norms, the lack of coordination between specific types of punishment, and a number of other factors created conditions for a rather wide and often unjustified use of judicial discretion when determining punishment for crimes of corruption, which led both the research community and the practicing lawyers to believe that the criminal law itself contains a corruption component. The abovementioned factors, together with the task of liberalizing criminal legislation on economic crimes set by the country’s leadership, demand a simultaneous improvement of the effectiveness of criminal law measures used for the category of unlawful actions under discussion. Taking into consideration the analysis of criminal law sanctions for specific types of crimes of corruption, the existing court practice of awarding criminal sentences for them, and the statistical data of the Court Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to draw attention of court authorities and lawmakers to the existing problems both in the legislative content of criminal law sanctions and in their implementation; their essence is outlined in the current article. The choice of the types of crimes of corruption, the criminal law sanctions for which are analyzed in the article, is not accidental and is justified by their prevalence in the practice of law enforcement.

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Maksimentseva, N. O. "COMBATING POLITICAL CORRUPTION ON POLITICAL PARTY FINANCING: PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EU LEGISLATION." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 5, no. 5 (October 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392192.

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The article provides an analysis of the concept of "political corruption" under the laws of Ukraine and proves the lack of a clear definition and features of this concept. Instead, the author highlights the main features of political corruption, its differences from other types of corruption. In addition, the peculiarities of regulating the concept of "political corruption" in the Anti-Corruption Strategy 2020-2024 are analyzed. The article pays special attention to the types of political corruption, namely the financing of political parties and the experience of the European Union in addressing issues of transparency, control, prevention and combating illegal activities. Attention is paid to sources of financing, selection of their types and features of receipt of funds by certain types. The concept of "gifts" and issues related to this type of funding, transparency and legitimacy of gifts and such activities within the requirements of applicable law, setting limits on the amount of such income and the procedure for reporting and declaring the income of parties. A system of control over the transparency of the receipt of funds has been established: 1) the obligation of parties to report the fact and source of receipt; 2) provide information on legal and natural persons-donors; 3) the right of a specially authorized body of the EU to verify the revenues and contributions of political parties is defined. The procedure for financing political parties at the expense of state funds and the conditions for their provision, features of reporting and control over the expenditure of funds, areas of funding, restrictions and requirements for the receipt of funds, the procedure and requirements for declaring certain financial sources. It also mentions the rights and opportunities for measures taken by the bodies that control the financing of political parties from the budget of the European Union.

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Anischenko, M. A. "CONCEPTS, SIGNS AND TYPES OF CORRUPTION AS A NEGATIVE SOCIAL PHENOMENON." States and Regions. Series: Public Administration, no. 1 (2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-3401.2020.1.1.

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Fernández-Vázquez, Pablo, Pablo Barberá, and Gonzalo Rivero. "Rooting Out Corruption or Rooting for Corruption? The Heterogeneous Electoral Consequences of Scandals." Political Science Research and Methods 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2015): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.8.

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Corruption scandals have been found to have significant but mild electoral effects in the comparative literature (Golden 2006). However, most studies have assumed that voters punish all kinds of illegal practices. This article challenges this assumption by distinguishing between two types of corruption, according to the type of welfare consequences they have for the constituency. This hypothesis is tested using data from the 2011 Spanish local elections. We exploit the abundance of corruption allegations associated with the Spanish housing boom, which generated income gains for a wide segment of the electorate in the short term. We find that voters ignore corruption when there are side benefits to it, and that punishment is only administered in those cases in which they do not receive compensation.

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Navickas, Valentinas, Mykolas Navickas, and Marcel Kordoš. "Corruption effect on foreign direct investments in European Union countries." Verslas: teorija ir praktika 17, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.17.10863.

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The authors of the article analyze the effect of corruption on foreign direct investments in most corrupt European Union countries. Corruption in the context of the analysis is understood as an act where government officials enter into an agreement with a foreign investors against the interest of society. It takes place when illegal payments for government are made. Such payments acts as an additional tax on investments in foreign country, thus decreasing attractiveness of investment for foreign investors. There are various types of corruption, but most common classification include grand corruption, petty corruption and public sector corruption. However, this article focuses on the effect of grand corruption, because it directly affects FDI inflows in particular country. Results of the research made by the authors shows that corruption has adverse effect on FDI inflows, however particular corrupt actions may postively effect FDI inflows. In order to determine corruption effect on FDI in corrupt EU countries statistical analysis of 2000–2014 period has been implemented and conceptual model of effect on FDI created.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Types of corruption'

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